The Mystery of Lightnin • From I he
Olympian Dave Wottle S (ISSN *1075-3036) IN Rhode With our coverage of the 1996 Olympics in this issue of Rhodes it published four times a year in winter, spring, seems the perfect time to introduce or reintroduce our readers to the summer and fall by Rhodes College, only member of the college's staff who has 2000 N. Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112-1690. "been there, done that." It is published as a service to all alumni, Dean of admissions and financial aid Dave students, parents, faculty, staff and friends of Wottle won the Olympic gold medal in the 800 the college. Spring 1996—Volume 3, Number meter run at the 1972 Munich games. Since his 2. Second class postage paid at Memphis, arrival at Rhodes in 1983 Wottle has seen Tennessee, and additional mailing offices. applications triple and SAT scores move from EXECUTIVE EDITOR: Helen Watkins Norman 1100 to 1200 (and that's using non-recentered EDITOR: Martha Hunter Shepard '66 scores). ART DIRECTOR: Kevin Barre While he continues to CONTRIBUTING EDITOR: Susan McLain do honor to the college, Sullivan Wottle still finds DESIGN CONSULTANT: Eddie Tucker Dave Wottle 1996 himself the object of POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Olympic fascination, if not adulation. Rhodes, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN Journalists fondly remember the "man in 38112-1690. the hat" during the '72 Olympics. Wearing his CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Please mail the completed trademark golf cap, Wottle edged out the heavy form below and label from this issue of Rhodes favorite—Russia's Yevgeny Arzhanov—beating to: Alumni Office, Rhodes College, 2000 North him by 3/ 100ths of a second. It was the closest Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112-1690. finish in Olympic history up to that point. In the excitement of victory, Wottle forgot to remove his cap during the national anthem. 1972 Name This year, Wottle will make several appearances in connection with the '96 games in Atlanta. Street • The first is a May 1 dinner in Washington, D.C., with President and Mrs. Clinton and 200 members of Congress honoring some City State Zip 50 U.S. Olympians. • In early June Wottle will join 20-30 fellow athletes at a "Greatest Home Phone Business Phone Sports Legends" meeting in Atlantic City. • On June 30 he'll be featured in Bud Greenspan's America's Employer Greatest Olympians, a two-hour documentary which airs on TBS. Wottle's segment was filmed on the Rhodes campus in 1991. Title • In Atlanta, Wottle will attend the Gold Medal Internationale, a CLASS Nuns: Please send all Class Notes reception for medalists from all the Olympics and their spouses. news including marriages, births and obituaries • He'll also make an appearance at the VISA Alumni Center near to: Alumni Office, Rhodes College, 2000 Olympic Village, and give interviews at the Olympics N. Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112-1690. communications center. Phone: (901)726-3845 Fax: (901)726-3474. In 1987 Wottle received an Olympic Spirit Award for his Internet address to Sally Jones, director of performance in Munich from members of the U.S. Olympic Committee alumni: [email protected] and former Olympians.
LETTERS To THE EDITOR: Please address "The Olympic spirit transcends boundaries of countries, race and postal correspondence to: Martha H. Shepard, religion," he said at the time. "I think the flame continues to bum. It Editor, Rhodes Magazine, Rhodes College, bums in hearts of athletes all around the world because it is still the No. 2000 N. Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112-1690. 1 measure of the highest accomplishment that an athlete can achieve." Internet address: [email protected] Phone: (901)726-3875 Fax: (901)726-3553. —Martha Hunter Shepard, Editor
Contents
FEATURES
Lightning Sparks Professor/Dancer Fits Alum's Quest for Rhodes to a Dee Answers in the Clouds 17
22 Carrying the Torch
DEPARTMENTS 2 CAMPUS NEWS 30 CAMPUS VOICES News of Rhodes events, faculty, students and friends Kathleen Weil-Garris Brandt discusses her role in identifying an early Michelangelo sculpture in New York's A- 1 ALUMNI NEWS French embassy Features, Class Notes, For the Record 32 ATHLETICS 29 IN PRINT New books by faculty and alumni 33 CALENDAR
COVER—Lightning strikes like this one in Bushland, Texas, are an occupational requirement—not hazard—to Ole Miss physics professor and renowned lightning expert Tom Marshall '71. Rhodes magazine is printed with soya ink Photo C 1988 C. Doswell on recyclable paper. Carepus. mv§v ,
Rhodes Scores With New Athletic Hall Of Fame
he sports greats of Rhodes' Rhodes will christen the pro- permanent display, named in Tpast may be gone but they gram and induct its first honorees memory of Rhodes coaching won't be forgotten. during Homecoming Weekend great James "Jimmy" Haygood, is This fall Rhodes is launching Oct. 25-26. scheduled for completion in the an Athletic Hall of Fame to salute In addition to honoring spring of 1997. Haygood served individuals who have either inductees at a luncheon and at Rhodes in the early '30s as both made outstanding contributions the Saturday football game, athletic director and head football to the athletic program of the col- Rhodes will recognize them in a coach. lege or who have distinguished permanently-mounted Athletic Rhodes alumni, friends of the themselves—and brought honor Hall of Fame display that will college, staff, faculty, students to the college—through their ath- occupy the ground floor of the and others will nominate candi- letic accomplishments during and new athletics building in the dates each year for the Hall of after their years at Rhodes. Bryan Campus Life Center. The Fame (see nomination form below). The Alumni Office will oversee the nomination process. Once nominations are in hand, a Rhodes Athletic Hall of Fame Nomination Form selection committee will consider Rhodes' International Alumni Association is soliciting nominations for them and any its members may its Athletic Hall of Fame. The purpose is to salute individuals who have choose to add. The committee either made outstanding contributions to the athletic program of the col- membership will consist of lege or who have distinguished themselves—and brought honor to the col- alumni, staff, students, faculty lege—through their athletic accomplishments during and after their years and administrators. at Rhodes. Rhodes will name a maximum Up to five individuals will be inducted this coming October. Nominees of three inductees each year in not selected this year will remain on the list of candidates to be considered 1996, '97 and '98 in order to in subsequent years. "catch up" for past years of not Alumni are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they are members of a class having an Athletic Hall of Fame, that has been out of Rhodes 10 years or longer (Class of 1986 or earlier). noted Mike Clary, athletic direc- Athletic staff may be candidates only if they no longer work at Rhodes. tor, head football coach and the Nominee head of the selection committee. After 1998, the selection commit- Class Year tee will determine the number of Athletic Involvement at Rhodes and/or after Rhodes inductees, although the total for a year will not exceed three. To be eligible for the Athletic Hall of Fame, an alumnus or alumna need not be a graduate of the college. However, he or she (Feel free to add another sheet) must have participated in varsity Nominated by intercollegiate competition at Rhodes, or the individual must Daytime phone number have achieved significant distinc- tion as an athlete in the years that Return by June 3, 1996 to: followed Rhodes. Also, alumni Rhodes International Alumni Association recipients must be a member of a Athletic Hall of Fame Selection Committee class which has been out of 2000 North Parkway Rhodes at least 10 years by the Memphis, TN 38112 time of the induction in the fall. (For example, the fall 1996 2 Rhodes Spring 1996 Camptp.Ne.w,s,
inductees must have been mem- bers of the class of 1986 or of ear- lier classes.) The Hall of Fame is addition- ally open to former members of the athletic staff. However, to be a candidate, they must have worked at Rhodes a minimum of five years and no longer be employed by the college. "The Rhodes Athletic Hall of Fame will involve alumni and friends in the college's rich ath- letic tradition," said Coach Clary. "Rhodes has had some outstand- ing athletes over the years as well as staff members who have had a profound impact on our athletic program. Annual recognition of these individuals will be a high- light in the athletic life of the Southwestern Presbyterian University Football Team 1915-16 college." '5 On 5 Program' Focuses On Getting Students Together I la can a Rhodes student fall, "makes the students realize Ala., who is Caucasian. The two Wlearn in a week spent getting how much they have in common had met briefly earlier in the year, to know another student from a rather than the differences," says sharing a table at breakfast, and different ethnic background? Jones-Jobe. "In fact, I think that is had seen each other occasionally Plenty, say the participants in the quite a surprise to them all." on campus. That was the extent of "5 on 5 Program" that their relationship Debora Jones-Jobe, direc- until each responded tor of the college's Office to the flier in their of Multicultural Affairs, mailbox from Jones- began this year. Jobe announcing "5 Pairing 10 students on 5." from varying ethnic back- Bean and Johnson grounds who volunteer took two-hour for the program, Jones- lunches and several Jobe gives each pair some dinners together, directions: during one attended a meeting week they must spend at of the Black Student least one hour per day Association and Bap- together and meet each tist Student Union, other's friends. At the end Amanda Johnson (left) and Effie Bean "do lunch" In the and went to a frater- of the week, they view refectory photo by Troy Cleft nitY party. and discuss a video titled "We all want to Skin Deep and participate in a Among early volunteers for make it work," Johnson says of group discussion on race. Finally, "5 on 5" were first-year students the program. "Everyone on cam- each student conducts an inter- Effie Bean of nearby Millington, pus has the opportunity to do it. If view with his or her partner. Tenn., who is African-American, not, I think we'll run into prob- The program, which began last and Amanda Johnson of Sterrett, lems in the larger world." Spring 1996 Rhodes 3 Campus News
Armstrong Leaves 10,000-Volume Library To College
emplus attorney and former signed first editions. There are M Rhodes trustee Walter Arm- also some Bibles along with art, strong, who died March 5, has drama, music and reference left Rhodes an extraordinary books. Ten boxes of books per- legacy. A noted patron of the arts tain to Sherlock Holmes, another and bibliophile, he bequeathed of Armstrong's passions. his entire personal library of "The bulk of the collection will some 10,000 volumes as well as fit into the 'regular books' cate- cash gifts to the college. gory—material that will be Rhodes' library director Lynne extremely useful for the library's Blair estimates that literary works circulating collection," says Blair. comprise 85 percent of the collec- "The volumes in literature, in tion, which includes some rare particular, are outstanding."
Walter Armstrong Lawrence Otis Graham Speaks At Rhodes I awrence Otis Graham, pic- Graham's experi- tured signing a copy of his ences are depicted book Member of the Club for Eliza- in an upcoming beth Hood '98, spoke at Rhodes Warner Brothers this winter. Graham is a Harvard film starring Den- Law School graduate and New zel Washington. York corporate attorney who went undercover as a busboy at an exclusive country club. He wrote an investigative article for New York magazine on the dis- crimination against minorities, Photo by Andrew Niesen Jews and women he found there .
students interested in economics Mrs. Hon Dies and business, international studies and pre-medical and pre-minister- azel McLain Hon of Mem- ial studies. H phis, wife of Dr. Ralph C. A member of Trinity United Hon, professor emeritus of eco- Methodist Church, she was a past nomics and business administra- president of United Methodist tion, died Feb. 11. She was 91. Women. Mrs. Hon was also a char- Mrs. Hon was known as a gra- ter member and past president of cious hostess who through the PEO Sisterhood Chapter 0. years entertained countless faculty She also leaves two sisters, Ber- and students in her home. nice Kroll of Independence, Mo., The couple established the Hon and Joanne Hendricks of Odessa, Scholarship Fund for deserving Texas; and two brothers, Wade McLain of Independence, Mo., and Mrs. Mon Bertran McLain of Cleveland, Mo. 4 Rhodes Spring 1996 Civic leader and philanthropist Four To Receive Honorary Degrees Corolla Allen Bonner of Prince- ton, N.J., will receive an honorary B author John which opened on Broadway in doctor of humanities degree. She WPGrisham, Tony Award-win- November 1994. Hearn has contin- and her late husband Bertram, a ning actor George Hearn '56, phil- ued to play the role of Max since real estate magnate, founded the anthropist CoreIla Allen Bonner the night the blockbuster musical Bonner Scholars Program. Rhodes, and the Rev. Howard Edington made its American premiere in along with 21 other colleges, par- '64, senior minister of Orlando, Los Angeles in November 1993. ticipates in the program which Fla.'s 5,000-member First Presby- He will receive an honorary doc- provides scholarships of more terian Church, will receive hon- tor of fine arts degree. than $3,200 a year to needy stu- orary degrees at Rhodes' 147th No stranger to awards, Hearn dents, who in turn perform com- commencement ceremonies at 10 won his first Tony for playing munity service. a.m., Saturday, May 11 in Fisher Albin in La Cage aux Folles on In addition to the scholarships, Memorial Garden. Broadway. He also received Tony the Bonner Foundation has made John Grisham, who will nominations for his roles in annual gifts of half a million dol- receive an hon- lars to support orary doctor of let- more than 100 food ters degree, banks and church- currently has more based crisis min- than 55 million istry programs. books in print Howard Eding- worldwide. He ton will receive an began writing his honorary doctor of first novel, A Time divinity degree. His To Kill, in 1984. First Presbyterian Three years later, Church in Orlando, he wrote the legal said to be one of the thriller The Firm. largest and fastest His new book The growing churches John Chisholm George Hearn Runaway Jury is in the United States, scheduled to be is involved in more released in May. than 150 areas of Born in Jones- ministry including boro, Ark., an infant/ child care Grisham earned center and health his undergraduate clinic. degree in account- Edington's book, ing at Mississippi The Downtown State University Church: The Heart of and his law degree the City, will be at the University of published in late Mississippi. He spring by Abingdon was elected to the Press. Edington Mississippi House Corolla Bonner Howard Edington holds a M.Div. from of Representatives, Louisville Presby- where he served from 1983-90. A Doll's Life and Watch on the terian Theological Seminary and is Native Memphian George Rhine. He received an Emmy currently chairman of the board of Hearn received the 1995 Tony Award for his starring role in Montreat College. His television Award as Best Featured Actor in a Sweeney Todd, after playing that program The Certain Sound is seen Musical for his role as Max von part on Broadway and on national weekly in much of Florida and the Mayerling in Sunset Boulevard, tour with Angela Lansbury. greater Atlanta area. Spring 1996 Rhodes 5 Tennessee Williams Festival To Salute Edwin Howard
hodes' first annual Tennessee argued, it was in the college's Memphis: "The laughter... RWilliams Theater Festival library that he first encountered enchanted me. Then and there the July 12-28 comes 61 years after Chekhov who was theater and I the renowned playwright found to become a major found each other his muse, literally, at the college's influence in his for better and for doorstep. later writing. For- worse." It also occurs 31 years after the mer president of In addition to idea for such a festival was first the college Peyton calling for a Ten- proposed by Edwin Howard '50, Rhodes, then a nessee Williams who was then the arts and enter- member of the fac- festival in the city, tainment editor for the Memphis ulty, was a friend of Howard, who is Press Scimitar newspaper. In Williams' grand- now the arts and recognition of his influential role parents and paved travel columnist in the creation of Rhodes' Ten- the way for him to for Memphis Busi- nessee Williams Festival, the use the college's ness Journal, also McCoy Theatre has selected facilities. spearheaded the Howard as the festival's first In a 1983 news- effort to establish "distinguished honoree." Each paper column, Howard repeated in Memphis two historical mark- year the festival will honor some- several lines written by Williams ers dedicated to Williams. Today one whose life has been closely years after that first production in they stand at the site of his first linked to or influenced by Ten- nessee Williams. Howard suggested that Mem- The Performances phis host a Tennessee Williams bodes' Tennessee Williams val Thomas Cadwaleder Jones, a theater festival back in 1965 after FM Theatre Festival will span Rhodes theater professor, is cre- discovering the playwright's three weeks. Performances will ating this commemorative piece important tie to Memphis. In 1935 alternate between The Night of the that may come complete with a while visiting his grandparents, Iguana—a full-length play—and young Tennessee Williams and the Rev. and Mrs. Walter Dakin, two one-acts, The Gnadiges Froulein even a Blanche DuBois standing who lived at 1917 Snowden Ave. and 27 Wagons Full of Cotton. Vet- by. The enactment, in Rhodes' near Rhodes, Williams penned a erans of Memphis theater will Fisher Garden on Saturday one-act play Cairo! Shanghai! Bom- direct: Bennett Wood for The Night afternoon of the opening week- bay! The play made its debut that of the Iguana and Jerry Chipman end, will help kick off the new summer on a makeshift stage in for the two one-acts. festival. It is free and open to the garden of Alice G. Rose- The casts also include some the public. brough's home at 1780 Glenview. of the city's most accomplished Another offering of the festi- It was the first time he'd ever performers, including several val is a two-matinee (July 20 seen a play of his performed. He Rhodes alumni: Christina Well- and 21) concert performance of never forgot the thrill of the audi- ford Scott '73, Mari Askew '71, the opera based on Williams' ence's reaction. and Brian Mott '87. And Tony two-part play Summer and Then, shortly after Williams Lee Garner '65, artistic director Smoke, composed by Lee Hoiby. died in February 1983, Howard of the McCoy Theater, serves as Gary Beard will direct. again appealed to city leaders and executive director of the festival. Tickets for the festival go on theater patrons for the establish- A special offering of the festi- sale in mid-April through the ment of a festival honoring one of val is an enactment of that first Rhodes box office at (901) 726- America's greatest playwrights. production of Cairo! Shanghai! 3839. See the Calendar in the Not only was Williams' first Bombay!, Williams' first play. back of the magazine for dates play written in Memphis (in the Producing director of the festi- and prices. shadow of Rhodes), Howard 6 Rhodes Spring 1996 production and on University until he was 15. His family moved of the Press Scimitar for a Pulitzer Street at the Snowden Avenue to Memphis in 1940. After serving Prize for his book criticism. entrance to Rhodes, not far from in the army during World War II, While working at the Press his grandparents' home. he returned to Memphis, married Scimitar he additionally served as It was at his grandparents' and began attending Rhodes (then lively arts critic at WMC-TV. home on Snowden that young Southwestern). While a college After the Press Scimitar dosed, Tom used the name "Tennessee" student, he also worked full-time Howard joined the Memphis Busi- for the first time. According to a at Memphis' afternoon daily ness Journal in 1983, founding that new biography on Williams, Tom: newspaper, The Press Scimitar, as paper's arts and leisure section, the Unknown Tennessee Williams, amusements editor and film and Life at the Top. He is the author of Williams first called himself "Ten- drama critic. He stayed at that two books: Sign On: the First 50 nessee" when he submitted four newspaper for 42 years until it Years of WREC Radio and The Edi- plays he'd written to a prestigious ceased publication, writing torial We, On the Career and Writ- playwriting competition spon- columns and news stories about ings of Edward J. Meeman. He also sored by the Group Theater in entertainment. In the process he helped found the Memphis New York in 1938. He mailed the accumulated a loyal readership as Shakespeare Festival (1952-67) manuscript from his grandpar- well as accolades such as the life- and a local acting competition ents' home. time service award bestowed which for eight years provided Howard, the son of a newspa- upon him by Playhouse on the scholarships to Cirde in the per editor, was born in Grand Square. He also was nominated Square Theatre School in New Island, Fla., but lived in Knoxville by the late Milton Britten, editor York. Blundon Receives Funding For Research Equipment By Susan McLain Sullivan Blundon's research is aimed at in the receiving neuron." Rhodes neurobiologist who explaining the way in which neu- "Neurobiologists now believe A studies electrical nerve rons relay impulses that result in that the release of neurotransmit- impulses passing from one nerve the formation of memories. He ter chemicals from one group of cell to another recently received explains, "The brain contains bil- neurons to another is temporarily funding for equipment critical to lions and billions of nerve cells, boosted during experiences, for his continued and each example, looking up a number in research. individual the phone book. Our 'short term' Biology Professor neuron is memory of that phone number Jay Blundon's suc- capable of will persist as long as the chemical cessful efforts sending an signals between those neurons resulted in a $6,600 electrical remain boosted. The memory award from the impulse along fades as the release of neurotrans- Grass Instrument its length. mitter returns to normal." Foundation and When that "If the release of neurotransmit- matching funds from impulse ter is boosted sufficiently high, Rhodes for the pur- reseaches the neurons may actually grown new chase of a computer end of the connections in the brain. Science operated digital volt- neuron, the has shown us that these new con- age damp costing signal may nections are permanent structural $13,000. The damp then be changes in the brain that form the device precisely con- Prof. Jay Blundon in his lab relayed to basis of 'long term' memories that trols voltages of Photo by Kevin Barre another neu- can last a lifetime." nerve cells (neurons) ron in the With the acquisition of the volt- and will help advance his research form of a chemical called a neuro- age damp, Blundon is looking for- on how signals, or impulses, travel transmitter. The neurotransmitter ward to involving students in new from neuron to neuron. then initiates an electrical impulse aspects of his research, he said. Spring 1996 Rhodes 7 Lampus
Swedish Economist To Receive Seidman Award a \vedish economist Assar problems of the welfare state. rent control for housing mar- Lindbeck, an early critic of He and Dennis Snower of kets. his country's expanding welfare Birkbeck College, University of Lindbeck is the author of state, will receive the 1996 Frank London, developed what they dozens of research papers and E. Seidman Distinguished called the "insider-outsider the- 18 books, including his latest, Award in Political Economy. He ory" of involuntary unemploy- Turning Sweden Around, pub- will receive the award, which ment. Their work explains how lished by MIT Press. He has carries a $15,000 prize, at a din- those who already have a job been a consultant to the World ner to be held at Rhodes Sept. 20. ("insiders") protect themselves Bank and a visiting researcher at Lindbeck is a professor of and their jobs from the unem- the International Monetary international economics at Fund. He has also served on a the Institute for Interna- number of agricultural and eco- tional Economic Studies. nomic councils and committees He directed the Institute for the Swedish government. for 23 years, relinquishing Lindbeck holds a master's that post just two years degree from the University of ago. Uppsala and doctorate from the Lindbeck, sometimes University of Stockholm. He has described as an arch-neo- taught at Columbia University, classicist, has served in UC Berkeley and Yale. recent years as chair of the The Seidman Award was committee that awards the established by Rhodes trustee Nobel Prizes for econom- P.K. Seidman and his late wife ics. He also is widely Leone to honor Seidman's known, especially in Swe- brother Frank, an economist and den, for what came to be accountant who died in 1972. known as the Lindbeck Presented by the Seidman report. A group of Nordic Award Board of Directors and economists led by Lind- Rhodes, the award recognizes beck issued a report in the Assar Lindbeck and encourages economists spring of 1993 which whose expertise has profoundly pointed to "several decades of ployed who seek their jobs influenced all interdependent mistakes and reckless policies" ("outsiders"). Their work also areas of the social sciences. as the cause of Sweden's eco- explains why long-term unem- Past recipients of the Frank E. nomic woes. ployment persists after short- Seidman Distinguished Award According to an article in The term unemployment blips in the in Political Economy include Economist, the Lindbeck report economy. four economists who later went called for broader political As for government welfare on to accept Nobels in econom- reforms, longer Parliaments, a programs, Lindbeck is quick to ics: James Buchanan, Robert more powerful finance ministry admit the benefits of welfare in Solow, Gary Becker and the late
(in relation to other ministries), - reducing poverty and providing Gunnar Myrdal. a more independent central economic security for the recipi- bank and a reduction in the ents. His research, however, power of interest groups like the underscores the longterm risk of trade unions. generous welfare progams to Save These Dates Lindbeck, the 23rd recipient undercut the very economic Homecoming of the Seidman Award, has foundations supporting a wel- devoted much of his career to fare state. He has also written Oct. 25-26, 1996 examining unemployment and about the deleterious effects of 8 Rhodes Spring 1996 Lightning Sparks Alum's Quest for Answers in the Clouds
Dark clouds loom above Tom Marshall as he holds measurement equipment during a balloon launch. photo Peter J. Menzel 1993
o one will blame Tom Marshall '71 if his head is in the clouds. Marshall, a professor of physics at the University of Mississippi, has spent 18 years studying thunderstorms and the lightning they produce. His goal: By to explain what actually triggers Helen Watkins Norman the celestial flash-dance we know as lightning—what flips the switch in the clouds that sends a stream of negative electrons rush- ing to earth.
Spring 1996 Rhodes 9 In the United States nature "If you want to get a notion of for and his secretary wife, he leaves its high-voltage calling what's going on in the develop- became friends in grade school card with greatest frequency in ment of the electricity (in a storm with Rhodes physics professor the spring and summer months. cloud) before the lightning has Jack Taylor's son Bill (who later About 100 people in the United come along to rearrange the elec- went on to attend and graduate States die each year from light- trical charges for you, you want from Rhodes). When visiting Bill ning: more than the number to sudy the storm as it's first at his home, Marshall received killed by hurricanes and torna- forming," says Marshall, seated frequent encouragement from Dr. does. Thousands more are in his spartan-like office in the Taylor to try out physics at injured. Property damage due to old section of Lewis Hall, the Rhodes. lightning totals up to several physics building, on the Ole Miss Marshall followed that advice hundred million dollars for the campus. "There's probably a bet- and took physics his freshman U.S. annually. And lightning- ter chance to do that in Mew year. He discovered that he induced power outages are not Mexico than in other places." was—as he puts it—"pretty good only inconvenient and costly but Besides, Langmuir is where at it." His junior year he won the oftentimes dangerous. Marshall got his feet wet—figura- top scholarship in physics. The Marshall's research on light- tively and literally—in the study next year he graduated with dis- ning—or, more accurately, his of storms. tinction in physics. study of the electrical conditions After Rhodes he headed to in the storm clouds—has primar- arshall's earliest con- University of Florida where he ily been conducted in two areas nection with physics earned his master's in physics. of the country that are prime was personal. Unsure of his career goals, how- venues for such research— Growing up in mid- ever, Marshall then taught a year Oklahoma and New Mexico. Mtown Memphis, the son of a real- at a college-prep boarding school In New Mexico, Marshall has worked at Langmuir Laboratory, a facility that was built specifi- cally for the study of thunder- storms. It stands at an elevation of 11,000 feet, so high that the cloud base is almost on top of you, notes Marshall. More impor- tant, it's a perfect site for examin- ing a storm in its developmental stage. "The storms in New Mexico occur above the mountains, almost always," says Marshall. The fact that the storm is right overhead is important for the Memphis-born physicist because his experiments require the launching of large balloons directly up into storm clouds. Attached to the balloons is equip- Humans' longstand- ment that measures the electrical ing interest in light- ning is borne out by charge of particles in the clouds this set of "Franklin and the electric field at various chimes," positioned positions in the cloud. This infor- adjacent to Marshall mation is beamed by radio wave and owned by the University of back to earth. Mississippi. The At Langmuir's mountaintop chimes were home, the storms not only form invented by directly overhead, they tend to Benjamin Franklin in the mid-1700s to stay in one place which provides determine the elec- more time for researchers to get trical state of thun- the data they seek. derclouds. photo by Steve Jones
10 Rhodes Spring 1996 in Florida and returned to studying the electrical charge on ity courses through this air which Memphis to work in the bio- the raindrops and hailstones in has been broken down. chemistry lab at Memphis' storm clouds. Marshall's experiments aim to Veterans Administration "The most popular idea about find what makes the electric field Hospital. how thunderstorms get electri- in the storm grow large enough Eventually he decided to go cally charged," says Marshall, "is for this whole process to begin. back to graduate school for his that somehow the precipitation in Ph.D. in physics. He chose New the cloud—these individual parti- bile Marshall's Mexico Institute of Mining and cles—bump together and during study of storms Technology—New Mexico Tech, that collision electrical charges began in New for short. Though small, it has a exchange between the two." Mexico's moun- well-respected physics graduate The positive particles are car- tains, some of his most interest- program which specializes in ried by an updraft of air to the ing—and hair-raising—data thunderstorms and radio astron- upper part of the cloud; the nega- collection has taken place in the omy. tive-charged particles fall to the wide-open plains of Oklahoma, Marshall began his first base of the cloud, creating an Texas and Kansas. There, rather research project in storm studies electric field similar to that in a than waiting for storms to come in the summer of 1978, after his battery. The negative charged to him, he strikes out after them. first academic year at New area in the base of the cloud Traveling hundreds of miles each Mexico Tech. Working out of sends out a small spark—an elec- day by van and truck, his desti- Langmuir Labs, which is run by trical discharge—called a stepped nation is a dark mountain of New Mexico Tech, Marshall leader which zigzags down to vapor that may or may not mate- teamed up with a graduate earth in search of a neutralizing rialize in the skies above. school professor and began charge. The storms that Marshall stud- Eventually it gets ies in the plains states are often to the ground where massive in size. They are called it's met by a rising Mesoscale Convection Systems positive spark. A very (MCS), because in scope, they're bright return stroke— in the middle—"meso"—between the lightning flash one a huge meteorological front and a sees—courses up smaller "micro" storm. They can from the ground, fol- grow to be half the size of lowing the same Oklahoma, says Marshall. channel as the Another type of exceptionally stepped leader. It car- large thunderstorm that Marshall ries the electrical studies is a "supercell." It lives charge from the about five times longer than a ground into the cloud. localized thunderstorm, and it's The series of events the most common producer of that leads to lightning tornadoes, not to mention light- is similar to what ning. happens with static Most of the time Marshall electricity. A child works with longtime colleague scuffs across a carpet Dave Rust—a meteorologist with on a dry winter day, the National Severe Storms scraping electrons off Laboratory in Norman, Okla. Not the rug and gaining only were they the first to do an electrical charge. electric field research on large- Air, which normally scale storms, they are among the resists the conduction top dozen or so researchers of electrical current, nationwide in the area of electric breaks down because field measurements of storms. of the high electric Marshall's fiancee Maribeth field around the child. Stolzenburg, a meteorologist As the child reaches whom he met while chasing for the doorknob, a storms, is also on that list. spark of static electric- Marshall and his wife-to-be (they
Spring 1996 11 will marry this May) as well as They head to the spot where a Dave Rust were, in fact, show- storm is most likely to develop, cased in a Nova television special remaining in constant contact on lightning that was broadcast with the forecasters for updates in November. The PBS program on the weather. showed them launching balloons Their destination on a given and monitoring the results. day may be four to five hours
In terms of this kind of balloon away by car. It's not unusual for FROM LAB TO launching, Marshall and Rust Marshall's group to drive 600 LIFT-OFF—Top have more experience than any- miles within a 24-hour period, left, Marshall and one in the U.S. Giant latex and to do that day after day. crew in the bal- loon hangar at sausages of helium, the balloons Once they arrive at what looks Langmuir Lab. are what carry their measure- like a good spot for launching, Bottom left, ment instruments into the clouds. the crew has to be ready for Marshall consults After witnessing a small helium action. "You can wait for days with other mem- bers of the crew balloon whipped mercilessly by (for a good storm) and drive for as they prepare the breeze, one can only imagine hours and then have only 10 min- for the launch. what it's like maneuvering a utes (because of the storm condi- Right, helium and truck-sized balloon in 40 to 50 tions) to get the balloon fast winds carry the balloon sky- mile per hour winds. launched," says Marshall. ward. The yellow It probably helps that Marshall Everyone has a job, whether sheeting on the is fit and trim. A member of the it's inflating the balloons, remov- ground is the spe- golf team during his Rhodes ing them from the truck, testing cial balloon bag Marshall and his days, he now stays in shape with the radio signals and the electric partner Dave Rust a daily 3 to 4 mile run and low- field meter, establishing precisely created to maneu- fat lunches at his favorite vege- where they are with a special ver the balloon tarian restaurant on the "Square" naviagation tool, or attaching before a launch. photos PeterJ.Menzel in downtown Oxford. 1993 While on the road chasing storms, however, fast food often replaces health food; and the daily run sometimes gets squeezed out of the schedule . From mid-May, when Marshall arrives in Oklahoma, through mid-June, the daily rou- tine begins around 8 a.m. That's when Marshall and his research crew gather at the "balloon barn" rented by the National Severe Storm Lab to check out the day's weather predictions and prepare for a mid-morning departure. "We decide in the morning if the forecast is good for an after- noon supercell in the Texas pan- handle, for instance," Marshall explains. "Supercells don't usu- ally start until 2 or 3 in the after- noon." Then the crew of seven or eight pile into two vehicles: a van equipped with computers, cellu- lar phones and radio communica- tion equipment and a truck which carries the balloons, helium and testing equipment.
12 Rhodes Spring 1996 Spring 1996 Rhodes 13 parachutes to the testing equip- ment. "We put parachutes on everything so that when the bal- loon bursts it doesn't come down like a rock," says Marshall. His responsibility is perhaps the most critical: deciding where to put the balloons and the instruments so that when they're launched, they fly where they're intended. He has to know not only the current wind direction but where the wind will be blow- ing at the exact moment that the balloon is launched. "If the balloon gets turned sideways to the wind, it's a big bad problem. So you've got to keep it pointing into the wind," says Marshall. He and Rust actu- ally invented a special canvas sack that makes maneuvering the balloon easier. Once the balloon's where they want it, they pull the bag's velcro seam and the bal- loon pops out. On a good day, they may launch three balloons into the storm. Because Oklahoma and the Texas panhandle are sparsely populated, most of the balloon launches occur in windswept fields along the side of the road. "Sometimes though we've launched in people's front yards. We hope they don't come out with their shotguns," Marshall laughs. "Usually everyone is just intrigued or dumbfounded won- dering what these idiots are doing in their yard." Thunderstorms around the world generate lightning flashes at a rate of If a tornado's on the ground 100 per second. One source estimates that the energy in a thunder- storm is greater than that released by an atomic bomb. Photo two miles away—as it was on 01990 C. Doswell one occasion—the homeowners aren't that attentive to Marshall's project that sent out an armada year of his VORTEX field work, experiment. They're more inter- of scientific teams to perform dif- Marshall was at the right place at ested in where that tornado is ferent experiments on one major the right time to witness a four- heading, and what they should storm each day. Hosted by the star tornado. The only problem do in response, Marshall notes. National Severe Storms Lab, the was his equipment. In the spring of 1994 and 1995, project aimed to gather data "That was a sad, sad, sad, sad Marshall took part in one of this about these storms, especially day," Marshall says, shaking his country's largest storm-chase concerning the development of head. In years past he had been projects to date. VORTEX tornadoes. The ultimate mission near tornadoes plenty of times. (Verification of the Origins of was to improve forecasting and But he had never observed first- Rotation in Tornadoes warning procedures. hand a tornado swoop down Experiment) was a massive field Last spring, during the second from the clouds. "I've been try-
14 Rhodes Spring 1996 in the years he's been launching balloons has he had to abort due to lightning and only five times has his crew had to deal with the threat of a tornado bearing down. There are other hazards as well, however: whirlwinds of dust so thick you can't see more than a 100 yards; trees uprooted and lying across the streets, roadways covered with water. But the "worst of the worst," according to Marshall, is downed but live power lines. After a particularly destruc- tive tornado in Freona, Texas, Marshall and his partner Dave Rust were driving along when suddenly Rust slammed on the brakes. "There was this power line, right at windshield height, and we stopped about this far from the thing," says Marshall, holding his hands about six inches apart. "I don't even know how he saw it." Despite the adrenalin rush of chasing storms, it's clear to see that Marshall's biggest thrill comes from forging new paths of understanding about how storms and lightning work. One of the biggest surprises provided by his research is an indication that cer- tain areas within storms—areas that were previously thought to have little if any lightning poten- tial—are in fact highly charged. Marshall's studies suggest, for example, that the flat upper ing to chase big supercell storms snapped. "It was a fluke. That region in anvil-shaped storm since 1983 and had never really should never have happened," clouds has a high electrical seen a good tornado." Marshall says. field...high enough, in fact, that a This time was different. On this particular occasion, plane flying through it might be "We saw it come down from Marshall's crew was not in the enough to trigger a lightning the cloud and go down in this tornado's path and even if the stroke. That's not something sci- field. We were about a mile tornado had changed direction, entists expected to find. away," Marshall recalls. Fifty to there was an easy escape route. In 1987 NASA launched an 60 mile per hour winds were But that has not always been the unmanned satellite and rocket. swirling around Marshall and his case. As it flew through the anvil por- crew, however. "We had to fight "Usually we're in a pretty safe tion of the cloud, lightning like demons to get everything set place for the launch, but there struck. It ruined the computer up to launch the balloon." They have been times when we were system and promptly brought got the balloon in place and not happy about where we down the $166 million spacecraft. released it, but the line connected were," Marshall admits with typ- A year later NASA invited to their electric field meter ical understatement. Only twice Marshall to the Kennedy Space