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Pro-Poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture: Issues and Options

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Pro-Poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture: Issues and Options Pro-poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture: Issues and Options INDONESIA Intizar Hussain, editor Study Team: Sigit S. Arif, Mochammad Maksum, Murtiningrum, Suparmi, Slamet Hartono, Agnes Mawarni, Rahardjo, Saiful Rochdiyanto, Intizar Hussain and Deeptha Wijerathna International WaterManagement Institute Country Report Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture in Developing Asia: Issues, Linkages, Options and Pro-Poor Interventions Indonesia Intizar Hussain, editor Study Team/Contributors Sigit S. Arif Mochammad Maksum Murtiningrum Suparmi Slamet Hartono Agnes Mawarni Rahardjo Intizar Hussain Hussain, I. (Ed.) 2004. Poverty in irrigated agriculture in developing Asia: Issues, linkages, options and pro-poor interventions, Indonesia. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. 231p. (Country report Indonesia) 92 90 90 545 X poverty / irrigation management / policy / institutional development / population / irrigated farming / irrigation systems / households / labor / agricultural manpower / colonialism / water users’ associations / performance indexes / operations / maintenance / water law / hydrology / soils / social aspects / economic aspects / crop production / costs / farm income / models / productivity / financing / expenditure / irrigation programs / Indonesia Contents Tables and Figures iv Acknowledgement vi Glossary and Abbreviations viii Study Background 1 Part 1. Poverty and Irrigation in Indonesia: An Overview 1.1 Poverty in Indonesia: An Overview 7 1.2 Irrigation in Indonesia: An Overview 19 Literature Cited 33 Part 2. Institutional Arrangements for Irrigation Management in India 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2 Institutional Development during the New Order Government 35 2.3 Irrigation Management Policy Reforms 43 Part 3. Country Study: An Analysis for Strategic Interventions 3.1. Introduction 50 3.2. Study Settings 51 3.3. Data, Approach and Methods 67 3.4. Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture: Spatial Dimensions 80 3.5. Determinants of Poverty in Irrigated Agriculture 99 3.6. Irrigation System Performance: Implications for the Poor 107 3.7 Analysis of Irrigation Management Institutions: Implications for the Poor 124 3.8. Summary and Conclusions: Constraints and Opportunities for Implementation of New Irrigation Management Policy 154 3.9. Strategic Interventions in Irrigated Agriculture 163 Appendices 166 Irrigated Agriculture – by Effendi Pasandaram 197 iii Tables and Figures Table 1.1.1. Characteristics of the poor and non-poor in Indonesia 8 Table 1.1.2. Marginal/small farmers (’000) 10 Table 1.1.3. Structure of agricultural landownership in Indonesia. 10 Table 1.1.4. The Number of agricultural laborers’ households (’000). 11 Table 1.1.5. Sajogyo’s criterion of poverty lines. 13 Table 1.1.6. The percentages of poor population based on Sajogyo’s Three Poverty Lines in 1976, 14 Table 1.1.7. Poverty line and number of population below the poverty line. 15 Table 1.1.8. Poverty gap index by grouping area 1996-1999. 15 Table 1.1.9. Population below the poverty line in rural and urban areas by groups of islands, 1999. 16 Table 1.1.10.The percentages of poor family and non-poor family, based on the main income 16 Table 1.1.11.The Percentages of the poverty level based on regions, 1984–1990. 17 Table 1.1.12.Number of families by the prosperity stages in 2000. 18 Table 1.2.1. Distribution of the harvested area of paddy according to water management (’000 hectares). 19 Table 1.2.2. The development of irrigated area, planted area, yield of rice, and rice production in Indonesia, 1968-1988. 20 Table 1.2.3. The development of irrigated area in Java and outer Java (ha). 20 Table 1.2.4. Paddy productivity based on the type of irrigated area. 21 Table 1.2.5. Implementation of the development policy program on water sector during the rule of new-order government 28 Table 1.2.6. Area irrigated, area of province, proportion of poor people and productivity per hectare. 31 Table 2.2.1. Various government regulations for water-resources management. 36 Table 2.3.1. Differences of characteristics between GR No. 23/1982 and GR No. 77/2001. 44 Table 2.3.2. Characteristics of productive and protective irrigation (Pusposutardjo 1999). 46 Table 3.2.1. Socioeconomic aspect in selected regency. 51 Table 3.2.2. Land use in Yogyakarta Special Region and Central Java Provinces. 52 Table 3.2.3. Monthly climate of the Yogyakarta weather station. 56 Table 3.2.4. Monthly climate of the Borobudur weather station. 57 Table 3.2.5. Monthly climate of the Semarang weather station. 57 Table 3.2.6. Main soil characteristics in the study area. 61 Table 3.2.7. Percentage of owners, owner-cum tenants, tenants. 63 Table 3.3.1. Characteristics of selected irrigation systems. 71 Table 3.3.2. Indicators to performance assessment of the irrigation system. 76 Table 3.4.1. Number of respondent, age of farmer and number of family member. 80 Table 3.4.2. Size of owned and operated land (ha). 81 Table 3.4.3. Cropping pattern and area planted (ha). 82 Table 3.4.4. Labor use and labor cost. 83 Table 3.4.5. Costs of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and others. 84 Table 3.4.6. Productivity of food crops in DS II (tons/ha). 85 Table 3.4.7. Productivity of food crops in the rainy season (tons/ha). 85 Table 3.4.8. Productivity of food crops in DS (tons/ha). 86 Table 3.4.9. Production of perennial crop per year (kg/farm). 86 Table 3.4.10. Average number of livestock (unit/farm). 87 Table 3.4.11. Average size of fishpond (M2). 87 Table 3.4.12. Total food crop income per ha per year (’000 Rp). 88 Table 3.4.13. Percentage of crop income (%). 89 Table 3.4.14. Total farm income per year. 90 Table 3.4.15. Percentage of sale of farm product (%). 91 Table 3.4.16. Farm and off-farm income per household per year. 92 Table 3.4.17. Food and non food expenditure per year. 93 Table 3.4.18. Per capita income of farm household. 94 Table 3.4.19. Poverty line according to the criterion of Central Bureau of Statistics in 1999. 95 iv Table 3.4.20. Poverty line according to the criterion of Sajogyo. 95 Table 3.4.21. Percentage number of poor farm households. 96 Table 3.4.22. Poverty gap by system and location. 97 Table 3.4.23. Gini ratio by system and location. 98 Table 3.5.1. Factors affecting poverty for Glapan system using logit model. 100 Table 3.5.2. Factors affecting poverty for Glapan system using probit model. 100 Table 3.5.3. Factors affecting poverty for the Kalibawang system using the logit model. 102 Table 3.5.4. Factors affecting poverty for Kalibawang system using the probit model. 102 Table 3.5.5. Factors affecting poverty for the Klambu Kiri system using the logit model. 103 Table 3.5.6. Factors affecting poverty for Klambu Kiri system using the probit model. 104 Table 3.5.7 Factors affecting poverty for Krogowanan system using the logit model. 105 Table 3.5.8. Factors affecting poverty for Krogowanan system using the probit model. 105 Table 3.6.1. Water supply indicators of selected schemes. 108 Table 3.6.2. Respondent opinion on the performance of the Krogowanan system. 112 Table 3.6.3. Productivity indicators of selected irrigation systems. 114 Table 3.6.4. Environment indicators of selected irrigation system. 116 Table 3.6.5. Infrastructural indicators of selected irrigation systems. 117 Table 3.6.6. Water availability, food crop production and income per capita. 119 Table 3.7.1. Respondent opinion on the performance of the organization of irrigation management. 135 Table 3.7.2. The profile of wua in four irrigation areas under study 136 Table 3.7.3. The realization of stimulant donation (Rp). 142 Table 3.7.4. Average of real irrigation expenditure expended by farmers per hectare per annum (Rp/ha/year). 142 Table 3.7.5. Target and realization of ISF in the Kulonprogo regency. 143 Table 3.7.6. Articles that have not been enclosed yet in GR No. 77 and regulation 151 Figures: Figure 1.1.1. Vicious circle of poverty. 12 Figure 2.2.1. Operational procedure of an irrigation system 40 Figure 2.2.2. Maintenance procedure of an irrigation system 41 Figure 3.2.1. Location of Java Island in Indonesia. 53 Figure 3.2.2 Location of selected irrigation system. 53 Figure 3.2.3 Average monthly rainfall in selected areas. 58 Figure 3.2.4. Average monthly discharge at main intake at selected systems 59 Figure 3.3.1. Irrigation as a sociocultural system under the equilibrium stage with its environment 68 Figure 3.3.2. Irrigation as a nested system (modified from Small and Svendsen 1992). 69 Figure 3.3.3. Factors affecting implementation of pro-poor irrigation development and management policies (modified from Cheema and Rondinelli 1983). 70 Figure 3.3.4. Irrigation performance and poverty. 73 Figure 3.6.1. Relative irrigation supply of selected irrigation systems. 109 Figure 3.6.2. Relative water supply of selected irrigation systems. 109 Figure 3.7.1. Operation 128 Figure 3.7.2. Maintenance procedure 130 Figure 3.7.3. Participatory O&M procedure of the Kalibawang scheme 132 Figure 3.7.4. Mechanism of irrigation financing (according to GR No. 77/2001). 141 Figure 3.7.5. Farmer’s real irrigation expenditure at the system studied (Rp/ha/year). 144 v Acknowledgements This report is part of the ADB-financed multi-country research project on “Pro-poor Intervention Strategies in Irrigated Agriculture in Asia.” The project was implemented by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with key national partners in six countries: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam.
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