Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms

Home , Cross Seamount, Euprymna scolopes, Ka Lae, Laulau

Pronunciation Hawaiian vowels are as in English: a, e, i, o, and u. But with respect to pronunciation, the letter “a” is pronounced as the soft ah sound in papa; “e” as the ā sound in play; “i” as the ē sound in need; “o” as used in bowl; and “u” as the ew sound in tune. Diacritical marks are used to indicate stress on particular vowels, and as glottal stops. Te macron (called kahakō in Hawaiian) is used to stress and elongate any of the vowel sounds. For example, the ā sound in pāhoe- hoe (sheet lava) is stressed and lengthened, as in pahh-ho-ay-ho-ay. Te reverse apostrophe (called an okina in Hawaiian) is used as a glottal stop, as in the closed throat sound that should precede formation of the word ‘ahi (pronounced ah-hee), or between sounds, as in Punalu‘u (pronounced poo-nah-lew-ew). Certain vowel combinations (diph- thongs) are also pronounced in a manner dissimilar to the way they are pronounced in English, with stress on the frst vowel. For instance, the “ou” sound in Hawaiian is pronounced with stress on the o, as in pouli

© Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s), under exclusive license 247 to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 E. W. Glazier, Tradition-Based Natural Resource Management, Palgrave Studies in Natural Resource Management, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14842-3 248 Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms

(Hawaiian for dark or eclipse, pronounced poh-lee). Pronunciation of consonants is as in English, although the w is often pronounced as an unstressed v, as in Kaho‘olawe, pronounced kah-ho-oh-lah-vay).

Sources Te following Hawaiian spellings and defnitions derive pri- marily from the Hawaiian Dictionary (Pukui and Elbert 1986), Ka puke wehewehe a Pukui/Elbert (2018), and Andrews and Silva (2003). Defnitions of certain terms used to describe fshing methods derive from Nogelmeier (2006), as cited in the glossary. * * * a‘a niu coconut cloth ʻaha meeting, assembly, convention ‘aha moku standing councils of representatives from the various island districts ‘aha kiole council initially overseeing ‘aha moku ʻahi Yellowfn tuna (Tunnus albacares) aho fshing line, cord, lashing, trolling line aho kākele trolling line; also aho kālewa aho loa long line, as with several hooks for deep-sea fshing or sounding ahu shrine comprised of piled stones ʻahuluhulu juvenile kūmū (white saddle goatfsh; Parupeneus porphyreus) ahupuaʻa land division within an island district, usually extending from the uplands to the sea ʻai kapu prohibitions concerning eating ʻai noa release from eating prohibitions akamai savvy, knowledgeable, smart aku Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis); pelagic food fsh, historically popular among Hawaiians akua god, goddess, spirit akule bigeye scad (fsh); Selar crumenophthalmus ala hele path, route, road aliʻi chief, chiefess, divine class, etc. Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms 249 aliʻi nui high-ranking chief ʻāina earth, land ʻalalaua Hawaiian bigeye (fsh); Priacanthus alalaua ʻamaʻama mullet fsh (Mugil cephalus) ana measure, evaluate ʻanae full-sized ʻamaʻama Aotearoa New Zealand aouli frmament, sky, blue vault of heaven apoālewa the space above, where the birds soar aʻu swordfsh, sailfsh, marlin, spearfsh aʻuaʻu small swordfsh, sailfsh, marlin, or spearfsh; pelagic; historically popular food fsh in Hawaiʻi ʻauhau tribute ‘aumakua family god, typically assuming the form of an animal, such as shark, owl, hawk, octopus, and so forth aupuni government ʻawa kava (Piper methysticum) ʻaweoweo Hawaiian bigeye (fsh); Priacanthus meeki eaea air ehu important deep water food fsh—Squirrelfsh snapper; Etelis carbunculus ʻekahi one, counting in a series ‘ewalu eight, eight times Fa’a Samoa traditional Samoan lifeways hāhā method for capturing fsh with one’s hands, also a trap made of twigs and small branches, for fresh-water fsh hahai hunt haku lord, master, overseer hala Pandanus spp., tree native to Hawaiʻi hālau as used here, a school—as for hula instruction hāloa poetic name for lauloa taro; far-reaching hānai to raise, rear, feed, nourish, sustain, as in adopting a child 250 Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms hanauna generation, generations haole foreign, foreigner, Caucasian Hawaiʻi nei this Hawaiʻi heʻe squid (Euprymna scolopes) heiʻau shrine, temple hī to cast or troll, as for ʻahi or kala hīnālea small to moderate-sized brightly colored wrasse (fsh); family Labridae hō’ale to form waves, stir hoaʻāina native inhabitants hōʻāuʻāu to set a net, such as an ‘upena kuʻu (lay net) hōʻihi treat with respect holoholo net into which fsh swim after being frightened; to fsh with this net; sometimes used in con- junction with a weir holoʻokoʻa whole, entirety holomua progress, improvement ho‘o holo to cause to move or run, as in a fsh that is nudged to swim hoʻokupu oferings given as tribute hoʻoluʻuluʻu small rounded basket trap for hīnālea, historically made of vines and sticks hoʻo mau to continue, persist, persevere, last hoʻomo kind of canoe used especially for trolling aku hoʻomoemoe type of nighttime fshing with net ~60 fathoms in length with mesh two fngers wide hō’oni to cause to move hoʻonohonoho kuʻuna traditional management hoʻoponopono to make right hukilau seine nets, to fsh with such nets hula form of expressive dance developed by indigenous Hawaiians huna secret iʻa fsh, marine animal ʻiako outrigger boom Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms 251

‘iao bait fsh—silversides (Hawaiian silverside; Atherinormorus insularum) iheihe halfbeak (fsh—Hyporhamphus pacifcus) ʻike knowledge ʻike ponolia practical knowledge ʻili subdivision of an ahupuaʻa, often used by specifc ʻohana for generations ʻilihahi sandalwood trees, endemic to Hawaiʻi ʻimi fenua searching for lands (in Marquesan) ʻimi honua searching for lands (in Hawaiian) iwi bone, bones kaʻā thread, line, as of olonā fber; leader or snell of a fshline, snood; ply, twist, strand; to make thread, as of olonā kahiko old, ancient, antique kahuna priest, sorcerer, expert in any profession (plural kāhuna) kāhuna lapaʻau Hawaiian medical specialists kāhuna lawaʻia fshing experts kai sea kai leo nui loud sea kaʻi fsh net or seine; snare or noose for birds kaiāulu community kāili to cast for fsh kāʻili string of fsh, string or fber on which fsh are strung kaikamahine daughter kala surgeonfsh (Acanthurus spp.), unicorn fsh (Naso spp.) kā lāʻau a kind of fshing wherein the water was beaten with sticks to scare fsh such as ʻamaʻama into pāloa (long seine-like surround nets (from Nogelemeier 2006)) kala ku net fshing for kala with mesh two to three fngers wide for schooling fsh such as kala (from Nogelmeier 2006) 252 Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms kalana division of land smaller than a moku or district and bigger than an ahupuaʻa kalekale Von Siebold’s snapper; Pristipomoides sieboldii kalo taro or Colocasia esculenta kamaʻāina (vernacular)—one who has lived in Hawaiʻi for a long time kanaka paeaea pole fsherman Kānaka Maoli the original colonists of the Hawaiian Islands and their descendants (plural) Kānaka ʻōiwi Native sons of Hawaiʻi kānāwai law, rule, code Kāne one of the four great Hawaiian gods: Kāne, Kū, Lono, and Kanaloa kane man kaona literary device; hidden or double meaning kapa tapa, bark cloth ka poʻe kahiko people of old kapu stricture, prohibition, forbidden, taboo ke defnite article, often translated as “the” keiki children kī ti (Cordyline terminalis), as in lau kī (ti leaf) kīhāpai small land division, cultivated patch, garden, orchard, feld, small farm kiʻi pōhaku petroglyph kiolauola a kind of fshing from the shoreline or wharf, similar to kuʻikuʻi kipuka geographic regions or pockets where Hawaiian cultural traditions of old continue to evolve koa Acacia koa; the largest of Hawaii’s native forest trees; a highly valuable lumber tree, used for canoes, surfboards, calabashes, furniture, and ukuleles ko‘a fshing ground ko‘a huna secret fshing ground kōʻele small land unit farmed by a tenant for the chief kōkua help, aid, assistance, cooperation Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms 253 kolo fshing method involving use of a large bag-like net konohiki overseer of land for a chief (the haku ʻāina) kuʻai barter kuaʻāina back country, person from the back country kuapā walls of a fsh pond kuʻikuʻi puhi to pound eel for bait for ulua kūkaula handline fshing in the deep sea kuleana right, privilege, concern, responsibility kumu source, foundation, basis; teacher, tutor kūmū white saddle goatfsh (Parupeneus porphyreus) kumukānāwai code of law kumulau roots with many sprouts Kumulipo sacred Hawaiian cosmological genealogy kūpapakū bedrock kūpuna elders, ancestors kupuna kāne grandfather kupuna wahine grandmother kuʻuna traditional kuʻuna to let down a fshing net, place where a net is set in the ocean laʻa sacred lāʻau plant, such as kalo lāhui Hawaiian nation, people, tribe laeʻula a well-trained, clever person; an expert lamakū torch lani sky, heavens lau leaf laulima literally many hands, cooperation, joint action to achieve a collective goal lauloa variety of long-stalked kalo or large-stalked sugar cane; also long wave or surf, as extending from one end of the beach to the other lawaiʻa fshing lawai‘a ‘ili‘ili fshing assistants, as used by Kamakau (1976: 4–5) 254 Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms lawelawe work, service, function lawelawe hana administration lawena acquiring, acquisition lepo ground, earth leo voice, tone, melody limu general name for all kinds of plants living under water and along the shoreline, especially seaweeds lohe listen, heed, obey loʻi irrigated terrace lōkahi unity loko pond, lake, pool loko iʻa fsh pond loko iʻa kalo ponds in which fsh and kalo were grown together lūʻau feast luelue bag net with mesh size one fnger wide; held open by a hoop and baited and lowered into the sea by long cords luna foreman, boss, overseer lunamakaʻāinana representative mahele apportionment, land division of 1848 mahiʻaiʻana farming mahimahi dolphinfsh (Coryphaena lippurus); popular food fsh in Hawaiʻi and elsewhere; pelagic maiʻa plantains and bananas (Musa spp.) maʻi ʻōkuʻu Hawaiian term for early epidemic causing severe loss of hydration—possibly cholera, typhoid, or bubonic plague makaʻāinana commoner, citizen mākāhā sluice gate, as of a fsh pond; entrance to an enclosure makai toward the ocean Makahiki ancient festival beginning about the middle of October and lasting about four months, with sports and religious festivities and kapu on war Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms 255 makau fshhook makua parents, and relatives of one’s parents makua kāne father māla garden, plantation, patch, cultivated feld mālama care, tend malau bait carrier mālolo fying fsh (Parexocroetus brachypterus) manawa time, a time maomao a damselfsh, favored by aliʻi for its tenderness mana divine energy or power manō general name for sharks, of which there are many kinds in waters surrounding Hawaiʻi and other part of the Central and Western Pacifc mauka inland, toward the mountains marae stone temple, religious statuary, sacred place (Tahitian) mele poem, song, chant Mele Kalikimaka Merry Christmas melomelo club smeared with bait to attract fsh to a net moana ocean mōhai sacrifcial ofering moi Pacifc threadfn (fsh); Polydactylus sexflis mōʻī king, monarch, queen mokuna chapter molekumu root, origin moʻolelo story, tale, history, tradition moʻokūʻauhau genealogy moʻomeheu culture moku island district mokupuni island naʻauao knowledge, wisdom, science nae puni fne mesh nets supported by sticks nānā look, observe nehu anchovy (Stolephorus purpureus); for consumption and bonito palu 256 Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms nenue rudderfsh; Kyphosus spp. noa freed of taboo, released from restriction nui large nupepa newspaper ʻō spearing method for capturing fsh ʻohana holoʻokoʻa extended family ōʻio bonefsh (Albula volpes) ʻokana land district or subdistrict, usually comprising several ahupuaʻa ʻōkilo to observe, watch carefully ‘ōku’u dysenteric disease at time of Kamehameha I; lit., to squat ‘ōlelo pa‘i‘ai Hawaiian Creole English, lingua franca used on Hawaiʻi plantations oli Hawaiian chant olonā native shrub of Hawaiʻi (Touchardia latifolia), used for cordage and nets ono important pelagic food fsh; wahoo or Acanthocybium solandri oʻo mature, ripe, potent oʻopu General name for fshes included in the fami- lies Eleotridae, Gobiidae, and Blennidae. Some are in salt water near the shore, others in fresh water, and some said to be in either fresh or salt water ‘ōpakapaka deep water snapper species; esp. Pink snapper (Pristipomoides flamentosus) ʻopelu mackerel scad (Decapturus spp.) ʻopihi limpets (Cellana spp.); a Hawaiian delicacy ‘ōpio young persons, youth pā mother-of-pearl shell fshhook paʻakai salt paeaea to fsh with a light pole; pole fshing pae’āina archipelago pāhoe type of canoe-based ulua fshing wherein the bait and hook are trailed along behind with a bundle of mashed food to attract fsh Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms 257 pāʻina meal, party with dinner pākehā Māori term for persons of European descent palapala documentation, writing of any kind palu mashed or softened bait used to attract fsh, chum palu ‘ahi ancient tuna handline fshing method Papa earth mother pāpaʻi general name for crabs Papakōlea Native Hawaiian homestead land and neigh- borhood above Punchbowl in Honolulu papālagi Samoan term for non-Samoan, white person pekeu wing, as of a bird or fsh such as ʻahi pīhā Round herring (Spratelloides delicatulus); <8 cm long; historically preferred dried and salted pō darkness, twenty-four hour period pōʻalima obligations to work on the chief’s plantation, done on Fridays poʻe people, persons, assembly, assemblage poʻe lawaʻia fshermen poi starchy paste made from cooked taro corms pounded & thinned with water pono good, correct popaʻa Tahitian term for non-Tahitian, European, or white person pōpolo Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum); same as maiko, surgeonfsh (Acanthurus nigroris) (Niʻihau) pouli dark, eclipse pououo bag net with mesh two fngers wide, similar but larger than the luelue puaʻa pig puhi kiʻi juvenile fying fsh or mālolo pūlama cherish or care for pule prayer, prayers, incantation, blessing, grace, magic spell puʻu in terms of geology: steep hill, cinder cone, peak 258 Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms puʻu one sand dune banks or walls, as used for shoreline fsh ponds Puwalu people working together, in unison, united, cooperative Rapa Nui Easter Island tūtū kupuna ʻuala sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) uhane kia i guardian spirit uhu parrotfsh (Scarus spp.); common edible reef fsh uka inland, upland, towards the mountains ʻulu breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) ulua various species of trevally (fsh), in Hawaiʻi especially Carynx ignobilis (Giant trevally) uouoa false mullet or false ʻamaʻama; (Neomyxus chap- talii); historically, the head, when eaten, was said to cause sleeplessness and nightmares ʻupena fshing net ʻupenaʻapoʻapo gill net wa‘a outrigger canoe wa‘a pā ‘ekolu three-board canoe wahine woman wai fresh water waiwai resources, assets, goods Wākea sky father, from whom islands are born wana urchin weke goatfsh (Mulloidicthys spp.); in historic times, weke were used as oferings to the gods to turn away curses; also associated with nightmares Glossary for Hawaiian and Other Polynesian Terms 259

Proverbs

I ka wā ma mua, ka wā ma hope In the past, the future I ulu no ka lala i ke kumu Te branches grow because of the trunk; (fguratively), without our ancestors we would not be here. Ka lamakū o ka naʻauao Te torch of wisdom

References

Andrews, L., & Silva, N. (2003). A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Waipahu, Hawaiʻi: Island Heritage Publishers. Kamakau, S. M. (1976). Na Hana a ka Po'e Kahiko (Te Works of the People of Old). Translated from the Newspaper Ke Au 'Oko'a by Mary Kawena Pukui. Arranged and edited by D. Barrere. Bernice Bishop Museum Special Publication 61. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Na Puke Wehewehe ‘Ōlelo Hawaiʻi. (2018). Hawaiian Electronic Library. Copyright owners: Ka Haka ‘Ula O Keʻelikolani College of Hawaiian Language, and Alu Like, Inc. Available here. Nogelmeier, P. (2006). Ka ʻOihana Lawaiʻa – Hawaiian Fishing Traditions. M. Puakea Nogelmeier (ed.). Translations by M. K. Pukui. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Pukui, M. K., & Elbert, S. H. (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary (6th ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Index

A advisory bodies 226 Abbott, Isabella Aiona 126, 128, 130, advisory roles 236 133, 134, 141, 142 agriculture 2, 40, 87, 110, 112 Abercrombie, Governor Neil 190 ʻaha 6, 160, 173, 177, 178, 182, abolition 40, 137 184, 188, 192, 197, 199, 200, absence of local-traditional knowl- 206, 211, 236, 239 edge 181 ‘Aha Kiole 178, 198, 203, 204, 206, access to land and resources 6 225 accidents 79 ‘Aha Moku 177, 189, 193, 194, accomplishments of Native 198, 200–207, 211, 224–227, Hawaiians 227 229, 230, 232–234, 236–239, activism, activists, Native Hawaiian 241 179 ʻAha Moku Advisory Committee actualization 165 (AMAC) 178, 198, 210, 226, adaptive management 207 227, 234, 236–239, 241 adaptive response 2 ‘Aha Moku o Maui, Inc. 233 administrative structure 198, 205 ahupua‘a 41–49, 65, 79, 80, 82, adoption 60, 63, 72, 104, 176, 184, 84–87, 111, 113, 115, 116, 200

© Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s), under exclusive license 261 to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 E. W. Glazier, Tradition-Based Natural Resource Management, Palgrave Studies in Natural Resource Management, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14842-3 262 Index

118, 121, 123–126, 130, 132, Anderson, Rufus 66 138, 139, 160, 163, 169, Andesite Line 11 177–181, 183 Andrade, Carlos 38, 45, 61, 84, 85, ahupuaʻa-based system of resource 87, 88 management 80, 180, 181, anesthesia 104 183, 186, 191 annexation 102, 160, 170 ahupuaʻa-specifc resource manage- Anthropocene 23 ment strategies 194 anthropogenic change 240 ahupuaʻa-specifc resources 191 anthropologists 3, 26, 39, 41, 157 air, as a natural resource 2 anthropology 9, 37 Akaka, Senator Daniel 182 Aotearoa 32, 40, 60 aku 16, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, appropriation of resources 72 130, 132, 135, 141, 143 archaeological record 20, 21, 122, akua 45, 135 123, 125, 126 akule 118, 127 archaeologists 24, 39, 41, 128 Akutagawa, Malia 230 archaeology 11, 12, 15, 16, 20, 21, Alaska 136, 163, 186, 241 24, 35 Alaska Natives 3, 106, 165 archipelagos 9, 11, 12, 15, 17, 29, alcohol 67 32, 33, 62, 68, 77, 223 Alexander and Baldwin 88, 113 area closures 240 Alien Land Ownership Act 71 arrested growth 34 alien species 172, 189 assemblies of Native Hawaiians 204 aliʻi 35–39, 44–47, 60, 61, 65, 72, asylum 65 74, 82, 84, 86, 87, 101, 102, attachment to island and sea 179 108, 132, 137 attainment of traditional knowledge aloha 82, 156, 167 187 alteration of environment 21 ʻaumakua 134, 135 America 69, 73, 85, 158 Australia 10, 156, 157 American education 92 Austral Islands 29 American Indians 3, 106, 166 authority 34, 45, 82, 139, 162, 195, American Samoa 6, 174 236 American Samoans 3 Azores 90 ancestors 7, 25, 30, 37, 45, 61, 70, 73, 99, 100, 111–113, 156, 177, 200, 243 B ancestral lands 87, 109, 224 baby lūʻau 163 ancestry 89, 141, 158, 167, 182, bag limits 169 228, 230 bait 127, 134, 135 Andaman Islands 2 balance 25, 26, 37, 72, 82, 167 Index 263 bamboo 129, 134 canoes 10–13, 28–33, 110, 114, bananas 15, 28, 35, 43, 67, 112 119, 128–130, 132, 133, 135, bark 28, 43 141–143, 162, 163, 243 barter 3, 43, 67, 109 capital 6, 71, 83, 90, 141 Beckwith, Martha 31, 107 capitalism 2, 5, 6, 71, 85, 88, 91, beliefs, systems of belief 70, 72 102, 142 Bellows Dune site 13 capitalist ideals 157 Beniamina, Illei 107 capitulation 157 benthic zone 123 cash 49, 60, 86–88, 109, 164 best practices 198, 203, 206, 236, cash-based economy 170 242 categorization 47, 187 bible/biblical 75 cattle 65, 111, 163 Big Island 64, 127, 162, 167, 233 cattle ranches 108 bilingualism 233 Caucasians 158, 161 billfsh 130 celebration 73, 163 Bingham, Hiram 69, 70, 72, 73 cell phones 134 biological diversity 45, 115, 139, census 6, 78, 173 167, 197 ceremony/ceremonial 162 biophysical conditions 197 challenges 1, 6, 7, 24–26, 44, 59, 70, birds 43, 126, 134, 202 101, 116, 130, 144, 161, 163, birth rates 79 165, 166, 168, 169, 176, 181, blood relations 92 186, 187, 191, 203, 206, 211, Board of Land and Natural 223, 227, 229, 233, 234 Resources, Hawaiʻi 211, 227, Chamorros 3 234 chants 5, 108, 155, 241 boars 4, 127 chiefs 26, 31, 32, 34–36, 39, 41, 45, bombing 156 46, 48, 60, 62, 67, 83, 87, 89, bones 125, 126, 130, 135, 168 103, 130, 131, 140, 162 bottomfsh 119, 126 childcare 164 Brazil 2 China 83 burdens 76, 79, 86, 160, 172, 239 Christian ideals 73 burial practices 233 Christianity 60, 70, 72, 75, 101 butcher string 141 Christmas 136, 163 clans 48, 112 classroom 187, 188 C climate 31, 173 Calvinism 71 climate change 31 Canada 157 climate regimes 173 264 Index coalescence 74, 234 competing perspectives 157, 242 coastal environs 146 competition 25, 170 coconut fber 141 complex society 36, 160, 229 coconuts 67, 127 concrete successes 211 codes of conduct 116, 207 condescension 62, 91, 100 collective needs and interests 175, confscation 129 207 conficting cultural values 159 collective resistance 74, 159 confict/interisland 32, 47, 60, 75, collective shock 165 173, 224, 225 colonial dispossession 165 confict resolution 176 colonialism 80 connections 28, 145, 162, 165, 204, colonists 5, 15, 24, 28, 40, 41, 60, 205, 239, 240 80, 92, 112, 114, 158, 224, consensus 180, 198, 204, 205, 229 228, 241 conservation 4, 21, 25, 40, 41, 82, colonization 4, 9–11, 15, 16, 23, 28, 115, 140, 224, 225 29, 33, 35, 37, 60, 65, 241 constraints on fshery production co-management 240 170 commerce 2, 88 construction 21, 32, 36, 49, 110, commercial fshing 87, 143, 145 135, 143–145 commercial marketplace 3, 141 consultation 9, 184, 204, 206, 207, Commission on Water Resource 225, 236 Management, Hawaiʻi 172 consumption 2, 20, 49, 67, 116, commissions 118, 205, 226 135, 145, 160, 162, 163, 168, commoners 37–39, 41, 43, 61 173 Commonwealth of the Northern contact/pre-contact 2, 25, 32, 35, Mariana Islands (CNMI) 174 39, 59, 61, 62, 67, 78, 127, communal rights 176 135, 169, 204 communication 73, 74, 76, 90, 133, contemporary resource management 143, 144, 194, 195, 201, 207 155 community 3, 4, 16, 74, 105–107, Cook, Captain James 32 115, 131–133, 135, 136, 138, Cook Islands 12, 25 141, 145, 146, 157, 158, 161, cooperation 162–164, 167, 170, 236 162, 164, 167, 168, 170, 172, coordination 133, 194 175–179, 183, 184, 187, 189, coral bleaching 181 192, 193, 196–198, 203–207, coral reef ecosystems 181 223, 225, 229, 230, 232, 234, coral reefs 177, 181 240 cordage 128 community representation 197, 207 corporations 42, 113, 159, 160 competing interests 191 country 50, 69, 76, 87, 92 Index 265 county government 189 deforestation 24, 25, 32 coup d’état 102 deliberation 100, 106, 138, 166, cowry shell 125 174, 192, 206, 229, 236, 239 creative powers 145 democracies 175 criminal justice system 164 demographic resurgence 159 criteria for representation 199, 201 demographics/demography 11, 79, cross-generational transmission of 80, 145, 158, 159, 178, 242 trauma 166 Department of Business, Economic Cross Seamount 143 Development & Tourism, State cruise ships 232 of Hawaiʻi 144 cultivation 4, 22, 90, 125 Department of Education, State of cultural continuity 241 Hawaiʻi 186 cultural identity 4, 7, 29 Department of Hawaiian culturally sensitive health care 166 Homelands, State of Hawaiʻi cultural misinterpretation 62 107, 113, 230 cultural practitioners 5, 167, 177, Department of Land and Natural 178, 186, 188, 189, 192, 194, Resources, State of Hawaiʻi 197, 198, 201 178, 196, 210, 234 cultural protocol 62, 180, 184 dependence on natural resources cultural relativism 63 2–4, 6–9, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, cultural renaissance 9, 50, 155, 159 28, 34, 40, 41, 43, 59, 99, cultural response 25 100, 106, 108, 110, 115, 116, cultural resurgence 155, 156 139, 144, 180, 182, 186, 189, cultural survival 9, 102 191–193, 200, 203, 205, 223, cultural values 167, 175 224, 229, 236, 240 curricula 186, 187, 189 destruction 104, 156, 157, 192 custom 4–6, 8, 9, 45, 85, 90, 92, 99, determination 241 127, 139, 140, 146, 158, 163, development along the shoreline 16, 170, 181, 184, 190, 194, 203, 27, 42, 120 205, 227 development of land 159, 231 customary exchange 109, 132, 145, devices 127 168 diet 120, 138 disaster 194 discipline 41, 139, 140 D disease 6, 24, 34, 60, 61, 75, 77–80, dance 5, 63, 73, 108, 155 82, 83, 85, 91, 100, 101, 109, darkness 69, 72, 113, 136 165 death penalty 140 disillusionment 76, 80 deep sea 4, 46, 123, 124, 130 disinheritance 175 266 Index distribution of knowledge 20 Eel 117 divine/divinity 36–38, 62, 72, 139 efciency 33, 128, 144 Division of Aquatic Resources, State efciency in fshing 143 of Hawaiʻi 238 ehu 123 documentation 109, 179, 180, 190 Elbert, Samuel 45, 74, 107, 155 documentation of traditional knowl- elders 9, 50, 75, 87, 88, 142, 193 edge 119 elicitation of perspectives 224 dogs 15, 46, 130 El Niño-Southern Oscillation drought 2, 24, 26, 44 (ENSO) 31 Dutch, incursions in Aotearoa 62 embodiment 50, 192 eminent domain 175 employment 79, 86, 124 E endangered species 168 Easter Island 24, 121 endemic plants 15, 230 ecocide 24 endemic species 23, 25, 36, 66 ecological alteration 22 energy 3, 45, 46, 125, 211 ecological balance 65, 172 enforcement 139, 181, 189, 194, ecological enhancement 17, 21, 22 205 ecological indicators 21 England 65, 70, 85 ecological knowledge 10, 15, 17, English, State Senator Kalani 198 23, 35, 40, 45, 142, 145, 162, entrepreneurs 59, 61, 64, 75, 83, 89, 191, 200 113, 125, 160 ecological linkages 175 environmental assessment (EA) 194 ecological variability 240 environmental change 2, 28, 100, economic gain 159 170 economic inputs 161 environmental fragility 24 economic production 2, 4 environmentalists 157 ecosystem-based management of environmental variability 173, 233 natural resources viii epidemics 60, 75, 77, 79, 80, 85 ecosystems 4, 9, 17, 19–21, 23–28, equilibrium 25, 33 33, 34, 65, 66, 110, 115, 116, equitability 82, 225, 241 118, 121, 168, 169, 171, 173, errors 14, 22, 23 174, 181, 186, 189, 192, 203, ethnicity 144 205, 224, 231, 233, 239 ethnobotany 126 education 182, 184, 186, 188–191, ethnocentrism 25, 59, 69, 70 205, 226 ethnographic 21, 31 educational initiatives 186 Euro-American perspectives 187, educational plans 189 197 Index 267

Europeans 8, 24, 31–34, 39, 40, 45, fnite resources 170 49, 61–63, 66–68, 74, 78, 83, Finney, Ben 12, 13, 30–33 89, 127, 158, 169 frst language speakers 8, 178 eutrophication 172 Firth, Raymond 26 evangelism 75, 91 fsh bones 121, 126 evolution 48 fsheries production 168 evolutionary isolation 66 fshery scientists 169 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 174 fshhooks 46, 121, 140 exogenous sources of change 39 fshing gear 16, 46, 126, 170 expanding empires 69 fshing grounds 46, 124, 125, 128, experts 5, 33, 34, 46, 49, 79, 82, 99, 133, 183, 224 101, 105, 116, 131–133, 177, fshing line 119, 126, 141 183, 186, 201 fshing seasons 135, 176 exploitation 8, 122, 138 fshing skills 66, 114 exports 102 fshing techniques 179 external enforcement 139 fshing vessels 141, 143, 144 external infuences 33 fshing villages 108 externally induced challenges 89 fshing with hands 119 extinction 23, 79 fsh ponds 4, 22, 47, 119, 170, 171, extirpation 25 181 fsh stocks 138, 168, 170 ftness 3, 21, 105 F fawed claims 7 family 3, 4, 8, 16, 43, 85, 88, 103, feas 61 108, 112, 134, 135, 145, 162, fesh 20, 104, 127 163, 167, 223, 229 fooding 44 family rights and responsibilities 88 fora and fauna 65 farming 47, 109, 110, 162, 182, 231 fow 30, 38, 39, 87, 172, 193 farming techniques 179 food 1–4, 15, 16, 22, 26–28, 33, fatalism 157 34, 40, 42–44, 46, 66, 67, 85, federal government 113, 225, 233 107, 109, 110, 112, 120, 121, federal jurisdiction waters 174 125, 127, 130, 138, 143–145, fee simple 83, 84, 88 160, 161, 169, 193, 242 fences 125 food distribution 161 feld systems 25, 44 food-gathering 15 Fiji 32, 33, 77, 121 food production 4, 21, 22, 27, 41, flter feeders 172 102, 112 fnancing 69, 103, 144 food security 2, 3, 9, 25, 44, 161 268 Index foreign/foreigners 6, 8, 16, 59, 60, Gross State Product 144 62, 63, 68, 72, 74, 75, 79, group identity 157 80, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 92, growing pains 236 100–102, 104, 108, 155, 158 Guam 3, 174 forests 22–24, 33, 35 fringing reef 121, 123 fruit 27, 41, 45, 61, 65, 112, 127 H funding 226, 233, 239, 241 habitat 23, 40, 120, 134, 138, 139, fur traders 64 172, 173, 175, 205 future, the 1, 23, 104, 160, 171, habitat degradation 172 188, 192, 211, 227, 241–243 habitation 23, 28 Hāʻena 196 haku 38, 88, 132, 133 G Halawa Valley 128 gardening 110 Haleakalā National Park 233 gates 125 Haleʻiwa 136, 242 gear restrictions 240 hānai 164 generational 8, 166, 201, 207 handlines 115, 120, 123, 126 generations 3–5, 8, 11, 25, 30, 35, hands-on learning 187 46, 47, 60, 70, 77, 91, 106, Handy, E. S. Craighill 15, 38, 47, 109, 110, 125, 155, 158, 160, 86–88, 91, 92, 110, 137 162, 165, 172, 180–182, 200, haole/haoles 16, 60, 63, 69, 70, 74, 204, 239, 242 75, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, Geographic Positioning System 102, 105, 109, 116, 125, 142, (GPS) 134 158, 160, 169 gill net ban 183 harvest 4, 17, 20, 21, 27, 40, 44, giving 87, 112, 131, 132, 160 115, 130, 145, 169 GL Limited 113 harvesting 1, 3, 4, 17, 20, 21, 46, global economies 5 138, 144, 180 global market demand 170 harvesting at the appropriate time 18 goats 66 harvesting, random 22 god 35, 36, 39, 43, 44, 61, 70, 71, Hauanio, Aku 144 73, 101, 132, 134–136, 139, Hauanio, Ben 144 140 Hauʻofa, Epeli 29, 30 gonorrhea 61 Hawaiian Board of Health 105 government-to-government relation- Hawaiian Civic Clubs 7, 177, 196 ship 182 Hawaiian cosmology 70 grandparents 133 Hawaiian-Creole-English 90 Index 269

Hawaiian diet 127 holistic management approaches 187 Hawaiian Homelands Commission Holocene 11 Act 125 holoholona 4, 162 Hawaiian kingdom 6, 83 homelessness 164, 165, 190 Hawaiian language 8, 73, 74, 91, Hommon, Robert 35, 39, 63, 128, 100, 101, 106–109, 122, 155, 129 159, 166, 186 Homo sapiens 1 Hawaiian lifeways 9, 91 Honolulu 79, 87–89, 140, 164, 224 Hawaiian lunar calendar 180 Honolulu Harbor 239 Hawaiian monarchy 92, 160, 170, Hoʻohanohano I Na Kupuna Puwalu 179 series 192, 224, 227 Hawaiian newspapers 107, 119, 168 Hoʻokena 143 Hawaiian values 73, 191, 201, 204 Hoʻo Lei Ia Pae ʻĀina 206 Hawaiʻi Boundary Commission, horticulture 27, 120 Territorial 118 House Committee on Water and Hawaiʻi Island 13, 32, 44, 48, 64, Land, State of Hawaii 234 88, 111, 114, 121, 124, 128, hui 187, 230 143, 144, 146, 162 Hui Mālama O Moʻomomi 230 Hawaiʻi Ocean Resources hula 5, 72, 73, 101, 103, 104, 108, Management Plan (ORMP) 155 192, 193 human agents 139 Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority 7, 177, human bone 46, 119, 125 226 human day 1 healing 104–106 human resources 229, 240 health 69, 106, 164–166, 200, 201, human roles 19 205 humor 163 health care 166 huna 9, 133 hegemony/hegemonic 69, 70, 75 hunger 20 heiau 36, 135, 136 hunter-gatherers 27 Helm, George 156 hunting 2–4, 20, 109, 145, 162, 231 heritage 29, 108, 180, 192, 194, 227 Hunt, Terry 19, 24 Hervey Islands 100 Hurricanes 194 hierarchies 112 Hilo 113, 128 historical trauma 165, 166 I hōʻihi 9, 180 ʻiako 143 holiday 163, 189 ‘ike 5, 91, 99, 118, 179 holism 167 ʻili 41, 88, 118, 132, 138 270 Index imbalance 28 invasive species 181, 189 immigration 89, 91 inventory of diverse cultural practices immune response 77 187 immunity 24, 61 investment 5, 144, 145 impacts, environmental 181, 194, iron 60, 64, 104, 140 240 irrigated lands 87 impacts, social 23, 24 irrigation 49, 110 imperialism 68, 91, 92 island districts 17, 41, 42, 115, 186, impetus 178 229 imu 163 island people 62 incarceration 164 isolation 11, 31, 78, 167 indicators, ecological 21 isotopic analysis 29 indigenous fshing rights 201 iwi 168 indigenous North Americans 157 indigenous people 17, 30, 101, 109, 166, 168, 175, 182, 192, 198, J 207, 242 Japan/Japanese 90, 140, 141, 143, indigenous scholars 37, 39, 41 161 indigenous societies 8, 9, 157, 166, jet skis 181 175 jobs 145 individual agency 157 infertility 79 informal economy 161 K inherent rights and duties 200 Kaʻaiʻai, Charles 115, 133 inheritance 192 Kahananui, Dorothy 107 injustice 159, 160 Kahāʻulelio, Daniel 16, 46, 116, Inouye, Senator Daniel 107 126, 127, 129 inshore resources 115 Ka Hoku Pakipika 109 intellectual 70, 157 Ka Holomua ʻAna O Ka ʻAha Moku intentional resource management 17 226 inter-generational impacts 165 Kahoʻolawe 29, 156, 178, 198, 226, inter-generational transmission of 239 knowledge 109, 139 Kahoʻolawe Island Reserve interjurisdictional fsheries research Commission 156, 178, 239 175 kahuna 60, 82 intermarriage 92, 158 kāhuna lawaiʻa 99, 138 internal guidance 139 kaiāulu 162, 164 intrusion 179 Kailua Hawaiian Civic Club 196 Index 271

Ka Lae 121, 124, 125, 136 Ke kumu ʻIke Hawaiʻi 186, 190 Kalākaua, King David 104, 105 Kimura, Larry 107 kalekale 123 kings 47, 83, 85, 90, 102 kalua pig 163 Kinks 234 Kamakau, Samuel Mānaiakalani 22, kinship 34, 39, 46, 161 36, 43, 46, 60, 61, 67, 80, Kippen, Colin 190, 191 104, 114, 122, 129, 132, 133, kipuka 143 135 Kirch, Patrick V. 11–13, 15, 16, Kamana, Kauanoe 107 19, 23–26, 28, 39, 40, 42, Kamehameha I, King 23, 64, 65, 67, 120–122, 125, 126, 135, 138 78, 111, 196 koa 128, 133, 143 Kamehameha III, King 83–86, 103 ko‘a 46, 127 Kamehameha IV, King 103 Kohala district 110, 111 Kamehameha Schools 7, 42, 113, kokua 167 159, 177, 182 Kona 42, 44, 108, 128, 143, 162 Kanaka Maoli 74–76, 91, 92, 114, konohiki 34, 45, 46, 48, 82, 84, 85, 158–160, 165, 167, 172, 179, 110, 124, 131, 138–140, 183, 190 194, 195, 204 Kanakaʻole, Edith 107 Kūkaniloko Birthing Stones 196 kānāwai 82, 135, 137, 203, 230 Kukulu Ka Upena 199 Kane, H.K. 38, 39 kuleana 46, 88, 105, 124, 167, 190, Kāne 14, 122, 135 207, 230, 240 Kaneohe Bay Master Plan Task Force Kuleana Act 84 172 Kuloloio, Leslie Aipalena 234, 239 Kaniakapūpū 86 Kumulipo, Te 112, 241 Ka Nupepa Kuakoa 109, 116 kupuna/kūpuna 133, 143, 239 kapa 28, 43 kapu 8, 23, 38–40, 43, 45, 46, 65, 67, 82, 115, 118, 135, L 137–139, 183, 203, 207 labor 2, 4, 36, 41, 43, 48, 69, 71, kapu-based system of management 83, 87–89, 91, 110, 112, 145, 138, 183 239 Kaʻū 86, 88 Lahaina 79, 233 Kauaʻi 6, 13, 64, 77, 89, 119, 127, lāhui 74 194, 234 Lānaʻi 89, 178 Kawainui Marsh 196 land claims 69 Kealakekua Bay 64, 66 landings data 141 Keawaʻula 124, 183 landmarks 26, 46, 134 keiki 164, 186, 193 land parcels 17, 71 272 Index land use 41, 85, 113, 162, 166, 239 lohe 254 land-use permits 181 lomi-lomi salmon 163 language immersion 107 long bones 125 Lapita 10, 11 longlining 120, 143 large fsh 21, 130 loud sea 122 laulau 163 love 70 Lawelawe Hana Ke `Aha Moku 225 lūʻau 254 Laws of the Republic of Hawaii 106 lures 119, 121, 126, 129, 130, 141 leeward 43, 124, 126, 162, 229, 233 leftovers 164 legislation 7, 84, 103, 104, 106, 178, M 193, 224 macro-economic processes 164 legislature 107, 188, 198, 208, 239 macro-social change 91 leprosy 81 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery lessons 7, 61, 112, 187, 189 Conservation and Management licensure 105 Act 174, 176, 186 life and death implications 160 mahele 83, 84, 86–88, 90, 118, 125, life experience 229 140 Liholiho, King Alexander 67, 82, mahimahi 123, 137 103 makaʻāinana 37–39, 45, 46, 48, 61, limited access 166 71, 79, 82–87, 101–103, 132, limited entry 120 137 limu 16, 121, 163, 180, 181 makai 42, 43 Lincoln, Noa Kekuewa 110–112 mālama 204, 233 lineage 31, 37, 138, 179, 203 malolo 118 linguistic expertise 158 Maly, Kepa 41, 49, 114, 118, 119, linguistics 48, 106 127, 135, 138, 139, 142, 170, linkages 86, 92, 100, 197, 226 243 lithic materials 29 Maly, Onaona 41, 49, 114, 118, litigation 156 119, 127, 135, 138, 139, 142, living marine resources 19, 22, 27, 170, 243 145, 160, 169, 186, 240 mana 37–39, 72, 125, 127 local ecological systems 17 management strategies 80, 118, 138, localized variability 115 139, 174, 205, 207, 224, 234 locally governed economy 170 Mangaia 25 locally relevant rules 194 Māori 40, 60, 62, 69 local representation 204 maps 13, 199 local society 175, 231, 232 marae 24 Index 273 marginalization 9 mega-fauna 27 marine policy 175 Melanesia 11, 12, 33 marine pollution 181 mele 5, 74, 91, 104 marine protected areas 183 metaphor 60 marine resources 15–17, 20, 21, 42, Micronesia 33 44, 46, 80, 115, 116, 118, migration 11, 20, 27, 35, 37–39 119, 121, 138, 168, 169, 173, Miloliʻi 237 176, 181, 184 minimally-populated island areas marine spatial planning 224, 225 178 maritime people 120 missionaries 6, 8, 26, 31, 49, 59–62, marlin 131, 137 64, 69–73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 85, Marquesas 12, 28, 29, 37 101, 103–105, 109, 113, 158 mass death 75, 80, 101 misunderstanding 62, 63 mass trauma 165 misuse of natural resources 179 master fsherman 135 misuse of the reef 181 material gain 69 mixed-ancestry 5 Maui 13, 42, 44, 64, 74, 78, 89, moana 9, 38, 72 119, 163, 179, 196, 198, 200, models 19, 25, 34, 35, 115, 203 225, 233, 239 modern lifeways 3 Maui Land & Pineapple 113 modern regulatory process 182 Maui onions 163 moku 41, 44, 45, 79, 121, 138, 169, mauka 42, 43, 163, 164 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 190, Mauka/Makai Watch Program 196 194–200, 202–205, 207, 224, Mauna Kea 233 226, 229, 232, 233, 236, 239 McGregor, Davianna 49, 61, 91, molekumu 99, 108 114, 132, 143, 156, 238 Molokaʻi 13, 44, 111, 115, 119, meaning 8, 32, 47, 63, 72–74, 77, 121, 128, 181, 193, 198, 200, 88, 121, 163, 164, 177 208, 230–233 measles 77, 78 monarchy 83, 101–103, 105, meat per unit efort 119 236 medicinal practices 101 monitoring 183, 189, 196, 207 medicine/medical 2, 61, 79, 101, monk seals 194 104–106, 108, 112, 155 moʻolelo 5, 14, 50, 60, 76, 91, 104, Medieval Warm Period 31 109, 116, 241 meetings 76, 99, 108, 160, 173, Moʻomomi 115, 230 177–180, 182, 184, 186, 190, moral commitment 115 192, 194, 197–199, 201–203, morality 71, 72, 103 205–207, 224–227, 229, 232, Mormons/Mormonism 75, 76 236 mortality 77, 79 274 Index mosquitoes 61 natural resource policy decisions 168, motorized vehicles 181 201 mountains 4, 42, 43, 45, 47, 110, Te Nature Conservancy 230 118, 134, 145, 163, 164, 201, navigation/navigators 10, 13, 27–29, 233 182 mullet 117 nearshore resources 123 music 155, 156, 163 nearshore zone 4, 16, 27, 120, 121, mutual responsibility 86 124 myths 11 negotiation 64, 77, 136, 232 nehu 126, 129 nets, fshing with nets 250 N networks 46, 64, 161 naʻauao 5, 60, 91, 99, 137 New Guinea 2, 10 nails 140 Nihoa 185 Nā Lau Lama Education Initiative Niʻihau 13, 106, 108, 178, 243 191 NOAA Fisheries, U.S. Department Napuka 29 of Commerce 174, 177 National Marine Fisheries Service, Nogelmeier, Puakea 116 U.S. Department of nomadism 27 Commerce 174 non-commercial fshing 161 National Marine Sanctuaries Act 225 non-point source 193 National Park Service, U.S. normative fshing ethics 197 Department of the Interior 89 North Shore of Oʻahu 136 nation-states 63, 157 nursery areas 172 native activists 160 nutrient loading 172 Native American Languages Act of nutrition 26, 121, 161, 223 1990 107 Native Americans 108, 165, 166 Native Hawaiian Education Council O 190 Oʻahu 13, 14, 22, 36, 48, 49, 68, Native Hawaiian Government 74, 76, 78, 86, 93, 119, 124, Reorganization Act 182 131, 162, 171, 173, 182, 183, Native Hawaiian scholars 7, 30 234, 242 native rights 190 observation 5, 19, 22, 23, 138, 139, Natural Area Partnership Program 145, 183, 229, 231 230 ocean access 144 natural resource management 17, Oceania 10–13, 22, 23, 30, 33, 62, 20, 22, 23, 26, 146, 173, 176, 63, 100, 168, 170, 173, 176, 194, 206, 211, 225, 226, 238 241 Index 275 octopus 120, 127, 163 P Ofce of Hawaiian Afairs, State of Pacifc islands 5, 9, 12, 17, 19, 24, Hawaiʻi 7 28, 29, 48, 63, 69, 101, 110, ʻohana 5, 43, 44, 49, 79, 80, 86, 114, 132, 175, 176 88–91, 105, 109, 112, 125, Pacifc Northwest 16, 21, 163 131–133, 143, 145, 160, 162, paddling 32, 163 164, 168, 179, 183, 199, 236, pain 164 239, 241, 243 pāʻina 163, 164 ʻōiwi 77, 108 pandanus 28, 111 Ola Honua I ke Kūpa’a Kanaka 227 paradox 182 Old Hawaii 35, 47 parasitism 172 oligarchy 75, 82 parks 163, 165, 233 olona 43 participatory planning 176 olonā (Touchardia latifolia) 126 pathogens 77 ono 123 Pearl Harbor 102, 143 ‘ōpakapaka 16, 123 pelagic fshing 128, 133 ʻŌpelu 117 pelagic species 16, 114, 119, 121, open access 170 123, 124, 126, 130 open ocean 29, 119, 122, 123, 128, pelagic zone 42, 120, 122, 126, 169, 183 240 open ocean fsheries 119, 122, 130 penalties 140 opportunism 1–3, 7, 19, 88, 105, permanent closures 183 159, 160, 167, 169, 172, 178, perseverance 92 184, 187, 188, 204, 226, 232, persistence 49, 70, 100, 114, 161, 240 162, 231, 241 oppression 8, 100, 165, 166 petroglyphs 68 optimal health 165, 167 Philippines 90 oral tradition 12, 14, 28, 41, 61 pidgin 90 ordinance 205, 239 pigs 15, 42, 130, 163 Osorio, Jonathan 71, 85, 156 pineapple 144 outreach 186 pineapple industry 144 outsiders 9, 179, 180 Pitcairn 29 overfshing 172, 181 place-based resource use 178 overharvesting 169, 170 place-based system of resource man- overthrow, of the Hawaiian Kingdom agement 180, 211 101, 102, 170 place-specifc prohibitions 5 276 Index

Plantation era 49, 90, 109, 113, 114, positive reinforcement 3 140, 141 post-contact history 166 planting at the appropriate time 180 poverty 6, 161, 162, 164, 190 plant materials 4, 126 poverty-level 161 plant resources 16, 104, 105 power 6, 30, 33, 36–39, 41, 45, 62, poi 112, 163, 193 71, 72, 74, 102, 106, 125, poke 163 129, 140, 155, 158, 163, 167, pole and line 121, 144 170, 236 policy 161, 188, 191 prayer 104, 108, 135 policy debates 159 preservation of fsh ponds 181 policy-makers 191 pressures 4, 9, 11, 34, 67, 108, 109, political control 33 126, 157, 168, 170 political goals 41 pride 156, 158 political infuence 158, 159 priests 79, 82, 131, 140 political legitimacy 83 prime lands 125 political machinations 83 private land 84 politics 6–8, 34, 41–44, 48, 50, 64, private ownership 71, 88, 113 65, 74, 76, 82, 90, 103, 106, privatization 175 123, 140, 156–160 procedural rules 226 pollution 113, 173 productivity 21, 25, 34, 121, Polynesia 9–12, 14, 16, 23, 28–33, 169–171 36–38, 48, 61, 62, 68, 69, 71, proft-based economy 170 100, 101, 110, 121, 156 proper behavior 115 Polynesians 4, 10–15, 24, 27–29, Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana (PKO) 31–35, 37, 48, 59, 61, 62, 68, 156, 239 70, 77, 92, 104, 107, 108, Protestant missionaries 70, 83 110–114, 120, 121, 132, 146, psychospiritual methods of healing 155, 166, 223, 228, 241 101 pono 37, 38, 41, 60, 72, 73, 167 puaʻa 42 population decline 24 public health 6, 165, 166 population density 25, 26, 173 public high schools 107 population expansion 34, 82 public participation 175 population growth 26, 33, 34, 36, public policy 182 65, 180, 241 public trust 175, 206 population loss 6, 77–80, 102 Puerto Rico 90 populous island areas 109, 144 Pukui, Mary Kawena 45, 74, portable economy 10, 120 86–88, 91, 92, 107, 127, 131, Positioning 5, 6, 9, 23, 35, 45, 47, 133–135, 137, 139, 142, 155 84, 134, 144, 190 pule 257 Index 277 pumpkins 67, 128 reporting requirements 208 Pūnana Leo 107 representation 166, 174, 177, 194, Punchbowl 257 195, 202, 203, 234, 241 punishment 75, 140 resistance 60, 62, 75, 76, 80, 83, 92, Puritan evangelists 100 100, 103, 104, 108, 137, 155, purposive exploration 12 156, 158, 165, 182, 229, 231, Puʻuhonua O Hōnaunau 143 238, 241 Puʻu Olaʻi Wetland Management resolutions 184, 207, 208, 224–226 Association 196 resource availability 20, 44 Puwalu 99, 177, 186, 191, 193, 194, resource base 184 196, 224, 227, 229, 236 resource dynamics 23, 115 resource managers 48, 207 resource sharing 164 Q respect 9, 34, 39, 46, 60, 63, 70, 73, Queen Liliʻuokalani 102 133, 163, 171, 179, 180, 224, queens 73, 101 225, 236 quota 120, 138, 176 responsibility 37, 45, 156, 167, 182, 184, 190, 204, 230, 240 Review Committee of the Native R American Graves Protection radiocarbon dating 14 and Repatriation Act 190 Rapa Nui 24, 31, 32 review, of fshery management pro- rapport 47, 189 cess 224 reciprocal 2, 82, 168 Richardson, William S., School of reciprocity 109, 132, 164, 167 Law 230 Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 90, 102 ridgelines 42 recreation 2, 82, 120, 144, 223 rights 9, 46, 66, 80, 83, 85, 88, 108, redemption 101 118, 124, 132, 146, 157, 159, red pepper 163 168, 170, 171, 175, 176, 179, reef fsh assemblages 168 181, 182, 190, 200, 224, 233, Refaluasch 3 238, 241 refrigerator, ocean as 243 ritual 39, 47, 62, 108, 118, 135 regulation 5, 110, 120, 139, 169, root crops 127 170, 181, 190, 203, 225 rugged islands 163 relaxation 223 rules 5, 34, 63, 64, 82, 115, 139, religion 61, 75, 101 184, 189, 203, 207, 229, 230, religious signifcance 127 240 religious sites 135 ruling chiefs 23, 64, 80, 83 renovation of fsh ponds 181 runof from golf courses 181 278 Index runof from resorts 181 shifting political climate 173 runof from roads 181 Shigella spp. 77 rural Hawaii 162 shoreline fshing 123, 144, 163 shoreline gathering 16, 118, 132, 133, 183, 230 S shoyu 163 sadness 80 shrines 42 Sahlins, Marshall 16, 23, 39, 43, 44, siltation 181 46, 47, 62, 70, 82–84 Silva, Noenoe 60, 65, 67, 71–77, 80, salt 28, 119, 127, 163 82, 84, 85, 101–104, 106 salvation 73 Simonds, Kitty 191 Samoa 11, 12, 28, 33, 36, 62, 77 simplicity in fshing 144 sampans 143 skill 10, 12, 30, 43–45, 70, 114, sanctions 5, 25, 181 132–134, 156 sandalwood 23, 60, 64, 83, 89 sluice gates 119 school instruction 101 small boats 120, 126, 135, 142 science/scientists 19, 40, 47, 115, small island settings 168 126, 165, 174, 176, 197 smallpox 78 scientifc theory 157 small-scale agriculture 2, 145, 168 seafood 2, 15, 16, 27, 46, 114, 120, small-scale farming 4 127, 132, 140, 141, 145, 161, smoking fsh 130 163 snappers 123 sea states 123, 133 social actors 22 seaweed 16, 22, 120, 126, 138, 163 social-ecological conditions 180 secrecy 9, 105 social-environmental problems 172, Secretary of Commerce 174 179 sedimentation 193 social facts 9, 175 selective adaptation 241 social groups 179 self 167 social networks 30 self-determination 156, 159, 190, social organization 12, 48, 82, 103, 238 157 self-identity 159, 165 social status 37 self-reliance 140 societal superiority 69 self-righteousness 69 Society Islands 12, 29 Senate Committee on Hawaiian socioeconomic challenges 59, 91, 180 Afairs 209 socioeconomics 6, 119, 122, 130, sharing 2, 44, 74, 132, 135, 145, 142, 158 160, 164, 168, 173, 186, 189 sociopolitical history 234 shellfsh 22, 40, 121 sociopolitical relations 63, 70, 82 Index 279 soil 2, 4, 26, 28, 33, 42, 45, 83, 92, storms 136, 172 193 stowaways 66 Solomon Islands 24 strategic investment 88 sorcery 104 stream infows 193 source of Hawaiian knowledge 186 stream productivity 172 South America 31 streams 43, 110, 172, 201, 205 sovereignty 102, 160 strictures 34, 101, 103, 137, 184 space 8, 202 struggle 5, 7, 26, 34, 40, 72, 74, 83, sparse data 141 102, 158, 159, 230 spawning 20, 21, 120, 139, 172, stylistic variety 125 180 subfecundity 79 spear fshing 142 sub-rosa economy 145 specialization 126, 132 subsistence 4, 87, 88, 90, 92, 113, spirits 14, 30, 67, 137 115, 121, 141, 144, 170, 190, spiritual expression 223 230, 241 spirituality 61, 165 subsistence economy 15, 109, 161, standardized terms 187 164 standing council 107, 177, 189, 199, sufering 101 201, 202, 233, 236 sugar 43, 86, 88–90, 102, 144 State Act 212 198 sugar industry 88 state government 211, 241 surface feeding 129 state jurisdiction waters 174 surfboards 252 State of Hawaiʻi 113, 224, 225, surfng 47, 82, 137, 163 227 surplus economy 130 State of Hawaiʻi Ofce of Planning survival 2, 3, 8, 12, 19, 25, 26, 40, Coastal Zone Management 47, 61, 63, 80, 82, 90, 109, Program 7, 177 112, 114, 120, 139, 141, 165, states 2, 5–7, 11, 22, 26, 38, 41, 45, 176, 190 48, 67, 77, 79, 99, 105, 122, sustainability 26, 174, 193, 205 123, 129, 130, 133, 139, 140, sweet potatoes 16, 43, 44, 67, 111 146, 157, 159, 160, 165, 167, swells 30, 82, 123, 136 168, 174, 177, 187, 189–191, symbiosis 83 194, 204, 206, 211, 226, 230, syphilis 61, 78 233, 236, 238–241 static restrictions 240 stealing of the land 185 T stern approach 231 taboo 63 stewardship 156, 166, 182, 186, Tahiti 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 48, 62, 77, 192, 205, 231 243 280 Index tarif 102 traditional natural resource manage- taro 15, 16, 35, 43, 44, 47, 50, 67, ment 174, 234 87, 89, 112, 113, 128 traditional practices 162 taxes 85, 87, 89 traditional rights 176 tax rates 125 traditions 4, 8–12, 15, 28, 32, 48, teachers 107, 116, 182, 186, 187 60, 75, 76, 92, 99, 100, 105, technical expertise 186 106, 109, 115, 142, 145, 146, technological limits 41 155, 161, 163, 179, 186, 190, technology 2, 10, 12, 14, 134, 143, 194, 200, 201, 203, 205, 224, 170 227, 242 temples 35, 36 training 155, 186, 187, 205 tenacity 8, 91 transmission of knowledge between tenants 85, 88, 109 generations 186 tenure 17, 31, 34, 41, 48, 82, 100, transparency 225 102, 170, 179, 182 traps 22, 121, 133 terraces 22, 110 trauma 165 terrestrial resources 2, 10, 17, 20, 21, treponemic infection 78 41, 109, 168, 183, 194 trial and error 23, 40, 139 Territorial Board of Health 105 triangulation 46, 134 testimony 118, 206 tribal groups 2, 21 theories of institutional change 240 tribal leaders 107 throw-net 188, 243 tribulation 61 Tikopia/Tikopians 25, 26 tribunal 170, 171 timber 28, 83 tribute 43, 46, 48, 82, 131, 132, 136 tomatoes 163 trolling 114, 123, 126, 130, 144 Tonga 11, 12, 28, 32, 33, 48, 100 Tuamotus Islands 12, 29 tools 28, 31, 43, 74 tuberculosis 78, 79 torch fshing 117 Tuna 16, 115, 119, 120, 123, 169, tourism 145, 178 240 tourism economy 91 tutelage 164 trade 29, 30, 32, 33, 46, 64, 79, 83, tūtū 258 91, 111, 121, 127, 130, 160, 173 tradewinds 123, 163, 242 U traditional ecological knowledge 3, Uchiyama, Mahealani 73, 172 9, 44, 99, 109, 110, 114, 138, ulua 117, 118, 144 145, 176, 179, 192, 207, 223 ungulates 65, 66 traditional management 138 unison 130, 177 traditional massage 101, 105 United Nations 209 Index 281 unity 82, 167, 199 watersheds 162, 172, 201 University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 182 waves 30, 37, 38, 89, 91, 136, 137, upcountry 198 139 upheaval 137 wealth 30, 89, 125, 229 uplands 4, 22, 42, 44, 47, 121, 132, weaponry 60 233 weaving 111 urban Hawaiʻi 175 well-being 6, 19, 72, 80, 90, 102, U.S. Bureau of the Census 141 131, 159, 164, 166, 232, 241 U.S. Census Bureau 159 Western culture 104, 192 U.S. Coast Guard 174 Western Pacifc Regional Fishery U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 159 Management Council 7, 99, U.S. Department of Commerce 141, 173, 174, 176 174, 177 West Hawaiʻi 143 use of knowledge 210 whalers/whaling 69, 86, 88 U.S. Fish Commission 170 whales 125, 195 U.S. military 155 whaling vessels 64 white supremacy 158 whooping cough 81 V wild foods 1–4, 161, 164 Vancouver, George 64, 65, 78 Wilson, Pila 107 vegetable matter 128 wind patterns 11, 126 VHS radio 134 windward 15, 33, 229, 233 vitamins 127 wire 140 Vitousek, Peter 19, 23, 110–112, wisdom 5, 9, 47, 60, 61, 73, 99, 114, 132, 138 108, 137, 139, 188, 232, 243 Volcanic 33, 42 women 67, 74, 93, 121, 133 Volcanoes National Park 128 wood 43, 46, 125 voyagers/voyaging 10–15, 23, 28, working class 144 31, 32, 35, 37, 110, 114 world powers 69, 83, 85 World War II 142–144, 155

W wai 258 Y Waiʻanae 123, 131 yams 35, 43, 67 Waiheʻe, John 107 Young, Kanalu G. Terry 30 Waikīkī 123 youth 133, 226, 227, 243 Walker, George Eyton 93 Yuen, Heeny 143 war/warfare 27, 32–34, 45, 60, 64, 67, 91, 143