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The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300- 1527

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The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300- 1527 Chapter 9 Identifications (The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300- 1527) 1. Marsilius of Padua Author of Defender of Peace o Autonomy of secular governments o No earthly punishment for spiritual crimes o Challenge to pope’s authority in secular matters Declared heretical in 1327 2. Lorenzo Valla Fifteenth century Italian writer o Challenged authenticity of the “Apostles’ Creed” o Criticized medieval assumptions about God’s nature, humanity, and society o Heretic? 3. William of Ockham Criticisms of medieval assumptions Similar ideas to Marsilius of Padua o Secular autonomy of kings 4. Estates General Representative council of townspeople and nobles o Creation during Hundred Years’ war o Purpose: secure funds for the king Time in power o After capture of French King John II the Good o Rights similar to English privileged class o Too weak to govern effectively 5. Edward III English King Starter of Hundred Years’ War o Claim to French throne o Vassal of French King Peace of Brétigny under him o End of vassalage o Ransom of John the Good o Renouncement of claim to the throne 6. Jacquerie/ “simple jack” French peasant revolt o During Hundred Years’ War o Cause . Exploitation by nobility . Higher taxes to repair nobles war-ravaged land Named after peasant o Jacques Bonhomme/ “simple jack” Atrocity-filled putdown by nobility 7. Joan of Arc French savior o Executor of God’s will o Slew of victories starting with Orléans o Inspiring o Creator of national unity Abandonment to Burgundians by Charles VII o Execution for heresy o Declaration of innocence (1456) Sainthood (1920) 8. Black Death Causes o Weakened and vulnerable European population o Rats from ships from Asia Spread through air Killed 40% of European population Consequences o Obsession with death o Deep-rooted pessimism o Increase in materialism o Less power for nobles o Growth of cities o Increase in hatred of Jews (scapegoats) o Increase in royal power o Fall of agricultural prices o Increase in wages for farm laborers and artisans o Increase in prices for manufactured goods 9. Marguerite Datini Infertile woman from near Florence o Attempts to become fertile . Poultice for her belly . Change in her husband’s diet . Belt inscribed with incantation and attached by praying male virgin . Demonstrative of wide range of treatments in medieval medicine 10. Giovanni Boccaccio/ Decameron Author of Decameron (1353) o Describes symptoms of the plague . Tumors of armpits or groin . Spread of tumors . Tumors turn black o Contains various reactions to plague . Moderate life . Indulgence in passions . Fleeing plagued areas o Demonstrative of wide range of reactions to plague due to lack of medical knowledge 11. Taille Direct tax on French peasantry Increase during plague o Cause of Jacquerie 12. Avignon Italian imperial city near border with France Seat of papacy from 1309-1377 o Characterized by strong French influence o Expansion of papal sources of revenue . Increase in papal taxes . Beginning of sale of indulgences . Later restriction of this expansion by secular governments in France, England Rome o Failed attempt to return to Rome by Pope John XXII . War with prominent Italian family, the Visconti . Emperor Louis IV with Visconti 13. Pope Innocent III Creator of Plentitude of Power Decree preventing taxation of clergy without papal consent Use of decree by Boniface VIII o French and English taxation of clergy in preparation for Hundred Years’ War o Boniface’s refusal to consent . English response: Removal of clergy from king’s protection . French response: Denial of papal revenue streams . Boniface’s retreat 14. Plentitude of Power Creation of papal monarchy o Clearly political o Transformation of papacy into secular power o Weakening of church spiritually Distinction between pope and the Church o Pope = papal monarchy o Church = entire body of the faithful Challenges to papal monarchy from reformers because of this 15. Benefices Paid religious office Expansion of papal power o Papal determination of more benefices o Innocent III 16. Rota Romana Papacy’s law court o Tighter and more centralized legal proceedings Representative of expansion of secular papal power 17. College of Cardinals Body of Cardinals (second highest church officials) o In charge of electing pope o Increasingly political starting in the 13th century 18. Boniface VIII Pope from 1294-1303 Nobleman and skilled politician Conflicts with France and England o French and English taxation of clergy . Violation of Innocent III’s decree . English response: Removal of clergy from king’s protection . French response: Denial of papal revenue streams . Boniface’s retreat o Champion of Scottish resistance . Angry response of Edward I and English parliament o French imprisonment of those loyal to Boniface . Last ditch effort: Unam Sanctam . Fails 19. Unam Sanctam Boniface VIII’s response to French imprisonment of those loyal to him Declaration of papal rights in secular matters Fails French capture of Boniface o Near execution of Boniface 20. Avignon Papacy 1309-1377 Characterized by strong French influence New ways of papal revenue o Increased clerical taxes o Sale of indulgences . Monetary atonement for sins . Doctrine of purgatory o Opposition . Secular governments in France, England, and Germany Attempted return to Rome o Pope John XXII o Fails 21. Pope John XXII Most powerful of Avignon popes Attempt to return papacy to Rome o War with Visconti . Emperor Louis IV’s support for Visconti o Support of royals from William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua . Defender of Peace- autonomy of secular government o Ultimately a failure Papal transformation into something similar to secular government 22. Curia The papal court Adjusting papacy to emerging European monetary economy o Criticism of such efforts 23. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Part of resistance to Avignon papacy’s attempts to gain new revenue Legal independence of French church as acknowledged by papacy o Charles VII o Election of own clergy o Prohibition of some papal taxes o Limit of appeals from French courts to Curia 24. John Wycliffe Oxford theologian and philosopher Anti-clerical policies of English government Rights of royalty against papal interference o Similar to William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua Clerical poverty Necessity of personal merit for religious authority Foresight of Protestant criticisms o Papal infallibility o Sale of indulgences Inspirer of Lollards Posthumous accusation of heresy 25. Lollards Follows of John Wycliffe’s writings Advocates of preaching in the local language Champions of clerical poverty Initially from all social classes o Strong support from those who would gain from clerical poverty . Nobility . Gentry o Strong support from those against church system . The poor . The lower clergy Capital offense in 1401 o Alliance of Church and king 26. John Huss/ Jan Hus Religious head of University of Prague Bible in local languages Questions about validity of sacraments Influence from Wycliffe Execution for heresy 27. Husstites Followers of John Huss Same Eucharist for common people and clergy (bread and wine) Successes o Council of Basel o Significant religious reform o Autonomy of Bohemian church 28. Donatism Form of ancient heresy Teaching that effectiveness of sacraments relied partially on personal merit of administering clergyman Use to attempt to discredit John Wycliffe 29. Great Schism Cause o French dislike of Italian pope, Urban VI o Election of second pope, Clement VII, by group of 13 (mostly French cardinals) The Sides o Urban- England, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland o Clement- France, Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon Attempted solutions o Mutual cession o Resignation of one o Forced deposition of both Third Pope o Council of Pisa o Pisan pope, Alexander V End of Schism o Council of Constance o All 3 popes deposed o New pope, Martin V 30. Conciliar Movement Attempts to end Great Schism with church councils Based on conciliar theory Councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel End of movement o Brief reunification of eastern and western churches o Increased papal prestige o Collapse of Council of Basel Consequences o Broad acceptance of idea that leader should provide for well-being of those he leads o Increased secular control, especially of national and territorial churches 31. Conciliar Theory Representative council of the whole church o Whole church = all the faithful o Purpose: keep pope in line . Council greater than the pope . Pope’s purpose: maintaining church unity . Popes’ failure to do that with Great Schism 32. Council of Pisa (1409) Attempt to end Great Schism Council made up of cardinals of both popes Deposal of both popes Election of new pope, Alexander V Refusal of Roman and Avignon popes 33. Council of Constance (1414-1417) Recognized by both Pisan and Roman popes Declaration of power to elect new pope Deposal of all three popes Election of new pope, Martin V End of Great Schism 34. Council of Basel (1431-1449) Peak of conciliar government Hussite demands o Giving everyone bread and wine for Eucharist o Free preaching o Forbidding clergy from holding secular office or owning land o Justice against clergy who commited mortal sins o Acceptance of all but one concerning holding secular office or owning land End of Hussite Wars Self-jurisdiction for Bohemian church Curtailing of papal power of appointment and taxation Collapse of council and conciliar movement 35. Golden Horde Governing body of Russia when it was a Mongol possession o Russian cities = dependent, tribute-paying principalities o Conscription into Mongol army Increase in cultural divisions between Russia and the West Slavery for resistance Intermarriage and implementation of Islam o Veils and more seclusion for Russian women Lack of major changes to religious or political institutions More stability for Russia Chapter 10 Identification (Renaissance and Discovery): 1. City-State A nation based in a large city that absorbs some of the surrounding area 2.
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