Is an RCA 1802 CMOS Microprocessor-Based Subsystem That Acts As the Central Nervous System for the Galileo Orbiter Spacecraft
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IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchip
IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchips That Shook the World http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/8747 Sponsored By Select Font Size: A A A 25 Microchips That Shook the World By Brian R. Santo This is part of IEEE Spectrum 's Special Report: 25 Microchips That Shook the World . In microchip design, as in life, small things sometimes add up to big things. Dream up a clever microcircuit, get it sculpted in a sliver of silicon, and your little creation may unleash a technological revolution. It happened with the Intel 8088 microprocessor. And the Mostek MK4096 4-kilobit DRAM. And the Texas Instruments TMS32010 digital signal processor. Among the many great chips that have emerged from fabs during the half-century reign of the integrated circuit, a small group stands out. Their designs proved so cutting-edge, so out of the box, so ahead of their time, that we are left groping for more technology clichés to describe them. Suffice it to say that they gave us the technology that made our brief, otherwise tedious existence in this universe worth living. We’ve compiled here a list of 25 ICs that we think deserve the best spot on the mantelpiece of the house that Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce built. Some have become enduring objects of worship among the chiperati: the Signetics 555 timer, for example. Others, such as the Fairchild 741 operational amplifier, became textbook design examples. Some, like Microchip Technology’s PIC microcontrollers, have sold billions, and are still doing so. A precious few, like Toshiba’s flash memory, created whole new markets. -
Creative Computing Magazine Is Published Bi-Monthly by Creative Computing
he #1 magazine of computer applicafa *'are raHSJS? sfife a*«uiH O K» » #-. ^ *&> iiD o «» •— "^ Ul JT © O O Ul oo >- at O- X * 3 •O »- •« ^» ^ *© c * c ir — _j «_> o t^ ^ o am z 6 %' 7 * » • • Consumer Computers Buying Guide a/ Paf/i Analysis Electronic Game Reviews Mail Label Programs Someday all terminals will be smart. 128 Functions-software controlled 82 x 16 or 92 x 22 format-plus graphics 7x12 matrix, upper/lower case letters Printer output port 50 to 38,400 baud-selectable "CHERRY" keyboard CT-82 Intelligent Terminal, assembled and tested $795.00 ppd in Cont. U.S. SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION 219 W. RHAPSODY SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 CIRCLE 106 ON READER 3ERVICE CARD Give creative Gontpattng to a fHend for " [W*nr fiwter service - call tell free X * • -540-0445] 800-631-8112 InNJ 201 TYPE OF SUBSCRIPTION BOOKS AND MERCHANDISE Foreign Foreign Term USA Surface Air D Gift Send to me 1 2 issues D $ 15 $ 23 $ 39 24 issues D 28 44 76 Gifts cannot be gift wrapped but a 36 issues D 40 64 112 Lifetime D 300 400 600 card with your name will be sent with each order YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS : Quan Cat Descriptions Price Name Address Cittj State Zip- NAME TO APPEAR ON GIFT CARD* SEND GIFT SUBSCRIPTION TO- Name Address Citvf State. .Zip. PAYMENT INFORMATION a Cash , check or 7M.O. enclosed o Visa/BankAmericard") Card no. Books shipping charge SI 00 USA S2 00 Foreign a Master Charge J Exp. NJ Residents add 5% sales lax DPlease bill me ($100 billing fee will be added) be prepaid- TOTAL (magazines and books) Book, orders from individuals must creative computing creative computing Books. -
Table of Contents
A Comprehensive Introduction to Vista Operating System Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Windows Vista Chapter 2 - Development of Windows Vista Chapter 3 - Features New to Windows Vista Chapter 4 - Technical Features New to Windows Vista Chapter 5 - Security and Safety Features New to Windows Vista Chapter 6 - Windows Vista Editions Chapter 7 - Criticism of Windows Vista Chapter 8 - Windows Vista Networking Technologies Chapter 9 -WT Vista Transformation Pack _____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES _____________________ Abstraction and Closure in Computer Science Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Abstraction (Computer Science) Chapter 2 - Closure (Computer Science) Chapter 3 - Control Flow and Structured Programming Chapter 4 - Abstract Data Type and Object (Computer Science) Chapter 5 - Levels of Abstraction Chapter 6 - Anonymous Function WT _____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES _____________________ Advanced Linux Operating Systems Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction to Linux Chapter 2 - Linux Kernel Chapter 3 - History of Linux Chapter 4 - Linux Adoption Chapter 5 - Linux Distribution Chapter 6 - SCO-Linux Controversies Chapter 7 - GNU/Linux Naming Controversy Chapter 8 -WT Criticism of Desktop Linux _____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES _____________________ Advanced Software Testing Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Software Testing Chapter 2 - Application Programming Interface and Code Coverage Chapter 3 - Fault Injection and Mutation Testing Chapter 4 - Exploratory Testing, Fuzz Testing and Equivalence Partitioning Chapter 5 -
VIP2K Rev.B Assembly and Operation (Not a Complete Manual Yet; but We're Working on It!)
VIP2K rev.B Assembly and Operation (Not a complete manual yet; but we're working on it!) TMSI ElectroniKits 814 8th Ave N Sartell MN 56377 [email protected] http://www.sunrise-ev.com/vip2k.htm Last update: 11 Apr 2021 Before the Apple, Atari, and Commodore home computers, Joe Weisbecker created the RCA VIP. Introduced in 1976, it was a simple, elegant, and low cost design so that everyone could have fun and learn about personal computers. It had an RCA 1802 microprocessor, 4k of RAM, a monitor program in ROM, a 16-key hex keypad, a 64x128 pixel graphics video display, and a serial port to load/save its programs on cassette tapes. That's the original VIP on top of the monitor in the photo below. For the 40th anniversary of the VIP, we decided to celebrate by making a new version you can build yourself. That's it at the bottom of the photo, below the monitor, with its tiny keyboard on top! The black box at the right is just the battery box, with four AA cells to power it. The VIP2K has the same 1802 microprocessor, but with several significant upgrades in speed, memory, and features: - 1802 microprocessor running at 4 MHz - 32K of RAM - 32K of ROM, with Monitor, BASIC, and CHIP-8 - NTSC or PAL video output displays 24 lines of 24 text characters 192 x 192 pixel graphics - 44-key full ASCII keyboard - TTL serial I/O port up to 9600 baud - built entirely with vintage parts and through-hole technology - ...and it all fits in a 3.5" x 2" x 0.75" Altoids tin! This project is under development, so things are still changing. -
Microprocessor Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Page 1 Of 16
Microprocessor - Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Page 1of 16 Microprocessor From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia A microprocessor incorporatesthefunctionsof acomputer's central processingunit(CPU)onasingle integratedcircuit,[1] (IC)oratmostafewintegratedcircuits. [2]Itisa multipurpose,programmabledevicethataccepts digitaldata asinput,processesitaccordingtoinstructionsstoredinits memory,andprovidesresultsasoutput.Itisanexampleof sequentialdigitallogic,asithasinternalmemory. Microprocessorsoperateonnumbersandsymbols representedin the binarynumeralsystem. Theadventoflow-costcomputersonintegratedcircuitshas transformedmodernsociety.General-purpose microprocessorsinpersonalcomputersareusedfor computation,textediting,multimediadisplay,and Intel 4004,thefirstgeneral-purpose, communicationovertheInternet.Manymore commercial microprocessor microprocessorsare partof embeddedsystems,providing digitalcontrolofamyriadofobjectsfromappliancesto automobilestocellular phonesandindustrial processcontrol. Contents ■ 1Origins ■ 2Embeddedapplications ■ 3Structure ■ 4Firsts ■ 4.1Intel4004 ■ 4.2TMS1000 ■ 4.3Pico/GeneralInstrument ■ 4.4CADC ■ 4.5GilbertHyatt ■ 4.6Four-PhaseSystemsAL1 ■ 58bitdesigns ■ 612bitdesigns ■ 716bitdesigns ■ 832bitdesigns ■ 964bitdesignsinpersonalcomputers ■ 10Multicoredesigns ■ 11RISC ■ 12Special-purposedesigns ■ 13Marketstatistics ■ 14See also ■ 15Notes ■ 16References ■ 17Externallinks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor 2012 -03 -01 Microprocessor -Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Page 2of 16 Origins Duringthe1960s,computer processorswereconstructedoutofsmallandmedium-scaleICseach -
Nonengineer Val
nonEngineer Val. 25 No. 3 Oct./Nov. 1979 Microprocessor applications IMCWA1 Engineer A technical journal published by RCA Research and Engineering Bldg. 204-2 Cherry Hill, N.J. 08358 Tel. 222-4254 (609-338-4254) MEN1 Engineer RCA Engineer Staff Vol 25 No 3 Oct 'Nov 1979 Tom King Editor Betty Stotts Assistant Editor Louise Carr Art Editor Frank Strobl Contributing Editor Betty Gutchigian Composition Dottie Snyder Editorial Secretary Editorial Advisory Board Pete Bingham Div. VP, Engineering, Consumer Electronics Div. Jay Brandinger Div. VP, SelectaVision VideoDisc Operations John Christopher VP, Tech. Operations, RCA Americom Bill Hartzell Div. VP, Engineering, Picture Tube Division Jim Hepburn VP, Advanced Programs RCA Globcom Hans Jenny Manager, Engineering Microprocessor applications Information Arch Luther Chief Engineer, Commercial The cover is an artist's interpretation of an "intelligent" Communications Systems Div. product with the microprocessor as its "brain." (In this Howie Rosenthal case, we show the 1804 microcomputer, soon to be Staff VP, Engineering released on the market.) Each of the surrounding Carl Turner Div. VP, Product Assurance segments represents the types of devices which make the and Planning, microprocessor work effectively in a product. Solid State Div. Bill Underwood Director, Engineering The ANALOG segment represents those devices which convert the incoming and outgoing signals from analog Professional Programs to digital and vice versa. CRT (cathode ray tube) refers to Joe Volpe Director, Product Operations, a display device for microcomputer to operator informa- Missile and Surface Radar tion. DMA (direct memory access) devices permit high Bill Webster VP, Laboratories speed access to data stored in the computer's memory without disrupting normal computer operation. -
Implementing Forth on the RCA 1802 a 40-Year-Old Resource-Starved Processor Architecture
Implementing Forth on the RCA 1802 A 40-year-old resource-starved processor architecture Harold Rabbie November 2014 RCA 1802 Microcontroller • First manufactured in 1976 • Static CMOS technology (new at the time) • Very low power • 10 mW at 3.2 MHz • Radiation hard Silicon-on-Sapphire • Used in the Galileo spacecraft mission to Jupiter • Currently manufactured by Intersil RCA 1802 Hardware Interfaces Disk Files One output bit Keyboard Video Mouse 16-bit multiplexed address bus Ethernet 8-bit data bus { (64KB addressable memory) Wi-Fi } USB Serial I/O } Four input bits RCA 1802 Registers Sixteen 16-bit pointer registers R0 4-bit Program Carry/borrow bit One 8-bit accumulator R1 Counter Selector R2 R3 DF D R4 P R5 R6 Arithmetic is ONLY between the D register and the memory R7 location addressed by the current index register R8 4-bit Index R9 e.g. R10 Register Selector R11 P register contains 7, so R7 is the current program counter R12 X R13 X register contains 10, so R10 is the current index register R14 R15 Arithmetic instruction at memory location addressed by R7 will operate on D and the value in memory addressed by R10. RCA 1802 Instruction Set • Most instructions are 1 byte long • Most instructions take 16 clock cycles • 3.2 MHz clock rate → 200K instr/sec, 5 µsec per instr. • 8-bit arithmetic instructions • D/DF register is always the destination operand • 11 1-byte instructions that reference a pointer register: 4-bit 4-bit • GHI, GLO, PHI, PLO, LDN, STR, LDA, INC, DEC, SEP, SEX Opcode Register • Short branch 2-byte instructions -
Flight Software in the Space Department: a Look at the Past and a View Toward the Future
H. MALCOM AND H. K. UTTERBACK Flight Software in the Space Department: A Look at the Past and a View Toward the Future Horace Malcom and Harry K. Utterback Since the first use of general-purpose reprogrammable computers onboard the early Transit Improvement Program satellites, flight software developed within the APL Space Department has undergone an evolutionary process, from a collection of relatively simple control modules on single-processor custom-designed computers to systems that contain many megabytes of memory and numerous interconnected high- performance processors. At least one such system included over 50 loosely coupled processors. Today’s flight software systems can be scripted to perform sophisticated closed-loop tracking and navigation, autonomous attitude control, and onboard processing of science data, and can greatly reduce the burden on ground operations in monitoring and exercising control over the spacecraft. In this article, we describe the nature of flight software, highlight some of the major changes that have occurred in the functions performed by the software, and examine changes in the way the software is specified, developed, and tested by the Space Department. (Keywords: Embedded systems, Flight software, Real-time systems, Satellites.) INTRODUCTION “Flight software” is the system of programs that ground. Telemetry systems used voltage-controlled os- reside in the memory of onboard spacecraft computers. cillators to modulate transmitters in sending house- These computer systems are also called embedded sys- keeping and other data to the ground (downlinking). tems because they serve as the control mechanism for Since then, not only have the command and telemetry a larger system such as a spacecraft command or telem- systems come to depend on programmable computers etry system. -
A History of Microprocessor Transistor Count 1971 to 2013
A History of Microprocessor Transistor Count 1971 to 2013 Source: Wikipedia, August 29, 2013 Transistor Date of Processor Manufacturer Process Area count introduction Intel 4004 2,300 1971 Intel 10 µm 12 mm² Intel 8008 3,500 1972 Intel 10 µm 14 mm² MOS Technology [citation needed] 3,510 1975 MOS Technology 8 μm 21 mm² 6502 Motorola 6800 4,100 1974 Motorola 6 μm 16 mm² Intel 8080 4,500 1974 Intel 6 μm 20 mm² RCA 1802 5,000 1974 RCA 5 μm 27 mm² Intel 8085 6,500 1976 Intel 3 μm 20 mm² Zilog Z80 8,500 1976 Zilog 4 μm 18 mm² Motorola 6809 9,000 1978 Motorola 5 μm 21 mm² [1] ARM 1 25,000 1985 Acorn ARM 2 25,000 1986 Acorn Intel 8086 29,000 1978 Intel 3 μm 33 mm² Intel 8088 29,000 1979 Intel 3 μm 33 mm² ARM 6 30,000 1991 ARM Intel 80186 55,000 1982 Intel 3 μm Motorola 68000 68,000 1979 Motorola 4 μm 44 mm² Intel 80286 134,000 1982 Intel 1.5 µm 49 mm² Intel 80386 275,000 1985 Intel 1.5 µm 104 mm² [2] ARM 3 300,000 1989 Acorn [3] ARM 7 578977 1994 ARM 68.51 mm² Intel 80486 1,180,235 1989 Intel 1 µm 173 mm² R4000 1,350,000 1991 MIPS 1.0 µm 213 mm² Pentium 3,100,000 1993 Intel 0.8 µm 294 mm² AMD K5 4,300,000 1996 AMD 0.5 µm 251 mm² [4] Pentium Pro 5,500,000 1995 Intel 0.5 µm 307 mm² Pentium II 7,500,000 1997 Intel 0.35 µm 195 mm² AMD K6 8,800,000 1997 AMD 0.35 µm 162 mm² Pentium III 9,500,000 1999 Intel 0.25 µm 128 mm² Transistor Date of Processor Manufacturer Process Area count introduction AMD K6-III 21,300,000 1999 AMD 0.25 µm 118 mm² AMD K7 22,000,000 1999 AMD 0.25 µm 184 mm² [6] ARM Cortex-A9 26,000,000 2007 ARM Pentium 4 42,000,000 2000 Intel -
Microforth Tech Manual for RCA 1802
The contents of this document are the intellectual property of FORTH, Inc. and are protected by copyright. This document is provided free of charge for personal, non-commercial, and academic uses. You may not redistribute this in any form without permission from FORTH, Inc. microFORTH TECHNICAL MANUAL FORTH, Inc. 815 Manhattan Avenue Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 (213) 372- 8493 August 1978 Version 3 fo1· RCA COSMAC Copyright 1976, 1978 by FORTH, Inc. Version 3 (revised Appendices) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book was produced by use of the textFORTH System. FORTH and microFORTH are trademarks of FORTH, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic 01· mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by an inf0t·mation retrieval system, without permission in writing from: FORTH, Inc. 815 Manhattan Avenue Manhattan I3each, CA 90266 TABLEOf CONTENTS 1.0 lNTRODUCTION 2 1 . 1 ElemcnLs of fi'OHTH ?. 1 • 1. 1 Dictionary 3 1 . 1. 2 Stack 3 1. 1.3 Code 4 1. 1. 11 lligh level definitions 4 1 . 1 • 5 Blocks ii l.2 Keyboard Input :.,1· 2.0 USE OF THE STACK 7 2. 1 Parameter Stc1ck 7 2.2 fleturn Stack 12 3.0 NUMBERSAND V/\Rl/lBLES 14 3. 1 Numbers 111 3.2 VAHJJ\BLEsnnd CONSTANTs 16 3.3 Arrnys 17 3. LI USER Variables 18 ii. O ARITHMETIC 19 5.0 COMPILER 23 5. 1 Literals 23 5,2 Logical now 21i 5,3 DO-LOOPs 24 5.3.1 l~xarnples of DO-LOOPs 25 5.ll flEGIN, . -
Aerospace Applications of Microprocessors
NASA Conference Publication 2158 Aerospace Applications of Microprocessors Preprint for a workshop held in Greenbelt, Maryland November 3-4, 1980 NASA NASA Conference Publication 2158 Aerospace Applications of Microprocessors Preprint for a workshop sponsored by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, New York, and held in Greenbelt, Maryland, November 3-4, 1980 NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office 1980 FOREWORD NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), in cooperation with the AIAA Technical Commit- tee on Computer Systems, sponsored this workshop on Aerospace Applications of Microprocessors. The rapidly increasing capabilities and decreasing costs of digital computing systems in general, and microprocessors in particular, have meant orders of magnitude increases in their use in aerospace systems, particularly onboard satellites and aircraft. The objectives of the workshop were to assess the state of microprocessor applications and to identify current and future requirements and associated technological advances which allow effective exploitation of this rapidly advancing technology. There were four sessions in the workshop: I. Air/Space Applications of Microprocessors; II. Ground Based Aerospace Microprocessor Applications; III. Microprocessor Software Technology; and IV. Microprocessor Hardware Technology. This document contains only a synopsis and key figures of each presentation. The synopses and figures were submitted as camera-ready copies prior to the workshop. Only minor editorial changes have been made. In addition to the formal presentations, the workshop was structured to provide time for audi- ence interaction. On the evening of November 3, a panel discussion on "Are Microprocessor - Trends and Aerospace Requirements Heading in the Same Direction?" was held. -
Cdp1802a, Cdp1802ac, Cdp1802bc
TM CDP1802A, CDP1802AC, CDP1802BC March 1997 CMOS 8-Bit Microprocessors Features Description • Maximum Input Clock Maximum Frequency Options The CDP1802 family of CMOS microprocessors are 8-bit At VDD = 5V register oriented central processing units (CPUs) designed - CDP1802A, AC . 3.2MHz for use as general purpose computing or control elements in - CDP1802BC . 5.0MHz a wide range of stored program systems or products. • Maximum Input Clock Maximum Frequency Options The CDP1802 types include all of the circuits required for At VDD = 10V fetching, interpreting, and executing instructions which have - CDP1802A, AC . 6.4MHz been stored in standard types of memories. Extensive • Minimum Instruction Fetch-Execute Times input/output (I/O) control features are also provided to facili- tate system design. At VDD = 5V - CDP1802A, AC . 5.0µs The 1800 series architecture is designed with emphasis on - CDP1802BC . 3.2µs the total microcomputer system as an integral entity so that systems having maximum flexibility and minimum cost can • Any Combination of Standard RAM and ROM Up to be realized. The 1800 series CPU also provides a synchro- 65,536 Bytes nous interface to memories and external controllers for I/O •8-Bit Parallel Organization With Bidirectional Data Bus devices, and minimizes the cost of interface controllers. Fur- and Multiplexed Address Bus ther, the I/O interface is capable of supporting devices oper- ating in polled, interrupt driven, or direct memory access • 16 x 16 Matrix of Registers for Use as Multiple modes. Program Counters, Data Pointers, or Data Registers The CDP1802A and CDP1802AC have a maximum input •On-Chip DMA, Interrupt, and Flag Inputs clock frequency of 3.2MHz at VDD = 5V.