DOI 10.4467/0023589XKHNT.19.009.10117 Jarosław Włodarczyk L. & A. Birkenmajer Institute for the History of Science Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw

“Peripheral” Astronomy in the Correspondence of Johannes Hevelius: A Case Study of Maria Cunitia and Elias von Löwen

The letters of Johannes Hevelius reveal a very interesting map of the European astronomy of the 17th century. Signifi cantly, Hevelius was not only a key agent in the transmission of scientifi c information among the main centres which, for example, made Gdańsk equally important as London and Paris for early modern uranography. Hevelius also exchanged letters with astronomers whose achievements are hardly ever discussed within the frame- work of the general history of astronomy. And yet the analysis of their activities allows for the complete reconstruction of 17th century astronomy, including its diversifi cation which stemmed from the tensions between tradition and modernity as well as from the specifi c research interests of minor scholars. One such case is Maria Cunitia (1610–1664) and her husband, Elias von Löwen (Crätschmair; c. 1602–1661) based in Silesia. Maria Cunitia is acknowledged for her Urania Propitia (1650), an innovative adaptation of the mathe- matical astronomy of Johannes Kepler’s Rudolphine Tables. In turn von Löwen authored astronomical calendars and ephemerids. Their correspondence with Hevelius – 22 letters from the years 1648–1654 – constitutes an important source of knowledge about the astronomical ‘background’ which allowed them to complete their published works as well as about the activities of such astronomers from outside the major scientifi c centres. It is my intention to discuss the astronomical content of these letters.

Keywords: Johannes Hevelius, Maria Cunitia, Maria Cunitz, Elias von Löwen, Crätschmair, Johannes Kepler, astronomical tables, planetary conjunctions, libration of the Moon Słowa kluczowe: Jan Heweliusz, Maria Cunitia, Maria Cunitz, Elias von Löwen, Crätsch- mair, Johannes Kepler, tablice astronomiczne, koniunkcje planet, libracja Księżyca

KWARTALNIK HISTORII NAUKI I TECHNIKI • T. 64 • 2019 • nr 1 • s. 147–155 147 148 Jarosław Włodarczyk Cf. M.Cunitia, 3 BibliothèquenationaledeFrance [BnF],NAF6206,234–237(124r–125r). 2 ideas. Leszno; and 1666), ChristianOtter(1598–1660)inWarsaw, andJanAmosKomenský (1592–1670)in Linemannus (1603–1653)fromKönigsberg;and“inPolonia”: Frederik Getkant(1600– Peter Crüger(1580–1639)andLaurentiusEichstadt(1596–1660)fromGda mathematicians workingonPolish territories,Heveliusenumeratesanewnames:thelate dence on15November1646.WritingareplytoMarinMersenne,whoinquiredabout and therelevantpassagereadsasfollows: also asCrätschmair, acouplebasedinSilesia. in theyears1648–1654andexchangedwithMariaCunitiaEliasvonLöwen,known The correspondenceofJohannesHeveliuscomprisesacompactset22letterswritten Thealphabetical andchronologicallistofHevelius’scorrespondenceistobefoundin: 1 This isfurtherexempli Hevelius abriefnoteonMaria. Herbinius whoknewherpersonally. Between theseyears,on2December1651,Eliassent in herworkentitled The tion abouttheastronomicalactivitiesofMariaandwhatheknewherasaperson. and misspellinghersurname,Cunicea.We donotknowhowhecameacrosstheinforma- to ourknowledgeabout17 I wouldliketodemonstratehowresearchingtheseletterscansigni the thenscienti centre ofGda the mainstreamastronomyof17 example oftheexchangeideasbetween,ononehand,Hevelius–representing Einige NeuigkeitenüberdieFamilieder SchlesierinMariaCunitz XVII w. Aspiracjeintelektualne kobietze The bibliographicalinformationderived fromextantsourcesarediscussedin:K.Targosz, eruditione alidade.obspm.fr [accessed24.02.2019]. repository ofthescannedcorrespondenceHeveliusheldinParis ObservatoryLibrarycanbereachedat: hannes Hevelius.Tome I: Prolégomènescritiques faciles redditaeaMariaCunitia. presents acomprehensiveoverviewof recentpublicationsonCunitiain:UraniaPropitia,Tabulae Rudolphinae 2012, pp.81–121. Cf. also [in:] Maria CunitiaandEliasvonLöwenappearforthe nica 2008. Hevelius acknowledgedthattheinformationdidnotcomedirectlyfromsource. fi rst informationaboutthelifeofMaria Cunitiaappearedinprintasearly1650, A MasterofScienceHistory:Essaysin HonorofCharlesCoulstonGillispie I’ve heardandbelievethatintheSilesianvillageof tics butalsoforeignlanguages,GreekandLatininparticular. treaty which,perhaps,isalreadyinprint.Thewomanknowsnotonlymathema- cian EliasCrätschmair, AnnaCunicea,iscompilinganextraordinaryastronomical , Wittenberg1657;vonLöwentoHevelius, BibliothèqueObservatoiredeParis [OBS],C1,v. 2,260. fi nally, MariaCunitiainSilesia.Elias ń sk, and,ontheotherhand,astronomersworkingperipheriesof Urania Propitia fi c Europe.Inthefollowingbriefoverviewofsaidcorrespondence Urania Propitia fi ed bythewayhereferredtoMaria,confusinghername(Anna) Astronom MariaKunic (Cunitia)1610–1664. , Ole Bene th 3 centuryastronomyandthedisseminationofscienti ś nica 1650;J.Herbinius, fi cent Urania, cent th centuryEuropeandbasedinthepowerfulscienti ś , andthenin1657,abookwrittenbyJohannes rodowisk dworskich , ed.byC.Grell,Turnhout 2014,pp.247–561.Theelectronic the Adaptationof 1 Theselettersconstituteamostinteresting fi gures onlyasthehusbandofhiswife, Dissertatio historicaI,Defoeminarumillustrium , Warszawa 1997,pp.392–460;K.Liwowsky, , 3 fi rst timein Hevelius’scorrespon- rd edition,Koblencja 2010.N.M.Swerdlow Ż Ł ycie idzie ubnice, thewifeofphysi- RudolphineTables , ed.byJ.Z.Buchwald,Dordrecht ł o , ed.byR.Skowron, 2 fi cantly contribute cantly Correspondance deJo- Sawantki wPolsce ń by MariaCunitz sk; Albertus Ś wid- fi fi c c , “Peripheral” Astronomy in the Correspondence of Johannes Hevelius: A Case Study of Maria Cunitia and Elias von Löwen 149 widnica. They Ś Topographia Topographia ubnice and Byczyna Ł widnica. She never left Si- Ś widnica, Ś widnica. widnica, c. 1650. M. Zeiller, widnica, c. 1650. M. Zeiller, Ś widnica around 1625, and he married Ma- Ś Ś obok. Around 1650 they again crossed the Polish- obok. Around 1650 they again crossed ł , Frankfurt 1650. Courtesy of Muzeum Dawnego 1650. Courtesy of , Frankfurt Kupiectwa, Kupiectwa, totally destroyed their house, as well as their astronomi- re fi ubnice for almost twelve years, supported by the two successive ubnice for almost twelve years, supported Ł , with new astronomical tables. At the end of 1627 Johannes Kepler , with new astronomical tables. At the end of 1627 Johannes Kepler ubnice. In May 1655 a Figure 1. M. Merian, The panorama of Ł Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae The fact that Elias von Löwen compiled astrological almanacs was at that time a fairly The fact that Elias von Löwen compiled Let as recall some facts. Elias moved to Setting aside the biographical details, let us have a closer look at what is relevant Setting aside the biographical details, typical pursuit for an educated and practicing physician. The biographies of Maria include typical pursuit for an educated and practicing in horoscopes used for medical purposes and she accounts that she too was interested her skills could be could calculate them before she met Elias. If it were not for her gender, the activities of Elias and seen as hardly unusual: Maria’s father was a physician. However, The chro- Maria went far beyond the common business of compiling prognostications. by the nology of events seems to indicate that this extraordinary synergy was produced together of publication of two new astronomical works which coincided with the coming Maria and Elias. cal notes and instruments. Brahe, Longomontanus published ria in 1630. Meantime, in 1622, a student of Tycho Astronomia Danica Silesian border and settled down in Elias’s hometown, Byczyna, less than ten kilometres Silesian border and settled down in Elias’s from prioresses of the Cistercian Cloister in O (Pitschen), the largest distance separating one place from another being approximately (Pitschen), the largest distance separating in 1625 when he moved to 150 km. She met Elias, her second husband, already a physician (he studied at the University married in 1630. At that time Elias was the author of astrological almanacs. In 1636 or somewhat an der Oder) and in Franfkurt Polish they were forced to move into more peaceful War, earlier due to the Thrity Years’ territories. They lived in lesia, and she spent her whole adult life travelling between lesia, and she spent her whole adult life today. Maria was born approximately in 1610, presumably in Maria was born approximately today. 150 Jarosław Włoodarczykdarczyk K.Targosz, op.cit. 5 N.M.Swerdlow, op.cit. 4 lations, butpreservetheiraccuracy. Thiswas theoriginof Kepler’s tables,Mariaundertook topresenttheminaformwhichwouldfacilitatecalcu- published the the superiorityof the book.AccordingtoEliasandMaria,theseobservations con in conjunctions ofSaturnandJupiterwiththestars.Theother twoconjunctionsdescribed years 1627–1629,werepresentedbyMariainherbook movement oftheplanetsagainststars.Suchobservations, madein the basisofvarioustablescouldbecompared,aswellcheckedagainstapparent tables madeitpossibletocalculatethepositionsofplanets.Theresultsobtainedon between Maria,EliasandHevelius. Historians,suchasKarolinaTargosz treasures canbefoundbya historianofscienceintheunpublishedlettersexchanged years ago. Urania Urania Propitia Figure 2.ThetitlepageofCunitia’s At thispointletusputaside Cunitia’s astranslatedbyNoelSwerdlowinhissuperbanalysisof thisworkpublishedsix 4 Rudolphine Tables camefrom1649,i.e.theperiodshortlybefore publication of Rudolphine Tables Library. Shelfmark363158. basedonhisastronomyoftheellipses.Astronomical Urania Propitia overallotherastronomicaltables.To propagate Bene fi cn Urania cent . CourtesyofWroc Urania Propitia Urania Propitia fi rmed beyond anydoubt andseewhatkindof . Thesewerethree ł aw University Ś widnica inthe or 5 andIngrid Bene fi cent “Peripheral” Astronomy in the Correspondence of Johannes Hevelius: A Case Study of Maria Cunitia and Elias von Löwen 151

7 c fi , ed. by rst, to fi are of the same kind and are of the same kind Remarks or a pinhole camera is far more Vir / conjunction Vir / conjunction Sco / conjunction Cap / angular separation β γ η η Leo / conjunction σ Kommunikation in der Frühen Neuzeit Kommunikation Aur / ecliptic coordinates ν Urania Propitia , [in:] and β and Saturn / conjunction Venus Solar eclipse Mars and camera obscura “PERIPHERAL” ASTRONOMY: ASTRONOMY: “PERIPHERAL” Date of Unpublished: observation(s) (date of the letter) c community to the emergence of a woman-scholar. However, However, emergence of a woman-scholar. community to the c fi 1623 (24 June 1650) The optical libration of the Moon Feb–Apr 1634 Feb–Apr 1648) (28 Feb 13 Aug 1651 (2 Dec 1651) 4 Nov 1649 (2 Dec 1651) 13 Nov 1650 (2 Dec 1651) , and the observations described in letters (Table 1). With the latter described in letters (Table , and the observations Zum Briefwechsel des schlesischen Gelehrtenehepaars Cunitia / de Leonibus um 1650 mit 1650 have already drawn our attention to three sets of problems: problems: sets of to three attention drawn our already have 6 ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ELIAS VON LÖWEN AND MARIA CUNITIA ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS Urania Propitia Published: K.-D. Herbst and S. Kratochwil, Frankfurt 2009, pp. 171–188. This article also presents the results of Guen- K.-D. Herbst and S. Kratochwil, Frankfurt therodt’s earlier studies on Cunitia. den Astronomen Hevelius, Danzig und Bullialdus, Paris In his letters Elias acknowledges that he systemically observes solar eclipses. In his let- In his letters Elias acknowledges that he systemically observes solar eclipses. In First of all let us notice that one of the main, if not the major, astronomical topic of astronomical not the major, one of the main, if let us notice that First of all Urania propitia 4/14 Dec 162718/28 Oct 1629 Saturn and 44 Vir / occultation / conjunction Jupiter and 26 Apr/6 May 1627 Jupiter and 1/11 May 1649 Jupiter and 31 May/10 June 1649 Jupiter and 7 2, 149. OBS, C1, v. ter from 24 January, 1650 he writes that ter from 24 January, 6 I. Guentherodt, Cf. suitable for such observations than a telescope because it does not distort the image. suitable for such observations than a telescope because it does not distort Table 1. Table Guentherodt, the possibility of tracing additional biographical facts; secondly, to the possibility of of to the possibility secondly, facts; biographical additional of tracing the possibility history of scienti of the printing about the vicissitudes our knowledge broadening taken into account, the total number of observations increases twofold. But the differen- the total number of observations increases taken into account, All the observations in ce is not only in numbers. I would like to offer yet another perspective. to offer yet another I would like instruments, and the telescope observations, new methods and new these letters are the publi- known observations of Elias and Maria, Here is a table juxtaposing the in particular. shed in books; and thirdly, in this particular case, to the possibility of observing the reaction observing the reaction the possibility of particular case, to in this thirdly, books; and scienti of the European the resulting coordinates the position of the planet and comparing consist in determining also other observations men- Meantime, in the letters there are with astronomical tables. and the optical libration of the Moon. tioned, i.e. solar eclipses 152 Jarosław Włodarczyk they aredifferentfromthecoordinatesfeaturingincatalogues. a pointofreferenceforcalculatingthepositionsplanets.Thisshifttesti confession asinthewholehistoryofancientastronomyitwasstarswhichserved positions oftheplanetscalculatedonbasisastronomicaltables.Thisisasurprising Paul Wittich,amathematicianfromWroc new authority of thenewgenerationastronomersinaccuracyastronomicaltheoriesand Copernicus’s starcatalogueinhiscopyof to con used atheoreticallypredictedpositionofplanet(accordingtoCopernicanastronomy) nowledged aspectoftheearlyreceptionheliocentrictheory. to furthersearchforsimilarcases.Theymayconstitutean interestingandsofarunack- the bene enough, Eliasseemstobemoreconservative,whereasHeveliusstronglyunderscores interesting material,worthfurtheranalysis,especiallyifwerememberthat nomical measurements. servational methods,andinparticularofavoidingtelescopescertaintypesastro- later RoberHookewillfamouslyaccuseHeveliusofbeingregressiveinhischoiceob- of Tycho andKepler. scribes hisattemptsatverifyingthecoordinatesofstarsfeaturingincatalogues I haverecentlystudiedinanothercontext.Intheletterfrom28February 1648,Eliasde- discussed bythehistoriansofastronomy. Incidentally, thesearealsophenomenawhich wrong. Kepler inhis In areplywrittenthreeweekslater(12February 1650). Cf. i.e.S.Straker, 9 OBS,C1,v. 2,151. 8 instrument, i.e.thetelescope. in that suchobservationsareimpreciseandtheerrorisduetodimeterofopening 2 Cf. i.e.V. Saridakis, 12 Von LöwentoHevelius,28.02.1648,OBS, C1,v. 1,113/224/113;24.01.1650,OBS,C1,v. 2,149;Heveliustovon 11 Von LöwentoHevelius,2.12.1651,OBS,C1,v. 2,260;HeveliustovonLöwen,18.05.1652,OBS,C1,v. 2,261; 10 replies fromHevelius Kepler’s work. 14 J. W OBS,C1,v. 1,113/224/113. 13 camera obscura. Then headdsthatveri images Löwen, 12.02.1650,OBS,C1,v. 2,151;von LöwentoHevelius,24.06.1650,OBS,C1,v. 2,190+v. 1,190T. 383; HeveliustovonLöwen,10.04.1654,OBS,C1,v. 3,385. 29.07.1652, OBS,v. 2,297; vonLöwentoHevelius,22.03.1653,OBS,C1,v. 3,380;28.07.1653,OBS,C1,v. 3, Elias’s lettersalsocontaininformationaboutphenomenawhichhavenotyetbeen The observationsofthesolareclipsesappear Late SeventeenthCentury and Correspondent in Pre-Telescopic Astronomy pp. 103–135. fi ł rm thelocationofastar. Hemadeanoteabouthisobservationonthemarginof odarczyk, R.L.Kremer, H.C.Hughes, , “Archive forhistoryofexactsciences”vol.24,1981,pp.267–293. fi ts ofthetelescope,sometimes counter-arguing Elias’sremarks.Thisismost fi gures. SofarIhavecomeacrosssuchanapproachonlyonce.In1572 Kepler, Tycho, andthe‘Opticalpartofastronomy’:genesisKepler’s theoryofpinhole , ed.byR.L.KremerandJ.W 9 The Hevelius–HookeControversyin Context:Transforming AstronomicalPracticeinthe ThiswasratheraharshlessonforEliasandMariaaspropagatorsof 13 Optics Hepresentstheresultsofhisownobservationsandconcludesthat 10 inawidercontextofthediscussionsuitabilitynew , [in:] 12 , “Journal fortheHistoryofAstronomy” vol.49,2018,pp.269–305. ( fi Astronomiae parsoptica ed thecoordinatesofstarshealsomeasuredagainst Johannes HeveliusandHisWorld:Astronomer, Cartographer, Philosopher 11 Bothinvokemanydifferentarguments.Interestingly Edward Gresham,Copernican Cosmology, andPlanetaryOccultations ł De revolutionibus aw, observedJupiterapproximating astar, and ł odarczyk, Warszawa 2013( fi rst inElias’slettersandthenthe ), published40yearsearlier, proved 8 HeveliusobservesthatEliasis . 14 Elias’sletterencouragesus Studia Copernicana fi es to the trust fi fteen years , vol.XLIV), “Peripheral” Astronomy in the Correspondence of Johannes Hevelius: A Case Study of Maria Cunitia and Elias von Löwen 153 ) rst fi , “Journal , “Journal camera obscura history ts for the fi To support his claim to be To cant bene cant fi 16 century (e.g. references to this rst published th fi in 1647, a year before he started in 1647, a year before rst relatively complete description of lunar rst relatively complete description fi Selenographia 15 rst half of the 17 fi century, as well as to the emergence of selenography, emergence of selenography, as well as to the century, ed “its reasons” in 1623. th fi eld of celestial cartography. The celestial cartography. eld of fi Libration of the Moon, Hevelius’s Theory, and Its Early Reception in England Libration of the Moon, Hevelius’s Theory, c books. c fi of libration, Hevelius’s studies and his model of the phenomenon is to be rst descriptions fi rst of all, he observed the libration of the Moon much earlier, and, earlier, the libration of the Moon much rst of all, he observed fi rst half of the 17 rst half century, the dissemination of instruments, or the vicissitudes of the prin- century, odarczyk, fi ł th for the History of Astronomy” vol. 42, 2011, pp. 495–519. found in: J. W In conclusion, there are a surprising number of truly signi In conclusion, there are a surprising number Their letters allow us to supplement the set of published astronomical observations withTheir letters allow us to supplement the about the assessment of observational The letters are a new source of knowledge Meantime, in his letter of 24 June 1650, Elias, having read Hevelius’s book about the of 24 June 1650, Elias, having read Meantime, in his letter The fourth example showing the great value of the correspondence of Elias, Maria and Maria of Elias, of the correspondence value the great showing example The fourth lunar spots visible when refers to the phenomenon libration of the Moon The optical The letters also open a new vista of research as regards the early reception of new the- The letters also open a new vista of research letters, One can also mention some other interesting topics resurfacing in these few rst to discover it, Elias attached to his letter his prognostications as regards the libra- attached to his letter his prognostications rst to discover it, Elias 16 1, 190T. 2, 190 + v. OBS, C1, v. fi 1650. So far I have not been able assess what the tion of the Moon in the second half of work is and to the actual appearance of relation of Elias’s prognostications to Hevelius’s we can already risk the hypothesis that this part of the the Moon at that time. However, new life into the history of astronomy and into correspondence of Hevelius breathes some the history of selenography in particular. some hitherto unknown observations and discoveries. Surprisingly, this sometimes casts new discoveries. Surprisingly, some hitherto unknown observations and in the case of the optical libration of the Moon. light on the chronology of discoveries, as methods by minor astronomers in the of astronomy from reading the rather scarce correspondence of Elias von Löwen, Maria of astronomy from reading the rather Cunitia and Johannes Hevelius. his correspondence with Elias and Maria. his correspondence a new discipline in the a new discipline in ting history of scienti 15 The discussion of the Moon, states that he already identi that secondly, Hevelius for the history of astronomy are the passages which refer to the optical libration optical libration to the which refer passages are the astronomy history of for the Hevelius precedence whatsoever. This case has no of the Moon. Its of the lunar disk. to the edges their position relative of the Moon change on the face of the Moon’s telescopic observations the development of was strictly tied to discovery the surface in ories of the movement of planets. This refers in particular to the hitherto undocumented ories of the movement of planets. This positions of the planets and stars. i.e. when the- revered relation between calculating the serve to verify the accuracy of star catalogues. oretically computed positions of planets in the such as, for example, the methods of coming into the possession of telescopes and the arguments they used in the discussion of the usefulness of new instruments such and the arguments they used in the discussion as the telescope. half of the 17 libration was published by Hevelius in his libration was published phenomenon are said to be found in the works of the Dutchman Michael van Langren, to be found in the works of the Dutchman phenomenon are said of Spain, and Galileo Galilei. and Mathematician to King Philip IV Royal Cosmographer the 1630s. However, Both originate in the 154 Jarosław Włodarczyk Turnhout 2014. pp. 171–188. munikation inderFrühenNeuzeit Leonibus um1650mitdenAstronomenHevelius,DanzigundBullialdus,Paris nica 2008. 1657. England dworskich nomy” vol.49, 2018,pp.269–305. and PlanetaryOccultations inPre-Telescopic Astronomy Dordrecht 2012,pp.81–121. ster ofScienceHistory:EssaysinHonorCharlesCoulston Gillispie Bene theory ofpinholeimages Warszawa 2013( mer, Cartographer, PhilosopherandCorrespondent Bibliography sed inthecommentariesfeaturingupcomingcriticaleditionofsaidletters. known factsaboutthehistoryofastronomy. Theyarealsoboundtobeextensivelydiscus- now requireadetailedanalysisandplacingthemcarefullyagainstthebackgroundofother Practice intheLateSeventeenthCentury tion, Koblencja 2010. Guentherodt I., Liwowsky K., Correspondance deJohannesHevelius.Tome I:Prolégomènescritiques Astronom MariaKunic (Cunitia)1610–1664. Critical literature W W Targosz K., Swerdlow N.M.,UraniaPropitia,Tabulae Rudolphinae Straker S., Herbinius J., Cunitia M.,UraniaPropitia,Ole Printed sources Bibliothèque nationaledeFrance (BnF),NAF6206,234–237(124r–125r). Bibliothèque d’ObservatoiredeParis, Manuscript sources All thesefascinatingaspectsofthecorrespondenceEliasandMariaHevelius Saridakis V., fi cent Urania, cent ł ł odarczyk J., odarczyk J.,KremerR.L.,Hughes H.C., , “Journal fortheHistoryofAstronomy”vol. 42,2011,pp.495–519. , Warszawa 1997. Kepler, Tycho, andthe‘Opticalpartofastronomy’:genesisKepler’s Sawantki wPolsceXVIIw. Aspiracjeintelektualnekobietze The Hevelius–HookeControversyinContext:Transfroming Astronomical Dissertatio historicaI,Defoeminarumillustriumerudition Einige NeuigkeitenüberdieFamiliederSchlesierinMariaCunitz Studia Copernicana Libration oftheMoon,Hevelius’s Theory, andItsEarlyReceptionin the Adaptationof Zum BriefwechseldesschlesischenGelehrtenehepaarsCunitia/de , “Archive forhistoryofexactsciences”vol.24,1981,pp.267–293. , ed.byK.-D.HerbstandS.Kratochwil,Frankfurt 2009, ś nica 1650. , vol.XLIV),pp.103–135. Correspondance deJohannesHevelius , [in:] RudolphineTables Johannes HeveliusandHisWorld:Astrono- Edward Gresham,Copernican Cosmology, Ż ycie idzie , ed.byR.L.KremerandJ.W , “Journal fortheHistoryof Astro- faciles redditaeaMariaCunitia. ł o by MariaCunitz , ed.byR.Skowron, , ed.byJ.Z.Buchwald, , ed.byC.Grell, , Wittenberg , C1,v. 1–3. , [in:] , [in:] ł ś odarczyk, rodowisk , 3 A Ma- rd Ś Kom- wid- edi-

“Peripheral” Astronomy in the Correspondence of Johannes Hevelius…

JAROSŁAW WŁODARCZYK is a Professor at the Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. His research focuses on the history of observational astronomy, the relation between observations and astronomical theories, and the cultural context(s) of astronomy. He is currently taking part in a collaborative project on the correspondence of Johannes Hevelius. E-mail: [email protected]

Praca naukowa fi nansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pod nazwą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2015–2018

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