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Brevity, Skorpion & Battleaxe
DESERT WAR PART THREE: BREVITY, SKORPION & BATTLEAXE OPERATION BREVITY MAY 15 – 16 1941 Operation Sonnenblume had seen Rommel rapidly drive the distracted and over-stretched British and Commonwealth forces in Cyrenaica back across the Egyptian border. Although the battlefront now lay in the border area, the port city of Tobruk - 100 miles inside Libya - had resisted the Axis advance, and its substantial Australian and British garrison of around 27,000 troops constituted a significant threat to Rommel's lengthy supply chain. He therefore committed his main strength to besieging the city, leaving the front line only thinly held. Conceived by the Commander-in-Chief of the British Middle East Command, General Archibald Wavell, Operation Brevity was a limited Allied offensive conducted in mid-May 1941. Brevity was intended to be a rapid blow against weak Axis front-line forces in the Sollum - Capuzzo - Bardia area of the border between Egypt and Libya. Operation Brevity's main objectives were to gain territory from which to launch a further planned offensive toward the besieged Tobruk, and the depletion of German and Italian forces in the region. With limited battle-ready units to draw on in the wake of Rommel's recent successes, on May 15 Brigadier William Gott, with the 22nd Guards Brigade and elements of the 7th Armoured Division attacked in three columns. The Royal Air Force allocated all available fighters and a small force of bombers to the operation. The strategically important Halfaya Pass was taken against stiff Italian opposition. Reaching the top of the Halfaya Pass, the 22nd Guards Brigade came under heavy fire from an Italian Bersaglieri (Marksmen) infantry company, supported by anti-tank guns, under the command of Colonel Ugo Montemurro. -
Paternal Genetic Structure in Contemporary Mennonite Communities from the American Midwest Kristine G
Wayne State University Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints WSU Press 4-1-2016 Paternal Genetic Structure In Contemporary Mennonite Communities From The American Midwest Kristine G. Beaty Laboratories of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, [email protected] M. J. Mosher Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, [email protected] Michael H. Crawford Laboratories of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, [email protected] Phillip Melton Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, and Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia, [email protected] Recommended Citation Beaty, Kristine G.; Mosher, M. J.; Crawford, Michael H.; and Melton, Phillip, "Paternal Genetic Structure In Contemporary Mennonite Communities From The American Midwest" (2016). Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints. 112. http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol_preprints/112 This Open Access Preprint is brought to you for free and open access by the WSU Press at DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. Paternal genetic structure in contemporary Mennonite communities from the American Midwest Kristie Beaty1, MJ Mosher2, Michael H. Crawford3, Phillip Melton4 1University of Kansas, 2Western Washington University, 3University of Kansas Main Campus, 4University of Western Australia. Corresponding author: Phillip E. Melton, Ph.D Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease University of Western Australia 35 Stirling HWY (M409) Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia Tel: 61 (8) 9224-0367 e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: Anabaptist, Y-Chromosome, Mennonites, Kansas, Nebraska, Population Structure, Anthropological Genetics Running header: Y-chromosome variation in Mennonites. -
Finnish Studies
Journal of Finnish Studies Volume 23 Number 1 November 2019 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-7328298-1-7 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458, Box 2146, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TEXAS 77341-2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University [email protected] Hilary-Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University [email protected] Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Michael Branch, Professor Emeritus, University of London Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Tim Frandy, Assistant Professor, Western Kentucky University Daniel Grimley, Professor, Oxford University Titus Hjelm, Associate Professor, University of Helsinki Daniel Karvonen, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Johanna Laakso, Professor, University of Vienna Jason Lavery, Professor, Oklahoma State University James P. Leary, Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Madison Andrew Nestingen, Associate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, University of Helsinki Jussi Nuorteva, Director General, The National Archives of Finland Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury Beth L. -
Military & Maritime Catalog
SCHIFFER P U B L I S H I N G Military & Maritime Catalog AUTUMN/WINTER 2014 aviation: 18 naval: 43 ground forces: 45 militaria: 61 modeling & collectible figures: 76 American Civil War: 78 Cornell Maritime Press: 79 pin-ups: 86 transportation: 88 2 NEW BOOKS MARTIN B-26 MARAUDER: The Ultimate Look: From Drawing William Wolf Board to Widow Maker Vindicated • Fifth in the Ultimate Look bomber series • Photo coverage of the NMUSAF and MAPS restored B-26s • 20 color profiles of some of the most notable of the B-26 series In his fifth book in The Ultimate Look series, Dr. Wolf again brings the same degree of meticulous research to describe this unappreciated and misunderstood B-26 medium bomber. This massive, comprehensive volume is the first to give the reader a definitive description of this neglected bomber, its development, testing, and manufacture. The role of the enigmatic aviation icon Glenn L. Martin is described in the development of the American aviation industry and the Marauder. The author made extensive use of the massive document and photo collections of the Marauder Archives at Akron and Tucson, and the Air Force collection at the NMUSAF. Martin Company design and production information and flight and test evaluations, along with original Company Flight, Parts, and Maintenance Manuals, and rare archival microfilm of original material were also used. The author was given unprecedented access to the family records of B-26 designer Peyton Magruder. The text is complemented by archival photos and drawings, and new color photos of the Marauders at the NMUSAF, Fantasy of Flight, and MAPS Museum. -
Fine Games 2020 Annual Clearance
12/5/2020 11:10:05AM Fine Games' 2020 Annual Clearance Catalog Page 1 of 52 Great Games at Really GREAT Prices ! www.FineGames.com/eoy_clear.htm Fine Games, 2078 Madrona St., North Bend, OR 97459-2143 USA email: [email protected] 541-756-4711 10am-9pm PST Fine Games' 2020 Annual Clearance Catalog is Big, Really BIG!. The largest sale we have ever offered. Initially, it includes a wide-ranging assortment of 672 games, magazines & gaming accessories -- nearly a third of the games we stock. Most are new & undamaged games or mags we simply have a few too many of; many are new games that suffered some minor damage at the hands of UPS. Many are too difficult to sell in the limited time before we begin to retire. Together, these sale items offer a thousand opportunities for great Xmas gifts for yourself or a significant other, some fun reading about game products from your past & others you might not know of. All at especially attractive prices. The Deal is this: We list 672 1056 items here with a special, clearance price good only during this sale, once each year. Choose as many or as few games as you wish. Contact us by phone (at 541-756-4711) or email ([email protected]) to place your order by 11/30/2020, and deliver payment to us promptly thereafter. In as little as 2 days later, your goodies will arrive in your awaiting hands. All bought at especially attractive Clearance Sale prices. Just act fast as these are offered first-come, first served, and are generally available in quantities of one, each (or sometimes 2 or 3). -
Working Papers 24 (2000)
A friend in need or a friend indeed? Finnish perceptions of Germanys role in the EU and Europe Tuomas Forsberg Director The Finnish Institute of International Affairs [email protected] Working Papers 24 (2000) Ulkopoliittinen instituutti (UPI) The Finnish Institute of International Affairs A FRIEND IN NEED OR A FRIEND INDEED? FINNISH PERCEPTIONS OF GERMANY’S ROLE IN THE EU AND EUROPE Tuomas Forsberg I would like to thank Petri Hakkarainen, Seppo Hentilä, Hannes Saarinen, Uwe Schmalz, Kristina Spohr and Pekka Visuri for helpful comments and background material as well as Ambassador Arto Mansala and Minister- Councellor Aristide E. Fenster for illuminating discussions on the subject. The paper is prepared for a project on ”Germany’s new European Policy” conducted by Institut für Europäische Politik. 1 CONTENTS Introduction: Finland's Positive View of Germany 2 The World Wars: The “Myth” of Germany as the Saviour of Finland 4 Division of Germany and the Cold War: ”Turning the Back” 5 German Unification and European Integration: Common Interests or Renewed Bandwagoning? 7 Berliner Republik: Storms in a Glass of Water? 13 Future Expectations: More Contacts, More Friction? 16 2 Introduction: Finland's Positive View of Germany Finland is often seen as a country whose view of Germany has traditionally been more positive than that of the average of the European countries. According to an opinion poll that was conducted in 1996, 42 % of the Finns have a positive view, 47 % a neutral and only 6 % a negative view of Germany and Germans.1 This positive attitude is not only a result of the large amount of cultural and trade contacts or societal similarities, shared Lutheran religion and German roots of Finnish political thinking but derives also from the historical experience that Germany has been willing to help Finland in bad times. -
Mo Birget Soađis (How to Cope with War) – Strategies of Sámi Resilience During the German Influence
Mo birget soađis (How to cope with war) – strategies of Sámi resilience during the German influence Adaptation and resistance in Sámi relations to Germans in wartime Sápmi, Norway and Finland 1940-1944 Abstract The article studies the Sámi experiences during the “German era” in Norway and Finland, 1940-44, before the Lapland War. The Germans ruled as occupiers in Norway, but had no jurisdiction over the civilians in Finland, their brothers-in-arms. In general, however, encounters between the local people and the Germans appear to have been cordial in both countries. Concerning the role of racial ideology, it seems that the Norwegian Nazis had more negative opinions of the Sámi than the occupiers, while in Finland the racial issues were not discussed. The German forces demonstrated respect for the reindeer herders as communicators of important knowledge concerning survival in the arctic. The herders also possessed valuable meat reserves. Contrary to this, other Sámi groups, such as the Sea Sámi in Norway, were ignored by the Germans resulting in a forceful exploitation of sea fishing. Through the North Sámi concept birget (coping with) we analyse how the Sámi both resisted and adapted to the situation. The cross-border area of Norway and Sweden is described in the article as an exceptional arena for transnational reindeer herding, but also for the resistance movement between an occupied and a neutral state. Keyword: Sámi, WWII, Norway and Finland, reindeer husbandry, local meetings, Birget Sámi in different wartime contexts In 1940 the German forces occupied Norway. Next year, as brothers-in-arms, they got northern Finland under their military command in order to attack Soviet Union. -
Oral History Interview of Russian
f ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW OF l RUSSIAN-MENNONITE IMMIGRANTS OF THE 1920's (Ontario)· Interviewer: Henry Paetkau Date of Interview: Wednesday, May 26, 1976 - 7:30-9:30 pm Place of Interview: Residence of Interviewees Mr. Cornelius and Mrs. Agatha Nickel 6 Dietz Ave. N., Waterloo Interview: The second portion of the interview relating to the experiences in Canada after immigration will be recorded at a later date. Relevant also to this interview are several manuscripts and documents which have been compiled by the interviewees and which will be preserved at Conrad Grebel Library and Archives. These are noted at the end of the interview. CORNELIUS: I went to the public school there, small school, maybe 12 or 15 cubens altogether. And then I went to high school in W. Caldiwoy that is in the next tape a new part There I went to high school for two years until the Revolution broke out. The Revolution broke out in 1917 and we as students we were very excited about this revolution andthe teachers they taught us in a hurry; they taught us these revolutionary songs , of course until that nobody ever sang that, never heard of revolution in a song and where they got it I don't know. Anyway they taught us a revolutionary song and then they organized us and we marched with red flags and we were singing these songs and we marched to the station to hear these speakers. They came through that was the main line to Siberia from Moscow to Siberia and the convicts they came back on these trains oh very many trains came in every day and some very famous people on these trains sometimes. -
Dispatches BAKERSFIELD CA PERMIT NO 66 from Decision Games #39 FALL 2020
PRESRT STD US POSTAGE PAID DISPATCHES BAKERSFIELD CA PERMIT NO 66 FROM DECISION GAMES #39 FALL 2020 (661) 587-9633 | (661) 587-5031 fax | P.O. Box 21598 | Bakersfield CA 93390 | DECISIONGAMES.COM Excerpt from Strategy & Tactics #50 The Last Strategies By Stephen B. Patrick Germany By December, 1944, the Axis existed only in Hitler’s mind. Accordingly, all strategies were Hitler’s. Germany was fighting on four fronts by this time: the west, Italy, Poland and the Balkans. The last two were nominally one front, but, because the two Soviet drives were basically independent, they had to be treated separately. Hitler’s strategy, such as it was, was one of desperation and wishful thinking. He was convinced that the Anglo-American alliance with the Soviets could not endure. Subsequent events proved him right. What he failed to recognize was that the mutual hatred they bore for Nazism was sufficient to hold the alliance together for the duration of the war. Hitler seemed to have few illusions about Germany’s chances to win the war. He now wanted to settle for destroying Communism. Hitler convinced himself that he could work out an alliance with the Anglo- Americans and the three would then crush the Bolshevik menace. To “encourage” the British and American governments to see things his way, Hitler felt he needed a major victory in the west. He may not have seriously believed he could root the western Allies, but he did expect to deliver a blow that would seriously upset the western timetable. He also hoped to so upset morale at home in the western alliance that the German Panzer V Panther on the Eastern Front, 1944. -
Memoir '44: Mediterranean Theater Rulebook
M44 BRIT expansion rules EN:Mise en page 1 24/06/08 16:15 Page 2 M44 BRIT expansion rules EN:Mise en page 1 24/06/08 16:16 Page 3 Welcome to the seventh expansion in the Memoir '44 series The Mediterranean Theater. Foreword On the day war broke out, few nations imagined they would soon be forced to conduct land warfare outside of Europe. As a result, when the war reached North Africa, both men and machines were ill-prepared for the harsh demands of a desert campaign. But history is a testament to the caliber of leadership, ingenuity and resolve of those who fought under such harsh conditions. Thanks in part to its long-established presence in far-flung corners of the globe, no army would display these qualities better than the British Commonwealth Forces. This pack is independent of other expansions. While using a few concepts originally introduced in the Terrain Pack (Minefields and Engineers), it can be played without other expansions in conjunction with the original Memoir ’44 game. The 8 included scenarios introduce you to the new rules of engagement, and familiarize you with your troops and newly acquired anti-tank weapons! As always, be sure to visit the game’s web site at www.memoir44.com for additional scenarios and to introduce yourself to the vibrant community of Memoir ’44 players around the world. And above all, have fun and enjoy! and the DesertRichard Rats at Days Borg of Wonder mediterranean Theater 2 M44 BRIT expansion rules EN:Mise en page 1 24/06/08 16:16 Page 4 Table of contents I. -
Germans Settling North America : Going Dutch – Gone American
Gellinek Going Dutch – Gone American Christian Gellinek Going Dutch – Gone American Germans Settling North America Aschendorff Münster Printed with the kind support of Carl-Toepfer-Stiftung, Hamburg, Germany © 2003 Aschendorff Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Münster Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Überset- zung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf foto- mechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Die Vergütungsansprüche des § 54, Abs. 2, UrhG, werden durch die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort wahrgenommen. Druck: Druckhaus Aschendorff, Münster, 2003 Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier ∞ ISBN 3-402-05182-6 This Book is dedicated to my teacher of Comparative Anthropology at Yale Law School from 1961 to 1963 F. S. C. Northrop (1893–1992) Sterling Professor of Philosophy and Law, author of the benchmark for comparative philosophy, Philosophical Anthropology and Practical Politics This Book has two mottoes which bifurcate as the topic =s divining rod The first motto is by GERTRUDE STEIN [1874–1946], a Pennsylvania-born woman of letters, raised in California, and expatriate resident of Europe after 1903: AIn the United States there is more space where nobody is than where anybody is. That is what makes America what it is.@1 The second motto has to do with the German immigration. It is borrowed from a book by THEODOR FONTANE [1819–1898], a Brandenburg-born writer, and a critic of Prussia. An old German woman, whose grandchildren have emigrated to Anmerica is speaking in her dialect of Low German: [ADröwen in Amirika. -
Novels, Histories, Novel Nations Historical Fiction and Cultural Memory in Finland and Estonia
Novels, Histories, Novel Nations Historical Fiction and Cultural Memory in Finland and Estonia Edited by Linda Kaljundi, Eneken Laanes and Ilona Pikkanen Studia Fennica Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica. Two additional subseries were formed in 2002, Historica and Litteraria. The subseries Anthropologica was formed in 2007. In addition to its publishing activities, the Finnish Literature Society maintains research activities and infrastructures, an archive containing folklore and literary collections, a research library and promotes Finnish literature abroad. Studia fennica editorial board Pasi Ihalainen, Professor, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Timo Kaartinen, Title of Docent, Lecturer, University of Helsinki, Finland Taru Nordlund, Title of Docent, Lecturer, University of Helsinki, Finland Riikka Rossi, Title of Docent, Researcher, University of Helsinki, Finland Katriina Siivonen, Sunstitute Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland Lotte Tarkka, Professor, University of Helsinki, Finland Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen, Secretary General, Dr. Phil., Finnish Literature Society, Finland Tero Norkola, Publishing Director, Finnish Literature Society, Finland Maija Hakala, Secretary of the Board, Finnish Literature Society, Finland Editorial Office SKS P.O. Box 259 FI-00171 Helsinki www.finlit.fi Novels, Histories, Novel Nations Historical Fiction and Cultural Memory in Finland and Estonia Edited by Linda Kaljundi, Eneken Laanes & Ilona Pikkanen Finnish Literature Society SKS • Helsinki Studia Fennica Historica 19 The publication has undergone a peer review.