A MASTER OF SCIENCE HISTORY Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 30 EDITOR JED Z. BUCHWALD, Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES JEREMY GRAY, The Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, The Open University, Buckinghamshire, UK. TILMAN SAUER, California Institute of Technology ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SHARON KINGSLAND, Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. MANFRED LAUBICHLER, Arizona State University ADVISORY BOARD FOR MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY HENK BOS, University of Utrecht MORDECHAI FEINGOLD, California Institute of Technology ALLAN D. FRANKLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, Leibniz University in Hannover TREVOR LEVERE, University of Toronto JESPER LU¨ TZEN, Copenhagen University WILLIAM NEWMAN, Indiana University, Bloomington LAWRENCE PRINCIPE, The Johns Hopkins University JU¨ RGEN RENN, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Wissenschaftsgeschichte ALEX ROLAND, Duke University ALAN SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota NOEL SWERDLOW, California Institute of Technology, USA ADVISORY BOARD FOR BIOLOGY MICHAEL DIETRICH, Dartmouth College, USA MICHEL MORANGE, Centre Cavaille`s, Ecole Normale Supe´rieure, Paris HANS-JO¨ RG RHEINBERGER, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin NANCY SIRAISI, Hunter College of the City University of New York Archimedes has three fundamental goals; to further the integration of the histories of science and technology with one another: to investigate the technical, social and practical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer contact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series itself will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, broadly construed, as well as historically-engaged philosophy of science or technology. Taken as awhole,Archimedes will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and scientists, as well as to those in business and industry who seek to understand how science and industry have come to be so strongly linked. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5644 Jed Z. Buchwald Editor A Master of Science History Essays in Honor of Charles Coulston Gillispie 13 Editor Prof. Dr. Jed Z. Buchwald California Institute of Technology Division of Humanities & Social Sciences E. California Blvd. 1200 91125 Pasadena California USA [email protected] ISSN 1385-0180 ISBN 978-94-007-2626-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-2627-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2627-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944095 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Charles and Emily Gillispie. Photo by Ivor Grattan-Guinness Born in 1918, Charles Gillispie graduated from Wesleyan University in 1940 and, following service during the Second World War, received his PhD from Harvard in 1949. He thereafter joined the Department of History at Princeton University, where he remained until his retirement as Dayton-Stockton Profes- sor of History, Emeritus in 1987. He has been awarded many honors, including Princeton’s Behrman Prize in the Humanities (1981), the Pfizer Prize (1981) and Sarton Medal (1984) of the History of Science Society, la Me´daille Alexandre Koyre´of the Acade´mie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences (1985), the Dis- tinguished Alumnus Award of Wesleyan University (1990), the Dibner Award for Distinction in History of Science and Technology (1994), and the Balzan Prize for History and Philosophy of Science (1997). In 2011 he received the D.H.S., Honoris Causa, from Princeton University. Gillispie’s work has ranged widely over science and technology history. He is among the founding members of the discipline whose publications and teaching having influenced generations of historians and readers. We are honored to present these essays by his students and colleagues which were completed on August 6, 2011, the day of his 93rd birthday. Contents Part I Charles Gillispie 1 Publications by Charles Coulston Gillispie ..................... 3 2 A Professional Life in the History of Science ................... 15 Charles Coulston Gillispie 3 A Career in the History of Science as a Student of Charles Gillispie....................................... 25 Seymour H. Mauskopf 4 Charles Gillispie in the Digital Age .......................... 37 Jane Maienschein and Manfred D. Laubichler Part II Archaeology 5 Peking Man: New Light on an Old Discovery .................. 49 Tore Frängsmyr 6 The Puzzle Picture of Lucretius: A Thriller from Herculaneum ..... 63 Knut Kleve Part III Astronomy 7 Urania Propitia, Tabulae Rudophinae faciles redditae a Maria Cunitia Beneficent Urania, the Adaptation of the Rudolphine Tables by Maria Cunitz................................................. 81 N.M. Swerdlow 8 Simplicity in the Copernican Revolution: Galileo, Descartes, Newton 123 David B. Wilson vii viii Contents Part IV Chemistry 9 The Weekday Chemist: The Training of Aleksandr Borodin ....... 137 Michael D. Gordin Part V Geology and Natural Theology 10 The Genesis of Historical Research on the History of Geology, with Thoughts About Kirwan, de Luc, and Whiggery................. 167 David Oldroyd 11 Five Discourses of Bible and Science 1750–2000 ................ 179 Nicolaas A. Rupke 12 ‘‘Natural Theology of Industry’’ in Seventeenth-Century China?: Ideas About the Role of Heaven in Production Techniques in Song Yingxing’s Heaven’s Work in Opening Things (Tiangong kaiwu) ............ 197 Yung Sik Kim Part VI Mathematics 13 On the Role of the Ecole Polytechnique, 1794–1914, with Especial Reference to Mathematics ................................. 217 Ivor Grattan-Guinness 14 The Notion of Variation in Leibniz........................... 235 Eberhard Knobloch 15 Founding Acts and Major Turning-Points in Arab Mathematics .... 253 Roshdi Rashed Part VII Medicine and Health 16 Chemotherapy by Design .................................. 275 John E. Lesch 17 American Health Reformers and the Social Sciences in the Twentieth Century ............................................... 297 Evan M. Melhado 18 Quantity and Polity: Asylum Statistics and the Drive for Medical Evidence ............................................... 327 Theodore M. Porter Contents ix 19 The Question of Efficacy in the History of Medicine ............. 341 Nathan Sivin Part VIII Science and Industry in France 20 Secrecy, Industry and Science. French Glassmaking in the Eighteenth Century ............................................... 357 Marco Beretta 21 Balloons, Hydraulic Machines and Steam Engines at War and Peace: Jean-Pierre Campmas, a Visionary or an Inefficient Inventor? ..... 367 Patrice Bret 22 Cauchy’s Theory of Dispersion Anticipated by Fresnel............ 399 Jed Z. Buchwald 23 Sadi Carnot on Political Economy. Science, Morals, and Public Policy in Restoration France ..................................... 417 Robert Fox Index ..................................................... 429 Contributors Marco Beretta University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected] Patrice Bret Centre Alexandre Koyre´– Centre de recherches en histoire des sciences et des techniques, Paris, France, [email protected] Jed Z. Buchwald Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, [email protected] Robert Fox Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, [email protected] Tore Fra¨ngsmyr Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected] Charles Coulston Gillispie Department of History, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected] Michael D. Gordin Department of History, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected] Ivor Grattan-Guinness Middlesex University Business School, London, UK, [email protected] Yung Sik Kim Department of Asian History and Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, [email protected] Knut Kleve University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, [email protected] Eberhard Knobloch Technische Universita¨ t, Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Manfred D. Laubichler Center for Biology and Society, Arizona State Univer- sity, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, [email protected] John E. Lesch University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, [email protected] xi xii Contributors Jane Maienschein