141
[PAR T A. of Pinj aur has a Naib-Tah sllda r. The Patw ads, who are.at present working under th e Se ttle men t Dep ar tme nt, ar e normally tin der the Tahs ildar . There Administra- are no Ka nungo s exc ept in th e Mohin dar garh r;>is~ric t. tive.
ADJoII rllsTRATIVI DSPARTM&NTIi •
Civilllncl . ~/ Before th e time of His Hi ghness Maha raja Karm Singh, the Crimin al jusUce . administrati ve and judici al work of the St at e wa s in the hands of the Tab /6 $ 34 an. 3S tMnad ri rs (fau jdr irs of the Afn- i-A kb ari ), the coll ec tors of revenue of Part B. Early history. (llgraha) be ing under th em. There was no tre as ur y an d no court . In each par gana there was a thril ladJr, and in Sunam and PatiaIa proper there were kotw ills . Their de cis ions in civi l and crimina l cases were final . Clai ms and offen ce s, of wh ateve r natur e, wer e disposed of after ve rbal enquiry. No record of eviden ce was ma de and no judg ment prepared. Final orders wer e gi ven by word of mouth. The pe ople ac quiesced in the decisions and seldom appeale d to the Dfwan or Wazir . Th er e was no re- gu lar law in force; the customs an d usages of th e countr y were followed in dec iding cas es, and ha d the for ce of law . Th e ti me Myat system wa!> ge nerally in vog ue , an d boundary disp ut es spe cia lly were referred to ar bitration. The adminis tering of oa th s (n em) to the lit igants was a great facto r in bringin g cases to an amicab le settl ement. The offenders were gep.erall y fined , but ha bitual and grave offend ers were impriS0ned without any fixed term of yea rs and ."ere releas ed at the pleasure of the presiding offi ce r. In murder ca ses the of fender's relations we re ordered to pay th e price of blood to the heirs of the dec eased by offer - in g ei the r a nata (f emale relativ e in marria ge) or some culturable land or some cash, and thus to bring abo ut an ami cable sett leme nt of th e case; othe rwise the perpetrator was han ge d, ge nera lly 011 a kikar tree, in so m~ conspicuous place where the corps e was left han ging for many days. Bar barous punish - ments, such as maim ing and mutilat ion, we re in force to some extent. Sometimes the fa ce, hands an d feet, of an of fender were blac kened and he wa s proclaimed by beat of drum , mounted on a do nkey through the streets of the cit y.l .
Maharaj a Karm Si ngh beg an the wo rk of reform by appointing an Ad atatt (Judici al Ministe r) , but no lin e of demarcati on was drawn between his powers and those of th e thtinadars . Orders in criminal ca ses were sti ll given verba .lly, but in civil Ca se s files were mad e and judgments wri tten . Cas es of proprietorsh ip in la nd wer e decided by the Ad alati , thou gh th ey were tra nsf erred subsequen tly to the 1Jiwan . Duri ng the time of Mabara ja Narindar Singh five niza mats were ma .rked off and N~zims appoint ed to ea ch. One tahs il cc mprised tWQ ihanas, and sixt een Tahs ildars were appointed, who, in add ition to their reven ue work, dea lt with cr iminal and civil cases . His Hi ghn ess in troduced a Manual of Crim ina l Law ," The La w of Sam bat 1916, " for the guidance of cri minal courts. In most res pects it was similar to the Indian Penal Code. In the rei gn of Mah araja Mohi ndar Singh , Tahsildars were deprived of their judici al and crimi nal po wers and two Nai b-N iizims were appointed in each nizamat to dec id e civil an d cr iminal cas es and superintend the police . A Code of Civ il Pr oce dure, compil ed from' the British Indian Act VII of 18 59 and Act XXI II of 1861 with suitable modifi9tions, was introduced wh ich is still in force.l J
'For 'I . det ail ed accoun t "id e I Histo ry of Pat iAla ,' by Khalifa Sayyid Muhammad H al an, Pri me Miniiter , Pa ti CHAP. III, B. The courts of original jurisdiction as they stand at the present day have Admlnistra- already been described . A TahsHdar can give three months' imp ri sonment tive. and Rs. 25 fine, and a Niib -N'.uim thr ee years' imprisonment and Rs -. 1,000 ' CIVIL AND CRI- fine. Appeals from the courts of TahsHdars and Naib-Nlizims all go to the MINAI . JUSTle.. Nazim. The Nizim is a Sessions Judge with power to pass sentences Preseftt system . of 14 yeani imprisonment and Rs. 1,000 fine. From the Nazim's decisions : appeals lie to the AdMaN in civil and crimina! and to the Diwan in revenue cases, with further appeals to the Chief Court and the ljlas·£-khas (the Court of the Maharaja). At the capital there is a Magistrate and a Civil Judge with Naib-Nizim's powers. Appeals from these courts go to ' the Mudwan Adalat, the Court of the Additional Sessions Judge, who assistS 'the Adalatand has the powers of a N'azim. The Chief Court may pass any sentence au. thorised by law. Capital punishment and imprisonment for life however need the confirmation of th e IjUs-£-khds. In murder cases · the opinion of the Sadr Ahlkars is taken before the sentence is confirmed. Specia{ jurisdiction in criminal cases is also exercised by certain officials ·. The · Foreign Minister has the powers of a Nazim in cases where one party or both are not subjects of Patiala, Jind or Nabha. Appeals lie to the Chi ef Court. Cases under the Telegraph and Railway Acts are decided by an olUcer· of the Foreign Department subject to appeal to the Foreign Minister. Certain Canal and Forest Officers have magisterial powers ; in cases falling under Canal and Forest Acts, and the Inspector-General of Police exercises, similar powers in respect of cases which concern the police. During the Settlement operations the Settlement Officers a.re invested with powers too decide revenue cases· with an appeal to the Settlement Commissioner. IhviJion and Powers of revision (ntgrani) can be exercised by the · ArI(Uat[ and the review. Sessions Courts .; review (naaarsanf) by the Chief Court and I.fl rIs-i-khas only. The Indian Penal Code IS enforced without modification. The Criminal Procedure Code (Act V of 18g8) is enforced with some modifications of which the most important are given below. No court is inv ested with summaI:}' powers. In Sessions cases no jury or assessors are chosen. Special regulations have been made for the trial of cases of contempt of court, which offence is ID3 .deto include cases falling under the foHowing sections of the Indian Penal Code-17S, 178, 179; 180, Z2S ', The Civil Procedure Code differs . in many points from that of British India. There is no bar to appeals on the ground of the value of the suit. An civil suits, of whatever value, are beard in the first instan~e by the .Naib-Nazims, and in PatiaIa City by the Civil Judge. fag{rdars Special an4 Suits, civil or criminal, to which the of Khamanon are a 1011&1 la"s. partYr are heard by the Naib·Nazim, and revenue suits by the Tahslld .h, but the · appeals lie to the Foreign Minister. Hindu or Muhammadan Law is frequently fonowed in civil and revenue suits. For an account of the Revenue Law see page 145. The commODer A few members of the following tribes are addicted to the ' crimes '"rms of crime. noted ! against each :- (t) Sikh Jats,-Dacoity, robbery, house-breaking, distiUing illicit liquors, and trafficking in women. (~) Hindu Jats of the Bangar, -Cattle stealing and receiving. <3) Muh amma dan and Hindu Ra .jputs,-Cattle theft and receiving (4) Sun ar s,-R ec eivin g and retainin g sto len prope rty and making CHAP. Iil. B. and passing co unte rf eit co in . Adm~nlstra- tive. CIVIL AND CIU. MIHAL JUSTICE. The foll owing are the reg ular H crim in al tr ibe s" with the offences to Crim inal Tribe a whi cheach is special ly addi cte d :- &Ild Cr ime. (i) San sis, -Hous e breaking, hig hway ro bbery, daco ity, theft of st anding crops and corn from st ac ks . (£i ) Bau ria s,-Robb er y, house-break ing, da coi ty, th eft at railway stations and on roads . (iii) Biloch ls ,-House-b .reaking. (iv) Minas.-Dacoity, robbery and ho us e-bre aki ng Cases of murd er, adultery an d seduct ion are no t ve ry common. Civil litig ation is increasi ng. Pet ty case s are fo ught out to the bitter end, and theparties suborn witnesses fr eely to suppo rt th eir clai ms On this subiect theprov erbi al philosophy of the people is not silent, and some com mon say- ings are gi ven below :- / Gann itin de chor nlEnjut ian ai ma r-' For a man who ste als sugarcane, shoe· beating is enou gh.'The way of witne sses is show n in Tobe de mut e a4 ga'lllah aaadu -' A frog is the witne ssasto making water ina tan k'; Ape main rajii puj ji ape mere bachche jtwen-' God mayble ssme , my sons may live long ' ; chach4 chor, bhatija kaJ$i-' The uncle the thief, the nephe wthe jud ge' ; Ram Ram japn a paraya mal apna,-' Those who mutter R: .im Rim misappropriatethe property of others '; Munh sadh dd an,hidn chor dia n-' The face is the {ace of a saint , the eyes are those of a th ief '; Surat momn4n kartut kti f1"lin- ' His face is tha t ofa man and his deed s th ose of an infidel '; Ma n dMan gawan .wa lian Mp p Ilt janet i- 'T he mo ther and da ug ht er are th e singe rs an d the fa ther and son are the members of the marria ge pro cessio n '; Ghar ke dhddi , gha r ke dho l- ' The drum me rs and drums are ou rown'; Cho ra n aa . mallt1. thia n de ga.-' The thi ev es cl othes are mea sured by staves .' . There are also prov erbs which illustrate th e power of local magnateS . 'I( . I andth e hop elessness of conte nding with them:- Hakim ae aga rt gh ol' ~ dt pachh ar t se bac hna cka hie -' Be careful of an officer's front and a hors e's hinder pa rt .' Hikmt ga rm dt, sha M bha ra ", di, hikm at naram di. haa shtihatdha ram dt -' Auth ori ty and maje sty , ba nking and confidence, the medical pro fessionand leni enc y of te mp er , king~o ~ and j~ stice are com .pat ible.' Hukm nishani bahisht dl munh mange so le -' Au thOr ity IS the sIgn of paradise , one can get whatever heasks' Hakim de mar e kichar de gire dr£gil a nahi n -' An inju ry rec eived from an officer and slipping in to th e mu d ar e not to be compl ained of .' Sthon. sappon, hakimon murakh sopatiyae -' The y are fools wh o tr ust a lion , a serp ent or an off ic er.' Sakte de saltl bi hin sau-' A man in authorit y cou nt s his hundred as seven scores .' Sakta mare au,. 'O IOal l n'l:l de -'A powerful man be ats one and does not let one weep .' Jis dt ldtM us at mh ais-' Might is rig ht .' Waqt ke hak im 51! au r ch alte pan i 5e bachna cha hie- ' An officer inpo we rand runnin g wate r are to be shu nned .' Hakm atJ d4 hala sidl dd pala pas pas nun lIa hin jdnda- ' The ren t and reven ue pa yable to officers and the coldness of winter cann otbe avo ided .' Pat h&n an da jabar rt' ditf dd sabar-' The high-handedness of the Afgh ansis to be born e patiently .' Jat muhassa ! Bahman shah Pathan hdkim guab lhuda -' A Jat watch ing th e ripe cro ps of another, a Brahman money · lender. a Path'n whois a ruler (all ar~) th e visi tation of ,Go ~, ,', e" ar~ much to be ,dreaded .'• (ef . Macona_ J chie.No . 913, when Ins tead of Path an IS gIVen Bal1l~ .), And!' da hossa gor,fJ dd bhan dria 14ss4- ' Th e gre at man la ughs , the po or man' s should er is brGken .' Jhoton dt lar,;'; jhUlI don d4 nuqsan-' The bu lls fight and the sh rub s suff er.' There is no fo rmal Regi st ra tion Act. in fo rce in the Stat e. Reg is- Registrati/lD; trat ionis,however , effected on two-rup ee impressed sheets. Deeds rela t- Tool , 'J 7 #If IIlg to monet ary tran sact io ns and inhab itr:d ho\ \se s are register ed in the Par i B. ~ ne l<.h ar nc..oon £i tlq a 111 tal~ sl 1 ~irh llid corllp ri ses bo villages } or \vhich 3 only are he ld ,vho lly in jug ir, 77 be ing held in part . Th e il ciq a was bes- Administr a- towed upon the Mah araja of Patiala in rec ogn itio n of his conspi cu ous and tive. loy al se rvices in th e M.utiny on paym ent of Rs. 1,76 ,360 na znill a in 1860. It LAND REVENUE. wa s then consider ed worth Rs . 80,000 a yea r. Its pres ent reven ue is Rs. 92 ,616. The fli gz/' dates fro m the capture of Sirhincl in l76 2 A.D. The jagirdt .irs Kh amanon jag" ;ue Kang Jat s and Lapsedjo ,i; il's 1, 65 0 Comm utation pay lll cllt 4,018 \Vido ws are en titled to ma intena nce only . Su ccc; ss io n to col late rals is only pe rmiss ible \"h ere the fUf[i r is "1 'or th annually Rs. ~oo or less . Th ere is a th ird grou p of 28 villa ges, held ill pctt y jagirs by Sik h Fa -i 1jaglrs. Sardars in tah sH Pa il, assesse d at Rs. 18,148. This jagi r al sa da tes fro: n the sa ck of Sirhind . Thr ee vill ages -Mall pur, Anlk and Rara- are held wholl y injagfr by th e represen tati ves of thei r founde r~, and the re ve n1le of the rest is divided in vary ing propor tions bebv ec n the St ate an d the assignees . The tota l jarna is collecte d by the St at e and the assignees ar e gi ve n th ei r share by the State. The rule of suc cession is that of 180g, z" .e., the State is entitled to th e reversion of th e rC \'enu e in all cases on absolute fai lure of he irs, and in most ca ses on failu re of he irs tracing their descent to a common ance st or alive ill 1809 A.D. \Vido ws have a life interest in th eir hus bands' jag ir s unless they prove extrava gant , when they become en titl ed to ma inte nance only. The assigne es ar e div ided into seve n gro up s, whos e in come is given in th e followin g table. /J 44 PATIALA STATE , ] sadr by the Civil Judge and in the mofussil by the Naib·Nazims. There are no special Registrars or Sub-Registrar s.. W~ere. the deeds relat e to t~e ~ale Administra- or mortgage of agriculturall~nd, re.glstratIon IS taken ~y th ~ Tah sJ1dars. tive . A cop y of the registered deed IS kept In the office of registratIon, and thfl: origi nal, duly certified , returned to the presenter ../ Cultivating oc· Unt il the Regular Settlemen t 'is completed no Cl ,!'<;urateinformatio n': cnpancy : of land . is available as to th e proportion of bhlUac iirir a, pattlddr i and zamind ari Tabl, 38 ~!Pa rt vi ll ages in the Stat e. The general effect of Briti sh rule has been , as Settl e- B. me nt Officers through ou t th e Punjab have remark ed, to ass imilate th e statu s' of al l three to that of bhd fa ch a' ra vill ages , inasmuch as poss ession bec omes the mea sure of obligation , £.e ., the propo rtion of the lan d reven ue fo r which the cultivators are responsible, while on the fulfilm ent of that obligation depe nds the cont inuance of their pos sessi on . Th e sam e process has been fo llowed in Pa ti:H a, Since, how ever, the sub stitutio n of the bh#achara and the paUidari tenu re is always ' acce lerated by se ttl ement operations (when th ese inclu de the preparation of a r-e cord -of-r ig hts) , it is still the case that pat tidari villages , perf ec t 0: imp erf ect, are in the ma jority in the Patiala State. Zamfndari villag es, khtzli-s and bz "l z"jm at , are not uncommon. As a resul t of the present settlement operations (i " large number of pa tt£ddri vill ages wi ll in future be classed as bhafo, - chara . It wa s a favo urit e plan of the Sikh Governments to carve out new es- tate s, regardless of ex isti ng rig hts, and plan t new settlem ents ' on cultiv ated land. Som etimes the object in view was to re"Ya rd faith ful servic e, some- tim es to replace thrift less cultivators, sometimes to pl an t a hostile col ony in the neighbourhood of a pow erfu l feudat ory. Hence th ere are many zam indari villages in Patiala th e prope rty of singl e owner s or single famili es. There are no chahdrmi tenur es in th e Sta te. Vill age pr opr ietors are call ed b£s wad ar s as di sti nc t from mal£ ka n ka bza, wh ose rig ht s are limit ed by th eir fi elds . M alik dn kab sa ha ve no share in th", vil lage waste and do not be lon g to th e br oth erho od. Som e ar e Bra hman s, parohits, or keepers of relig ious institut ion s, some vill age meni als, and some relations in th e femal e line of a fo rmer prop rietor, who had to be provided for, though they coul d not inh er it in full . There ar e no talukdars or aU mahk an in Pati iila, exc ep t in a few villa ge s lik e Basi and Bhadaur, where the idea of a sup eri or propri etary ha s bee n arti fic ially extended by State officials. Tenants are call ed ka sh tk ar or asa mi . The most important village menials who assist in the cult ivation are- (1) Khat£ or tal 'k han (carpent er), who repai rs all agr icultu ral imp le. ments. . (2) Lahar (black smith), who makes and mends all iron imple ments , the iron being given to him . (3) Chamar (tanner and cobbler), who not only makes an d mends shoes and all leather ar ticles needed for agriculture, but a does cool ie s' work, vz 'z., he cuts gras s, carries wood, ~uts up tents, carries bundles, acts as watchman and th e hke f« officials when on tour. This work is shared by all the Cha",6" ip the village. 145 [ PART A. (4) Cha hra (sweeper ), who sweeps the houses and vil lage, collects CHAP . III , C. ' the dun g, an d carries ne ws an d off icials' dr£k from village to Administra •• vil lage , but will never car ry a bundl e. l tive. LAND R£VENUI~ The other · men ials and artizans who ar e fou nd more or less in every Village menials. vil lag e are- (I) '} h£ nwar or kah ar (water-carri er). (2) Na£ (barber). (3) NUgar (dyer). (4) KumMr (potter) . (5) TeN (oilman) . (6) Her£ (watchman) . (7) DhoM (washerman)~ (8) M£rus£ (minstrel). (9) Tolla (weighman). (10) Muhassal (crop.wat cher). (II) PaU (cowherd) . The last three are not properly village menials. The tolla is generally a sh op-keeper, engag ed at eac h harvest to ,v eigh the grain. The muhassal and palf are only employ ed by the well-to-d o and are paid for the work they do. The four first mentioned may be call ed agri cultural menials. They all rec eivetheir respect ive perquisites in the shape of a fixed share of grain at bot hharvest s, and th e rates vary from tahsi l to tahs iI. Details have not be endefinitely asce rt ained as yet . Many of these menials hold and till land inth eir village s and pay only at rev enue rat es. In the present settlement, acco rding to the rules laid do wn for the enquiry into tenants' rights, it is po ssible that most of th em will be mad e, on account of their long conti nuedpossession , ei th er occupancy tenants Of, under certain circum- stance s, malz'ka1t ka bsa. No formal inquiry into th e rights of the tenants in the State was Tenant·t ight, madebefore the comme ncem ent of the settlement now in progress, bu t prior to the first summary settlement of Sambat 1918-19 (1863), the agr icultural populat ion of the Stat e was mainly composed of cultivating comm unitieswi th whose members were associated persons who , though they hadnot in popular estimation any claims to proprietary rights, yet cul- tivat edthe land s in their occupation on almost the same terms as the re- cogni sedpropr ietors-who belonged to th e village community and had done soforlong per iods . Moreover, in many cases . these occupiers had been the firstto break up th e land in their possession and reclaim the waste (multor) . Tbey had also be en accustomed to pay a share of the produce of their J4 6 PATIALA STATE. ] CHAP. III, C. lands direct to the State or else to pay re nt at reven ue rate s. Su ch te nants were not considered liable to ejectmen t, although prior to Samb at 191 5 no Administra- tive. distinction between occupancy tenan ts and tenants-at- will was avow edly made, and it was not until Sambat 1924 that the word maurusi be came LAND RF .VENUR. cu rre nt in the State. In that year an order was issued that no person cu lt i· Tenant .ri&ht. vating ,,'ith a proprietor sh ould be de emed a maurusi . tenant, and in 18]2, after the passing of th e Punjab Tenancy Act of 186 8, it wa s held by the State authorities that cultivators who had held continuous possessio n for 30 years should be dee med to be occupancy tenant s. Bu t in prac tice this rule was not obser ved, and som etimes 25 years' po ssession ,, 'as held sufficient to confe r occupancy rights. It was at one time intende d to introduce the Act of 186 8 into the Stat e, and though this was ne ver form ally done, the provisions of th e Act were referred to and fo llowed in deci ding tenancy cases . In the record s of the summary settlem ent of Sam bat 1932 both proprietors and tenants wer e promiscuously entered in on e column as asamls, and as a matter of fact very few tenant s car ed to ass ert th ei r clai ms to occupancy rights , be lieving that th ey would never be dis turbed in th eir possession , while on the other hand th e landlo rds never thought of ejecting them as long as they paid th eir rent , whi ch was usu ally eq ual to the amou nt of the revenue, though in bz's1£Jadar i villages the rent was and is a fixl ~d share of th e produ ce, plus a seri na of one or two se rs per man . paid as seign iorage, with certa in oth er ce sses and menia ls' dues. On the commen cement of the prec;ent settlem ent th e lan dlords in the patttdSri and zamludari villages (especially in th ose of th e latter which are held by ahlk ars of the State) began to cbange the fields whi ch had bee n long in the occupation of the tenants to prevent th eir being decl are d mazml sisof th ei r old hold ings, ousti ng them in mo st cases without legal proces s and without regard to the pr oper time for ej ectment . On the ot her hand, some cu ltivators who had been long out of po ss ession took ad vantage of the weakness of the lan el-o wners and forcibly took posse ss ion of fie lds which they had seld om or never cu lt ivated. With a vie w to preve ntin g the se ac ts of vio le nce the Punjab Te nancy Act of 1887 wa s intro duce d, with modific ations necess itated by local condition s, with effe ct from th e 1 st of Asauj, Sa mbat 195 8, by the Council of Regency. Thes e modifications were inc luded in a Supplem ent to th e Act , ,, ,hi cb is reprin te d.h ere in full . Supplement Section (I) .-(a) \Vhereas a re gul ar se tt lem ent is now being made for the first to the Punjab time in th e PatilHa State, and th e rules in fo rce in th e British Distr ic ts of the Punjab Tenanc y Act, will be follo wed, it is theref ore co nsid ered advis able to introduce into the Pa ti:lla State No. XVI of 1887 . the Punjab Tenancy Act, XVI of 1887 , wit~ certain modifi ca tions to be deta il ed be low. Therefore it is hereby ordered by the Co uncil of Reg ency tha t th e Act af oresaid shall 1901 A.D. come into force in the Patiala St ate with effe ct from 1st Asauj, Sambat 1958 . (b) Provided that any case to wh ich thi ~ Act app1i e~ whic h has be en decided sub· sequent to 1st Bai sakh , Sam bat 1946, may, WIth the pr evIOus sa ncti on of the Counc ilof Regency or of the Settlement Commissi oner, be re viewed, ?r may form the subject- matter of a fresh suit. Sancti on to th e re-hearing- of each cas e WI ll only be ac cord ed if it appears that there are primd fa cie grounds fo r holdin g- th at the previous fi na l de cisi on in the case has been con trary to the provisions of the Punjab Tenancy Act and opposed to th e princ~ pies of justice, equity and go od cons ci ence. Sec tion (2 ).-(0 ) Substitute for clau se 3, se ctio n 1- " Act XVI of 18 87 sh all com e int o fo rce in the Patia la St ate on 1st Asauj, Sambat 1958, correspondi ng to 16th August 1901 A.D . " (b ) Section 4, cl ause II. -Rates and ces ses also includ e such ra tes and cesses whicn are lev iable under th e Punj ab Dis trict Boards Act XX of J 883 and the Nort hern India Canal and Drainage Act, 187 3, and as the Nor ther n India Ca nal and Dra inage Ac t is already in for ce in thi s State, and as sect ions 20 and 23 of the Punj ab Di strict BoardsAct have refe rence to tr .e Pun ja b Tena ncy Act XVI of 1887, there fore th e sa id sectio ns of that Act shall be deemed to be in force in this State , 147 [ PART A. (c) In clau se 16 of sectio n 4 I'ead " Patial a State Act , I of Sambat 1956," fol' CHAP. III. C. II '\ctI879 ." Ad mi nist ra - Section (3). -(0) In se ction 5 (0) sub stitut e" 1st As auj, Sambat IQs8," for" com- tive. mencemcntof this Act," an d for " twent y years" read" twenty-five years ". (6) In cla use (e), sect ion S, of the Act, rend" 1st Baisakh , Sam bat 193 2, correspond- Supplement to nil'tothe 12th April 1875 ," for" twen ty -first day of Octo ber 1868 ," and in clause (d) the Punjab substit ute" 25 years" for" twenty yea rs ". Tenancy Act, No. XVI of 188 7. " A ten ant recorded in the foll owin g papers :- (0) record -of· rights of the Bh adaur taluqa pre pared in Sambat J9 I1, (6) re cord -of · righ ts of th e Narnaul Dist rict prepar erl in Sambat 1935, (c) men.surement paper s of the Ka rmgarh , AJn ar';;'arh and Pinjaur Dis- tri ct s prep ared in Sam ba t 1932, (d) n1eas urement pap ers of th e Anah adgarh Di~tr ict prepared in Sambat 193 5, iI:> a tenant havin g a right of occupan cy in land which he has continuously occupied fromthetime of th e pre paration of the said papers, shall be dee me d to have a right of occu ' pancyinthat land un less the contrary ha s been establ ish ed by a decree of a com petent court in a suit institut ed before the pas sing of this Act and Suppleme nt. Section(S).-Sub stitute the follow ing in place of sec tion 11 of the Act :- "Notwithstanding any th ing in the foregoi ng sec tio ns of this chapter, a tennnt, who immediatelybe fore th e comm encement of this Act has a ri ght of occup ancy in any land underany law or rul e having the force of law which pr evious to the passing of this Act governedthe relat ion betwe en landlord and tenant in the Patia Ia Sta te, shall , when the Actcome sint o force, be held to have a ri ght of occupat;cy in that land under such claims undersuch sect ion of this Act as a competent Revenu e Court called upon to adjudicate uponthe claim s of such tenant ma y ho ld to be mos t nppropr ia tc. The prec ise status of nny such occup ancy tena nt shall be defined by any Revenue Court 011 the expr ess application of any party or on the institution of any suit in respect of ~)ion or enh ancement or abatem ent of rent." Sic/iotl (6 ).-(a) Rend H passed under the Patiab Stnte law or rule ha ving the oreeoflawbefor e the date of intr odu ctio n of Act XVI of 1887 nnd its Supplement ," f0l' .passedund er the Punja b Tenancy Act of 1868". (6) Exp un ge from claus e 1J, sec tion 53, of the Ad, tl te wu rds " Secretary of State lorIndiain Coun ci l," and su bstitut e" Ij! "IV.- Th e order of th e Settlement Commiss ione r in any appell ate cas e decided by R1 shall be final, notwithstand ing the fact that the order of the Lower Court there inmodified or re ver sed, unles s a que stion of loc al cu stom is involved I the deci sion of the Settlement Commissioner, in wh ich case, and in wh ich case lIIy,:l furth er appeal sha111i~to the ljlas Kha s. V.-An appeal shall lie to the Ijh 3s Khas fr om any order or decree made by the SdtIement Co mmissioner in a suit ori ginally in .>tituted in his Court ." 14 8 PATIALA STATE. ] CHAP. Ill, C. (e) ,The Settlement Commissioner is empowered to confer, during the currency of settlement, under this clause of the Act upon any of his subordinate officers,powers of a Administra •• Collector, or Assistant Collector, 1st or 2nd Grade, for hearing cases disposed of by Reven ue tive. Courts or Revenue Officers, and to declare what tahsi1sare to be brought under sett le· ment from time to time. ' LAND REVINUB. (f) The Settlement Commissioner is empowered to determine from time to time th e Supplement to classes of cases-.being cases to which this Act applies-which should be disposed of by the Punjab the Settlement Courts and by the ordinary Revenue Judicial Courts of the State, respec- Tenancy Act, tively; and the Settlement Commissioner may, in pursuance of such determination, by No. XVI of 1887. order direct tha( either certain classes of cases, or certain particular cases, shaIJ be tri ed by the Revenue Judicial Court of the State-original or appeIJate-which could ordi· narily have jurisdiction instead of by the Settlement Courts. (g) In those parts of the State where the settlement operations have not yet been started, or where theX have terminated, the word" Ijlas Khas" shall be substituted for ~'Governor-General,' "Lieutenant-Governor," and" Financial Commissioner ". (h) In those parts of the State which have not yet been brought under settleme nt or which have been settled, the Ijlas Khas may confer on any of their subordinate offic ers the powers exercised by the Financial Commissioner, Commissioner, Collector and Assi st· ant Collector of the 1st or 2nd Grade, and determine the classes of cases which should be disposed of by these Courts. . Section (7).~In section 86 of this Act the following should be inserted after cla use (b) :- " Provided that in event of any legal practitioner being guilty of unprofessionalcond uct or displaying gross ignorance of the law or conducting cases in such a. manner as to prejudice the interests of his clients, the Settlement Commissioner may debar such lega l practitioner from appearing in his own Court or in any of the Revenue Courts or be fore any of the Revenue Officers subject to his jurisdiction or contro! ." Section (8).- The folJowingshould be added to section86 of this Act :- " IV.-AU petition-writers should in future note in all applications under section 76, clause (I), and in all petitions under section 77, clause (3), the section, clause, sub -sec tion and 'sub-cIause of this Act under which relief is sought, otherwise the Court willdirect the petition -writer to re-write the application at his own expense." Section (9).-ln sections 99 and 100 of this Act read" Ijlils Khas" for" Divisio nal Judge" and" Chief Court"_ Section (Io).-SUmlllQry /Jowers .-Whereas a regular settlement is now being made for the first time in the Patiala State, the Settlement Commissioner is empowered to confer upon any of his subordinate officers whom he thinks fit the power of instituting enq uir ie s into the rights and tenures of tenants and of summarily passing orders as to the en tri es to be made in the village papers . Such powers will not generally be conferred upon officers holding a position less responsible than that of a Settlement Superintend ents , but in special cases these powers may be given to selected Deputy Superintendents . The result of summary enquiries thus instituted will be noted in a register called Tan Hh· haquq-Musaran : and the orders will be passed in the manner prescribed in Chapter IV, Act XVII of 1887,for mutation cases. • .Every aggrieved party. shall have a right to seek relief either by preferring an app eal agamst such order or by fihng a regular suit . The Punjab Land Revenue Act has been introduced into the State, ra~her as a guide to procedure th; :m a law to be implicity followed. The principles of the Act are to be invariably followed , but where the wording of the A~t is such that their provisions cannot be literally applied, discret ion vests In the Settlement Commissioner to interpret them. When the set tle- ment is complete the situation will of necessity be more clearly defined. ;:: :: The main portion of the modern State of Patiala corresponds rough ly to the old Mughal Sarkar of Sirhind, excluding the code of Thclnes wa r and a few other parganas now in the Districts of Kamal, Ambc ila 1 149 [ PART A. and Ludhiana, as the ~ho ws:- Administra- tive. LAND RavlNul. Fiscal History. ------Sub u, bs of Si,hina (13 pa1'gana s) Rs. I. Sub urbs of Sirhind 820 ,450 1,00, 22 ,27 ° 2. Rup ar in AmbAla District 3. P~ il 525,93 2 73 ,62, 26] Rangar and Jat. 4- Ban ur .•• 4°7,3 67 10,8 7,2 70 Do. and AfgMn. S. Chha t ... 6. Dhot ah ••• 7. Dor alah in Kalsia ••• 65,060 1, 88,440 Rangar. 8. Deo ranah in Amb~la District '" g. Khudm, now Ghur'm 158,750 75,09,094 Afgh~n, R£jput and Wan Jat. 10. Mase nk~n, now Masingan ~Z04 ,377 70,53 ,259 Jat . II. Villa ge of R~e Samu 12. Amb Ala B .. h t . 13. Kaithal J nhs em tory Salll ef nah, etc. (9 parga1Ias). I I. Samanah "" 904, z61 7,696 ]at and Wah, (? Gh orewiha). 2. Sun' m ... .- ... I 987,56 2 42,02, 06 4 3. Mans 6r pur, now Mansurpur in , JI5,24° 80 ,35,026 BhawA nfgarh . tahsil DhodhAn. I 4. Mal nera (P), propably Meiler Kotla 5. Hap arf (?) in KamAl 6. Pundr f, in KamAl District , ta hsil Kaithal. 7. Fate hpur 8. Bhatinda g. M6chhipur {I Nizamat Mohindargarh comprises a portion of the old Mughal Sarkar Area in Re'I Je1lUe of Narnaul, and Kanaud, its head-quarters, bighas. in dams . appears to be the Kanodah of the Aln l Nirn aul ... 214 ,318 52, 13 ,2 18 which was held by Rajp6ts and Muham- Kanoda h... 10,710 40,56,1 28 madan Jats. The assessments of Raja Tadar Mal are de scribed elsewhere, and there is nothing to suggest that he treated Sirhind or Narnaul in a different way from the other Sark4rs. We must pass straight from Akbar to the times of Ala. Singh and his succes- sor s.. The State used to collect its revenue by Ham fahsll (collection in kind )up to Sambat 19 I8. This arrangement was only occasionally replaced 1862 A. D. by ~ashassessments made for a period of one or two years , but these rare andirregular assessments or contracts were not 'based on any fixed rule or establ ishedprinciple, for whenever there was a good crop and the Diwan ex- pec ted to realize more by collection in kind than by adhering to a fixed cash asse ssment,he at once cancelled the agreement without the slightest scruple anddid not wait for its term to expire. As a consequence of this short-sighted polic y,the zam£ndar never put his heart into his work and waste lands were notbrought under cultivation . Instead of impr~ving the existing revenue admin istration and adopting a more sympathettc, honest a~d fixed policy, the State officials tried to increase the State revenue, but It could nqt be 15° PATIALA STATE. ] CHA P. III, C. increased in spite of their ill-judged efforts of which the only po ssible result was a slow but steady loss to the community as land went out of culti· Adm inistra- vation . Bad faith was evinced only in dealing with old villages . The tive. conditions made in the sanads granted at the time of their foundation to new bAND REVENUB. villages were strict ly adhered to, and the ~romis~s made as to compar atively Fi sc al History. li \Vhen the crop was ready for th e sickle one or bro 1Ilulza ssal s 0 \yatchmen were appointed in each village to watch the crop and the gra' before div ision. The za1lll1ldar himself was not allowed to touch h crop or take a single handful of graili for his cattle. The 1JlUha S5t 1l u to get I~ annas a day, of which an anna was paid by the village and hat an anna by the State. This establishm ent was temporary . It was employ ed at each harvest and dismissed as soon as th e work was done. In tb reign of Mahari ja Nar inda r Singh the Dhd.n us ed to ass emble al l the kU chh in front of the Malutraj a's palace befor e the y started on their expe ditio and after having saluted the Maharaja th ey start ed to their res pectiv VIllages, ea ch a typ e of tyranny and dish one sty personified. They wou occupy the be st house, take th e bes t cloth es for th eir beds, and ute nsils f their use , send for all the kamins to serve th em, and get the bes t food an supplies for themselves and their horses. Ea rly in the morning they starte on their work in the field s. They only rode round each field measuri it by th e horse's paces, \yhil e the lik lzad sat waitin stru ck, larg ely with the aid of bribes. Th~s was known as 1Zawen pakana,l CH AP. III, C. that is, making the entries pakHi . So far everything depen ded on the krichh u's wi ll and pleasure, but after the entries had been th us made pakk a· Adm inls tra .• . tive. non eco uld change them and kl zasra katna was considered a se ri ous cri me. Ina simila r way th e bat a1IJas got the pro duce weighed by the village ban;a LA ND RIl\' Ii :NU Il . call edth e dltarwaf, deducted IS per cent. as kamin's dues, div id ed th e Fisca l Hi story. re st at th e pargana rate of baUi, and recorded in the same way (nawen pa krllla) th e am ou nt due from each man against his nam e in the khasra. Th e Oiwan 's men sent their findings to the Diw3n and th e Tahsi Idar' s men to th e Tah si ldar, and the papers were checked by compa ri~1g them. Ow ing to neg li gence or dis honesty on the part of the bat auJl ls the del av inef fec ti ng th e batili often caused great damage to th e gr ain, as it de terior af . ed from expo sur e to ra in and mois tu re an d sometime s th e battif ,vas mad e after th e proper tim e for sa le had passe d. In the TaL i ha rves t, if the pro - du ce was smaIl or the grain had deteriorated in any way, the n the Stat e's portion too was for ced back on the zam fndars and its pri ce realis ed fro m th em at a rat e, (bhrin 2 phrJrml) fixed by the Dlwan at eac h harve st witl; refer ence to the current rate, or the amount of grain coll ected was stored ' to be sold at a tim e of high pr ic es. vV hen the grain wa s bro ught out of th e gran ari es fo r sa le and was fou nd to be less than ii s kn own amo unt as sho wn in th e pap er s prepared at the time of collection, the zam zndo1's were force d to pay fo r on e-hal f of the defic iency, as the deficiency was at tribut ed as mu chto th e di sho nesty of the zamindars as to tha t of th e reve nu e offi cials. This wa s th e sy stem of klutm co llection tha t prevai led up to Samba t 1918. Reve nue fa rming, as has been me nti on ed elsewhere, exi sted onl y to a very mod era te ex tent . The Diwan himse lf often used to cont ract for a «oo dmany pa rganas . This system pr essed heavily upon the peopl e, and ~n account of th e general mismanagement and corruption of the mer cenar y revenu estaf f, the State, on the whole, incurred great losse s an d th e zam in - day s wer e ruined, both by the various troubles and harassment th ey had to sufferand th e bribes they had to pay as well as by the heavy fi nes and puni shment s inf li cted upon th em by the M alba -khana if they tr ie d to escap efro m the oppression by propitiating the greedy and rapa cio us revenu e officials with bribes . This lI1alba-klt{tl la was a kind of office of control start ed in th e time of MalHi raja Karm Singh to enq ui re into and pun ish the wron g-doing of the revenue estab lishment and za mfndtirs who tried to profit by bribing them at the time of coI lec tion . As th e bribes wer e generaIly paid out of the M alba or included in the M alb a expens es und er fictitious items of expenditure, and as thi s necessita ted the examinat ion of the lif alba a.ccounts by the office, it came to be known as th e Malba-k1z61la. The account books of the village banz"as were taken from them and kept in the office fo r months and sometimes foryear s, an d were often destroyed or lost; the har m thu s resulti ng may wellbe ima gi ned. Maha raja Narindar Singh, seeing these defects in the reve nu e sys te m, mad eup hi s mind to abolish it altoget her and to fix a cash asses sm ent. Se - veralhi gh off ic ials of conservative ideas, and spec iaJ ly the Dfwa n, ve hement ly oppos edth is innovation, and on acco unt of their opp osition the re was but littl ehop e of success. For this reason the Maharaja abol ished the olf. ce ofth e Dlw an for a short time, and an officer with limited powers called Afull sa rim DEwan was appointed in his place. The Mahanija then divided 1 Lit. • to make the names (na '2llt1l) pakktf'. Z Bhan = •dec lara tion of rates .'. 15 2 PATIALA STATE .] CH~P.UI, C. the State into lour divis ions, an offic er caned Mu nsa 'rim ·i-ha dbas l be ing appo inted for each division . Th e name of this offic er wa s after some -time Administra- chang ed to MoMimam Bandob ast and aft er wards into Na zz·m. These tive. four officers carried out a bounda ry surveyor hadbast measure me nt , and LAND RllVEN UB. made a summary settlement for on e year based on an estimate of the ex · Fiscal Histo ry . is ting capabilities of a villa ge and the av erage kh am collect ion of the la st 22 years. The aver age of 22 years was about 23 la khs and the new asses s- ment (Samb at 191 8-1 9) amounted to Rs . 30,87 ,000. Afte r th e la ps e of thi s ter m anothe r set tl eme nt on the same ba sis was ma de fo r three years by whic l the revenu e was re duced to Rs. 29,39 ,000 . It wa s che er full y acc epte d by the people to whom an assurance was giv en in a general proc lamati on tha t the demand would not be altered during the term of settl eme nt. This last sett lement remain ed in force only from Samb at 1919 to 19 22. Afte rw ar ds sum mary settlem ents were ma de every ten year s. Mohinda rgarh Yr .:, The Mohinda rgarh Di st ri ct has a fisc al his tory of its ow n. Ca sh District. assessments wer e introduc ed in the time of the Naw ab s, lon g be for e th e tract becam e a part of Patiala. One-fou rth of the gross pro duc e was re garde d as the Gov er nment sha re, and ap praisem ents we re made much as th e Sikhs mad e th em in the Punjab. On anne xation the Briti sh Gov ernmen t made a very light assessment, pr obab ly for pol itica l reasons. In 1842 th e Britis h Governm en t made a regular settl ement. Pa tia la on the ot her ha nd imposed the highest as sessment , the tract has eve r pai d, the yea r afte r Mohindargarh was transf erred to the State. Re duc tions be came necess ar y, and when in Sa mbat 1937 the assessm ent was aga in raised to ne arly I ori gi nal pitch , many proprie tors threw up their holdings. Fixed land reo A regular set tl ement of th e who le State wa s commenced in ( Ig0 1 A.D. venue. by Majo r Poph am Youn g, C.IE. The pr esen t assess me nt is Rs. 41,48,15 5. 1'abt t 39 of Par t but including ce sse s and all the misce llane ous du es , the total de man B. amounts to Rs. 44,80, 35 9, of wh ich Rs . 4,71 ,136 is assi gn ed reve nue, le avi n a balance of Rs . 40,09 ,223. Of this sum if we fur th er all ow al l the dra bac ks on accoun t of £nam, panchai , ce ss es an d ot her mi sc ella ne ous gran such as nankar , adhk ar, et c., wh ich amount to Rs. 5,57 ,614, the balan of Rs . 34, 51,60 9 is th e sum re ceiv ed int o the State Tre asury. Th e cess es no w levied in th e Sta te are as follo ws :- (I) Road cess .. . At Re. I pe r ce nt . (2) School cess ... I " " " Hospit al cess I (3) " II " Post al ce ss (4) " " " (5 ) Pa t war cess- (a) in Dist ri ct Nar naul II " 3- 2-0, and (b) el sew her e " " 2-8-0 pe r cen t. on the mal (pur e reve nue). The mcU is %ths of the tota l reve nue, and ' rega rQed as pu re reve nue, the other -kth be ing consi der ed ev er si nce intr oduction of the cash assess men t in the State as rep resentin g the va r' misc ella neous ce ss es of old ti mes, when the lJataJ sy ste m wa s in vo su ch as na Afars, crop watc hm en 's dues, expe ns es of coll ecti ng Gov~r nme nt share of the produ ce~ etc . Of the se cesses, th e r 53 [ PART A. andSchool ce s~es were imposed in Sam bat '9 28. The Dispensary cess CHAP. III, C. was intro duced iater before th e last settl ement (Samb at 1930). Th e The Administra- Postal cess is the young est, and dates only from Sambat 1949 . tive. Patwar cess was imp o~e d in Sambat 1918 . th e year in whi ch the cash sessm ent was in tro duced . Th e total of ea ch of the above cesses now LAND RltVlUlUl. leviedin th e State amo unt to- Cesses, Rs. 1872A. D. 1874A. D. 8 1893 A. D. (I) Roa d 34 ,7 9 1862 A, D: (2 ) Sc hool 34,7 85 (3) Hos pital 34,7 85 (4) Po st 34,783 (5) Patwar 88 ,9 83 Tn the Mo hi ndargarh nizamat the fo ll owi ng extra cesses are also levied ;- . so,.·,'-dth .-A cess dating from tIle Nawab of Jhajja r's time, which is leviedat the ra te of Re. I to Rs. 2 per annum per vil lage as a ro yalt y, It1aq .-An old cess , the origin of whi ch is not clearly ascertainable hyond the fa ct th at an Itl ri q-Na .vis (Miscellaneous Muha rr ir or Des patcher) anda clzaprasi used to draw thei r pay from th is fund befo re th e Pat iala ,Igime. Dtg ar .- In ol d times all th e villagers wer e requir ed to supp ly a certain Dumberof coo lies in tur n to the officer in char ge of th e Dis trict. This customwa s disco ntinued long ago and was repl aced by a ca sh cess amo un t· mgto betw een .1 and ~ per cent . of th e revenue . Lambo" dari.- This cess has been levied at the rate of Rs . 4 pe r cent . on the mal in tah sil Mohindar garh and at Rs. 3 per cent. in ta hsi l NJr naul since the ildqa cam e into th e possession of th e Patia la chie f. A similar cessat 5 per cent. is al so levie cl from the vil lages of taluqa Bhadaur, lyingin tahsi ls Bar nala , Pail and Sirhind. In other parts of the State a small sum call ed pa nchl U is giv en to the lambardars out of th e St ate revenues. Sarru ft.-A cess at the rate of annas 2 per hundred rupees is levie d to remun erateth e money-test ers kept at the treasuries of Mohindarga rh and Narnaulat an ann ual exp enditure of Rs. 150 . Mas kira t.- This cess was app arently introdu ce d by the Patia .la authoriti es in Sambat 1937 in li eu of leasin g the vend of liquors and int oxi - 18 ':; 0 A. D. eatingdrug s. Alth ough su ch sales are no w prohibited, except under a license, the cess is still levi ed at from 8 annas to Rs . 2 per ann um per village. INdnMr.- A cess under the head nankar is lev ied in lump sumsfrom a few vill ages in Narna ul in addition to their revenue, and is paid tothe kan ungo , chau dhris and a few lamb ard ars as a sufed -poshi grant after ded ucting -tuth share, which goes to the State Treasury. IN nte .-In the N.rwana tahsil of the Karmgarh n;zrl mat a similar item iI, IDSlead of be in g levie d sepa rate ly, given to ce rta in lead ing men of th e tahs fl out of the Sl•.le TJeiSury. '54 PATI ALA STAT E. ] CHAP . lit ,C. 1I1and ar Harf . Dcf s.-A ces s at the rate of Re . I to Rs. 2 per ann um "is levied in ta hsi l Nl .Jrnaul for the maint enance of the Mandar Ha d Das at Admi nis tra- Naman! . Th e ce ~s has been rea li zed from anci en t time s. ti ve. LAND REVENUE . Gaus hn! a. -A cess at 8 ann as per ce nt. is rec overed for the prote ctio n C:esses. of CO\\ 's , but th e mo ney is not cr edit ed to the tr ea sury . Bi zet Gurdw ara.- An an nua l ces s of Re. I per es tat e wa s levied fro m the Narn aul \"illag es in th e name of one Gop i Nath , Br ah man of Jhajj ar in th e Nawflb's times , but soon aft er th e land pass ed into th e ha nds of He Pati :lla au thorities it was convert ed into a Gurdl 'dra cess and the Gurd · w{, ra remov ed from Jh aj jar to lIo hinda rgarh. It now enjo ys a ja/,lr of Rs . 1,(,00 , and the cess lev ie d is not sp ent on t!le maintenance of the temp le, but credited into the tr easury. Beg:i r La mbardar f Sarrafi ... 455 Mask ira t 506 J\ankar ... MandaI' Had Das Bhet Gurdwara Besid es th e fore goi ng ce sse s, na sa 1'$ due to tI le fo llo wing ofFtc "; a the rate s mention ed aga inst each ar e levi ed per esta te per harve st thr o:Ig h. (Jut the State :- (I) Diwan At Rs. 2 (2) Nazi m )J Re. I In nt'ea""t Moh in d a r· ga rh on ly . Tahs :rda r (3) " JI l4) Thanadar ') Jl This mean s a ces s of Rs. 10 in Mohi nd arga rh and Rs. 8 els ewher4 per 2.nn um due fr ?m eac h es~ ate) , irr espec tiv e of the ir iamar. The to~ su m rea li' 5ed on thIS ac coun t !D tne St ate amo unts to Rs. 15 ,406 , and I' recei, "ed in the tr easury. vVhe n a Tahsild:ir Frs t joins his app ointmen t, he gets half th e amo unt of naz ars thus recei ved and the other half goes to th e Stat e Tr eas ur y. '5 5 [ PAR T A. Th ere are certain other miscellan eous taxe s levied in the ' State as CHAP. m, Co.. detail ed below :- Adminis tra- (I) On ca mels at Re. . 1-4 ~o per ca mel per annum . tive. (2) On cait s at Rs 2-8-0 per cart per an num. (3) On bric k kilns at Rs , 2 per ki ln pe r annum. (4) On g9a ts and sh ee p at RS.2-8-0 pe r 100 per ann~ ~. The total incom e from thes e taxes in the Stat e comes - to Rs . 69,056 per annum . Last ly comes saM .t or octro i duty. Th e con tracts are sold annu· Ocld . ally ,and the tax is often imp Gsed ev en in sma ll vil lage s with 5 or 10 shops, irrespecti ve of the popul ation , at the ins tan ce of so me ent er prising specula- tor , or at the good will of the Tahs ildar. Th e tot al income derived from such villages and towns, the po pulat ion of whi ch · is !ess. than 5,00 0 souls, amountsto Rs. 55 ',1 86. In th e Narwan a an d Bha tinda tahs ll&, of' which the revis ed asses -sments have now been announ ced, all these cess es, ex ce pt the local r"te, have bee n aboli shed Th e Co un cil of Regency have lat ely int roouced sweep ing reform s into th e octr oi system in the State. At th e st at ion ma f'tdi s of R,ijpt:r a, Dh6r l,Sun 'im, Lehra G,igi, Ch ijlf, actroi duti es hav e bee n abol ished. No oc tro i is lev ied in towns "'ho se population is less than <:,0 00, exc rpt wh ere oc: roi contracts are running, in whichph ces .contra cts wi ll not be ren ew.ed. (jr .lin and oil seeds pay no duty at Patilila , Bha tin d" Cind BP.rn a,la, and grain goes free into l\arn ?u! . The imme didte result is na tur all y a larg e loss of re ven ue, but the Coun cil hope to be cnffi .pensat ed by th e increasing trade and prosperi ty of the marketsin the Sta te. Ther e aFe two we ll-know n jagfr famili es in the State , vi s., the Bhadau r As sig nments chiefship in tah sil Bamala and the Kh ami in on jcig ir s in tahs il Sirhind . of hod revenue: A detai led account of th e form er is gi ve n at p3 .ges 277 to 299 and one Bhadaur jag!r. ofth e latter at pa ges 228 to 23 I of Gri ffin' s Pu nja b Ra jas (Edition of 1870) . It would be out of pl ace to gi\'e here a p.ol it ic al hi ;;tory of these two famil ies; the for me r was th e subj ect of a long di spute. Bhadaur is oneof th e Phlil kian fa milies. Only as mu ch of its his -tory is gi\ 'en here asre htes to th e question of reve nu e. The jd gir of Bh ad aur formedy consist ed of 53 , but now consist s of 49. vilbges detailed in the accompany ing tabl e, and amounts to Rs. 92,750, of which Rs. 2,000 are paid from th e Ludhiln a Tr easury on acc ount of the 'V illages of Saidoke and Bhu gh ta, which fo rm part of the jagir , whi le Rs. 90 ,75° are paid from the Patdl la St ate Tr easur y. Th e jdgir is. divided into three pa ttis- (I) Patti Dip Singh- Sardar Bhagwant Singh and Sard flr Gurdi .il Singh, sons of Sardar Balw ant Singh, in equal shares,-Rs . 35,543. The ft£:;i r of Sardar Gurdial Singh , minor son of Sardar B:llwant Sin gh, who di ed in Febru ary Ig03, is under the control of a Court of Wards. (2) Patt i Bfr Singh- Sardlir Partap Si ngh and Autar Singh In equal shares i' -- Rs . 22,597. 15 6 PATIALA ST ATE. ] (3) Sarda rs Karb\r Sin gh and KirpH Singh, sons of Sa rd ar Shain· sher Singh , in equa l sha res ,-Rs. 12,9 78. By th e death of Admin jstra ~ ti ve. Sa rdar Sha msher Si ngh in 189 7 A.D. the fagir passe d under th e co nt ro l of a Court of Wards . LAND RR VIlNUlr, (4)Patti Moha r Sing h- Bhadallr ja ~{ r. On th e dea th of Sard~r Nar ai n Singh in 187 2 A.D., and thos e of Sard~r s Acha l Sing h an d At tar Singh in Ap ril an d Oct o- ber of 1879, the Jag i,. has lapsed to th e State . Their wid ows receive ma inte nance gra nts, whic h genera ll y amo un t to on e fourth of the ja gi r. The amoun ts of these pe ns io ns ar e sh ow n bel ow :- (1 ) Wid ow of Sard ar Narii in Sing h,-R s 6,Il2 (hu sba nd's fagir now lapsed) .; Rs . 1,$28 (m ain · ten ance gran t). (2) Widows of Sard ar Acha l Sin gh ,-R s. 9.,77 2 (hu s· ban d's fagiy now lap sed ) ;Rs. 3, 1]2 (main tena nce gr ant ). (3) Widow of Sardar Att ar Sing h, -Rs. 4,8Il (hus- band' s jagir now lap sed); Rs 3,999 (m ain. tenanc e gran t). In tl 1e case s of Nos. (2) an d (3) th e maint ena nce gra nts are more than -1th of th e jag ;", for on Sard ar Nanii n Singh's dea th his remain ing Jagl r after deduc ti on of his widow 's mai nt enance grant of Rs 1,528 passe d to Sardir Ach al Sing h and Sa rdar Att ar Sin gh to the amou nt of Rs 2,9 17 and Rs. 1,66 7 res pective ly. Simil arly on the death of Sa rd ir Ac ha l Si ng h his rem ai nin g jaglY of Rs 9,517 descende d to Sar da r Attar Singh . Conse - quently th e mai nt enance gr ant of th e widows of Sa rda r Ac hal Si ngh was calcu lated on Rs . 9, 772 (hi s ovm jaJ:i r) + Rs. 2,917 fro m tha t of Sa rd cir 1 Jani in Singh, an.d in th e cas e of Sar dar Attar Singh 's wid ow the ma inte- nance was gra nted on Rs . 4,81 1 (hi s OW l! fugl r) + Rs . 1, 667 from th at of Sardar Narain Sing h + Rs . 9, 51 7 from that of Sa :rd ar Ach al Singh . The villa ge s of th e Bhada ur jagty were se ttl ed in 18 50 before the ter rito r, was made ov er to Patia la A supp lement ar y ge nea lo gical tr ee of tht Bhadaur jagird ar s and a sta temen t of th e vil lages ot th e frigf r and tJ.e assigned " Ja ma " of each are gi ven on th e foll owi ng plge s. Deva Singh. Achal Singh UH am Singh. Jam al Singh. Jagat Singh . Khark Si ngh . (d ied he irle ss, \ \ I 1879J· , I Na rol .in Singh Att ar Si ngh NadMn Si ngh . Ajaip1 1 Singh. Attar Sing h. (died childl ess , I (died childless, , 18 82 ). Widow 1879). , I Kisha n Kaur . Ke har Singh. Sha msher Singh "') I r (di ed 1897 ). \ Wi dow Shih. Bha gwa nt Ba lwa nt Widow Basa nt Sing h I karan Kaur. Singl l, "') Kau r. (died ( I AuUr ( "I 190 3) . P~rHp Singh, Singh . Kart 1r Kirpal Singh Sin gh I (m inorli). Gurdia! Singh ~minor l' t:S t'" ~> n v z> , Ri . Rs o Rs . Rs. Rs. Rs . Rs . Rs. I I I ) 1 Sandh u Kali n ... , .. 1, 44 2 ,., ...... , I 1,442 .~ 2 Ballo ke .. . 1,415 69 6 333 386 n ...... 3 Dh6 rkot -...... 1,1 76 768 408 ...... ,.. ,- '" ...... 4 Jai malsi ngh wiU .- ... 650 33 2 I 318 ... S Nainewa la .., ... 1,483 ... 1,479 ...... ' 4 ... 6 Alklira _. .. 1,038 ...... 544 494 ... 7 Talw :lndi ... .., 1,695 , ...... I 525 1,170 ...... 8 Chi n;wal Kh urd ...... 1,761 ...... 1,442 1 .. ... 1 3 9 , 9 Diwl in a ...... 2,026 77° 1,246 10 ...... 10 Ray a ... .M ... 2,789 ...... 2,789 n, ... .- 1 Dh aner ... .. 2,216 2,2 16 ...... '" ... n. 1 2 Kharak sing h wi li ...... 949 949 .., ...... 13 RoImgarh ...... 2,143 2,143 ...... 14 Tillew .1LI ...... 4,890 2,280 1, 416 1',194 ...... ,.. ." JS Ma'hoke ...... lASS ... I ... l ...... 6 2 7 I 828 ...... 6 Mom ...... 40403 44 03 ... --. >'" ...... j ...... J7 Ja1.\lde\ V~ 1 ...... 1 3,888 3,888 .'"...... : ! .8 Pa.tt i Dip Si ngh in Bhadau r ... 4,288 4,288 ... j I > 4-,24 -2 ...... C- 19 Pa.t H Sa rdar Bir Sing h rn 6,400 ... 2,158 I > Bhada ur . ... Patti Sar dar Moh ar Sin gh in 4-,94 9 ...... 2,21$ 1,168 1,5 66 (J') 20 I o-i Bha daur. I ;po ...... 21 Sudhu wal ...... 920 ... 920 i . o-i 614 ...... r:l 22 Nar,iingarh ...... 614 ...... '" ...... 1,0og ...... 23 Gagew .11 ... I,o og ... i '" 6 '-- ' 24 Ka l!ls ...... 1, 829 ... r,073 75 2 25 Giha! .., .. , '" 3,859 ... 1,8c7 2,° 3 26 Cha nna GuJab Singh ... 73 2 ...... 73 2 0 0 . ... Drpga rh ... 924 92 4 27 '" 2,212 28 J'lngi ~n a ... 2,212 ... '" '" I ...... I ... I 1,805 29 Kho kha r ...... 1,8 0 5 ... ! ~o Suc h ...... 965 ... E30 435 Dikh ... '''1 2,668 2 658 ...... --. ~I '" ...... b'J 32 Pam Gitl '" ... 634 ... 634 ' " ~ 868 .~ '" ...... 33 Neo r ...... '" 868 '" ' " 61g 414 ...... ~'" Dod ...... 1,992 959 <:I 34 I ...... Malia n...... 1,53' 860 40 3 268 ;:: 35 ...... • Ghani 1n ... 1,425 ... 818 607 ... i :r 5 '" I ... _ . I 1 .634 8 6~0 '" ... ~7 Ma luk a •• ... 3.241 9 7 ... I ... -... ~ ... 297 I 176 1 17 '" [ J;;- ~8 Bu raj S"f lur '" 590 ...... Muga l ,\ lazr a ...... 605 155 30 50 100 ...... ~ :19 ... I ...... KaL ihrf •• 1,21 3 2 397 '" 40 ...... 2,533 I 9 3 The Sikhs of . 26 156 ... 149 41 Kang has '" .~ 1,699 4~5 9 I '" I '" I Ka nghls we re form erly the Zaild rs of Bh a· d ur j d~ {, : hen ce th e amoun t o f Rs 849 is as · signe d to th em . ,...., .- . ... ""0 ... 1,902 1,427 ...... 475 I ... -.. 1, 340 ... 1,0 4° ...... >- 434' Do LapFanh" "' ." ... I I I I 1 ~ - o-l I I I I ?'"l Jt I IC I "_ ..- ~ -- _.... __._._-~_.- _._----- _ .. ---- OJ C- !:!:> (") > ':"r Z <0 . t l J: '0". ~3 ;J> '"., :_./3 •" '" ..•. <:'" en' - ,. ,. ::: ~ ' z•• ., . ;:- c: III ~. I r 160 PATIALA STATE. J Administra- ti ve, LAND RE VENU E. Bahadaur jag' " I 's vq 1!u e}] JO sq~ !S ;:lq~ I ---- 'lj)l UlS U!\ ?leN I l~ ples ";11 1 JO UO!PO d I 'q.:5U !5 l1 1,JV I l~Pl115 'il J111 JO uo qlod I 'lj1! ulS l"lj :JV I l7pl llS ;:l, ll l, TO uo q.Ilod I 'lI lll j pUll I. Hllq 'qZ U!S lilljS Wlllj5 l~PlllS JO SUD S 'lj2U!5 I j~d J! )j J~plllS pUl llj2u !S Jypll )j l~P l\ lS JO UO!l JOd I 'J\ ll q pU ll lIll q \ 'l j2u!S ,UT lM jeg Jypl 11S JO UOS lj2u! <: l~lp m9 lyp 'lll o;; PU ll'lj1!U!" lll' .IV J~p I -JeS JO UOS 'q2u!S ,U IlM .2llqg lypll lS JO UO !POd 6 I V) I to< unow '' DIU, ,! JO 1 V I oj 0\ "0 C~"' tt> CO) ~ z <0 .. ::c t;I "4 ~3 > ~ ~ -'1::s"tl • :; - <:"" t:> - Ilt r+CJl = :;. :<: c: "'I - :r III CO) !" 1 """ ;l> -0\ j ~ > C"' 1918 SAM BA". COLLECTION S. 1960 SA . ;l> I en >-i Ded >-i Names ,of the jJ gfrdd rs p:1 In groups. To tal Amou nt Total I l .- J Amount 0 rece ipts. of jdg fr s. rec eip ts. Commu ta- ofja gfrs . Forfe ited Tahsll Tot al. IAmount of arre ars tion am oun t. due to jagfrd ar s. amount. due s. ~.., -- --- _ 0 _ _ ------I - - - - I Rs . A. p, Rs . A. P. Rs. A.P. Rs. A· P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A.P. Rs. A. Rs. A. P. Rs, A. P. "t) ::::l, :::.: 1 Gidr iwsle ...... 55660 0 2,154 00 5,'72 900 2,175 00 ...... 139 10 139 10 0 2.035 6 0 ~ 1 ~. a L~ dpurw~le ...... 19 ,533 0 0 5,87200 19.93 900 6,210 00 ... 51 0 10 0 39 0 2 900 12 0 5,309 4 0 .•., I I .- "'~ :l R~ra w~le ...... 6,411 00 2, 1.9° 0 0 7, 52400 3,14 3 00 ... '" 202 0 202 0 0 2,94 1 0 0 ::::l• "'t ;-> 4 Loponw~ le ...... 9,33 1 00 1,576 0 0 9,174 0 0 1,646 00 76 2 0 ... 77 4 153 6 0 1,492 10 0 00 ... 8 8 0 8 0 S Nflonw~le ...... 1,530 0 0 480 0 0 1, 381 00 423 '" 29 29 393 6 Barm4Hpur ...... 4,562 0 0 3. 301 00 4,75 600 3.475 00 ...... 230 12 230 12 0 3,2 44 4 0 10401 1,601 0 0 1,601 00 •.. 0 1, 5°4 .'3 0 "/ Ardkw ~le 'M ... 1,401 00 0 0 ' " 96 13 95 13 ,...... ------""" - - > ~ 16 ,920 >-i Tot al ... 48,3 3400 16, 974 00 I 50,10400 18,673 00 76 2 o I $10 10 0 1,166 ! 1, 7$2 13 0 3 0 I >- 16 3 [PART A. All the jag1: rda rs hol di ng 011 th e sam e basis of con quest tenure pay in lieu of servi ces com mutatio n fe es amou nt ing in all to Rs. 16 ,3 33 at the rat e of Administr a- Rs . 2-8.0 per cen t. on the mal (the nett la nd re venue) . tive. Regardi ng mu /if is (min or assi gnm ent s) the Se ttlement Officer wri tes as LAND REV IlNU II:. follows :-1: The vi ll ages he ld re ven ue fr ee, in whole or in part, are Ii 2 in Ser vice co m- numbe r. They are given mo st ly for the main tenance of gur dwa ras, temples, mutati on . mosq ues and other religious instituti ons and for var ious cha ri table pu rpo se s, and to ahl ktirs for good and merito riou s servi ces . Th e reven ue of the vi llages thus held in who le or in par t is Rs. 1,41,37 5, wllile the amoun t of small revenue · fr ee pl ot s, th e area of which is as ye t 11 known , is about . Rs. 83, 220. " A cess called haq-ul-ta /z sU is levi ed from al l th e Jr ;u 1.ji dd rs of whole or parts of villages at the rate of 7 per cent . on tb tota l jama in the Barna la ni za mat , and on the ma l only in the 1i;' ~mat s of Ama rg arh, Kar mgar h ;md Pinjaur, with th e exce ptio n of ta hs' Pi njau r, wher e the rate is 5 per cent. It is reali sed in all ca ses wh ei "r th e rev enue is col- lected th rou gh th e tah sH or no t. It is sai d to be a contr ibution tow ards the expe nses of the gen era l admi nistra tion of th e St ate and is now ter med abwab-i-mudfi, a less misleadi ng desig nat io n. The other cus to mary cess es (roads , etc.) are levied in the assi gne d villages fro m the lan d-owners. With regard to adh kari th e Settl ement Office r writes :-" Th ere is one other kind of muij or fa vou rabl y ass ess ed lands in the St ate called adhkar i, which means half . It is an all ow an ce to Brahma ns, Sayyi ds and faq zr agriculturists who til l their own lands and pay only hal f the to tal Stat e dema nd as compar ed with other s. The area of such grants is not known as yet, but the amount remitt ed is Rs. 35,194 in the 13 tahs il s." I A stat ement is app end ed showing by ta hsi ls the tota l revenue, the Jag!r acd m un/ ! numbe rs of jagir an d mud] i vi llag es , th e re venu e of ea ch an d the amounts statem ent . re ceiv ed from the ass ign ees, to get he r wit h the fu!/zh J, ri items. CHAP , !! ~,c. Adm inist ra- tive . II LAND RIl VILNU E. 112 Jag{r an d 1n14Uji state ment. ~n~,- ~! I NUMBER OF VILL AGES. .; ~o 1------I .------~------ ] ~ ~ I Jdgi ro \ Mud/i. I •• I Na me of tahsi l. _ I o '$ ; i o~ I ~ !~--'i ~~I- -I'-- -'- --I -"'- ~ .~ ] ~ I ~] knol e I Pl lrt. i Total..WhOl e·1 Par t. I Total I ~ ~ z ---- t I ~~-I-- \-:-l-i-- I-I~ I I Rs. Iii I ~ I Bh ,< iod, '"' ,I ,.6, ,4" I i 5 ! ,. G 7 2 ~ Bhi khf 17 6 2,9 049° I I 4' 5 G 'I] I ,I I I I 3 ~ Ba rnala "'IIOI ~I -' :: "533 i _~ I __ I l~i_:1__I __ I! 4 ~ 81 I Tot:! .l.~ I 47 , 8.44 .47 61 48 J 51: 91 G! lS 166 -.-- 1------1- - 1 1 137 1 4 .. c Nanvam .. . 1 1,5 ,2 01 I .. . I i 31 'I' 3 3 1 5 :a Sunam 126! 2,67 ,535 I ." i 4 4 I 4 SO I I 1 6 ~ Bh aw anfga rh 2 4 3.45.418 I 6 I 61 6 20 7 I Pat iala 7 2.47 .4661 jli , ••• I 16116 I I-i---- ~-l-I-I! -'-!--- I I, Total... 684 I IO. lT .73 0 T I ••• I I 29 I 29 29 I I ' I -- 1-- -.-- -1------1-- -- I I' Dh6ri II6 3,75 .586 8:3' II II 8 -ci I ! c: I gl ~ P"il I 19-'! 3·57 ,Cl JI :1 25 28 12 ?! I4 42 ~o Sir hind .•. 36514 04:' 08 ., ;~ , gol I" !i: ;i Jl II I I ', ! " )" I I') 'I ' -----'- ·- -- I--!------I- I" t ,. 1 i i J) 1 ! To ta! ••• ! (j ig I 1.:16,8 25 1 (, 102: 109 I J} I 23 i 56/16 4 : I .II ! . I, i--- ,------! --! -- !---I-I- I. !! ' !: I I !1 I § iGh anaur '''i 130 i 7.~ 8.075 10 ro \ I; : ;,i 11 1 21 12 I '2 I Ra jpu~.1 14 G i 20,539 I •• • j 1, ; c.:; i I I 4 I ; , .. ~ I r! i I 13 : Ii Ba nur ,., : I,go ,8 .. ! i ... I 1\ 6,." •• . : •.• I 6 ' .• _ •• • :_.,. 1__ 1- :_.•_: -- 1-- 1_.-_ I !,!;. I ; i I Total ••• ! 1.1 .17: 4.49 ,5 or I 10 \ (. I ,6' r;< ".! 12, 2S i 1--- .i.__ I; I; -- I-- \- _. 1 G_~,~ ND~OT A~ __L:~ :J .~~~ ~2' 53 2165 I J!~.. 176.1 831 29 \ II 2 !28 8 I._. '- --' -=,-- '. --O ----= -= ~_== =: "- - -- Administra .• tiv e. 14 I IS 1!6 17 IS !9 I 20 ------~=F -:MA. ------j -- REVE: -lU ES MA --.---:~- -. Jdg;r an d mud /( statement . 1 i Vil lage; (who le "r p. ,rf). Sm ali , 1 I .__. _ .... _ --,.- --- IOTan t of I Se rv ice i Adhkar} . . - I' I, "'rev enu e· C; and ]]Cl q-ul -: eo m- Tota l. I' 'r 'Iotal . tahsiL : mut a- l~O'i r. I Muifi. I Tab !. I rce 1 I tion. J '" ! pa rts . I ,I' I i 'I I ---I--- I-- .I,-[--I--- ;--\--I-- !-- Rs. Rs . Rs, ; Rs , 1 Rs . I Rs. IRs. i Rs. IRs. , ! I! I I I () i I I il :l,22Z ' 76S, G ': ~n.I9°0' 4,1 75 14,01' 1:; 47 1'1: 40 6 974 / 5,gol ~! Ur; ~.JL - 0' :-'l,0--' :-l',i II "37:l 4o(j ,' 499 ! i -- I 90 ,354 '1,479 : 99· S:. :; 5,65 0 r ,05,48] i 757 I : J.~60 ! 12,01 7 I I i I ,--'-- -!--- ,-- '---- '-- j---- I -- --- I 92.987 1 :' 3.0 66 ~ 1.16.05 3: 15,°50 13 T,TO] i 1734 ! 1l ,/56 1 J3,490 4,,' ;]9 I : I! 1" -- --\---- ,---- '-,- ~------\ ' " , I I 4,19 0! 4,19° 1,08 .~ ,),274 ! 2q3 i 293 4.049 I .. , I 7,48 9 I 7-41'19 6,. 19 2 I 13 ,981 556 1 55 6 3,201 ! 3, 30°: ~1,5G .~I 23 ,864 9,4 221 33, ~86 1,73 7 1,737 5,503 t , ~, S' 8 '8 ,I 20 ,5"9 ! 20,5 9 J 0·5/: 31,1°7 J.29 3 I ••. : 1,293 2,88 :! : I 'I I_- -- 1---- 1---.'--1 ,__ ------I I I: i \: I ! 3,300 53,8 32 I 57 ,13 2 i 27,516, 83 ,648 I 3,879 i·· · I 3,879 15,64 1 I--- \--- l--i---i--- i-- :-- :-- -- i Il,075 i TJ,07 5 I (J,925 I ::' ,TOO ; ()91 I 691 4,715 18 ,J48 I 16 ,859 1 35 ,007 \ S,75 0' 43,7571 2,085 i 76 I 2,161 1,502 92,616 i 28 ,399 1 J,21 .0151 7,347 11>2836 2 I 2, 920 i 4,45 8 I 7,37 8 1,5 23 -=--I 1--I,;-- 1-- 1-- ;-- I: 1-- 1-- - 1 1,10.764 I 56,333 i 1,67,097 ?6,G22 : 1,93 ,1l9 II 5,696 , 4.5:;4 10, 230 7,7 40 ; i I ---- 'I;----- i-- -- 1----- I' ; 4,978 : 7,lIz l 12,090 14 ,40 0 I 26,490 491 I 43 .534 1,927 ! I ! IS' 3,45 I 3, 4'58 154 3, 61 2 100 I 100 3,339 940 i 872 1,8 (Z 78 1,89 0 ••• •• • I'" 2,008 --:: -1= -17 >360 I4 ,63~'-- 3= --:: --4; \-: -;: :.::~r::~64:r~:-:~ I-::~ I::-:.:-:: 166 PATIALA STATE . ] CHA P. Ill. D. No pacho fra i1U£ ms have as yet been grante d to the leading ag :.-icul tur ists . Rs . 5,097 are howe ver granted as na nka r in ce rt ain villages in ~he tahs!ls td mlOlstra- of Bhikhl, Narwana and Narnaul to the headmen. A furth er sum of Ive. Rs. 1,94 ,57 2 is paid to the headm en or the biswadtf.rs under the na me of MISCILLA NIO US l< ~· ntf.mpanchai " or H inrim nau gg id 1' ;''' Th e or igi n of th is is said to be REVENUE. that at the tim e w1 1en cash assessm ents wer e m.tr o duce d an extra pay ment r,,4m s. of II per cent. on th e revenu e was rea lised fro m th e viilages an d 9 pe r ce nt. was gi ven bac k to th e biswadar s as a recogniti on of th eir status. The ri ght desce nds fro m fath er to son and the pers on rece iv ing this inam is ackn ow ledge d as bis wada~ /. Howe ver small the amou nt may be it is grea tly priz ed.This per cen ta ge now varies from Rs . 10 to Rs. 9, Rs . 8 and less . It ha s not yet how ever bee n deci ded how this inam will be dea lt with in the pr esent settlemen t. The re is as ye t no sa ildar£ sY ste m in th e State. but there are a lape numb er of lam bar da rs . They a; e re spo nsible for th e collection of the land revenue and are als o bo un d to assi st in sup pressing and inv estiaat- ing crime and givi ng inf urmati on to th e poli ce. In po int of fac t the revenu e coll ec tio n tiU ~ce ntly was don e by th e patwari s who aCCOm- panied the la mbar dd r .:' the ta hsil when ta kin g th e mon ey, but now the lam ba rd ars are res p0l'sible for th e revenue . Som e lam bardars ar e really larg e lando wner s, while some have sold or mo rt gaged their pro pert ies . Now they arc ge neral ly pai d Rs . 5 per ce nt . Oil the re ve nu e th ey col - le ct ; in some par ts only Rs . 3 or Rs . 4 per cent . This is a te mpo rary arr ang e- men t ma de for the prese nt settlem en t.The wh ol e question of pan chai or pa cl lOtra 1 and the remu ner ation of la mb ardar s will be deal t with by th e Se tt .lement Com missioner. Pe tt y' vill age Pet ty grant s are common ly ma de to viil age :'lc nials, prolt its and ja kirs} gr ants. or to local templ es , shrin es and mo squ es. The malba is a commo n vil lage fu nd , reali sc,l toget her with the revenu e to meet the jo int -,' illage expenses. Sec tion D.=-Miscella neou s Reve nue . EX CISE . Mis cel laneo us The Excis e Depar tme nt (lv lahkama lvl a.sk z' -rat Wll Ab Hri) of the Re ven ue. Sta te is now und er an Ex cise Supe rint endent . The depa rt me nt wa s Tabl e 40 of Par t re gul arl y or ganize d i.n Sarr:b at 1947, but be for e tha t year_~h ere .was n? ~epa- B. Excise. rat e de pa rtment, eXCIs ebel llg un der the cont rol of the F ma ncla l Mlll lster. Tgbl r 41 of Part An abkar i da1 'Og ha was ap poin ted in eac h n£zamat to in spect th e State B. abkri ri s ther ei n. Th ere was an il bk ar£ in ea ch tahsil under the im- 1891 A.D. me diate sup eri nt endenc e of th e Tahsll dar, who wa s under th e nazim, the cont racts fo r reta il sale being so ld by th e naz ims wi th th e sanct ion of the Fin ance Dep art ment and the wh ol es ale lice nse s to distil COU D!r yliquors in th e abka r£s being gra nte d by th e Tahsild ar. The rates of st ill-head · duty were- Rs. A. P. From 75° to 10 0° .•• 2 8 0 From 50° to 75° 2 0 0 Below 50° 8 0 A I Das tur Itl Amal AbMiri ' for the guidance of the authorities and tlfe pub lic was sanc tio ne d in Samb at 193 2 by the Maharaja, and there are now rul es and re gula tions (D ast rer ul Am al Ma sR£ra f wa Ab/lf zri R: 'yosat 167 [ PART A. Pat z" (Ua). The DeJ: 3artment o'w es the pr es ent co mpletene ss of its organi - CHA P. III . O. zation to the fre quent effort s of the Ho n'ble the Kha !f;d . Say yid Mu ha mmad Hussain. Th e" is only one di st il ler y at Pa tiala , wh ere count ry liq uor IS t~ ::?inistl 'a .• made by machi nery, but ther e is ;:> .is oa blzat t£ at Nirna ul. The rat es of still-head dut y are- M1S CB:LL ANEOUS RS :VE NtiE . Rs. 2-8- 0 for 100° (pro of liqu or) . Rs. 2-0- 0 fo r 75 ° (:: _0 be low proof liqu or ). A wholesal e lice nse for a sh op i:> .;ue d on pay ment of Rs. 24, while re ta il con tracts ar e so id by au ct ion. E.r op ean liq uor is on ly sold by those who hold li cens es . Licens es arc grante d wit h regar d to the quan ti ty of the li qu or sold. A licens ee wh o sells 2,00 0 bot tles per annu m pay s Rs. IOO for the li ce nse and on e who sells more than 2,000 bot tl es pays RS. 200 . Whol esale lice nse s for dr ug s are issued on paym ent of Rs . 10. In tox ic ating Li ce nse s are giv en by th e Forei gn Off ice to contrac to rs, enti tlin g th em to dru gs . buy 74 pac kets of Mahv a opium at re duced duty. On pre sent at ion of these li cen ses th ey obt ain a pas s from th e Excis e Office r at Am bal al to buy opium fr om Ujj ain . On e rup ee per se r is pa id into the Stat e Trea sur y by the contracto r and four rupee s ar e levi ed fro m him at Aj mer . The duty thus collected is remittc d to th e St ate . The con tractors al so buy opiu m, ch aras, bhang, etc., from th e adjoin ing Brit ish Dis trict s2 on Stat e li censes , but no import du ty is im pos ed. Ret ail cont racts fo r the sal e of dru gs are sold by auctio n. All the dru g contra cts an' sold joint ly excep t fo r Pat iaJa Cit y, where the con tract s for opi um, cha ras and bh ang are granted sep arately. Lic enses fo r the sa le of co unt ry liquor are not sold jointly wi th drug or op ium licen ses . A list of the li quo r and drug sh ops wil l be found in Ap pen dix B. Until Sam bat 19 13 all dee ds wer e execute d on pl ain pa per, bu t jn No n-j udicial . tha t year Maha raj a Narin dar Singh int ro duc ed the use of st amped pap er 1857 A.D. and entr usted the State se al to a special offic er. Th e State St amp Act was in trod uce d in Sambat 1924 by Diwdn Lila Kulw ant Ra i. 1868 A.D. Pr oc ess -fe es (d asta ka 1Za ) were in troduc ed in Sambat 1929 at th e rate of Process-f ees. Rs. 2 per cen t. Up to that time the parties produc ed th eir own witness es. 1873 A. D. A spec ial stamp wa s used to realis e arrears of land rev cnue. The TahsHd ar gave a stamped authorit y to a clzap rasi, who then proceeded to Dastak 4t 1 •• t~~ and realised the ar rea rs plus the value of the stamp . This speCial sta mp IS no longer used. In Sa mb at 195 8, the last year of the old stamp system, the in com e from stamps was near ly Rs. 1,5 0,000, whi le th e expend itu re on est ablish ment and contingencie s was slightly over Rs.6,000. In Samba t 1959 the Stamp Department was transferred to the Accountant -Genera l on dep utati on, who reorg anised the system of iss ue. The new rules pr ovide for a su pply of stamps being kept in the charge of the Treasury Of fice r, who issu es the m to nizamat tr eas uries on receipt of quarte rly indents .Stamp s ma y only be so ld by licensed stamp ve nd ors, of whom there are 25 in th e State. The Pati al a Stam p Ac t deals wi th stamps and court -fe es. It is practica ll y ide ntic al with Act XVI of 1862. A pe w Act is un der the con side rati on of th e Council of Regenc y. I Fu njab Excise P~m ph Jet, Part II, Sect io n 43. Z The import of opiu m int o Bri tish terdto ry from th e N~rnau l nl ,amat Is pr~hlblt.dt- Ib id , Sec;tioll 29. 16 8 PA TI ALA STATE. ] Fro m the 1st of Mag h Sambat 1~/ io fisc al stam jJs all water -marked Ad ministra- paper ha ve been int rod uced. The cour t-fee slam ps differ [rom thL~ gen er al ti ve. stamps , The pap er is su ppli ed by t.he Beng al Pap er Mill s Comp any, wh o MISCKLLAN HO US ar e cont rac tor s to the Governm en t o[ In dia, and the stamp s 2J e manuf ac - RK VK NUE . tur ed in the Fo rt at Pat i< il a. For POs ~: i:~esta mps see pag e 136 . Sta mps. 1903 A,D. The fo]J o\\'iu g acco unt of the PaLirth City defenc e \\'or ks klS bc ,:' 1l furn ished by th e Exe cu ti\ 'e En gi neer, l' al i(tla Di vi,;ioll) Si rhin d Ca nal ;- T he PaHa la City Th e chi ef prot ect ion work s for safeguardi lJ[; the ci ty of Pali {t !a ce fence wodt s, ag ain st damage fro m high Doo ds ar e- (I ) the Patial a II(/ fa ban d wi th its C;,l eh -w atcr ch anne l, COl l- stitu lin [; ihe outer all d ma in li ne of (le fen ce, an d (2 ) th e new ,- ban d \\iLh it.s C The Pat iala nt'/' I! band at lh e upper end begins al a poin t sit uat ed about half a mile to th e south of th e villa ge of Pi t Kh cri and 6k mi les du e no rt h of th e city of Pat ifd a, It. starb on high gr ollnd IR. L. 841" 05 ) borde rmg the ri ght bank of the Pat i,-il a nnZ, z basin , anu rUl lS ;n a southwa rd direct ion roughly paral le l to tlw na tura l drai nag e line [or a leno th of nearl y 6 mile s,It int crsc cb the Ra jpur a and Bhatinda Raih \'av in the 6th mil e at R. D. 25,660, Th e nn\ " railw ay bridge ov er th e ba nd ca tch -wa ter chann el has a de ar wa ten Yi lY of.. j. ~p ans of 35 ~ feet ea ch or 14 2 fee L in all . Ther e is a sec onJ olclc r rai hy ay bri Jge over the nrU a clo se by having a dear wat er way of zoo feet (5 spans of 40 fe et eac h) . Th e latter br idge alon e exist ed at the tim e of the great flo od of Sept em ber 188 7, when the \\ ater rose on e fo ot above the: low er Hangcs of its ir on gird ers and thre e of its pi ers werc s(; our ed for a depth of fi ve or six feet . But since thcn the gir de rs hav e been ra ise d abovc th e maxi mum floo d It; vel. The hi ghest rec orded Hood levels here \"I UC - In 188 {abovc bri dge b29 "H) 7 belo w do. 8z o'0 9 In rxl)8 {ab ove do . 839"61 belo w cl o. 828'98 th e pre sent le ve ls of rails, for m, ltiol1 surf ace , an d lo wer fl anrbres ofb crir ders of both t.he rai lwa y brid ges are- Bri dge on ba.nd Brid ge on cut . ne Zla .. 83 4'18 834 '1 9 For mati on leve l .833 '37 83 2'80 Lower fhng es o[ gi rde rs 830' 21 I 830 '2 8 ---_ ._------The fir st band skir ts the Palial a mila in the 24lh and 27th thou sa nd s and fu rth er 011 at th e I-li ra Bagh Bri dg e: wh ere the Pati a.l a-R ajp ura rog [ PART A. road cro sse s. th e cu t enters th e mU tI. utiiizing th e old br!dge built over CHAP.III •.F. the lat ter . The wa terw ay of, the Hfra BRgh Bridge (3 sp ans of 19:5 feet eac h) was far l•:(. , smal Ho !)as s on the immense . vohllne of water coming Admin Istra- ti ve . dow n in hig h flo ods , an d in ord er to relieve ' th e great strain on the bridge , the meta lled road has been lo were d 011 the R6 jpura side for a PUBLIC WORK S. length of nearl y a, mile so as to all ow an eas y passage over th e ro ad of Th e PatiAl a Ci t: r. storm water which would otherwise be he ad ed up for want of wate rw ay. de fe nce work ,. . In Septem be r 188 7 (before the road wa s lowe red) the flo od water he aded up 0'98 ot a foo t at the up-stream face of Hfra Bagh Bridge and .on the dow n- str .eam si de the bed ,I. as sc oured to a depth of abo ut 30 feet. The . scour ho llo w was f.li~d in and the bed and banks on the down·str eam side of the br idge have bee n pitched with bl ock ,kank ar. From the Hi ra Bagh Brid ge onwa rd ' the band line bends to war ds the sout h-ea st an d rejoin s the mila at anothe r old bridge over whic h th e Pati ala-Sa naur road ru ns (R . D. 44 ,684 feet) .The waterway of th is bridge also · was qu ite inadequate to pass hi gh floods an d the ro ad on the eas t side (towa rds Sanaur) ha s bee n lo wered for a length of abou t half a mil e in order to give storm "'ale r a free passag~ over it. A little more than a mile below the Sa naur ro ad bridge the Pat ia la nlUa ban d comes to an end (R. D'. 50 ,000 feet ) c'.ll d its catch-water channe l runs into the cu t cha nnel with it s bed at th e same leve l as that of the la tt er. Thu s the to ta ll eng. th of th e Pa ti Ma nala band is 10 cana l mi le s. It s top wi dths at diff erent plac es ar e as follows :- Fro m R.D. To R. D. Top wi dth. 13, 000 ' 20,000' 20, 000' 50,0 00' 30 ' The side slope s arc 2 feet to I fo ot throu gho tll . In fo ur pl ace s whe re flood stre ams tak e a set agai nst the ban d, the side sl ope on the east side towar ds the -naJa 'is pit ched wi th blo ck ka da r, vz'IJ. - From R. D. ToR. D. Leng th. (I) 17,7 14' 18,42 3' 7°9' (2 ) 20 ,$10' 21,510' 1,0 .00' (3) 22, 527' 23, 502' 97S' (4) 2.9, 22 5' 29,305' 80 ' The height of the top of the band is nowhere les s than 3 feet above the maximum floo d level that is to be expected. The intended level of the top of the band is indi cated by masonry pillars at ever y 1,000 fee t built with the ir top s at bank level . Th e neW cut band commences in high ground (R. L. 828'88) at New cut band. a point about a quarter of a mile to -the south-east of the small village of }hal, and about two miles due north of the city of Patiala. At first it runs southward roughly parallel to, and - It miles distant from, the Patiala nata band, as far as the railway crossing, which is at R. D. 8,222 feet . Here the . railway ha s a culvert of 2 spans of 20 feet each over the band catc h-water cha nnel. Below this point the band-line curves eastwar ·d and intersects the Pat hUa-R lljpura road at R. D, 14,400 feet, where a bridge of z 11 0 PA TlALA . STATE. ] CHAP. 1lI~F: spans of 35 feet eac h has been built to take the road ove r the cat ch-wat er channel . Thence the line runs in a sout hward directi on nea rly parallel to Administra- tive. th e Pati lila Escap e Channel , the ba nd fo rming the left bank of this channe l at its terminal 3 fee t fall, wh er e it tail s into the nt ], La oppo si te the Mati PUBLIC WORKS. Bagh. Her e als o the band cat ch- water channel ta ils into the nrila , which New cut ba nd . is the general outf all for all stor m wate r brought down by th e ne w catch- water drain s and fo r larg e volum es pou red in from natur al dr ainages on th e east side conveyi ng tow ard s th is part of th e nala. The 3 feet fall has two bays of 5 fee t eac h an d t\c se ar e provi ded with iro n sl uice -g at es whic h are lo were d so as to clos e off the es ca pe chan nel du ring high flo od s and pre- vent flood wa Ler enteri ng it from th e rll ila. Also und er th e righ t ba y of this fa ll ther e is a passage for th e cit y sauce r drai n, whi ch is also close d off by an iron va lve during high floo ch. Return ba1td As dur ing heavy flo ods th e accum ulat ed wa ter in th e Patia la mila ne ar Mo t! Bag h, 011 the down-st rea m side of the 3 feeL fal l ris es to a lev el so high that it would (as it has done in 188 7) tu rn the fl an k of the esca pe an d fl ow tow ards th e cit y, a re turn baJ ;t: r ,60 5 feet long has been co nst ru cted in co ntin uatio n of the new cut band ,. :x te ndi ng fr om th e 3 fe et fa ll in a dir ectio n at right angl es to th e lin e of esca pe out to high grou nd ne ar th e Mo ti Bagh . The new cut ba nd being th e last defen ce ag ain st de stru ct ive flood s appr oachi ng the ci ty need ed to be mad e spec ially secure at the point s wher e an entra nce mig ht be forc ed as it was in 188 7 an d 1888, and this has ·been done by bui lding mas onry cor e-wal ls in the heart of th e ba nd in two plac es, 1/i;;;.- (1 ) 11, 150' (2) 18 ,600' Thes e are th e places wh ere th e gre at fl oods swept do wll wit h the grea te st fo rce and bre ach ed Lhe band. They ar e at ol d draina ge cross ings. In two places thi s band has an oul er cit yward slo pe of 4' to I' instea d of th e gener al slope of 2' to I I, VI'Z ,- From R.D. ToR. D. (I ) 10, 290' I J ,000 ' (2) 12 ,38]' 12,671' In one place, vi; ;., fro m R. D. 21,535 ' to 22 ,000 ', the inn er or n6Ja ward slope F. C. is '3' to I', Th e top :width of this band at different places is given belo w :- FyomR.D. ToR.D . Top ~1J z·dth . 0' 8, 222' IS ' 8,222' 10,000' 23' 10,000' 14 ,400 ' 15 ' 14 ,400' 26,7 95' 30' 26 ,79 5' 28,400' 20' Mas.a my pi ll ar s bui lt at J ,00 0' inte rv als l1 ave th ei r tops at corr ect band top lev el as in the cas e of the PaW il", nata ban d. Every fi fth pill ar is mark ed wit h a mi ie number . 17 1 [ PART A~ Flood wa ter co!1 ect ing beh ind th e new cut band is acc ounted for CHAP .lIl. a~ by, an outle t which con veys it int o the Patial a. ~avigati on .C~annel on th e Adm inis tra •• • left bank near Le'a l. Th ere is also a se cond ml et for admlttmg su ch wat er tive. into the Patiala Esca pe Chann el on the lef t bank ju st below the 7 feet .fa ll . The Patiila Na vigati on Ch ann el whi ch has a fla t bed can be drame d PUBLIC WORK S, back when nece ssary throu gh th e Ra unf Escape taking off fr om that Return band channel nea r mile 1 an d fa ll ing into the Choa Br an ch near mile 4· Ile ar Mo ti BiKh, In tra mural Sto rm wat er \vh ich col le cts insid e the city of Patifl1a find s its wa y drain age. pa:~ly thr~ugh the.cit ~ dra i~ and pa~tly by: natural flo w into the Io \~ Ragho Ma }ra bas m. Ordman ly th IS water ISea rned off by th e sauce r qU ickl y an d complet ely into the Pat iala Esc ape Cha nn el an d th enc e into th e nata below the 3 fee t fa ll , but when the mila is ru nnin g in hig h fl ood it ca nnot act as an outf all for int ramu ral water, an d as men ti on ed ab ove the sluice- gat es at th e fall ha ve th en to be lower ed to shu t out wa ter from the nala side . In fl ood tim e the sau ce r dr ain is sh ut off at the reg ul ator just below th e off-take of the new city ou tfall drain in ord er th at the latte r may be brougH int o eff ic ient us e for th e rel ie f of th e ci ty. This spe cial cha nnel havi ng its he ad at the lo wer or south ex tr emit y of th e Rogh o Majra bas in and at a poin t abo ut mi dway bet wee n th e Ki lhourl an d Sanaurl gate s car ri es th e great bulk of the city st orm water away abo ut fi .vemi les to th e so ut ~) and there del iver s it int o the Patial a nata about hal f a mi le to th e so ut h-east of the vi llag e of Main. The res idu e of water left in th e Ra gh o Miij ra basin" after th e ou tf all drai n has do ne its wo rk , is subse que ntly run off by the sauc er drain into th e nata near the ci ty, whe n the floo d th ere subs ides, as it gene rally do es in two or th ree days . Other publi c works ar e in cont emplation or are being constructed as fu nds ai lo w. Of th es e the most impo rta nt ar e a· Jail , Publi c Of fices, District Hospi tals and Dis pen sar ie s, \V ate rworks and Dr ai nage System for Patia la Ci ty, an d the Dad ri- Na rnau l Roarl . The ad mi nistr at ion of a Stat e founde d 011 a su cces sful mili tary exploit wa s in~v~ tab ly mi !i tar y in ch ara ct er. Ma hanl.ja Ala Singh was rega rded as a bnllian t sol dIe r unde r whom both glory and plu nde r mi ght be wo n, and many a disc ont en ted Sikh from acr oss th e Sutle j ca me to Barnala to take servi ce und er him . The country betw ee n th e Sutl cj and th e Jumna wa s no-man's lan d betwe en th e British dominion s and the Sik hs at Lahore, disord er an d anarchy were hard to rep ress, and Pat iala was divid ed into Dist ricts und er mil it ary govern ors call ed thuna dars , whos e first duty was to keep ooder, and whose leisu re was to be sp ent in collecting the revenue an ~ ?,~m~nist ering justic e. Th~ . tMn ada rs had absolute po wer in th ei r zlaqas , a~d to count eract th eir mf lu enc e fort comm andants (q£ladars), generally for eigners (Purblas ), were establish ed in the various forts with in?~pendent . powers .. The organi~a~i~:mof th e. State remained entirely milItary until the rei gn of Maharaja Karm Smgh. This ruler pl aced th e Comm and er-in-Chief (Bak ,hsM) und er the Prim e Minister, organised the .army on a mo~ern basis, and introduced a system of pay and regular regimental formatwn. In 1889 the Imperial Service Troops were orgCJ ,nised ,1and the Patiala Imperial Service Contingent cons ~sts of the 1st Patiala Lancers, and the 1st and 2nd Infantry, and Local Troops. 1.Patiila has been. ca\l~ the cradle of the Imperial Service Troops in India, as Lord Duffenn announced the mceptlon of the scheme at Pat ia la in 1888 and the Patiala Darbir was the ' fir st of all the protected States to come forward with the offer of a contingent. r7!3 PATI ALA STATE. ] CH~ P.IIIJ 'C. wit h a 'ful1y or gan ised tran sport . New canto nme nt s with a mil it ary Ad 7"": ' tr _ hos pi ta l and tra nsp ort lines have been bui~t . Troop ers ge~ Rs. ;'l a mont h tiV ~InIS a and se pQYs .~s . '7. The 'Iocal arm y consI sts of. one regl mcHt of .ca valr y an d tw o ofll1fant ry. The strengt h Qf the army IS 'shown bel ow: - Impe l ia r Servi ce and Local NU MBER OF ALl. RA NKS. i Troops . ...; .U8l . ! g I '" <;~; I ~ ...... -I!_-.-- I ! Rs. . rR~ jin dar La nr .e rs ... 24 go 60l 3,32,000 II .~ :.1 1st R:lji nd ar Si khs IS i (i5 56:! II 1.06.50 0 ~.~ 2nd Infan try.. . .. ,: I.') I GS: S6:! 1,10 ,00 0 I ,~ I Ho spit al ••• : I ! 8,000 I I 32, 700 516 mu le, Transpor t '" : Ii f ! I I an d po lS hare IJf H~ad·quarters St~ ff" l I ni e5. : ' I I, I I -i-1 !-I -I----I i I S4 I 22 0' 1.727 ' 2, 001 6,S3,30 0 -!-~ _. _-- I r2nd I_oc al Cavalry '" I .13 rd Lo ca i Infantr y ·•. 1 :: I I 500 i 58 ,000 ~4th "" "'1 .3 ,1 Hors e Attili ery ..,••. 127 I 42 600 ,50 horses ' I Share of Hcad 'quluters Staf f ... I I ... I t4 ,I OO I .II lStore s and H ospi! :ll I 0 I -9,40 I , ,I -:- 1-16: 1 1,310 i-::- 3.35,:- 1 I', 1 1 1 -1------_ ,no I ,'" I 3,037 3,5",'9 ,88 .5'0 I 17~ [PAR T A. The servi ce s rend er ed to th e Brit ish Gove rnment by the Pa tiala Arm y CHAP . 111, H. date from the Gurk ha \iVar of 18 f 4. Th e Pa tia Ja infantry form ed part of Colonel Ocht erlony 's force, wh ile th e cav alry were em ploye d in patrolli ng Admin istra- th e country at the fo ot of the hills . Du rin g t.he Mu ti ny no prin ce in tive. India rend ered mo rc' conspicu ous se rvice to the Brit ish than the Mahar aja of Pat iilla . Wh e: - ~he news of the ontbre ak at Mee rut re ach ed him , the Mahar aja pu t himself at the head of all hi s availab le troo ps and mar ched th e same night to Nas lmbli, a vil lag e close to Am ba la. at the sam e tim e send ing his eleph ants , ca mels an d other transpo rt to Ka lk a fo r th p Europ ean troo ps coming do wn from the hi lls. From Nas fmbll the Mah anij a marc hed to TM nes ar, wh ere he left a forc e of 1,30 0 men and 4 gun s. Patiala tr oops helped to rest ore orde r in Sir sa, Roht ak and His sa r. Oth er deta chm ents "'e re emp lo yed at Sa haran pur an d Jagadhri ; whil e on the rev olt of the loth C:";l iry at Ferozepor e the Patiala troo ps pursu ed them and lo st s(' vera!ncn in th e skirm is h that followed. During 18 57 the Pa ti lila cont in gf'] c con sisted of 8 gUll S, 2,15 6 horse , and 2,846 fo ot, with 15 6 off icer s. In 185 8 a for ce of 2,000 men ""i th two guns was sent to Dholp U'·. and 300 hor se and 600 foot to Gwalior , where the y did goo d ser ice. In Febru ary at th e request of the Chief Comm is si oner a f", ore of 200 horse an d 600 foot (whic h was af terwar ds dou bi ed) wa s sent to Jhajjar to ai d the civ il author it ies in ma intainin g ord er . Tw o mont hs later the Chi ef Comm issioner applied fo r a regim en t equi pped for service in Oudh . All the regul ar troops wer e alr ea dy on ser vice, but th e Maharaja rais ed 203 hor se and 820 foot . Si nce the Mu ti ny th e troop :; of the State have been offer ed to the Briti sh Go vernment on fo ur occasions. The offer wa s refuse d for Manipur and Chitriil , but accepte d fo r Ka bul and the Sa mana. A hors e ba tte ry and two regi ments of infan try serve d in the Kabul Campaig n. They wer e employed in kee pi ng ope n th e lin es of comm un icati on bet we en Th ai and the Paim lr in th e Kurram Valle y an d prove d th ems eh'e s exce ll ent soldier s, maintaining an exemp lary di sc ipl in e dur ing th e who le period of absen ce fr om the ir hom es. Th ei r serv ice s wer e recogn ise d by the bes to wal of th e K. C. S. 1. upon Sa rda r Dewa Singh and of th e C. S. 1. upo n Ba khshi Ga nda Sing h, Commandant . Fur the r,Maha raj a Raj'n dar Singh was exempt ed fr om the pre sentat io n of na za rs in Darb ar in re cognition of th e serv ic es ren dered on thi s occasi on by the Stat e. In th e exp ed ition of 1897 on th e No rth-W est Fronti er, Mahara ja Rajin dar Singh serve d in pe rs on 'with Genera l Elles in the Mohm and country , 'wh ile a regiment of Imperial Servic e Troop s wa s emplo yed both in the Moh mand and Tirah ex · peditions .• The tJui ll fl ha s alw ays bee n the un it of poli ce admin ist ra ti on in th e Stren gth of Sta te, but for merl y th e tMnad drs poss essed judicial po wers also. The y poli ce . Table 47 oj Part wer e mostly illiterat e men, and eac h had all a'll1in und er him to carry on B. cle rica l wo rk, and to act for him genera lly in hi s absenc e. Outl ying pos ts, Wo rki ng of at a distan ce from a thana , were und er silldda rs, who wer e select ed police. Table 48 oj PliT t from amongst the con stabl es or chor 'll1a rs and cha uk iddrs, as they wer e B. then call ed. Till the rei gn of Mahara ja Karm Sin gh th ese thana fun c- ti onaries were under the di re ct ord ers of the adal aN in all police ab d judicial matt ers . Maha raja Narind ar Sing h divi de d the State into four districts (Narnaui had not yet com e int o its posse ss io n) an d pla ce d each under an officer call ed naib-i- adal at. The thdnad ars now pa ssed un der the immed iate control of th ese of fic ers. an d as the cleri cai work in thanas had by this tim e inc reas ed, an assist ant clerk or madad ·muharri r wa s ad ded 174 PATIALA STATE ,] CHAP . II I, H. to their estab li shment. In 1861 the off ice of 1t di b·i-adr i,lat was ab oli shed and that of nazim cr eated inst ead . At th e sa me time Tah slldiir s we re Admini str a- g:ive n magi st erial po wers auth oris cd to pass sente nces of imp ris onment up tive . ~ to 3 years , and nam ed ntfi b-n rizims in thi s, their judi cial capacity. The PO Ll eR ANO nazims were mad e Se ssio ns Ju dges , and th eir cou rts we re made ap pell at e JAI LS. courts for the de cis ion s of appea ls fro m the findi ngs of the nai b-nazi ms. Working of In I870 Mahar aja Mohindar Singh fo und tha t judicial work was interfe rin g police. wi th the Tah silda rs' legitimat e duties conn ec ted with reve nue and fin an ce, and he ap poi nted sep arate offi cer s as nu ib -na zims to ca rr yon that ,,, ,ork . The thana fu nc tion ar ies we re then placeJ under nai b- nazims , th e 1J az im and th e hakz 'nz-z '-addlat-i-sadr (commonly cal1 ed the adli lati) still con- tinu in g to be the chi ef of them all. This sy stem rem ained in fo rce till 18 82. In 1882 the Coun cil of Regen cy organi se d the pol ice depar tm ent on th e Bri tis h mode l. Distr ict Sup erint enden ts of Pol ice wer e appo int ed at salarie s ranging from Rs. So to Rs . TOO a mont h. Th e mz msMs and sepoys we re cal led serg eants and consta bles, while inspe ctors and Cou rt in spectors were appo int ed in every di stri ct .A Pol ice Code was issu ed, close ly modelled on the Code of Crim ina l Proc ed ure . and Brit ish In dian Crimina l La w became the law of the St ate . The fi na l step was th e appoin t- ment ill SamlJ at 194 2 of an In sp ect or-G eneral of Polic e with an adequa te head-qua rte rs staff . All dep ar tm enta l powe rs, form erly ves ted in th e mag is - rates an d nazims, were the n tran sferr ed to the Inspecto r-Gene ral an d Di s- tric t Super int en dents . Man y improv ements have since bee n carrie d out by Mr. J. P. 'vVa rbu rton, who ,, ,as appointed Insp ecto r.G en er al of Polic e by th e late Maharaj a Rajin dar Sin gh. Ther e are at pres ent 36 tMna s in th e St ate as shown below :- Karmgarlt nizamat .- Karmgarh (a t Dirba), Nanl in gar h (o r Ch6 ha rpur ), Sa ma na , Aka lga rh (or Munak ), Na rwa na, Bha wiiniga rh (or Dh0dan) and Sunam. Also Patiala Ko twr1l i. Anahadgrzr lz niz amat .-Barn~ la, Bhikhi , Bl 1at inda , BhaJau r, Sar<1u]· ga rh (or Dod ha l) and Bo hil . Amar aarh nz·z amat .-Amarg arh, Sirhincl or Fat ch)! .~· h. Kham{\ non , Alamgarh '( or Kala ur) ,Chuna rthal, Dora hii (or Pa il) an d Sll crpu r. Pin jaur nizamat.-Pinjaur, Riijp ura, Gha naur, Ri img arh or Gh ura m, (st ation ed at Bahru) , Mar danpu r,Lalrll, Ba nur ,Srinaga r, Sanau r. Dha ra mpur and KaulL Moh indargad t niza mat .-lVIo hi1 1l1a rgarh (or IGnau d) , Neimaul . Na nga l Chaudhri and Satmt li. Th ere arc ! nu' merou s outp osts, tho se on the Kalka -S im la ro ad bei ng the mo st import ant . As cla coit s from Alw ar an d Jaipur us ed to make incursio ns in to Patiii la it was foun u nec essa ry to est ablish 14 out pos ts along the Pa tiiiI a fro nti er, in the lVIoh indarg arh ni zd.lll at. These outp osts have , how- ever , bee n rec entl y abo lish ed. Details of th e consti tut ion of th e po lice for ce wil l be found in Part B. Co n~t itut ion of You ng men of good family ar e now recru ited as Pro bai iona ~y District pol ice . Sup erintendents, and whenev er a Y~cancy occur s one. of th em IS se le ct ed for it. A sma ll force of mounte d pol ice ha s be en orga l1lsed. 17 .5 [ PART A. The c!za uki da ri syste m ha s al so come un der reV1S lon. Formerly th e CHAP. III, H. villages paid their c!zauk1dr1rs in grai n tw ice a year. The ir pa y wa s va rie d and unc ertain, and th< :, y consequent ly neglec ted their duties . Regulati ons Adm in istra - have now been d;'awn up, moclelled on th ose of the Punjab, providing tive . amon g other things that cltaukidars shall receive Rs . 4 a mon th. POLIC E AND ]J \lLS. The Crim in al Tribe s in the State , t.hough few in numbe rs, are kept Chauklddr i sys- tem . under st ri ct superv ision ; the maj ority of th em arc Sa nsis an d Bauria s, with some Har nls, Mina s and Bilochis. Cr iminal Tr ibes. There ar e two ja il s in the State -at Patia la and Mo hinda r Tota! expend; - ! tu:e. COol pet he ad. I I __ ...- e-. _.....c / _ . !{s . A. P. i Ro. A. P. 30,081 0' 33 ::; 10 ° i 19,O:!8 ° cl ~I 0 4 Ho spital cha rg es :! 514 0 o· , :2 %2 7 Clothi ng and be dding 89.+8 0; ° 9 14 I Sanitation chalges 0 581 °1 o 20 3 I Miscellaneous se rvices and sup plies !I,II G 0 OJ 12 4 6 0 77 o! 0 I I 4 Conti ngen cies 1,601 0 0 I 12 4 Extraordinary ch ar ges 1,4 67 0 0 I 9 II -- -1---- To ta l 75 .4/3 0 0 I 83 5 2 ------_. _------.__ I_~ ,__ - 17 6 PATIALA STATE. ] Administra- Th e figur es In th e tive. I 1891. i 1901 . margin show the number EOUC .H IO NAND I of lit erate s in every 10, 000 LITIlRAC Y. of each sex according to Lite racy. (unde r instruc tion 8 th e census es of Ig01 and 3 ,, } 4 4'6 ;; tales ~ 2 18 g1 . Taking the rel igi- Lable to read and write 547 ... i Oil S separately the follow- (under instruction ... •.• I I It ill~ ar e the figur es per Fema les~ i ," 11'8 10,000 of each sex :- lable to read an d wr ite •• . , 7 iJ ______i__ I .. MUHAMMA- I DAN S, , -18 -9-1.T-I-90~~;-I-T, -Jg~ ~ ~~ ~. Ig01.I J8 9J.1 190 1, :-- !-- -1---- ,-- 1-1-- (un der inst ruc - l 42 II( 39 1' )( 21 !1 1 ( 2]1 'I \ I tion, 11 I. II I' I II Mal es~ i I ~ 5,56' ~ I r 20 76 ~ ,~27 7 1 r 4,143 I ab le to read 704 . II 228 I 137 2 !J I 4,17 2 I' L and write, I IJ L IJ L! i L[I (und erinstruc- ! '6 II( 2 h I ('8,\ I ( S0 \' I tion. I I I' II II I ! Females1 IrS 1 ! ~ J2 '4 ~ ~ 9' 4 1 \ r 1,323 I ab le to read : 4'6 I I I 8; I I 12'6\ I 1 I 246 I L and wr ite. I J I L) L) ! l J ~ 1 NTT OUM REBE~~'A~[.DE I Number of Tola l nu mber , .~" I males in of cast e or ~ WRITE, I colum n 3 tribe , __ ._. ~ I who knol V I Eng lish . I i Ma1e5 . I Fem ale s, ! _-,--- ' I --1--.\------1 :) I--;-~-1'--- 5 Ar Mn .•• ." 47,02 21 302 6 I 6 Arora ••• ••• :,),3 96 361 22 I' 14 Bra hman ! 91,46 5 i 8, 083 46 86 Bani ~...... , 80 ,76 7 'I 17,917 52! 51 Ja t 484, 731 5,398 I 99 ! :14 Khatri 18,138 4,29 6 I 31 II' 66 Pathiin .. , 7,917 I 368 8 15 Rajp tit 65 ,296 I 94 2 281 14 Sayyid 88 ,665 ' 937:18 12 Shai kh 23,13 1' 1,016 . 39 1 32 The census returns of 1go 1 sho w th at of the total popula tion 38,097 were li te ra te, but of th at numb er only 86 0 we re females. The agricultur al pop ul ati on in general does no t regard edu cation fav ourabl y. At the censu s of 1891, 3,4 1a pe rs ons in the whol e St ate we re retu rned as under ins tru ction and in 190( th e ed ucat iona l returns show ed 6,058 pupils, to wh ich should be added 1,65 4 sc hol ars in pri vat e and vi llage schools, maki ng a total of 7,7 12. 177 [ PAR T A. Befor e th e reign of IV Iahnp \ja Narin da r Sing h th ere wa s no system of CHAP . III, I. ~State -co ntrc lle d educat ion in Pa ti ala, though private sc hools are sain o have bee n num erous in ·the caplt aT, an d in th es e Pe rsian , Arahi c, San skri t Ad m in is tra-c and Gurm ukh i wer e ta ught . ~rst Stat e schoo l was opened in Patifda tive . ,. itself in 1860 A.P ~d in thi s the th ree classica l languages ment ionea ED UCATIO N AND abov e were tau gh t. In 186 2 the sc ope of the sc hool was en larg ed and LITER ACY. provi si un was made for teach ing En gli sh an d Mat hematics, bu t_J:~!: .~i9 :n Educati on. ~~ most popul ar -~l .Y: Thi s sc hoo l was under th e con trol Hist or y. of Lala Kul want R;\i, tlle FU la nciaJ Mini ste r, who was thu s the pioneer of education in the State . Mah: \l "ltja Mohindar Singh in 18 70, the fi rst year of hi s reig n, create d a regular ly organise d Edu ca ti onal Depar tme nt , und er a Di re ct or assi sted by an In spect or . Th e fi rst Direc to r was the well know n Mat hem ati cia n Pr ofesso r Ra m Ch anda r, for med; , tutor to th e Mah Ariija . The scho ol at pze tiiila was liberally equip ped an d mad e th e central schoo l. AMan :lf ;'ilg Comm it te e, con· sisting of all th e pr inc ip al off ic ials, was also ap' )o )ilJte d to pr om ote the sprea d of educ ati on. The teache rs in th e indi \l.cll ous schoo ls in the to wn of Pat ia la were taken into the se rvi ce of th e St ate' ,Pers ian re- maininG the onl sub 'ec t of instruc tioll, and the ;r maktabs became State sc 100 1s , whil e eXI sting sc 100 s were slim ar y a Mahar aja Mohi nda r Sin gh not only endeavou red to extend educatio n within the State, but evinced much gen erosit y in making sever.'!l handsome don ations to var ious educational in stitu ti ons in Brit is h Ind ia, irrespec tive of cr ee d and ca ste. The chi ef of thes e were ma de to the Pun jab Universi ty, the lvluhamm adan Anglo -Oriental Colleg e at Al iga rh, an d the Del hi Ze na~a Teac hers' Hom e, the Lawr ence Mil itary As yl um at Saniiwa r, the Mayo Orp hanag e at Simla , and th e Mohi ndra La.! Sarka r's Science Ass ociation at Calc ut ta . In ad dition to th e abo ve endo wmen ts His Highness gave a su m of 17 8 PA T/ ALA STATE, ] CHAP. 111 ,1. Rs. 23 ,568 , in sma ll subsc rip tions , to vario us associat ions, a portion of wh ich was al10 tt ed to educ ati onal on es, irrespect iv e of any disti nction s of creed , Admin istra- ca ste or colour . tlve. EDUCATION AND The Educational Departm ent of the State is now admin is tered LITE RACY, on the syst em int roduce d by Dr . Sime III 18 8g, Th e Dire ctor Educ at ion. of Pub li c Inst ruction is also Inspec tor -Genera l of the St ate Sc ho ols and in tha t capacity he vi sits each schoo l at least once a year. The direct respo nsibility for the supervi si on of the sch ool s ve sts ho wev er in th e Inspector s, wh o are re qu ir ed to vis it each scho ol at lea st twi ce a year. Th ere are two In spect ors, th e se nior being in cha rge of the Pat ial a Cir cle, whi ch compris es the niziimats of Amarg ar h and Pinj aur, with the Patiala tah si l of Karmgarh, an d the jun ior having cha rge of the Barn ala Cir cle, whi ch compris es Anahadg arh and Mohin dar- garh ~l iz amats, wi th the th ree remai nin g tah si ls of Kar mgarh. The Pati ala Circ le has 58 sch ool s, as de ta iled in th e mar gin ,,,,' it h 2 Sc hools in 19 02,CIRCL R. 3,13 8 pupils, 2,806 boys and 33 f--- -~ '---, gir ls. Its expend iture amounted Pat id /a, Ba rlld/a. in Ig 02 to Es. 26,538 an d its in- 7 9 (An gl e-V er na- come fro m fees to Rs . 1,610. The cul ar 6 and Ve rnacu lar 3) . Ba rnala Circle has 48 school s, Pr imar y .•, 40 30 wit h 2,483 pupi ls, 2.381 boys an d Hi gh I •• . Ang lo- Vc r- 2 :i Anglo - Verna- 102 girl s. Its exp en ditur e amount- nacular cul ar, ed in 19°2 to Es , 20 ,712 and its inc ome fr om fees to Rs, I,' 50. Sri~aga r, Rajpu :~ , Ban .~r, Sir hi nd , r;r and~~ lr- I. ' Kalaur, Ghur uan, Pa d, Ghanaurl Ka, lln , { Chan:i rth al. f Moh indarg arh, Nar n"'ll, Nangal Ch audh ri, II ' ') Bhikh i, Sama na, Dirba , Na rwana, l Kalait , Ma ns urp ur . The follow in g 12 are locate d III fort s an d oth er Sta te buil d- in gs :- Sa naur, Balddu rgar h, Pi njaur , Gh anau r, •.. { Basi, Dorilha ,Ama rgar h, Sherp ur. EX'sting Th e buil dings of the Mo hindar Colleg e hay e already been des crib- instituti ons ~ ed. Th e sta ff co nsists of no les s th an 4 I masters and off icia ls The Mo hindar of who m 4 belong to th e Col lege Dep artm en t, 12 to th e Anglo~ Colle ge, Ve rn ac ular High Scho ol, 8 to the Ver nacula r High Sc hool, 4 to the Pe rsian, 2 to th e Arab ic, 6 to th e San skrit and 2 to the Gurm uk hi 1 The Hig h Sch oo ls ar E at ratia la :f or ming par t of the Mo hind ar College ), Pail , Bhatind a. and lI Iohin dug>r h. q9 [ PAR I' A. Sect ion, wi th a lib raria n, a gymnastic instructor and a clerk. Of the CH AP. III, I. College staf f al l arc grad uates, and of the Anglo -Veruacular High Schoo! teachers 4 are now expe ri enc ed gra duates. 1 l,c Coi Jege is maintained Admi nistra- entirely by th e State, on ly nomin al fees being levied fr om the students. tive . Prizes and schol arships to th e val ue of Rs. 2,2 1 I are awa rded an nual ly. Two EDUCA TION AND gold meda ls are also given by the State ,-one, the No rth broo k, to the first LlfERACV. st udent in the En glis h Depart ment of the College, and th e othe r to the first Ed uc ltion . in the Or ie ntal Dep artment. In the latter depa rtm ent po or st ud ent s are The Moh indar supported by stipend s. Th e tota l number of st ude nt s is 32 4, of whom 120 College. are no n-1 3r ahmanical Hi ndus , 60 Brah mans , 70 Muhamma dans an d 3 Native Christians. There are only 41 boa rd ers in the boarding- house, which is controlle d by a Resi dent Su peri ntendent , th e Princi pal of the College be ing ultimately re spon sibl e for it s good man age ment . Fre e medical attend - ance is al so give n to the boa rde rs, th e Ci vil SUrg eO ll recei ving an Rs. allowance of R:, i') pe r mensem I. (' ollege proper ... 9.9 Z4 for th is dut \' ~'o fee s used 2. Oriental Sec tio n·- Rs to be cha rge d' '') ut an nas 12 a (Il) Ar, bic 840) mo nt h are 1'. ' to be levie d from (b) San ,krit 08 1,3 ) t 0 1 I h' Ie) Pers ia n 1,584 4, 5- ea e 1 stue en! . to mee t t e mallltc - (d Gurm uk hf 4Z 0 nance cha rge 3. The to tal cost of A.•V. High Sc hool 7,11 6 th e Co ll ege is Rs. 23 .46 6 a yea r V. High ::>cho ol 2,Z74 di st rib uted ;"s sh own in the mar gi n . .--: In ;ga2 there were 78 I indi ge nous school s in the State as ag ains t t 2g fndig enou s in 189 1, with 1,305 sch olars in 1902 as against 1,629 in 18g l. They educ at ion. inclu de (a ) 16 pdc !Js}/(ilas , (b ) 17 c1l a(sha l{(, s, (c ) 13 dharms hahi s and (d) 32 tn .ktljbs . In Ig0 2 the r6 pdtlz shal as were atten de d by go boys . Their ed uc at ion is Ptith sh ci!ti l. re ligio us and Brahman boys esp ecia lly re sort to them to learn ptld/uii, 'priestlv lore ,' and 'Jot is h,' astr olog y.Tile student s ar e called vidia rthts and ge neral ly live by begging Tn ey rece iv e les sons from the ir teac her s ear ly in the mo rn ing and «ga in in th e af ter noon , and are Grot ta ught the Sighra - bodlz, Horacl t1k kar , Bhf:a h pt:dhati , Sanska r pa dl ta ti and other simi la r books relat ing to Hindu ceremonia l and rites : '"en they 1 Thi~ r.umber is belo w the ma rk; there are a ::<:od ma .ny indigeno ~ Gu rmakhi and M ahaja n. ,~ hC )oJs in the Sta te th at have not been ret urned , 180 PATIALA STATE . ] Cltat rhaltfs are Malzajan i reading schools wh ere parlh( /', teach La nde and ac counts to Mahaj an (shopk ee per) boys ge nera lly . The 17 chatsl za/o. s ill Administra~ tive. th e St ate have 368 boys, who are first tau ght th e clzhoti and bar f bci rtiklz ar i or sidhon , the Lande alphabet, which the v writ e on the groun d with th ei r EDU CA TtoN AND fing ers. Figu re s are next taught and tl Jen th e kolh e or 'tabl es' up to 40, LITER ACY . paua (n adh ri (n paun a (i) , swa)'a (r il, dudlz tl (q), dhay ti (2~), hun t!za Education . (3~), dhaunchri (4~l, et c., up to 9~ are taugh t. Then th e gay al iin (ta ble Chat shdld J .. of 11 times) and ha1fJ tin (tabl e of 21 ti mes) are lea rnt by hear t. TL e bt'kat 1.ande or Sarr dfi (multiplication of It, q, 2!, et c, by on e anot he r) is also tau ght . Th ese sch :lols . tabl es help th e boys in th eir trad e in aft er-lif e. Ever y day thr ee bo ys, \\ ho ar e well up in the tables, stand at one end an d thre e oth ers at the othe r end of th e cla ss and recit e th em, whi le the rest s~t an d in a rh yt hmi cal ton e repea t them st ep by st cp after the six: bo ys .\Vhe n a boy has learnt to wr ite the alph abe t and figures on th e ground and to rec it e al l the tabl es, he begins to writ e th e alphab et and figures on a takht i, a small wo od en board plas te red over wi th bla ck, pan dl l or wh it e cl ay and water being us ed for ink. Af ter SJm e prac tice th ey plast er the takht £ with gaini , and \\Tite on it with bl ac k co untry ink. On the tak ht i th e four first rul es of arithmetic, int erest and th e meth od of ke ep ing ac count s arc bught . Afte rwards essential ari thm etic and gur s, or fo rmul ~, are taught to mak e th e boy skil ful in Hi ndi accoun ts. An int elligent lad fin ishe s th is co urs e in two months and boys of ord in ary ca pa cit y in six. The boy s ta ke t\ \' o pic e, a ser of flour and a quarter of a ser of r,IW sugar with th em when th ey beg in their stlldies . Th e suga r is dist ri but ed am on g the pup ils, a. nd th e flour and pice giv en to (he teac h>:r. Every pup il pays one or tw o pic e an d half a ser of grain to the ptidlta every Sunda y. The pc/ Aha is ge nerall y paid on th e contract system, rec ei ving a fixed sum on the co mpl etio n of a cert ai n course of sp ecial in st ru ction, e.g, One rup ee is paid after finish !n g th e tabl es, on e on beginni ng to write on th e takJ di~ and one aft er IPa rnll1g th e rat es , etc. The majority of the pupils le ave sc hoo l aft er lea rnin g t~e tabl es, but a few learn mental ar ithm etic and bo ok -ke eping an d to wnte ut bill s and drafts. A festi va l (the Claim Chz 'kri) is held on th e 4th day of th e moo n in th e lunar month of Bhado n, at \vhich th e plfdh.(i ac comp ani ed by his pupils goes to th e hou se of ea ch Gurmukhi school s ar e ge nera lly loca ted in dharamsh tili s. Tn 1902 th e 13 dharamsh tilas contain ed 56 bo ys. Bhazs or sridh us are the teachers in thes e schools. Th e alph abet or paintZ -th e 35 le tt ers- -is general ly taugh t on the gr ound , and th e mah rirni writ ten in prindzl. ink on a taH fi plaste :ed with blac k. Thi s maharni is not a recita tio: 1 of tables , but a com poundmg of con sonants with vow els , such as sa muk/ ,f " sa ka nna, s£ sta ri, sf biha ri, SZt anka r, SZl dalankar , se !liwcf ,n , sai dol riy {f, ,,. so hau ra , sau kanau ra, sang tt ppi , San bin di. Malui rlJ £ is writt en as we ll as re::ite d Of the Gurmukh i books th e Bil opd esh is ta\1gh t fi rst, then the Panjgra nth i, D~ sgra nthi an~ Gu ru Gr anth Sahib. Bo vs are ab o ta u~h t to wnt e 1 tte rs III Gurm ukh l. II I the Janaa l tr act th~ peop le ha ve 'a stro ng predile ct io n fo r lear ning Gur mu khi, ";.n cl th e sc hools for tea ching it are ra pid ly incr easi n;; in numbers . Th e m'1ktab is the vern Arti san s' boys, such as bla cksm iths, carp en tNs, go!tto miths , tailors , etc., Educa tion of are taught by sk il led ar tisans, who ar e pre sent ed \\ ith a rupee and so me artisa ns. swee ts by the ir ap prenti ces. Female educat ion is gener ally loo ke d up on vvi th disf av our thr ough- Female educa- out the Stat e. Girls learn kaslzida and ot her ncedle work, £.e ., embroi de ry, tion. sewing, mak in g gl ove s, hosiery an .d trou ser-s tr in g~, etc ., at home. from other wom en. Th ey also learn cookm g and other household duti es at hom e fr om their mothe rs and re latiolls. vVom en are taught only Gurmukhi , Nagrf, San skr it, or Ar abic acc or ding to their religion. Onl y religious books are gt'nerally taught to th e gi rls. In Patiala town some Hindu wid ows teach girls and wom en th e GiLa, Ramaya n and Bishnusah asar- nam. As regar ds literalure, Pa tia la is not far behin d mo sl of the othe r to\yns Li telature . of th e Punjab, and some of its authors have pro duce d standar d works. The Kh alif a br oth ers have taken the lc ad in thi s di recti on. The lat e \Vazfr -ud - dau la, Mud abbar-ul- Mu lk, l( halifa Muha mm ad Ha ssan, C.l .E. , Prime Mi ni ster of Pa tii il a,,ya s the author of th e Aiji lz·ut -T an zi l an d th e T~rikh7 i-. Pati ala. Th e forme r work is des ig ned to prove the superiority of Isl;im ove r other rel igion s and is gre atly est eemed by t11 e Muhammadan commun i- ty in Indi a, and the latt er is the sta nd ard "'or k in Urdu on Patial a History. The Mashi r-ud-Daula, Mumt az ·ul-Mulk, th e Hon 'ble Khali fa Muhammad Huss ain, Khan Bah ad ur, Memb er of th e Cou ncil of Reg encv, has tran - sl ated the 'Rajas of th e Punj ab' and Bern ier 's Trav els' into Urdu. Sa rdar Gnrmukh SiDgb .••..Sard~r BahaQur r· I)re li; de~t of the Emm cil --of --· &crency, is th e auth or of th e Nanak Pa rkas h, an inter estin g and instr ucti\ 'e bo;k on Slk~m. ,E lm Gy am .Sm,gl~ is th~ . ~uth or of. the 'Tarikh.j·' mI 'Sa' ana the Panth Parka sh III PunJ abl, bo th hIg hly esteem ed in the Punjab. The author ha s treated Sikh histor y exha ust ively. Anot her Punjabi writer is Bha i Tara Sin gh, who has writt en a Kosh , or vocabulary of words and phra se s in the Adi Gr anth, with explap .a- ti ons , a work greatly admired by student s of the Sikh reli gi on _ He ha s also writt en seve ral other trea tises on Sikhism. The late Mr. M. N. Chatterjee, Profe ssor of the Mohindar Colle ge, was the author of a poet ical work , th e" Mo rning Sta r," and hi s "Lo gic and Phi losophy" are used extensively by students of Metaphy si cs, Logic and Ps yc hology. The la te Mas ter Chhutt f L~I, Di recto r of Publi c Instruction in the St ate, translated IE sop's Fabl es in to Urdu, an d th e wor k is used as a text-book in th e Up per Primary classes at th e State schools . The late Profe ssor Ram Cha ndr a also Direct or of Public Instru ction , brou ght out a uniq ue Mathe- matical 'work on Maxima and Minima , which is highl y spok en of qy 182 PATIAL A STATE. ] CHAP. III, J. ad vanced stud ent s of Mat hemati cs thr oug1 1Ou t Europ e and Am eri ca. Th e Ad min istr a~ la te Sar dar Part >i p Si ngh,Fina ncial Mini ste r of the State, edi ted a Geo - ti ve. graphy of Patial a whi ch suppl ie d a want kee nly felt in the State. Pand it Gan eshf Lal co mpo se d bo oks on th e Geog rap hy of Pat iala and on Algebra. ~~l'~ ~~~ I~N AND Mu nshf Gand a Ram, Mathe mati cal Te ac her, has comp os ed two works in Urdu on Alg ebra and Natu ra l Philo soph y.Pand it Munl L:i l has compo sed some Literatur e. boo ks on moral and reli gi ous refo rm. As Se nior Ins pector of Sc hools and Off iciatin g Di recto r of Pu blic Instr uct;o n Pan di t Ram Sin sh, Sharma , wr ote th e' As61 -i- Tallm '(Pri nci pl es of Tr aining), whi ch was greatly ap - pre cia ted by ed ucation al exp erts in the Pu njab and United Provi nce s, and th e Gene ra l Tex t-Book Comm itt ee, Punja b, app rove d of it for the libra- ri es of High Schools and Trainin g Institu ti ons . _Th e 'Patia la Akh bh ' ~art~d in 1872 by Munshl Newal Kisb ~w ith th e sa nc~) .on _~e State. Smce 18 95 th IS paper haSbee n un de r tli .e maQ .?-gcment of Savy lu Raj ab All Sh ah, propri etor of the Ra jind ar Pr ess, Pat iala. The En glish and Vernacular newspapers of the Pun jab and Unit ed Provin ces are us u~J.ly rea d by th e ed uca ted people of the State. .. A regul ar Med ica l Departm en t was orga nise d by Mahiira ja Moh inda r Singh in 1873 and pl aced und er Surg eo n-Maj or C. M. Calthrop ; the fi rst Medic a! Adviser to the State , who als o had charg e of the vacci nati on wor k. The Medica! and Sanit ary in stitutio ns an d establishment s of the Pati ala St ate are und er the di re ction of a Medic al Advi ser , who is an officer of th e Ind ian Medi ca l Service, lent by the Br itish Gov ern ment. The Medi cal Sta ff consi sf:; of (i) an As si st ant Sur gf:on len t by ~he Go ver nm ent 0' ':he Punjab wh o hol ds char ge of th e R~ji l~d ar Huspita l am 1 is al so Ci viI SU' -c ;on of Pati :ila . (2) nine Assis tant Su ,' ge or: s eng a~eG J;rec~- ly by the St ate,(3) tw ent y-seven Ho spi til.l Assistants; an d bes id es th es e a .Ie dical La dy Sup er intendent in charg e of th e Duf fer in Hospi ta l with tl VO <.;u alified Fe male Iviedic al Ass is tan ts. Inst itutio'9. The institntio ns consist of the R1jindar, Du ffe rin, Imp eria! Servi ce Dispens ari es. Tabl e 53 if Pa rt Troops and Jai l Hos pitals, and City Branch, Poor- hous e, Local Tr oops B. and Poli ce out-pa ti ent disp ens :!ries at Pat i·~l; l. Th ere are outly ing disp ensar ies . in charg e of A.ss is tan t Surgeo ns at B~s l,.Bhati. nda , Narna ul, Bar ndl a,RCtJpu ra and Su nClm, the thr ee for mer hav1 I1 g In -pat ient acco mmo - dati on. Th ere are di spe nsar ies in cha rge of Hospita l As sistants at Banur, PA il, Dhurl, Bhaw?ni g-arh, Nar w~ na, Sa ma na, Mun ak, Harya6 , Bhi khi , Mo hindarO 'a rh , Sirhind , Pinja ur and Srinaga r, the las t only havin g in -pa tie nt acc ommo datio n. Th ere ar e also thr ee di spensaries at Bll ad, Ladda and Tal wandl in char(J 'e of Hos t:ita 1 Assist :l l1ts in con nect ion with the Irr iga tia n De part me nt. In b 19 03 th e He ndle y Fe mal e Dispensary wa s opene d at Pati ala by Sir Be r; amin Fr ankl in, K c. I.E:, Di reetor.Ge ner~1 c:f Hos - pita ls in India, at the request of the CO ll .nc .1!of Regency. It IS si tuat ed near the Sanaurl Gate of the town, an d IS II I charge of a Euro pean lady doctor. qOf ~ial in, tilu· Th e Rajindar Hos pit al is a han dso me , .well -eq uip ped . bui ldi ng, with tions , 56 beds, bu ilt in the tim e of the se cond Counci l of Rege ncy II I 18n·. It was form an y op ened in Jam~ ary I 883· ~ ,~horo~Khly mo~ ern operatlOn roo.m was ad ded to th e bu ildll1g by MahantJa RaJl ndar Slll gh . Th e Dufferm Hos pital cl ose by the Rajinda r Hospi~ al was als~ built in ~h~ tim e of the seco nd Cou ncil of Re ge ncy, the foundatIOn st one haVing be en laId In NOlember )888 a_ndthe bui ld ing opened in October 1890 . It is . well se clude :l fr om 18 3 [ PAR T A. observ ati on, near on e of the to wn gates , rtnd thus adapt ed for the treatment of fema les of the better classes. The Military Ho spital , in the Imp erial Administra~ Service Troop s lines , 15 built on the plan of similar inst itutions in British tiv e. India. The oth er IP crl ical work in and around Pat iala is carried on in bu ild- ings ill- adapt ed to j,c ir purp ose. a;1<1this is al~o ~he cas e at Ba si, Sunam , MED IC AL. Narnaul ,Pail, l-iaryau, Na rwana and Slrhmd . Und er the present Special ins titu· Counc il muc h bas bee n done to pr ov ide suitable build ings for the various tion~. ho spita ls and dispensari es. The Sanitary De pa rtm en t inclu des tb e conse rvancy of Patiala and San il ary Depart. ment. the towns sho wn in the ma rgin, the R4jpu ra. Bhatinda. vaccina tion, and the regist ration of Banu L Hadia ya. Basi . Bhawanigar h. bi rths and deaths in th e Stat e There Sirhind . Samana. is a Superint enden t at Pa tiala in charge Dh url. Sun am . of con serva ncy thr o, .': ..ilO ut the State Bar nala. Na rnaul. under the Med ica l J c1 viser , and his du ties includ e all those which in British territo ry co me un de r the cont rol of a Mun ic ipal Commit tee. The va cc in ation and regis tration of births and deaths estab- Vaccination . lishment is unde r an Inspect or of Regist rat io n and Vacci nation (who is an Table 54 of Par t E. Ass istan t Su rge on), a Supe rvi sor of Vac cin at.ion, an d 30 Vacc inators. Vacc ina tion is entirely vol unta r.y and is fairly ge nera ll y accepted in eve ry nizamat. The peop le of the town of Pati :ila ar e, however, somewh at adver se to it , an d the introd uction of a compuls or y Ac t to deal with this serious con di tion of th in gs ha s been of te n propos ed , but no action has as ye t be en taken in th is direct ion . As in the Punj ab, the regis trat io n of bir tlJs and dea ths is now Regis/ratio n of births and carried on by th e vii lag~ c/zau kldd rs,. previousiy to 190 [ it was effe cted aea ths. through the tahsils by the State pat'w aris. This sy ste m was never sat is- fac tory an d up to 1go I no dep ende !1 ce can be placed on the vital stat is tic s as subm itt ed by the Depar tm ent . The hope tha t. the n~w syste m wo uld be an im prove ment on th e othe r hand has no t yet been fulfilled, but it is too early as yet to give a definite opini on on th is new depa rt ure . In co nn ection with th e Raj ind ar Hos pital is a 3r d Cl ass Meteor olog i- Meteorolo gical cal Statio n from which reports are sent month ly to th e Government of Departmen t. India . The obs er vations are take n by a Hos pita l Assis tant who has had considera ble exp er ience ill this wo rk. At Pati ala nea r the Mati Bagh the re is an asylum cal led the Ram Bha whic h su pp orts 16 lep ers and 13 bli nd paupers . It was founded ill Samba t 188 3 by Maharaj a Karm Sin gh at the sug ge stion of Bhal Ram Si ngh, a holy man, who de voted his su bstan ce to the relief of pove rty ami even ad mitt ed cripple d cow s to thi s asy lum. Ma ha raja Karm Si ng!l grant ed hi m a village in jag ir and his descendant s carried on the work and calle d th ems elves maltants. The expe nditu re is about Rs. t,200 an nu ally. The institution now kno wn as th e Vi ctoria Poor -house was start ed in The Vic toria the fami ne of Sa mbat 1956, and was at first ca lled th e Poor-ho use. It was Poor·hoUle. manag ed by competent State offi cials and affo rded exten sive relie f to the famine -st ri cken people, an d a full accou nt of it will be fo und in Section H, pag e 136 . Wh en the fami ne wa s over, som e of it s inmate s who had no homes and means of su bsiste nce were un able to leave it, and were, therefore , kept, fe d and look ed after . The Poo r-hou se , mo reove r, cont inu ed 184 · PAT !AL A STATE . ] C HAP. III, J. to adm it fresh inmates, an d so it was propos ed by Lila Bhagw an Da s, Me mbe r of the Coun cil of Reg enc y, that a per manent Poo r·h ou se sh ould be AdminIstra- estab lish ed in memory of Her lat e Maje sty th e Empress, and at a meeti ng of tive . the Cen tral Victoria Memorial Commi tte e held all January 1st , 'gOI , presi ded MEDl CA L. over by Kan war Sir Ranb fr Singh , K. CS. I, it wa s decided to est ab lish The Victori a thi s institution. Rs. 70 ,000 wer e subs crib ed and ar e bein g spen t on a larg e Poor · hou se. buil ding for its inmat es, who numb er over 100. The Darbar al so allot te d Rs. 500 per mensem fo r fo od and othe r expe nses. Th e av erage num be r fed is about II 5 daily. The institution is in ch ar ge of a Hospi tal Ass is tant, who is also the Superint ende nt, a compounde r, a store -ke eper, two pe ons, two cooks, a teacher , two ch aukidrirs, two kahars, a swe eper, :l barb er, a dhobi , and a car penter to teac h the or phan s. Th e last nam ed is pa id Rs.}2 by the Medica l Adv iser from hi s own pock et. One of the kahu 'rs gro ws vegeta ble in the comp ound for th e use of the inmate s. The heal th of the inm ates is ge nerally good. The y are fed twi ce a da y, at 8 AM. and 6 P.M. , on br ead, dri l and vege tables , the sic k be ing given rice and milk al so, The cost of fo od alon e amou nts to Rs. 2 per head month ly. Suc h :J S ar e cap ab le of worki ng are req uire d to twist ropes fo r the repair s of their charp dis , to ma ke up packets of quinin e for sale th rough the Pos t Offi ces or some other light wor k. Orph an gi rl s :Jrc t:Jug bt spinning and bo ys carp entr y.No pau per or orp ha n is admitted into the Poor-hou se 'i\: ithou t the ord er of the Med:c:J1 Adv ise r and tal a Bha gwan Das, who -;o !1e rvis ('s the working of the instituti on. Th e buildi ng under const ru ction is i_obe c.1i 1ed the Victoria Poor-h ous e lI s fo und3 .tion st one ''> "as laid by ': -J"~ Hon'ble the Lieutenant-Gov er no r at the Du se ra in 'go 5. 184 , PA T!!\L A STATE. ] CHAP. Ill, J. to adm it fre sh inmates , and so it was propos ed by Lal a Bha gwa n Da s, Me mb er of the Coun cil of Reg ency, that a per manent Poo r-h ous e shoul d be AdminIstra- est abl ish ed in memory of Her late Maje sty th e Empress, and at a mee tin g of tive . the Cen tral Vi ctoria Memorial Com mitte e held on January 1st, IgOI, pr esi de d MllDl cn. ov er by Kanwar Sir Ranblr Sing h, K. C.S.I, it wa s decided to es tabl ish Th e Vi ctori a this institution . Rs. 70 ,000 wer e subs crib ed and are bein g spe nt on a la rg e Poor· house. bui lding for it s inmat es, who numbe r ov er 100. Th e Darbar al so al lott ed Rs. 500 per mensem fo r fo od and othe r exp en ses. Th e av erage num be r fed is about II 5 daily. Th e institution is in char ge of a Ho spi tal Assi stant, who is also the Superi ntend ent , a comp ou nd er, a store -ke epe r, two pe ons, two cooks, a teacher , two chau kid drs, two ka hars, a swe eper, :l barb er, a dhabi , and a car penter to teac h the or phans, Th e last nam ed is paid Rs. 12 by the Medi ca l Adv iser from hi s own poc ke t. On e of th e kaha rs gro ws vegetabl e in the comp oun d for the use of the inmate s. The heal th of the inm ates is gene rall y good. Th ey are fed twi ce a day, at 8 AM. an d 6 P.M ., on br ead, dl1 .1 and vege tables , the sic k be ing given ri ce and milk al so. The cost of fo od alo ne amou nts to Rs. 2 per hea d month ly. Such 2. S ar e capable of worki ng are req uired to tw ist rop es for the repa irs of th eir ch rirpdis , to mak e up pac kets of quinin e for sa le through the Post Of fices or som e other li ght work. Or phan girl s ;Ir e t;lught spinnin g and bo ys carp entry_ No pauper or orp ha n is admit te d in to the Poor -hou se ·0· it hou t th e ord er of the Med:cal Adv iser and tal a Bha gwa n Das, 'who -;uDCrV lSf 's the worki og of the ins tit uti on. The bu ild ing und er const ru ctio n ;s to be Co1i 1edthe Vic to ria Poor-house If s fo undation st one wa s lai d by c! W Hon'b le th e Lieute na nt -Governor at the Du sera in Ig05 . eRA T~ R IV. -PLACES OF INTERES T. ~~- AMARG ARH NlzAM AT, Th e Ama rga rh ni:uJ ,mat lies betwee n 75':> 39' and 76° 42' E. and 30° 59 ' aile! 30° 17' N., with an area of 875 square miles. It ha s a popula- Pl ac es of tio n (Igor) of 365 ,448 sou ls as against 361,610 in 1891, and co ntains thr ee inte rest. towns, BAS I, its head -quarter s, PAIL, an d SIRHIND, with 605 vil lag es. Th e lane l reven ue with cesse s amounte d in 1903 -0 4 to Rs. 9,12,239. The Amargarh ni "am4t . niz ama t compri ses seve ral dis ti nct port ions of Patii la ter ri tor y and is div id ed into thr ee tahsfls. Of the se the iirs t, Fateh ga rh, lies in the no rth · east of th e State rou nd th e old 1'.1 ugh al pro vin ci al capit al of Sir hind, and the se cond , that of Sahi bgarh or Pai l, forms a wedge of ter rit ory in the Brit ish Distri ct of Lu rl hiana. The th ird tahsll , Amargarh, lies south of Pi il be tween the St at e of Mal er Kott ~ on th e west and the ter rito ry of Nabh a on the cast . Thi s tahsil lies in th e Jan gal , the other two lying in th e Pawadh. Amar garh is the sout h-wes tern tahsil of the Amarg ar h nz'za mat, lying betw een 75° 39' and 76° 12' E. and 30° 17' and 30° 37' N., with an area of 3 J[ squ ar e miles. 1r has a po pulation (1 90 () of 12 3,468 souls as agai ns t 1,8, 32 9 in 18gl, and co ntains 161 villag es. Its head -quarters ar e at Dh Uri, th e junction of th e Rajpur a-Bhatind a an d Lud hiana- Jakhal Rai lwa ys. It s land rev enue wi th ce ss es amounted in 1903-04 to Rs. 3137 ,985. The An ahadgar h nizamat lies between 74 ° 4r' and 75 ° 50' E. an d 30 ° 34' and 29° °33 , N., with an ar ea of 1,496 square miles . It has a popu la tion (l gOl) of 37 7,367 so uls as against 347,3 95 in 1891 , and conta in s four towns, GOV INDGARH, BHADA UR, BAR NALA or Anah adg arh, it s head· quarters , and HADIAYA, with 454 vili agcs. The niza ma t whi ch is int erspers ed with deta ched pie ces of British territo ry, of wh ich the principal is th e Mah raj par J!an a of th e Ferozepor e Distri ct, form s th e western portion of the Sta te . It li es who lly in th e Jang al tr ac t, and is divided into thr ee tah sils, ANAHADGARH , GOVI NDGARH and BHIKHI. Th e land rev enu e with ce sses amount ed in 1903-04 to Rs. 7/22,925 . ANA HADGARH TAHSIL. Th e An ahad garh or ·Bam al a tah si l is th e head-quarters tahsil of the Anahadga rh ni za mat lying bet ween 75 ° 14' and 75 ° 44' E. and 30° 9' and 30° 34' N., wit h an area of 320 squar e miles. It ha s a popu lation (1901) of J05,989 souls as against 104 ,449 in J891, and contains th e three to wns of BARNALA or An ahadgarh, its head·quarters , HADIAYA and BHADAUR, with 86 villages. Its lan d revenu e wi th ces ses amounted in J90 3-04 to Rs. 1,77,488 . BAHADURGARH. The fort Bahadurgarh is situ ated 4 miles to the nor th.east of Patiala in the Patiala tahs!! of the Karmgarh nizamat, and is connected with Pat i,Ha by a metall ed road . Th e yill age Saifiblid in which the fort is situa ted too k it s name from Nawab Saif Khan, brother of Na wab FidH Kh an, who fou nd ed it in the time of th e Empero r Aurang zeb. The date .J i of fou ndi ng the village is given by Shekh Nasi r AI~) Sirhindi, a famous , 186 PATIALA STATE. ] CHAP. IV. po et of that age] in an inscrip ti on on th e inner gate of th e fo,t , as II Abid Namud Saif Khan Sai fa bad " (S aif Khan founde d Saifaba d), whI ch accor ding Places of to th e abj ad calcu latio n comes to 1067 A.H. or 1658 A.D This villag e interest. as well as certa in oth er neighbouri ng villages was in the possession of th e Bah~durgarh . desce nda nt s of Saif Kh an until the time of Maharaja Amar Singn , who at the su gge st ion of Raja Kl rat Parkas h of Nahan capt ured and annexed the vi llag es to his own terr itory, gr anting th e villag e of Chh ota Ra s6lp ur to the descend ants of Saif Khan as fagtr , which they hold to the pr ese nt day. Th e mosque in fro nt of the palace was built by Saif Khan in 1077 A. H. or 1668 A.D. as the fo llowing inscript ion on the doorw ay of the mosque denote s (acc or ding to the abjad cal culation ) :-" Bani e 11 .1 ~i1asjid amad Saif Kh an" (Saif Khan is the found er of thi s mosque). The fou ndation of the pr esent pa kka for t wa s laid in 1837 by MahAraja Ka rm Singh , and it wa s com ple ted in is ye ars at a co st of Rs. 10 ,00,0 00. This stro ng fo rt is sur roun ded by tw o ci rcu la r wal ls or ramparts, the out er wall bei ng 110 fee t apart fro m the inner on e. Th e out er wall which i "9 fee t hi gh is surroun ded by a pakk U ditc h 25 fe et deep an d 58 fe et ,id e. Th e circ umfer en ce of th e fort is 6,89 0 fee t or 1 mil e 536 yarc h an d 2 feet . Maha raja Karm Singh gav e th e fort its pres ent name in co.n mem or ation of the sacr ed memory of Guru Teg Ba ha dur who paid a vi sit to th e pla ce in the time of Saif Khan, and who, it is said , prop hesied the ri si ng up of a fo rt here at some fut ure dat e. The offl ce r ill charge of the fort is call ed Qi/a dar. The Ma haraja also built a ~'(ur d'li ..1ra in fron t of the fort in memo ry of th e gr eat Guru, whi ch "tands to tne present day. A villag e has bee n gi ven in muaf£ to this gU 1'dwara fo r it s mainten an ce. A fair is he ld ann ually at thi s place on the 1s t day of Bai sakh- the Baisakhi-t he ne w year' s day of the Hindu s. Close to the gurdwara is a tan k whi ch no t only adds to its be auty , but is use ful to the publ ic..Th e vill age Baha durgar h has, besid es , a few line bui ld in gs an d a garden . It ha s also a Primary Sc hoo l. Outsid e the fort li es the tomb of Saif Khan , the foun der of th e vil lage .The population of Bah ad ur ga rh ac cording to the censu s of IgOl is 893, an d co nsi st s chi~f ly of peasant s and artizans. Bant ir is the no rth-eastern tahs il of th e Pinjaur niZfimat, lying betwe en 76 ° 40' and 77 ° E. and 30 ° 23' and 30° 39' N., with an area of 124 square miles. It ha s a population (Igor) of 56 ,674 souls as ag ains t 60 ,185 in 1891, and contains the town of BAN UR, its hea d-qu art ers , with 135 village s. Its land rev enu e with cess es amou nted in 19 03-04 to Rs. 1,70 ,497. BA NUR TOW N. Bamir is th e hea d-quarters town of th e Bal1ur tahsil of the Pi njaur nz 'zamat , lying 9 mil es north- east of Rajpura, in 76 ° 47' E. and 30 ° 34' N. Pop ulat ion (1 9or ) 5,610 as aga inst 6,6 71 in 1881, a decrease due to its di stanc e fr om the rail way an d an unhealt hy climat e. The ru in s that surro und it testify to its former importance: its ancient name is said to have been Pushpi or Papa Nagri or Pushpawatf , ce the cit y of fl owers ," where Mlidhw a1 Na l an d { Love rs and he roes of the drama of the 9'lme name who fl ourished du rin g th e reign of VikramA dittya (MMhwa Nal ·K <1m Kan dia ndt ak publ ished in Bo mbay , and manuscri pt Gurmuk hl bo ok by Eudlt Sing h of Ba ndr ). - ~ . beca me :it maha f of the go ve rnmen t of Sirhind under Akbar . Banda CHAP . IV. Bairagi loote d Banur on the 27 th of Bai sakh, Sambat 1765 (1708 A.D.). - As tn e-- i'iil 1a b, -:1' ms 'of the town su rrender ed themselves , so they we re savecl ~I: ces tOf ge nera l slau ghter .1lt wa s wres te d from the IVlughai empi re by the In ere s - ~inghpuri a Sikhs and Amar Singh , Maharaja of Patiala, after the fall of Banur To wn" Sirh ind in 17,63 , and ev entua lly came int o the exclusive pos sessi on of Pa ti4l a. It was defende d by th e old Impe rial fort of Zulmgarh and by one2 of mor e rece nt date. The tomb 3 of Ma lik Suleman , father of the Sayyi d Empe ror Kh izr Kh an, is show n in the town. It con tains the foll ow ing bast£ s, I suburbs' :-M al ik Sule man, Ib rahim Khan, All Zlnn, Surat Shah, K4k ra, Is e Khan, Sa idwara an d Patakhpu ra. Its more im portant mahalla s are :-l: I Vid e Tad kh Khalsa by Bhai Gian Singh. 2 -- For tof ~a nda.ali·Beg to the west of the town, on the chol, « seasonat tor rent." 3 One of the wall s around his tomb conto .illsthe inscription which gives the date of hi, death as -SOSA.H . i Pa.ti ila. Geogra.phy, page 3Q. 188 PATlALA STATE. ] There is also a fin e garden plante d by Muhammad Namda r Khan , a mem ber of th e late Council of Regency. The pop ulation in 1881 , 1891 and 190 1 Places of interest . is shown in the margin, and its cons titu tion by religion s is given in Table 7 Bas! . -======·=o== ,.. ., -~ ~= of Part B. Though so me wha t les s than in 1891 , it has incr ea sed by Year of 842 sinc e [88 1. The town is a Censu s. Pers ons . Ma les . Female s. healthy one. Basi is of no historical impo rtance , as Sirhind, only 3 miles distant , was the -.------1---- head -qu art ers of the su ba und er the 18 81 12,896 6,689 ' 62 07 1'1 ug halsJ in whos e tim e Ba si was called Bast! Mal ik Hdi dar Khan 1891 13,810 7,20 0 1 . 6,610 Umarzai, wh ic h tend s to show that !901 . 13,738 . 7,149 j 6,$8 9 it wa s fo unded in 1540 by the Pa th an malik, who is said to have sett led bere in the ti n? of Sher Shah. Once in the su ba of Si rhind, it fel l into the hands of Dh·,-~" Si ngh DallewiH a and the n in to those of the Maha- raj a of Patiala. Bas i is a larg e ma rt for re J pepper , indi go, sau n}, coriander , tukh m b,Uan gu , cot to n and sw eet po ta toes . The value of the red pepp er exported is nea rl y Rs. 10 ,0 00 a yea r. It is also not ed for its sit si (a kin d of coars e clot h use d for wome n's paz'f am as). It s Bans als o we ave com mon count ry blankets and cloth. [{ha nd an d gU Y are imp orted from th e Uniteci Provinces and go od rice from Delhi an d Amritsar. It also produ ces fin' ora ng es. Go od earthenware Dot s (han dis) arc made at th is pla ce. It j- not ed for its cart -wheels. • Bh at inda ,l the modern Govindga rh t now an important rail way junc .• tion and a te rminus of th e Rajpura-Bhatinda line, is the head.qu ar ters of the Go vi ndgarh tahsil (i n Anahadg arh niz amat). Lyi ng in 300 13' N. ------"' '""'~-- --- and 75 ° E. in th e centr e of th e Jan gal tract , it has a very hot and dr y but Years of Census . healthy cl imate . The pop u- lation in 1881 , 18g1 and 1901 is show n in th e margin, an d "- I~--I- "'.--- 1, -.,- its con sti tution by religio ns in Table 7 of Par t B. The ••.\ 5,084 2,777 2, 307 lar ge increase sinc e 1881 is due to its rising imp ortance as a railway ju nction, the creation of a mar ket and the (British) offic f's of th e Bhatinda Canal Divi- Bha tin da is of great antiq uity, but its earlie r history is very obscu re it ha vi ng been confu sed wi th ~i rhind, Bhatia and Ohind . According to the Kh aHfa Muh ammad Has an 's History of Patiala its an cient name • 1The Majr}/ wars (man age rs ) of Hajr Rat an 's mausol eum ha ve a pattee of Akbar's tim e, .d~t ed 984 - H., cor r~3F (} nding to 1577 II, D., gra nting the. 1/ maf! of 5 vil lages and authorlzl ng the collecti on () ~ one rujJ ~e pet vi .! iage ann ual ly. The rei n Bhatinda is men - tioned as belongi ng to th e Sark ar of Hi:isar under pruvince of Sha h-jahl 1nab~d . another name for Delhi. 189 [PART A. was Bikramaga rh. Bhatin da is said in the Hindu annals to have been CHAP. IV. Jaipal's capital an d. place of resid ence , which Mahmud capt ured. 1 Places of Tabarhindh was, in al l pr obability, the old na lUe of Bhatinda. This interest. is distinctly assert ed in the Labb.ut.Tawidkh, according to Raverty. Another form wa s Batrind, and this is found in Ibn Batuta. Bhat inda . The earliest me nti on of Tabarhindh occurs in the }ami.ul-Hikayat written about 60 7 H. or 12II A. D. It is th ence ca lled Tabarhindh or in two MSS. Barhindh or Tarindh (? Batrindh}. 2 In the Tabaqat-i- Nasld Taba rh indh is repeatedly mentioned. It was taken by Muizz-ud-Din (Shihib ·ud-Din) Ghod ,3 who took the fortress of Tabarhindh and adv anced to encounter Rai Kolh a Pi lhora . at Tarain. Here Muizz·nd-Din was def eated and forced to retreat to Lahore. But in th is connection Tabar hindh 1 would appear to be Sirhind , whose position on the high road to Delhi vi a Tara.in, no w Tan iwad Azimabad in the Kamal District, renders it highly probable that Sirh in d an d not Bhatinda is mea nt, though it is by no mea ns certain that Sirb in d ha d been founded at that time. Farishta is most explicit accordin g to Br iggs. He says that Mahmud after defeating Jaipal march ed fr om Pes haw ar and reduced Bitunda 5 (probably Ohin d or Waih ind) : th en that he enter ed Multan by the route of Bitunda 6 (prohably Bhatia, certainly not Bhatinda as a glance at the map will sh ow) . Th~ Aina-i·Barar Bans' l pres erves the foll owing traditions :-Bhatinda was built by Bhatf Rao, 8 son of Bal Ban d, who in 336 Sambat became ruler of the Punjab, and to whom th e foundation of Bhatner is also ascribed. The Barah and Punwar Rcijputs, jealous of the ri sing power of Blja Rao, plotted his destruction. The y offered Dev Raj, son of :Bfja Rao, a daughter of the Barah chief in marriage, and to this Bfja Rao agreed , but when the wedding procession entered th e fort of Bhatinda he was assassinated by the Barah chief , who seized the fortre ss, which was then known as Bikramagarh. Dev Raj, then 8 years old, was saved by a cam el man .9 Duri ng the reign of Rai Patho Rai, Rao Hem He! BhaW gradually overra n the territories of Bhatner and Bhat inda. Rawal ]aitshf, in addition to vast numbers of infantry , posted 10,000 horse at each of the forts of Pogal, Hansl, Bhatner and Bhat inda .lO Muhammad of Ghor depu te d Nawab MahbubK han, Bi ra.Hazarf j against Jaisalme r. At that time Rana Padamrath, a descendant of Rao Hem Hel, ru led over Hansi and Hissar, and Rao Mangal, anothe r 1 T. N., pp. 79 -80 . This agrees with Fa risht a (Bri gg s; I, p. IS) , who says that jaipa l, son of HitpAl, ~rahman, ruled ove r the country from Sir bind to Lamgh an and from Ka .shmfr to Mu ltan. He resided in BHun da to faci litate resistance to Moslem agg res sion . 2 E. H. I. II. , p. 200. 3 T. N., pp . 457 -8, 460-61. , 4 In early Persian histories ther e is no amb iguity be ,tween Sirhind and. Batrl nda, but English translators have mis read Batrinda (Bathind a) and Sirhind as Tabarhindli. 5 Briggs' Far ishta. I, p. 38. 6Ibid: . P.41. 7 Vol . I. Ch . I, p. ,6. 8 The eponym of tile ShaW R~jp6t s. Th e secon d part of the nam e is possibly 'll (u cl, ~division ' or I share • as in Ra iw ind. Su lt an'Wand, etc. 9 Alna-j Barar Bans I, Ch. 1, p. 86 ;II, Ch, IV , pp, 128-9. 10 Aina.i .Barar Bans , II, Ch .IV, p. 22:3. Igo PAT IALA STATE. ] descendant , h;ld ~i kram aga rh .The latter, Ieav. in g the fo rtres s in char ge of Anand Rao , hIS son, led a large forc e to ]alsa lm er. Man gal Ra o was Places of inter est. killed in battl e with Muhammad of Gh ar, and Anand Rao die d during th e siege of Bhatinda, which wa s in ves ted for four years. In Sambat 1422 Bhat inda . Muhammad of Ghor con q: Iered Bhat inda for t. At this time Rao Khewa, A. 0. 1365 . son of Anand Rao, held Bissar .1 Acc ordin g to Mu nshi Zaka Ulla , Altams h made Ebak, Lamgaj , ami r of Bhatinda. Alt unia , gove rnor of Tabarhind h (Bh at inda probab ly), re volted aga inst Sult an Raziya , daughter of Alt ams h. Sh e march ed aga inst him , but her Turk no bl es revol ted an d she was co nsi gne d to Alt unia as a pri soner . He sub se qu entlv married her, and af te r their defeat by the Imp erial fo rc es she fled to Bhatin c1a. . Raverty in his tr ans lati on of th e Ta lnq:H -i-Nasi ri say s that Mirza Mu ghal Beg in his acc ount of th e Lakkh i Jan ga l avers that Bha tin da , als o called Whatinda, is th e nam e of a terri tory wi th a very anci ent stro ngho ld of the same name , which was th e capita l of th e Chihil (fat) tri be. La kkhi , SOn of JUndha , Bh atti , havi ng be en con ver ted to Is~ im duri ng an in vasion of Sultan Mah mud of Gha zni, recei ved the title of Rai la La kk hi an d was remov ed here with his tr ibe, wh ere the y foun ded 350 or 360 village3 . At that tim e th e Gha gg ar flo wed past Bhatne r int o th e Indus, and the country was watered by tw o or three considera bl e riv ers (T . N., pages 79 and 80, not es) . Kabaja (prob ably Qab ac ha) extend ed hi s rule fr om Sind ea stward to Tabarhin dh, Kuhr am and Sarsutf, and Tab ar hindh with Lab U (prob ably Lahore) al . rj l(uhram formed th e obj ect of his str ug~l es wi th Altamsh . l.:nder Altam sh Mal ik Taj-ud.Di n, Sanjar- i- Gaz lak Khan, Sult an f Shams!, was malik of Tabarh ind h. Malik Sh er Kh an -i -Sunqar retired towa rds Turkist '\n, lea ving Uch, Multan and Tab arhindh in the ha nds of de pende nts . Muhamm ad Sha h obtain ed po sses sion of these fiefs and they were made over to Arsalan Khan, Sanjara- i· Chist. On his re turn Sher Khan endeavoured, bu t wit ho ut success , to re co ve r Tab arhi ndh. He was, however, induce d to app ear at De lh i, wh ere Tab ar hind h was res to red to him. Taba rhind h was, how eve r, so on be sto wed on Ma lik Nasra t Kh an , Badar·ud -Din Sunqa r toge ther with Sumtm, Jh ajh ar,Lakhwa l and the country as far as the fer ries in the Bea s. In 1239 A.D . Mali k Ikhtiyar -ud·D in, Kara kash , Khan- i· Aetld n, bec ame sup erintendent of the crow n pro vince (kh IEli sa) of Ta bar hin dh und er Altamsh . He was Alt uni a's conf edera te, and on the ass as sin ati on of Ikhti ya r-ud.Di n he ind uced Raziya to mar ry him. On the ac cession of Ala-u d-D in, Ma s'l ld Shah , Tab ar hind h was entr ust ed to Mal ik Naz ir-ud -Din Muhammad , of Bindar . Ala.ud-D in as sign ed the fortress of Tab ar hindh an d its depe nden cie s to Mal ik Sher Khan in fief and he led a force fr om it against the Qarl ighs in Mi.lIt an. E. H. I, W, Sher Khan re pair ed Bha tin da and Bhatner. 105 . Bhat inda wa s conq ue red by Maharaja Ala Si ngh With the aid of th e Sikh confederacy (dal ) in about 175 4 A. D. 1 Magg ha r sud i 2nd. But th e year 1422 Bi kram! do es not co rr esp on d wi th the tim e of M llhammad of Gh or . ~.Aina+Ear~r Eans , 11 , pages :lZ4-;: 6and ',;7 1-7 8• 191 [PART A. The fortress was in the possession of Sardar ]odh, and from him it CHAP. IV. passed into the hands of his nephew Sukh Chain Singh, a Sabo Jat. - Maharaia Amar Singh sent a force against it, following in person shortly Places of afterwa~ds. The town was taken, and Sardar Sukh Das Singh and Hazari interest •. Bakht Si!lgh P6rb iii . left with a considerable force to reduce the fort, Bbatinda. while the Maharaja returned to Patiala. Kapur Singh, son of Sukh Chain Singh, surrendered and evacuated the fort in 1828 Sambat .1 A. 0.117 1• Bhatinda is now a thriving town, its houses being mostly built of brick, with fairly straight and wide streets. It has a considerable trade, being situated in the great grain-producing Jangal tract . In the Rajindar Gani, constructed in 1938 Sambat near the railway station, is a large market, in which 12,000 maunds of grain ar e sold on an average daily for three months in the year. Wheat, gr am, sarson and tanI ·mira are the chief exports. Previous to Sambat 1950, wh en th ere wa s no other grain. market, it exported 80,000 maunds daily . Two gm in -dealing firms of which Ralli Brothers are one ha ve agencies at Bhat inda . Gur, shaNkar and khand are imported from the United Provinc es; ric e from Amritsar and Cawnpore (S. P. Railway) ; ghE from the Ban gar, United Provinces and Rutlam; cotton seed from the United Pro vinces and Multan. In the Rajindar Ganj, Mandi and Kikarwala Bazar and in the town itself the Noharyanwala Bazar and the Fort Baz ar are the most important bazars. In the Riiiindar Ganj the houses and shops are built nearly in the same style. The chief streets are th e Ma ihna, ]huttike, Sire, Bhaiki and Bu rfwale, of which the first three are inhabited mostly by the Jats. The tahsil and police station are inside the town and the post office is in the Rajindar Ganj. There is a High School where English and Vernacular are taught, and a hospital in charge of an Assistant Surgeon . The kacharf of the City Magistrate is also . in the town. The railway station lies north·west of the town, and IS alre ady in sufficient for the numbers of trains daily running through it. It is th e junction of the Rajpura-Bhatinda, Delhi-Samasata, Rew ari ·Feroz epor e and Bhatinda- Bikaner Railw ays. There are also offices of the Distr ict Traffic Super- intendent of North-Western Railway and of th e Executive Engineer of the Bhatinda Irrigation Division. A rest camp has been made for British troops to halt at within the area of the town of Bhatinda. There is also a dak bungalow (furnished) near th e railway station and there are two fine sarais for the accommodation of tra\'ellers. B. Thakar Das, late Station Master, also built some fine houses to be let to travellers on rent . There are water-mills erected by Canal 0 fficers on the Bhatinda Branch. There is no proper water-supply. There is a very large and famous fort 2 built on a raised ground. It IS a square (660' each side), having 36 bastions nearly 118' high. The town was built in the days when the river Sutlej3 was running near this place, but it is not fully known who built the fort. Inside the fort is the gurdw(('l'a of Guru Gobind Singh. ~There are three more forts, Bhatner in Bikaner, Abohar and Sirsa in British territor which are situated at about equal distances (32 kos ) from each other, forming in a measure ':; quadrangle; and their similarity leads to the con cl usion that they were bu ilt under one ruler The fort is a square. occupying 14 acres of land, entirely built up of bricks and mortar ' and, with the exception of the outer wall, is filled up with earth; it looks like a mound of earth surrounded by brick walls and towers. It is so high as to be visible from a distance of 15 miles (Pat iala History, page 19 ). 3 Vide Dr. Oldham's book, "The L03t Rivers of the Indian Dese rts." 19:2 PAT/A LA STATE. ] CHA P. IV . BHA DA UR. Pla ces of Bhadaur is a town in th e Anah adga rh ta hsil and nz "za mat lying 16 Int erest. mile s west of Barnala in 75 ° 23' E. an d 30 ° 28' N. Popu la tion (Igol) 7,710 Bhadaar . as against 7,177 in 1891 and 6,~~2 in ;88~ . Fo und ed in 1718 by Sarda r Dun n§. Singh, broth er of th e Rap AI~ Sm gh of PA TIALA, Bh ad a1 ;1r has sinc e remain ed th e re siden ce of th e ch ief s of Bhad aur , who have an Im pos- in g hou se in th e to wn .It is a health y and fl.o ur ~sh in g to wn with a sm al l manu fac tur e of bell· metal and bras s- war e, Its lIght abkhoras and la/ or as bein g we ll -kno wn . It contains a mahall a of t~e Thathera ~, by whom ~h~s e artic les are mad e. Its hou ses are mo stl y of bnck, th e arbzan classes hvmg ins id e the town and the Jat la ndh olders in its outskir ts. It possesses a pol ice stat io n, a vern acu lar mid dle sch ool an d post offi ce . BHAWA NIGAR H TA HSIL . Bha wanrga rh (o r Dhoda n) is the nort h-wester n tah sil of th e Karm - O' , d 60 8'E 0 8' dO' N garh n£zama t, lyin g betwee n 75 57 an 7 1 :' 29 4 an 30 24 ., with an ar ea of 48 8 sq uar e miles .. It has a populatI On (J901~ of I40 ,~og as against 140 ,607 in 1891 , and cont aIns on e toW?, SAMANA , w: th 213 VIl lages . It s head ·q uart ers are at th e vill age of Bhaw alllgarh or Dhod an. In 19° 3- 04 it s land revenu e wit h ces ses amount ed to Rs. 3,04, 122. BH AWANI GA RH TO WN (DH OD AN) . Bhawanrgarh or Dhod an vi ll age is the head- quar ters of the tahsil of that name (Karmgarh ni zam at) . Lyi ng in 30 ° 16 ' N. and 75061' E, it is 23 mi les west of Pat iala, with which it is conn ec ted by a metalle d ro ad. It is a purely agri cultur al vill ag e, buil t of sun- dri ed bricks, bu t cont ains a fort in whic h· are th e kachar is of th e nazz' m an d naz 'b-nazim. The ta hs il off ic es are in th e villa ge, whi ch also po ss ess es a di sp ensa ry, anglo-ver - nac ula. -.·iddle scho ol, polic e sta tio n and po st off ice. Popula tion (l g0 1) 3.404 su uls. It s old er name of Dhod an is deri ved fr om the Dhoda n Jats , a sep t of th e Bijha got whi ch hol ds it . It was re-named Bhawa nlga rh by Bciba ALi Singh in wh ose ti me a sheep is said to ha ve defended itse lf ag ai nst tw o wolves at the sh ri ne of Bhawani Dev i in th e Dhodin fort . Actin g on th is om en a darwesh ad vised the Ma haraja to build the for t of Bhaw3 .niga rh . BHi KHI TAHSI L. : Bhik hi, the sou thern tabsil of th e Ami had garh ni zam at , Iy in a betwe en 75° IS' an d 75 ° ')0' E. and 29° 45' and 30 ° 14' N. , with an a~ea of 645 squar e miles. It has a po pula tio n (190 1) of 128.965 souls as aaainst 1I9,354 in 1891 , and conta in s 17 2 vil lages . Its head -quart ers are .rt th e vil la ge of Bhik hL It s land reve nu e wi th cess cs amount ed in 19°3 -04 to Rs. 2, 7° ,99 3. CH AIL. Chail, th e su mmer resi den ce of the Maha raja of Pat iala, li es in the par gana of Cha il, Pin jau r tahsil , nizama t Pi njaur, 22 mil es ea st of Kandeg hat St ation on the Kal ka·Si mla Railway and 24 mi les south-east of Siml a by th e Kufr i road. It li es in 30° 57' 30" ~. and 77 0 IS' E. The hei ght of Tibba Siddh is 7,394 feet ab ov e sea-leve l. Its po pulati on ac cor di ng to th e censu s of Igol was only 20, but du ri ng the summ er months is about 1,000 . Ch ail was or iginal ly a possession of Ke on tha l Stat e, but wa s wrested fr om it by th e Gur kha Command er Amar Sing h in 181 4. Af te r the Gurkh a Wa r, by th e san ad of the 20th of October ~815, the Br it is h Gove rnment tran sferred th e portions of the BagMt and Keontha l Ig 3 [PART A. terri to ries to th e Patial a State on pay men t of a tzaz rdn a of Rs. 2,80 ,00 0.1 CHAP. IV Th e hi ll on whi ch th e Ma har aja 's pal ac e stands is called Rajgarh. The . Re side ncy Hous e is si tuated on Padhe wa, and th e third hill, which is Places of inc lu ded in 2Mil, is kno wn as Tib ba Siddh . Prior to 1889 th ere were no interest. houses on these hills, but Ol: ly a temple of Shivaji on th e latter hill. The ChAit. ha ndsome villa of the Maha raja , which is lighted by el ectricit y, was built in 1891-92. Close to it is the Guest House , a fine bui lding, generally known as the Dharamsala, for Europ ean and oth er gentlem en. Oth er buildings are Pi ne Cotta ge, Billiard Room, Gar den Cottage, Gl en View Cottage, Oak Co tt age and Sid dh Cott age. Th' station is pro vided with water-works. Th e superintend en ce of the sta tion and san itar y arrang ements are under the Medical Adviser to th e Mahara ja. Th e summer climat e of the place is salub rio us, but the wint er is inte nse ly cold and snow often falls. Ch ai l has a post offic e and a sub-t re asury. It pos se ss es no St ate school in the loc ality , but has an indi geno us school whe re a Pandi t teaches Nag rL There is no police station, Th e bazar , called Am -khad , co nsists of is or 16 shops, ow ned by Br ahman s, Rajpil ts and Suds . Th ere is a garden at Mohog. A t.el epho ne connec ts the pala ce of th e l\'Iahani ja 'with the stable, electri c hous e, and th e Medi ca l Adviser's hOlls P-. A large spac e has been cleared for a ba dmint on and two tenni s courts. The Chail hill s ar e dens ely woode d, with tr ee s sim ilar to th ose in Simla. The deodar is the principal tree, both as rega rds valu e and ab unda nc e. CHHAT. Chha t (in the Ba nu r tahs il of Pin jaur ni zama t) is an ancient villacre, 7 miles eas t of Ban ur in 30 ° 36' N. and 76 ° 50 'E. Banu r is c1os~ly con nect ed with Chha t, and t.he tw o pl ace s are co mmonl y mentione d tog ethe as Chha t· Ban ur . The rui ns of old bu il din gs, still to be seen, show that it mu st have be en one of the bastis or suburbs of Banur which was formerly a larg e town, and there arc a good many Muh ammadan tombs. 2 It conta ins an old fort. It s po pula tion in I gOl wa s 67 4. Tradition says that its old name was Lakhnauti, and th at Rai Pit hora, who was shabd-bedhi . (i.e ., could shoot an arrow as fa r as a voic e can be heard, whatever migh t inte rven e) , wa s imprisoned here by Shahab -ud-Dln in a house whose ro of was made of a sh eet of iron one ba lt "sht (.~ feet) thi clc Shab ab-ud -D In, sitting on th e roof, called t.o Rai Patho ra, who aiming by the voice sh ot an arrow which pie rced the roof and killed Sh ah ab-ud ·Ui n. Hence th e place became kno wn as Chhat, 'a roof' [~ai r- i-P unjab, page 40 5 and cf. Ai n-i -Akbari tran sl at ed by Francis Glad win, pa ge 38 6. This is of cou rse pur e legend.] j , f ATEH GA RH TAHSIL. Fa tehg arh (or Sz 'rhin d) is the head -qu arte rs ta hsil of th e Amar ga rh r nizamat, lying betwee n 76 0 17' and 76 0 42' E. and 30° 33' an d 30° 59' N. ) 'His tory of Pati~la, pp. 263- 64. ~The insc ri pt ions on the to mbs of th e fo ll owi ng pe rs ons give th e dates of thei r . de ath:- :1) Mirz a Mfr Muh ammad Kh ~n, Hirv!, died On the 17t h Shaw w~I, rooo A. H. (2) Kh aw~ja JaW-u d-D !o Kh an, so n of Sultan Husain Shah, Hirv i, died on the 12th Rab l- ul-Aww al, 1000 A. H. (3) MusammAt Malika Be gam . dau ghter of Khaw~ja Im~d.ud -DaQla, Hirv!, Delbv! died on the 19 th Rah !-ul-AwwAl, 1013 A. H. I <4l SM hzada Mir za Kha wa ja lalal ·ud-Dfn Khan, son of M!r Ah rr;ad KMn, son of Khawaja Suleman Kha n, son of Bad sbah Alf Sher Kh an, son of BadsMh Husain Sha h, Hirvf, Delhv i, died on the 19th Ram zan , 1000 A. H. (5 ) Shli hzada Jala l· ud-Dln of Khaw ari zm died on the 20th Zil Hij, 702 A. H. PATIALA STATE. ] with an ar ea of ~90 square milt 's. It has a population (1001 )of [26, 589 sou ls P laces,o f ,as al?:ainst '13 0,741 in. 1891 , an d cont ains th e towns of BASI and SIRHIND \'\ntere :st . or Fatehgar .h, its head-quart ers, with 247 vill ages. Its land revenue with cesses amo un ted in 19° 3- °4 to Rs. 2,6 6,974 . Ghanaur is the soutL ern tah sH of the Pinjaur !ft izamat , lyiu cr betw .een 76° 50 ' and 76°2 9' E. an d 30 ° 29 ' and 30° 4' N, with an area of 178 squ ar e ,miles. It has a .pop ulation (l gOl) of 45,3 44 soul s as ag ai nst 49,8 42 in 1891, andl ,7,} vi lla ges . Its hea d-qua rters ar e at the vi ll age of Ghanau r. Its land 'reven~c, vit hcesses amounted in Ig 03- 04 to Rs. 2,02,489. -Ramgarh, the ancient Ghu riim (spelt Ku hram in Ain-i- Ak ba ri and othe r .~ Muh~mmad an i:' :"(' .~.ies) i~ a vil lage in Ghana ur t~hs il (\ inj aur . n£zam~ t), '. 26 mil es sou th (. ; .' ~jp ura In 30° 7 N. and 76 ° 33 E., wIth a popu lat iO n ~ of 798 in :90 1. It IS an anci ent pl ace with man y ru ins in it s vicini ty. which sh ow th at it · was a gre at t.own ill forme r days . Tr aditi on aver s th at it wa s th e abo de of the nansc !t (t he ma tern al grandf ath er) of Ra m Chanda r of Aj odh ia.l Kuh ra m was on e of the forts whieh first surrend ct> J to Muham ma d of Gh or afte r hi s defea t of Pi rt hi Rcij at Tar; iwar i i' i 193 , and it was en trust ed to Qutb ·u d-Dfn, afte n\" ar ds kin g of Del hi. F",. this place he mar ch ed on Hans! . It continued to be an import ant fief of :. >, 1hi. Near it sta nds an old fort, to the sout h of 'w hi ch is a ga rd en su rro m,'~ >' by a pakka wal l, adjacent to \\" hich is a larg e tank . A lit tle to the east ot the village is the shr ine of Mira n Sa id Bhfk h, wi thi n wh cse 'walls ar e t.hree building s, in th e central one of whi ch ha ng s an iron glob e sus pended to a chain . Her e a fair is held in Asarh . l\ tomb of LalaDw ala (Sa khi Sarwar) al so stands th ere. Gov indga rh (B ;'t atind a) is th e western tahs il of the Anahadgarh nizamat lyin g between 74 ° 41' and 75 ° 31' E. an d 29 ° 33' and 30 ° 30' N., with an area of 769 square mi les. It ha" a populati on (lgOI) of I,P,413 souls as ag ainst 123 ,592 in 1891 , an d contai ns the tU'l1l of BHATI NDA, :1 .1so calle d Govin dgarh, it s hea d-quart ers , with 196 villa ges. The land revenu e wit h ce sse s amount ed in 19°3-°4 to Rs. 2,74 .444. The to wn of Hadiaya is in th e tahs il and nizamot of Ana hadgartt . 4 mile s south of Barnala, in 75° 34 ' E. an d 30° 19' N. Populat ion (I gO I) 5,4[4 as ag ain st 6,181 in 1891 and 6,834 in 188 1, a dec rea se due to the rising impo rt anc e of Barnal a.Its popul ati on is la rgely agricultural . It has a small trade in grai n an d som e manufacture of iron locks , phauf'as, an d cart s. The town con tains a gur dwara of Guru Teg Bahadur and a la rge tank at whi ch a large fair is held in Baisakh. The Bair li gf faqi rs have a dera here. It conta ins a police post and a vernacular prima ry sch ool. 195. - [PART A. KALAIT. Kalait (K i~i yat) in the Narwana tahsil of Karmgarh nz'eamal, CHAP. IV. now a station on the Narw <.'ma -Kaithal line, is a place of great anti. Places -Of :· quity, in 29° 41' N. and 76° 19' E., 13 miles south-west of Kaithat interest. It contains two ancient temples, ascribed to Raja Salb :iban, on which arc Sanskrit inscriptions, and a tank , known as Kapal Munt's tirath, Katait. which is hel d sacred by Hindus. KaU'i t was des cr ibed in the Report, Punjab Ci rcle, Archxological Su rvey , for 1888.89 . The temples, tradi- tional ly seven in number, are ther ein said to be four in number, and their age is stated to be about 800 years. Their destruction is attributed to Aurangzeb. Populatio n (190 I) 3,490 souls. The place lie s within a radius of 40 kosfrom the Kurukshetra, within which Hindus do not consider it necessary to take the ' bone s and ashes of the dead to the Ganges. · The village contains a vernacular primary school . KARMGAR FI NIZAMAT . The Karmgarh nizamr1t;wh ich takes its nam e from the village of Karmcrarh (Sutrana), 33 miles south -west of Path lla, lies between 76° 36 ' and 75° 40' E. and 29° 23' and 30° 27' N., wi th an area of 1,801 squar e miles. It ha s a population (lgOI) of 500,635 souls as against 500,225 in I8gl , and contain s four towns, PAT IA LA, SAMANA, SUNAlVIand SANAUR, and- 665 villages . It s head·quarters are at Bhawanfgarh or Dhodin, a villa ge in tahsil Bhaw anigarh . The land rev en ue with cesses amount ed in 19°3 -°4 to . Rs. 9,46 ,368. Th e nizamat consist s of a fairly compa ct area in the south- east of the main portion of the Stat e, and is di vided into four tahsils,- Patiiila , Bhawani garh, Sunam and Nan-vana, of which the first three lie in that order from east to west, par tly in the Pawadh and partly in the Jangal tract, on the north of the Ghaggar river, while the fourth tahsil, that of Narw ana, lies on its south bank in the Bangar. LALGARH. Lalgarh, usually known as Laungowal, is the largest village 1!1 the State. It lies in Suoam ' tahsil of' Karmgarh nizamat , 8 miles north-west of Sunam in 30 ° 12' N. and 75° 44' E., and was rebuilt by Maharaja Ahi Singh. A purely agricultural village with an area of 100,000 btghas, it produces a vast quantity of grain. It is built of sun-dried bricks and contains a police post . Population (190r) 6,057 souls. MANSURPUR. Mansurpur, called ChhinHinwala, is a very old village on the Raj- pura-Bhatinda line in Bhawanigarh tahsil of Karmgarh nizdmat. It was renowned for its chhint-' chintz ' -of fast colour, whence its name. It lies in 30° 22' N. and 76° 5' E. Its population in 1901 was 1,860. It contains the devalor shrine of Magghi Ram VedanH, who founded the Apo-Ap sect. Its first historical mention dates from 1236, when the Sul- tan Rukn-ud·din Firoz SMh I, SOil of Altamsh,led his army towards Kuhram, and in the vicinity of Mansurpur and Tarain (Tara-wad in Karnal) put to death a number of his Tajik officials. Like Sam ana and Sumim it forrnedone of the great fiefs round Delhi, and is more than once mentioned in the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri. Here Maharaja Sahib Singh fotig?~ '~ battle, with M,ahirijaRanjit Singh which ended ·-i~.their re- conciliatIon . . Flroz Shah cut a canal from the Sutler In order to 'irriga .te Sirhind;, Mansurpurand SUnilm, but it is now merely a- 19 6 PATIALA STAT E.] seasonal torr en t. Its clim ate used to be good, but is now malari ous. Th er e was a for t in Mansur pur, where Maharaj a Sah ib Sin gh built a resi- Places of dence . The biswadars are main ly Khatrls, Rajput s and Mughal s. There interest. are a post office and a vern acula r pr imary school here. MOHIN DARGARH NIZA MAT. The Mohindargarh nt" zamat lies betw een 27° 18 ' and 28° 28 ' N. and 75 ° 56' and 76 ° 18' E., with an ar ea of 691 square miles . It is boun ded on the north by th e Dild ri ta hs il of ]i nd , on th e we st an d so uth by Jaipur territor y, and on th e cast by the Sta te of Alwa r and the Bawal nt "zama t of Nabh a. It has a pop ulati on (19 °1) of 140,376 as against l4 7J9I 2 in 1891 , and contains the towns of NARNA UL and MO HI NDA RGARH or Kanaud , it s hea d-quarters, wit h 268 vill ages . In 1903 -0 4 its land revenu e wi th ces ses amounted to Rs. 3,85, 310 . Situa t.ed in the ext reme south-east at the province , it is geogra phica lly pa rt of the Rcijput ana dese rt and forms a lon g narrow stri p of terr ito ry ly ing no rth by so uth . It is partial ly watered by thr ee stream s: the Dohan , which rises in th e Jaipur hill s, tr averses the wh.ole length of th e l1izam at and pas ses int o Jin d terr itory to the north , the Krish naw at t, whic h also ri ses in Jai pu r and flows past Narn aul tow n in to Nabh a. terr itory in the east; and the Gohli. It is divid ed into two tah slls, l\ 10H IND ARGAR H or Kinaud , and NARN AUL . I MOHI!\ D!\RGARH TAH SI L. I Mohindargarh or Kanaud is th e hea d- quart ers tah sil of the Mc.i,: ndar- garh (Na rnaul) nizam at, lyin g bet wee n 75° 56 ' and 76 ° 18' E. and 28° 6' and 28 ° 28' N., with an ar ea of 330 square miles . It has a popula tion \ (Igor } of 55,246 sou ls as against 59 ,86] in 1891, and co nta ins the town ' of Moh ind argarh, po pul arly cal led KA NAUD , its he ad- qu art ers, with I II villa ges. Its land rev enu e with cess es amount ed in 19°3 -°4 to Rs. 1,50,859. MOHIN DARGA RH TOWN . \ 1 \ Mohi ndargarh (Kan au d), the he ad- qu arters to wn of th e Mo hinda rgar h tah sil and nizamat, lying 24 miles south of D add , in 76° 13' E. an d 28 ° 16' N. Pop ulation (1 901) 9, 984 sou ls . Kan aud wa s foun ded by Mal ik Mahdud Khan , a serva nt of Babar, and first peop led , it is said, by Brahmans of th e Kunau di a sasan or gro up, wh ence its na me. It remai ned a parg -' ma of the sa rkii r or government of Narnaul under the Mughal empe rors, and ab ou t the beginning of th e 19t h cent ury was conqu ered by th e Thakur of Jaip ur, who was in turn exp elled by Naw ab Na jaf Quli Khan, the great minister of th e Delhi court under Shah Al am. On his death his widow maintained her independence in the fortre ss, but in 1792 Sindbia's general De Boigne sent a force against it under Perr on. Ismail Beg persu aded its mistr ess to resis t and march ed to her reli ef, bu t she was killed in th e battle whi ch ensue d under th e walls of Kanaud and Ismail Beg surrendered to Perron. Kanaud then became the principa l stronghold of Appa Khande Rao, Sindhi a's feudator y who held the Rewari territory. It eventually became a\posses sion of the British by whom it was granted to the Nawab of Jhajja r. By the sanad of 4th January 1861, parganas Kanaud and BuddhUana were granted, with all the rights pertaining thereto, by the British GQvernm ent to Maharaja Narindar Singh, in lieu of Rs. 19.38,800. The fort of Kanaud is said to have been built by the Marathas. "The inner rampart is pa kka and the outer kachclu1 . The treasury and jail are in the fort. The pla ce poss esses an old garden , an anglo-vernacular middle school, a po li ce station, a post office, and a dispensary. . 197 [PART A. NARN AUL TAH SIL. Na:na ul IS the so ut hern tah sil of the Mohinda rgarh (Narn aul ) CH AP. IV. (liz ama t, ly in g betwe en 75° 58 ' an d 76 ° 17' E. and 27° 18' an d 28° 8' N., Pla ces of with an area of 274 sq uare miles. It has a population (Ig oI) of 85,1 30 Inter est. soul s as again st in 18g and con tains the town of NARN AUL, its 88,0 45 r, NArna ul tahsil. hea d- quarter s, with 157 villages. Its land revenue with ces ses amount ed in Ig 03·04 to Rs. 2,34 .45 2. Na rnaul, l after Patiala the most important town in the State , is the head-qua rters of the I Narnaul ta hsfl (i n n£zama t Year of Mohin darga rh ), ly in g (in censu •. IIIal es.I Females. 28 ° 3' N. an d 76 ° 10' E.) on I both sides of the Chhala k ___ ,___ __ nadi i it is 37 miles south- west I from Rew ari, with which it 18 81 20,0 52 9.984 10, 068 is connec ted by the Rewa ri- 1891 21,159 10 ,413 10, 746 Phulera Rai lway , and has de - I creased in popu lat ion as the 19 0i I' 19,4 89 I 90466 10.0 23 ma rgin al fig ures show. Thi s ______decrease is at tributed to th e fa mi ne of 195 6 Sa mb at (1899 A.D.). As constit ut ed by re ligio ns its populat ion is shown in Ta bl e 7 of Pa rt B. Th e tow n li es on high ground, an d the ho us es, some of which have hvo storeys, ar e almost all built of st one . Its la nes are steep and narrow, but paved with stone, and its cl ima te, th ough hot and dry , is healt hy. Narn au l is a plaee o[ considerable anti · quity. Fo unded accor di ng to trad it ion goo years ago near the Dh osl hi ll in the midst of a vast fores t, it wa s cal led Nahar haul or the 'li on' s dread .' Anot her fol k etymolog y ascribes it s fou nda tion to Raja Lau nka rn, af ter wh ose wi fe Nar Laun is nam ed. Af te r Laun karn's tim e it fell into th e han ds of th e Muhammadans .In th e Di gbij e of Sa ihdeo (Sabhap arb of the Mahabh arata) it is sai d th at Saihd eo mar ched sout hward s fr om Delhi to th e Cha mb al rive r, aft er conqu ering Narra sht ra or Na rnauI . Narnaul is first ment ion ed in th e Mu hammada n histo rian s as gi ve n by Al tamsh in fief to his Malik Saif- ud-Dl n, aft erwards feudatory of Sunam .2 10 his Ghurrat-ut -ka mal , Am ir Khus ro mentio ns it as un de r Malik Kutlagh. tagin, Azam, Mubli rak, amir of Narnaul under Ffroz Shah Khiljf .3 In 1441 (689 H.) it was held by lkllm Kh an and Bahadu r N 1 It was one of the sark4rs of suba of Agra under the Mughal Emperors. ~ T.N., page 730. a E. H. I, Ill , page 540. -I E. H. I. , IV , pages 308 ·9. "-1i:.H! 1., WI page 121. igS PATIALA STATE .] Norwu,na Tahsil. [ PA RT A. CHA P. IV. ~der Alamglr in 1672 A. D. occ urred a curiou s revo lt of a budy calli ng PI --f \ti:ems elves the Sat namls , Mand ih s or Mun dihs , inh abit ants of Me\v at, who Int aerestces 0 ', con SI°dered t hI ems'e ves Immo rta , 1 70 1°Ives belllg° promise. d to ever yone who • i fell in act ion. A body of about 5,000 co llecte d nea r Nar naul and plund ered Narnaul Town. l cities and dist ricts. Tahir Khan fa ujd ar, at fir st unabl e to with stand i them, deputed a force und er sev er al officers inclu ding Ka mal-ud -D in , ; son of Diler Kh an, Purdil, son of Firoz-u d.dln , Mewatl, and the ri sino- 'was suppress ed with grea t slaught er and th e Hindu s called it th~ 1Jlanabharat on acc ount of th e num ber of elep hants ki lle d in th e cam- paign .' The Mun tkhab-ul- Luba b stat es that the Sat na mls go t pos session of Narn aul, ki ll ed the fau jdC£,. , and org an ise d a rud e admini strati on. Und er Nasir -ud -Dl ll Mu hammad Shah, Sa rf-ud-Da ula, Ir ad atm an~ Kha n was sent against Raj a Ajlt Sing h who had revo lted and take n " f.' possessi on of Aj mer , Sambh al and Nar na ul, bu t he aba nd oned th e latter plac e on the ad vance of the ro yal ar my.2 Under Ah mad Sha h, 'It mad- ud.D aul a obtai ned the s'll ba lzd ari of Aj mer and the fa ujda ri of Nar naul, vice Sa'adat Khan depo sed, with the tit le of Im am -ul-Mul k Khan -Khanan. On the break up of the Mughal dy nast y Na rna ul be cam e an appa na ge of Jaipu r, and in 17 93 -9 7 Narn aul and Kanaud wer e ta ken by de Bo ig ne and give n to Mur taz c: .Khan Bhar aich. 3 In rew ard for his se rvi ces in th e Mut iny Mah araja Narinda r Singh wa s grant ed the ilaqa of Nar naul of the an nual valu e of Rs . 2,0 0,0 00 with all th e accom panying sov erei gn righ ts. The town boa sts a cons ide ra ble trade in coltol1 ,ghZ, sa rson and woo l. Painte d bed -legs , jdjanzs , sa rotas, embro idered shoes , leathe r ha lter s, leathe r bag s, brass huqqas and chilm s and silver butto n5 arc made and c1 zull yi s or women's head- dresse s are dyed. Rat hs an d ma jh olis are al sC ' mad e and its (w hite-wash) lime and hen na ar e in grea t deman d. Na ma !.!' poss esses many buildings of inte rest, including a la rge sa rai erec te d by Rai Muk and Rii Kayath in th e ti me of Shi ih Ja han. In thi s th e magistrat/ " of Mohinda rgarh holds his court . Th e tah sil an d pol ice sta ti on ar c in th e tow n, wh ich also possesse s an an glo-vern acular mid dl e sc hoo l, a pos t cf fice , and a di spensary in ch arge of an Ass istant Sur geo n. Othe r old building s are th e Khan Sarw ar tank , chhatta of Rai Mukand Ra i, Char Gumbaz, Sobha Sagar tala b, and a sp aci ou s bui ldi ng with ni ne cour t-yards, and a garde n an d Mol i rema ins of the ta kht of Mir za All Jan, a ma n of note in Akhbar's tim e, Na'vv lib Shah QuI( Kha n's maus ol e. um, and to mbs of Pir Tur kman and Sh ah Nizam . The town con tai ns a sar ai and seve ral dha1'msalas, and outside it ar e sev eral larg e tank s. Th e most impor tan t lanes are the Mandi, Adina lVIasjid, Kayath-wara, Saral, Kharkharf, Chand- wara, Missarwara and Fara sh-kh ina, with the Naya and Purana baz rin, the latter a general , the form er a grain , mark et, built in 191 6 Sambat by Maharaja Narindar Singh. On the Dhosl (a fl at-topped hill near Narnaul) is a well named ckandar kap sacred to Chiman R£slti, which the Hindus worship, and when the t£th of Amh vas happens upon a Friday the water flows over at sunrise, at which time the people bathe there. In the months of Chet and Kata k great fairs are held there. V- NARWANA TAHSIL. Natwana is the sou thern tahsil of the Karmgarh niu1mat , lyin g south of the Ghaggar river between 75° 58' and 76° 27' E. and2g0 23 ' 1 E. H. 1., VlI, 186, cf. 294-5. 2 E. H. I., VI II , pagC44. 3 Tod 's Riij i:;t an, Volume II, page 399. 199 [PART A. and 29° 51' N. ~t ha s an area of 538 ~qua rc :niles . .I t~ popula~i on (19°.1) CHAP . IV. is 117 60 .1 as aaai nst 1089 13 in ISO I, anJ It contall 1S f33 vIllages, Its , b ' - .•. 1' - , T hId Places of he ad- quar te F be in g at th e .v;1 1".ge of ...,a ~wana . .n 19 °3-04 t e an intere st . reven ue with C(: sse s am ount ed '_0 Rs. f, 79, 88 7' Narwana Tahs il. N :.:r wan a,1 th e he ad -qu art ers of t' r; tahsil of that name in Karmgar h v niZ ltma t, is a villa ge, lyi ng in 29 3G ' N. and 76° 1 l' E, with a station On the. Sout hern Punja b R? -ilway , abo u\ lia l~ ':. m!!e. from the villag e. A p~ rely . agr Icult ur al place, b, u. Ilt mostly 0] bnc~, : .It IS a mart for cotton, gh~, tIt . : mu ng, mot h and ba,Jrfl, and has a gInI~l! lg factory I:ear the rail way, station . The place IS not ye t con nected wIth the statio n by a road , and in the rainy sea son acces s to it is diffic ult . The place boasts a yernacular middle school , di spensary, pol ice station and po st office . Popula ti on (lgO I) 4,4 32 souls. The to wn of Pa il (3 00 43' N. anel 76') 7' E.), hea d- quar ters of th e tah sll of tha t name , is off icially I-aIle d Sah ibga rh. It is in th e Amaro -arh niza ma t an d lie s 34 miles fr om Patici la and 6 miles fr om th e Chawa St:tion on the Nort h-\Vestern Ra ilw ay, but it is not connecte d with the stat ion by a road. Near ly al1 the hou ses are of ma son ry and the lanes though narrow are straig ht and well paved , ew el as it li es on a moun d, the si te of a ruined vil lage, all its drainage ru ns out side th e tow n. The Mza r divi des it in to ______two parts, on on e sid e of I I which resid e Muhammadan s I I and on the other Hind us. Year of ce ns us. I Persons I Maleq. I Females. The tow n is so ouilt that there i I \ is no need for women to go into I the baza r to reach one lane \ 1__ ~ro m an othe r. Th e po pu lation I In 188 1, 1891 and 1901 is 5.077I 2,6 00 I 2.47 7 shown in the mar gi n, and i: s 5,566 2.74 6\ :!,33 J constitut ion by rel igions is show n in Tabl e 7 of Part 55 15 2,79 8 I 2,717 B. It has decr eas ed sin ce 1891, but increased sinc e . . . 188 I. . The place i~ a hea lth y on e. The town IS of som e antIq \llt y and the fol lowll1g ac count IS given of its foundation :-M ore th an 700 years ago Shah Hasan, a Muhammad an jaq£r, took up his abod e on the ruins of a to wn. The Seon l Khatri s came from Chin iot to Pai l, and at th e fa q£ r's suggestion settled there. In digcring its found ati ons they found a fJazeb or pail la woman's foot ornament) ~nd told thef aqi,. who advi se d them to name the plac e after th ~ ornament . Shih Hasan's tomb stands in the town an d a fair is held at it ev ery year. In 1236 A. D. the rebellious Malik Ala-ud-Din Janl was killed at Nagaw an in th e distri ct of Pa il by the partizan s of the Sulta n Razlya, daug hter of Altam sh. Pail was a pa rgana of Sirhind in Akbar 's time. The to wn is no t a pl ace of mu ch trade, only mirch (p epp er) and some grain being exp or t- ed . Ca rvi ng door frames is done by its carpenters, and they al so ma ke I Its or igi nal na me is popularly 5upp~sed to he MQ rn~ na afte r tho na me of J'\15 of the Mat t6t• ~oo PATIALA STATE.] CHAP. IV. ,.allts and baltUs. Lig ht coun tr y shoes ar e also made. The town contain s a tahsi l, high sch oo l, dispensary , post office, and police pos t. There is Placesof also an old fort, a fin e gumba (t he tomb of some imp er iai official) , and a interest. pathronwali haue li, or house of stone, with door fram es and gates also of P:1i1. stone. Ther e is a tank cal led th e Ganga Sigar and a tem pl e of Mahad eo, called the Das nam kli . Ak hha . Here every year th e Ra m Lila is cele brat. ed on the Da sahra day. Mahad eo and Parbat! ar e wors hipped in th e for m of La lla (RaI l) and Shan kar , and in Chet girls lam ent dail y in thei r nam es. In Baisakh th e mou rnin g ce:l se s. Two im ages of dung and clay ar e made and hand some ly dr essed. These are then worshi ppe d, and finall y all th e Hindu wom pn of the town assembl e anrllament , the n sin g jo yful songs and cast the images int .o a ta nk or well . Th e la ndown ers of Pail ar e Khatrls . Patiala Ol" Chal misi is th e no rth- eastern tah si l of th e Karmgar h nt'samat, lying bet w"l'n 76° 17' and 76 ° 36'E., 30° S' an d 30 ° 27' No, with an area of 282 sq ",..,re miles . Its po pu lation was 121 ,224 in Ig0 1 as against 128,221 in 1891 , It contai ns two town s, PAT/ALA, its hea d-q uarte rs , and SANAUR , with 197 villa ges . Th e grcat fo rt of Bah adurg ar h; four mi le s north-east fr om Pat ia-la , li es with in Uw tah si l. The tahsil is who lly within th e Pa wadh. In 1903'04 the la nd reve nu e with cesses amou de d to Rs. 2,1 4,08 6. Patili.l a, the capital of the Sta te , lies in a de press ion on the weste rn ban k of the Patial a nad f, on th e Rajpur a- Bhatinda Railw ay, 34 mile s fr om Amb:i- la Cantonm en t, in 30° 20' N. and 76 ° 28' E. It is also co nnecte d with Nab~ la and Sa ngru r by a meta lled road .Tradi tion sa ys tha t Patanwala thell or th e ruin s of Pat an lay where the fo unda tion of the Pat iala ti1a . palace ,' was laid . It is also said that long ago a Pat an-kf.Ran f li ve d iI; pata n. Muhammad S::llah and oth er infl uen tial Khokhar zamfnd (l ,rs of pargan a Sanaur surrende red Sanaur with its 84 villages to Maharaja Ala Singh. In orde r to maintain his hold over the newly acquired territor y it was neces sar y to erect a strongh old, so the Mahilnlja selected Patiala for its site, it bei ng at that time a sma ll and lit tl e known villag e of pa rgana San aur, and erected a kachc ht garhi (stronghold) in 1753. This garM was situ ated a little to the east of the present q£la, which was fou nded in 1763 by Maharaja Ala Singh and built from the custom dues colle ct ed at Sirhind [Ta rikh-i- Pat i€lla , pages 49-50 and 61]. After the fall of Sirbind in t 76 3 it s inhabitan ts migra ted in large num- be rs to Pati aIa. wher e th ey are sti ll known as Sirhi ndfs . Since its fo undation it has alway s bee n in the possessi on of the Maharajas of Pati ala, and under their rul e has inc re ased in popu lation, size and pro sperity. It is now a fine town cover in g an are a of 1,20 9 pak ka btghas. A mud wall (kat) whi ch sur- rounded the town wa s demolished in Sam bat 1935 by the second Coun cil of Regency. Some gates still standi ng are remains of the Rot . The houses mostly buil t of br ick are cro wded together. The lanes are narrow and crooked , and are for the most part paved or metal led. The bazar streets ar e wide and straight. The shops near the q£la are of a uniform style. The mos t import ant lan es ar e the Lahlrpura , Bhandian ki gall, Desraj, Chhatta N{m u Mal , in whi ch Khat ris , Banias and Brahmans mostly live. Th e ch ie f ba za rs ar e the Chauk, th e Dhak bauar , Sirhindi and Samania ~Ol ( PART A. tazl irs. Th e population in 1881, 189 1 and !') OI is sho wn in th e margin. Its CHAP. IV. const itu tion by reli gion IS sho wn in Tabl e 7 of Part B. Places of Th e si tuati on of the tbWl1 on interest. Year of cen sus. Pers ons . Ma les. Fema les . low -lying land and th e numer- Palioila Town. ous tobas (ponds) in it us ed to cause se rious outbreaks of ___ _ dis ea se , and to protect it aga inst th ese som e depressions 188 l 53,62 9 30,85 8 22,7 71 have been fill ed in and the 189l 55 ,856 3~,128 21 ,728 ren:ai nder dr ained. The samtary arrangements are 1901 53545 31,494 22 ,051 good and ma larial fever is not ------, ------I I now sev ere. Drinking water is obtained from wells inside the tow n and 'water in the rainy season is not good. Patiala is a mart for l[of fl,l kCin riri, zari, dank, sit/ ira, Mdla (gold lace), Tradeand manu- churfa and daryrif (silk cloth). Si lk and ."fal -! embroidery is also made by factures. Kashmirfs, designs of all sorts being wor k~d on the edges of chadar s, chogas, jackets, handkerchi efs and caps. Silk ll zarbands (tro 11ser strings) are also made. Th e light cups of bell metal (p ht 'tl kli kaull are well known. Grain is consumed in great quantiti es , but suga r and ric e are also important imports. '1 here is a St ate work shop outsi de the city wher e repairs of all kinds are undertaken and cert ': 1in arti cles mlnu ractur ed with the aid of machinery. The principal edu cational ins ti tut io ns are tile 1\Iohin dar Coli eg e with Public buildings its boarding-house which cost mo re th an Es. 3, 00,000 , the ne, ••..middle and institatiollS. school and some primary sc hools for boys and gi ris. Atta ched to the Edu cational Department is the Rajindar -\'i ctor ia Diamon d ]ubi:Ie e Public Libr ary. Th e Coll ege Hail is utilis ed as the read ing roo m of th e library. Another library is attached to th e colle ge. Th ere is also a Rajindar Dev a Orphanag e School. The Engi is h an d Urdu Ra jind ar Press pub lishes a weekly paper called the "Pati ala Akhbar ." The Rajindar Hospital is a fine building outsid e the town opposit e th e Bar adar i, and there ar e al so in the town near San aurl Gat e a branch disp ensary and Hendl ey Female Hospital . Attached to the Rajindar Hospital is the female hospital und er the cha rge of a lady doctor . A new celltral jail 011 improved cellul ar system, lyin g 3 miles north-west of Pati iil a, is under constru ction. M ni li- cipal work (Arl tstgf Shahr) is und er the supervision of the Medical Adviser. A municipality has recently been establ ished. Dra inage system has made considerable progress, :lud Cl. water-works scheme has bee n sanctioned and the work has been taken in hand. Th e general post office is outside the town opposi te th e Rajindar Hospital . The Patiala workshop is near th e Rlradar i. The Irrig Ation Departm ent offic e is oppo - site the Mohindar Kothi, the Kan 'l\'ar Sahib 's residence. On the other side of the Kothi is the Singh Sabh a hO llS '~' 1he Ijlas,i·kh 3s court outside Sheranwala Gate is built on an impro, .red mod ern style and is a good building The pre sent Residency House, situated near the Baradari, is a fine and commodious building. Th e police station (Kotw iill) is near the fjila and the telegraph off ice is si tuated in front Gf th e Samadhan. All the other offices. such as th e Chi ef Court, Dlwiml Mal Sadr-Adalat, Munshi Khana and Bakhshi Khana are in State building~ I The importation of the3e ar ti cles from Delh i has decreasel1 the dem and for locai man~4 factures, which filet has told heavi ly upon tho craftsmen, 202 PATIALA STATE. J in or near the qik Beside these public buildings, the qUa con tai ns a new Dlwan Khana l built by Maharaja Narindar Singh in 1916, which cOst nearly Places of Rs . 5,00,000. It comprises two lar ge halls, the outer 135' X 36' and 30' ~ interest. high , and the inner 135' X 21'. The qtla also contains the old Diw3n Patiala Town. Khana, also a fine building, and the Patiala museum. Opposite the tele- , graph office are the State samddhs (tombs); that of Baba Ala Singh is of v marble. The Kanwar Sahib's haveli , west of the qz' la, is a large building - built by Maharaja Karm Singh at a cost of nearly Rs. 5,00,000 for his younger son Kanwar Dip Singh . Round the city runs a road (called the Thandi or Chakkar-ki-Sark) or Mall which passes close to the Raj indar Hospital, and is like the whole city lighted by lamps. Near the Shedinwala Gate is the Baradarf garden, where the Maharaja resides. It is a very fine garden with artificial hills and paths and adorned with statuary, and lighted by electric light. The Baradarf is also worth seeing. Opposite it is the famous temple of Mahrt Ka!i and Rfijeshwari in which are preserved some Sanskrit manuscript leaves 2 (pat ras) supposed to have been written by Bias, the famous author of the Mahabharata. Near the Baradad are some fin e houses where European officers reside. Toward s the Samania Gate is the Moti Bagh garden, containing an upper and a low er garden like the Shiihimar gardens at Lahore. Inside it are some fine buildings" and it is surrounded by a masonry wall . A canal with a number of iron bridges over it runs through it and supplies' its tanks, fountains, and abslz ,),l's. [ was made in J 904 Sambat by Mah3 .nija Narindar Singh at a cost of Rs. 5,00,000. On the other side of the Motl Bagh is a large tank into which the Patiala esc ape channel falls. On the other side of the tank is the Banasarghar, connected by a hanging bridge with the Motl Bagh. On the opposite sid e of the Moti Bagh there is a large gurdwara. West of th :~ .-urdwal'a is the Victoria Poor-house. Towards th e Saifabadi Ga te is thtdira Bagh garden, which contains a fine buildin g with some tenn is courts. Outside the Nabha Gate is the cantonm ent for the Imperial Service Troops, built on the model of a British cantonment . There is a fine polo The Pinjaur tzizamat li es betwe en 76 ° 29' and n° 22' E. and 31° 1I' and 30° 4' N., with an area of 932 square miles. It has a population (igor) of 2 I 2,866 souls as against 2:26,379 in 1891, and contains the town ' of BANUR, with 1,588 villages. In 1903- 04 its land revenue with cesses amount- ed to Rs. 6,48,475. The nz'zamat fo rms the north-eastern part of the State, 1 This building ha s recently been rem odelle d into one spac iou s Darbar Hall. ~ Mah an d is div ided into fo ur ta hs lls, RAJPURA, BANUR, PIN JAUR and GH ANAUR . CHAP. IV. Of these Pinj aur lie s in th e Hi malaya n ar ea , th e oth er thr ee being in the Pawad h.The head· quar ters of the ni zrima t ar c at Raj pura . r~f ;r~~t~ f PINJAUR TAH SIL. Pinj aur, the nor th ··ea stern tahsH of th e Pi nj aur nizamat, lying betw een 77 ° 22' and 76° 50 ' E. and 30 ° 41' and 31 ° II' N., with an area of 454 squar e miles. It has a po pu lation (1901) of 55 ,731 souls as aga ins t 56,745 in 1891, an d contain s 1,1 36 vill ages. Its land re venu e wit h ,'es se s amoun ted in 1903-04 to Rs. 83,995· Its head.quatte rs ?-rc at PI NJAU I. PI NJAUR TOW N. Pin jaur ,1 the he ad ·qu arte rs of the Pinj aur tahsil (Panjaur nizam at) , Pa tiila Sta te, Punj ab , ly ing 3 mil es from Kalka on ,.~;e Sim la road, in 30° So'N. and 76° 59 ' E., at the conf lu en ce of th e Ko sb ail ia and Jh ajhra , two trib uta ries of the Ghaggar . Populat ion (19 0 I) S 12 so uls .The nam e Pinjaur is a cor ruptio n of Panchap ura and the town is und oubtedly of cons ide rabl e antiquity, being menti oned by AlJl i T-? ihan in [°3° A. D. In 1254 it form ed part of th e terri tory of Sir m6r whi ch was ravag ed by Nasir- ud.Di n Ma hm ud, king of Delhi ) It was the fief of Fi el;i i Kh an, fost er- br other of Alamgl r, and th e Raja of Si rmur rerov ered it in lOS S H. fr om the son of its former hol eler, a Hindu. Fi d;'ti Khan laid out th e beautiful gard ens, wh ich still re mai n, aft er the model of the Shal {lln ---- Rajpura is the head -qu ar ters tahsil of tb e' Pin jaur niz, tmaf , lyin g betwee n 76 ° 33' and 76° 49' E. and 30° 22' and 30 ° 36' N., with an area of 14 3 squar e miles . It ha s a pop ulation (Ig OI ) of 55,I 17 sou ls as agai ns t 59,60 7 in 1891 , and co nt ains I46 vi llag es. It s hea d- qu 2rt ers are at the town of RAJP URA. Its Jand reve nu e wit h ces ses amoun ted in 19°3 -04 to Rs . 1,91 ,49 4. Ri\JPUR A. Rajp ura, th e head ·quat er s of th e Pinjau r lli za mat an d Rajpura ta hsll, lie s 16 mil es north -e ast of Pa tia la in 30 ° 29'N. and 76 ° 39' E. It has a station on the North- \Vestern Railway and is th e junction 1 Tradit ion say s that Pinjau r was fou nded by P{tn dos , th e her oes of Maha bh ara t. 2 A. S. R. XIV , pages 7°- 71. "Punj ab Ro 1jas, page 32 . • A. S. R. XIV , pa ge 72• • On the Bais akh sud i Hi . akhshai-t ri tiy a or s",: ,Ia· Uj a fair is held in comm e- mo ratio n of the bir thday of Pa rs Ram (the exterm inator of the Kshat riy as) who pract ised a~cetici srn here . ~04 PATIALA STATE , ] CHAP. IV. for th e Rljpura-Bha tind a Bra nch . Fou nded bv Raja Tad ar Mal , Akbar 's famous mini ste r, it is still surro und ed 'b a br ic k wall an d Places of y interest . mo st of its buildi ngs are of brick. Th e town only conta ins two briear s with som e 40 sho ps, but Mah araja Mohin dar Singh built a M,ZC6Y south of Rajpura. the rai lwa y an d named it the Albe rt- Mo hi ndar Ganj in commem or at ion of th e Prince of Wales' visit in 187 6 A, D. This (f anj, also kno \m as the Shah- zadga nj, contain s a few sho ps .The ni Z{f ,ma t Dan d tahsll off ices are lo cate d in an old. Mughal sar 4i. Th e to wn poss esse s an an glo-ve rnac ul ar middle school, dI spensar y, polI ce post an d a pos t off ic e out side th e to wn. Po pulat ion (19 01 ) 1,3 16 souls. Th ere is an ol d Mo li near th e sara i. Sahibgarh or Pai l, th e north er n tahsil of th e Amarg ar h niz uma t, lying betw ee n 75 ° 59' and 76':) 35' E. and 30 0 23' and 30° 56 N., with an area of 273 square mil es. It has a pop ulatio n (19 0 I) of 1 f 5, 391 so uls as against 112 ,540 in 1891, and cont ain s the to wn of PA IL or Sa hi bgarh, its head-qu art ers , with 197 villages . Its land revenu e with cess es amounted in 1903-°4 to Rs. 3, 07,28[ , Th e town of Sam ana! lies in 30° 9' N. an d 76 '" 15 ' E. in tahs il Bhawanig ar h (n £za l1Za~ Ka rmgarh) and IS 17 mile s sou th- we st of Patiala, wit h which it is cOl lne cted by a me ta lled roa d· , Its houses are mostly of bcic k, those of th e Sa yy id s bein g es pec ially han ds om e and often sevc cal stori es hi gh .The town is heal thy. Its poputl .' ''' in 18 8 I,I 89 I an d Igo I is shown in th e marg in and its constitutio n by re ligions in ------~.- Tab le 7 of Pa rt D. Samana is a Year of I pl ac e of co nside rable ant illuity . cen SllS. Persons. i Males . Fema le s. Trad it ion ave rs that the ImAm - ______1______ga rh cove rs its orig inal site , arod sa ys that it was enlarged 4,757 and renam ed by fug it ives of th e Samanide dynasty of 4,9 84 Pers ia. It is fre qu ently men- tioned in the 1\1 uh am:na dan 01 5, 5 hi stor ians wit h ;:-uC' nam,K uh · ------.- raITI, Lahore 2..nd Si\val ik, as a fi ef of the Delhi Ki ngdom. 2 \Vi th Sarsuti, Kulmlm and H~ns r it surr endered to Muhamm ad of Gh ar aft er his defeat of Pirt hi Ri ij in 1193 and was placed by hi m in Qut b-ud -D in Ibak 's charg e when he re turne d to Gha znf. \Vith Kuhram it becam e the fief of Sa if -ucl-Di n un der Alt ams h. On She r Khan 's deat h, in the 4th year of Ghi as-u d·D in Dalban , it be ca me wit h Sunam the fie f of th e Amlr Tama r Khan ,:: \yhich was sub sequent ly grante d to Bughra Kha n Na sir -u cl· Din, 1 the king 's you nger son . Malik 1 Its C'ri ginal name IS said to hwe be en f-:" ,onian Khera du ring th e ru le of Bar ah Rajp li ts; sub se que nt ly it was known as Ro tangarh , Dh ob l Khe ra and Sa m4na resp ecti vel y. ~ Briggs' Farishta I, pag e 941. Elliot, Il, pa ge 21 6. 3Ta mar Kh an wa s one of th e 40 Shamsi slave s accor ding to the Ta rikh .j·F iro z Shahr , El liot III, page 10 9. 4 Ibid, pa ges 24' , 2S 8'9 Bu ,; :hra Kh ~n. E. H I. III, p3.ge 1I! P. Ibid , page, 330 and 337 . Saraj, son of Ja mdir, wa s made ncl z'b of San16.na and co mmander of its- CHA P. IV. force s.l Un de r Ala -ud -Di n it appare ntly formed a province, like th e Pl aceso! Pun jab and J\ L'i -i\ n, and was il1clu Cl~d in the GovCrrJll1 cnt of Zaf ar Khan. inte rest. Subsequ ently it u<:c ame the Zlppa nagc of th c king's brother Alap Khan. Un de r Muh amm ad Tur rhl aq th e Ma nua l, Chauh:ln , Miina, Bhartia 2 Saman a- (? BhattI ) and other tI'ib~~swho in hab it ed th e count ry ahout Sunim and 1~7 9 A. o. Sama na, unabl e to uis char ge th eir rents, flel l to the woods .s Unde r Cf. E.H. I, Ill , 191- Mu ha mm ad Khil ji its gO Yernor wa s -:\I 1il ik Beg. Laki ,. . and ill 132 [ 1229 A. D. it wa s unferrcd all :\I alik fhh:i- : ;-Dl n, a nep hl ow of the king Ghias -ud-Din Tughlaq for his Sup ~;,) rt as Nriz ·u l- liIumilik ." \Vh en '3,P'42 A. D. Flr oz Sh{ th IH cut his canal fro m ti le Slltl cj to Sl bl 1al 1l, he formeu Cf. E. H. I, III, 24 5· Sirh in d wi th the cU llutry up to WiL111 11 10 ko s of Sall1;tna, into a separate 1321 A_ O. district .G In J389 Sam ana \Va, ; th e sce ne o[ impo rt ant even ls. Til e new ami,.; of Sam ;ma treacherous ly sl ew Su ltan Sha h, Khushrlil ,:J. t the tank of Sunam and th cn to ok poss f' ss ion of S; Tu abhnn retr eat ed to th e hills. but Zirak Kh an ove rtoo k hi ;n at Pail and comp ell ed him to submit . There aft er Samam is mention ed several times crencrall y in su ch a way as to imply that it wa s the ex trem e limit of th e ~rrccti ve rul e of the Delhi kin gs. Banda Ba irag [ on his way to Sirhind ordered a gl ..:neral nn S3ac re an d lool ed Samana fo r th ree cl ays in 1708 A. D. In th e to wn is th e tomb of Muh amma JIsmail, th e Plr Samania . Saida was a celebrat ed darw esh of Sam ana in th e time of Malik Bahl ol Lodl who, J E. H. I III, pn.gc lIS- 2 In the original of Farishta BhlUian, i.e_, !3hatlfs is given. =< Br iggs' Fari shtn, page 425 . 4 Ibid, page 397. c, Ib id, pa ge 402. 6 Ibid, pa ge 453. 7 Ell iot' s History of india, IV , p:tges 20.21, ~o6 PAT IALA STATE. ] it is said, gav e him Rs. 1,600 to r the kingdom of Delh i,Sam ana co nta ins a polic e statio n, an glo- verna cula r midd le sc hoo l, po st offi ce and di spensar y. :ac es of ,nterest. Its chi ef maha lZa s are th e Mahalia Bh ara icha n, Ma hal ia iV Ia lki na.,Mahalla Chakla or Sa yyida n, Machchhi Hatt a, Cha nd ail on ki garh! , Maha ll a Manjh a- Sam'a8. nia n, Mah alI a Sa ral or Bukh ar ian, Ma halla Imimgarh or An darkot, and Mahali a Nurpur a. 1 The dom e o[ MIl" Ah mad Husai n's house is buil t of ka chch d la dao- mud an d brick . Its hal l is 45 ' x 25' . S::lmana ma nufa ctur es pa c; (b ed legs ), pans , axes , bas ol as (a dzes) , ear the nwa re sun; Hs (long, nar row nec ked gobl ets made by c/zi n~!fa fs) and chadha:; (spinning wh ee ls ). It is al so noted for its bar fi (a kin d of swee tmeat ) and be r. Fa irs are held on th e occasions of l\1uh arr am and Ra m Li la an nually . The tow n of Sal"u r lies .:j. miks sou th·els t of Patia la , with which it is connec t<:d by a metal ied road (30° 18' N. and 7 ~o 31 ' E).It lies on ce .n._"us_of ,I __ p_e_rs_,o_._n_M.s ales.Fcma ,.; s. ' a bgh mou nd, and it s houses _ ar e mostly of uric k. Its lanes ar e paved , but so me- 1I -- -' :--- what narro\y, cr ook ed and un - 9, 128 I 4,6.33 i I even. It s popul at io n in 1881, 8,678 4.435 I 189 1 an d 190r is shewn in I 4,18 9 the margin an d it s co nstitu - I 8.580 4,391 I tion by religio ns in Table 7 ------,------of Par t B. It has decrease d since 1881 by 548, Th e town is of som e ant iquity , but of no hi stori cal impo rtanc e. In the time of Biba r, Mal ik Baha -ud-Di n, Kh okhar , he came chi ef of this pa r,gana whi ch was call ed Ch{lU ra si (8 .+) as hewing 8.+ vill ag es, a nam e it still reta in s, In 17 -1-8 it ca me into tbe possessio n of Maharaj a Ala Si ngh. 11: poss esse s a :'vTag is tr ate's court , angl o-ve rnac ul ar mi ddle sc ho ol (bo th in the fort). post office and polic e station. The to wn is a good ma rt for pep per, anG produce s ve getables of variou s kind ::; whic h a~e sold in the Pati cil a bazars. Earthen jlta ihris (j ars ) and hand fan s are mad e in th e town , which i5 kn own also for its lin e iam ans (a kind of fruit ). Gra in is expor ted , but only on: t sma ll scal e. Th e to wn of Sirh ind , the head-quar ters of the Fate hgarh tah sll, is si tuated in th e Amar garh niz amat near the Sirhind Stati on on the North - I (n the time of Ja hangt r the Jul:lh :ls had 1,000 hous es at this place. The em per or use d to wear a ver y fi ne sof t cloth cal led SamY' lfl o manu fact ure d by thes e weavers . Th ey have in th eir possession san ads grante d by the em peror . Unlike other wea vers of Samana th eya .re t he owner s of t he ir houses . ~ Bar!i h Mi har , th e author of Br ihat S:< .ngta, Chapter XIV. verse 29, quo te s fr om Pad-s ar Tanta r (a book on astrolog y- jotish ) th at Sai -ri nd h was an ancient town . It was the ca pi tal of the Sut!ej Dist ric t. It is cal cul at ed by some that P:l rasar Tantar was writte n at the end of Doa pa1' yu g, whi ch goes to prove ~hat th e to' vn of Sai-r indh e;< is ted ,,: t that time. Bad h ~1 }h ar was one of th e NaU -1'ata n, I nine gen 's.' of the court of Vlkramadlty? (Bh :\ rat·Varsh-Bnu' Barnan , pa ge3 131 and 3II, by Sh'lnkar Sa lkrishen Diksha tl. It is called Gu",,,,a.ri or GUTltmt i1' (t he pl ace where Guru3 we re ki lle d) and Pl zitkipu ri,• curse d city ,' by the Sikhs . Th e ment IOn of the nam e of Sirhind in the morning is co nsi dered unprop iti ous . '2 07 [ PART A. Weste rn Railw ay (3 °0 38' N. and 76 ° 2]" E.) . Its ho use s arc of masonry and CHAP. IV. th e la ne s strai ght , wide and paY ee I,b ut unev en . The popu- interest. Places of I lation in 1881 , i891 and 1901 Mal es, i Fem>lles. is :; hown ill the margin, and Sirhi nd , ! its co nsti tut ion by religio ns is ! shown in Tab le 7 of Part B. It ---,1 --- '--- /-- -- I has incr eased slightly sin ce 18 81. / Though alm os t surrounded in 1 1881 ••• ''' j 5.401! 2,94 6 I 2, 45 5 the rainy season by a chai, the 18 • 54 ' 85 I 2 ,J health of th e tow n is fairly £o od, 91 ••• •• • I .1 ,2 I 2, 4. • ,,,oc> ~ .' I and th e climate of th e' Am-o- 19O1 ••. ••. 1 5,4!5 I 2.95 5 : 2, 460 Kh as is prover bi all y goo J. ------.------Sirh ind is appar ently a t.own of considera bl e antiq uit y, but its early hi stor y is by no means free from obscurity . This arises from its con fusio n \Viti l TaL ar hi nc1h in the ear lie r Muham mada n his tor ian s. The spelling Si rhin d is mod ern and due to a fa nci fu l Jer ivat io n C sir-H ind,' th e ( he ad of Indi a,' due to its strat egic positi on. The orig in of Sir hincl is var iously des crib ed. Accor ding to a mod er n wri te r, l Sahi r Rao or Loma n Rao , r66 th in descc nt from Kris hna , rul ed at Lahor e fr om 531 Sam bat, al:1 1 trad ition ass ign s the fou nJ ation of Sirhi ncl or Sahiri l!d~ to him . On the de c1i n~ of th ·~ Rfljput powcr in Ghazn i, says this writ er, th e king of Bok har a, with hi s all ies of Ta rtary, Ir all anJ Khorasa n, mar che d on Lahor e, and Sahir Rao was defeated an d slain. Another write r,N ur -ud-Din, Si rhi nell, a follo wcr of J\tI ujad da cl-i-Alf-i -San i, in his Rauza t- ul -Qa yum, 3 say s th at Sir hind was founde d in th e tim e of Fir oz Shah III , at the sugg estion of Sa yy id Jalal-ud -Dl n, Bokha rf , th e ki ng's pi ,. , by Rafl-u d-Din , an ance st or or Ma jadd ad-i- Alf -i-Sa ni ; but th is app ear s to be in corr ect , as th e -town wa s mor e anci en t. He derives its name fr om sil t, 'lio n,' and rind, 'f orest ,' or (th e li on ':; for est ,' so ca lled becat :se at that tim e th e site of the to, \' n was covered wit h dens e fores t. Tha t. th e old er and cor re ct sp elling of th e name is Sehr ind is bey ond disput e, for it is invariably so spelt on coins ."It is al so highly prob able that Tabarhind or Taba rh indJr ill the earli er Muh am maJa n histori ans is as a rul e a mi sre ading for Ba trind or Bath inda , but it wou ld be going too far to sa y tha t t.hi s is invariably th e cas e.;; Tabar hin dh, it app (: ars quit e ce rtain, wa s not the old form of Sirhind or Si hr ind , for the two names occur in the sam e works as the nam es of two disti nct pla ces, e.g., in the Engli sh tra nslati on of the Ta ba qat-i -Nas iri Sirhind is fir st ment ion ed and then Tabarhindh , but if Tabar hindh had been th e ol d fo rm of Si rhind the form er nam e wo uld as sured ly ha ve been used in the earl ier pa rt of that history and t.he ne wer form in the !ater .(; Mor e- over, in some passages Ta barhin dh can only mean , or be a mistake fo r, Si r- hind , as its geog rap hi cal posi tion prec ise ly sui ts the con text, wherea s Bh atinda I Wa lf.ulla, Sadf ql, the author of the Afna- i-Bara r Bans, ill Volume II Ch apt er I, page 24, and Volu me rI, page 101. ~ And or ant in Sa nskrit meaning boundary . ;. Page 16. Ra uzat -ul-Q ayu m OJ " Rauzah-j -Qa yt1 mia . a history of the li ves of the Ma kh. dum ·zadas of Sirhind , tra nslated by Wa lf- ulla Sadiqi of Fa ridkot, from a MS . work in Ara bi c by Nur-ud-D1n, wr ;tt en in 13 08 H (18 91 A.D .) : ~he fo rm Sihrin~ al~o ,oc c,:r s freq uen tlr in the Muhamma da~ his tor ians, e.g ., in the T.iri kh-I·Muba rak Shah! (E lhot s HI story of India, IV , pag es 6, II ), ln the Tuz ak-i-Ba bar i (lb ., page 248) , and in the Muntak hab-ul -Lub ab (1f/ ., VI I, pa ges 414 '15). In the Farhatun Na ..lirfn it is sp elt ~ha har ind (lb., VII I, page ~(9 ). . 5 As the late Mr. E. J. Rodge rs appe ar s to hav e hel d; see Repo rt , Pu njab Circl e Archr eo' log ic al Survey, 1891, page 2, in whi ch a ve ry full and inter esting aCCo unt of the rui~ s of Sar' hind or Sahr ind is gi ven . . p E. H, I., pagell :J9S"g 6. :208 PATIALA STATE. J CH~P. IV. would not do so. For in sta nc c, we rea d th at Mu izz -u d-Din (Shah alJ- ud- Dln of Ghor) left a ga rris on in Tabatbin 2h, which plac e Rai Pit hora re- took , af ter Places of a siege of 13 months, out Mui zz -ud-Din ag ain ad vancin g defeated him at in terest. Tar ain. 1 Here Tabarhin dh can only be Si rhi nd , as Tarain is th e moder n. Tal rtw arf AZlm abad in the Ka mal District on the high road to Del hi . Sirhi nd is menti oncd in Far ish ta in sev er al pas sag es, but it is morc than , like ly that Far ish ta him se lf confu se d Tab ar hi ndh "'ith Sirh ind, th en a we ll- kn own pla ce, be ing igno rant of 13ha ti nd il. and its past importan ce . The mo re im port ant pa ssa ges arc re produced belo w ;. _- In 977 A.D . Ja ip:'! . the So n of }':ct p;11 , of the 13ra hm~ n tribe, reigne d ov er the coun try ex' tendin g in length from Sirhind to Lamgh an , and in brea dth fro m th e ki ng do m of Kas hmir to Mult an (Bri ggs ' Fa rishta. Vol um e I, page IS ). The admini stra tion of Vi?i"r Imad ud -Oln Zun j"ny~ no w became so un popula r th :tt the gove rno rs of th e province s of Kana. Sarhind I Sam ana . Kuh ram Lahore. etc., en tere d int o a con federac y and deputed per sons to wait on Ghia s. ~d. Dfn Bal ban. the fo rme r \'iz :er, an d preva il ed upon hien to make hi m consent to tak e the rems of gove rnme nt into his hand s as forme rly. He CO nsp. nted. and t!l e nol Jies un ited their for ces and met On th e sam e day at Kuhr~ 1l1 (I. page 24 1). In the fo urt h yea r of th is rdg n. the kin ,~' s (Ghias -ud ·[ )ln Balban 's) nep hew. Sh er Kha n, wh o had ruled the dis tri r,_ of Sarhind , Bl tu huda , ele.; died an d 1V .1S bur iel at Bhat l1 er in an exten sive mau soleum (1., :' : 258 :. On pag e 491 (T rai islations) the lVI SS . lnve Tabarh indh, except one whi ch has Ba thind ah. It became a fie f of Delhi afte r the 1\'1 uhammadan conqu est. [<,inJZ Shah dug a cana l fr om th e Sutlej and this is now said to be th e choat , seasona l torrent,' which flows IJdst th e to wn, Sirhind conti nued to be il l; imp or tant strongh old of the Delhi empire. In 1415 Khi u Khan , tlw Jst Saiyid emperor of Delhi, nom in ated his son , th e Malik- us.Sh ar q Mal ik Mubarik, gover nor of firozpur and Sirhinu wit h Mal ik Sauho Nad ira 3S his depu ty. In 14 16 the la tter was murd ered by Tugh an riEi s and oth er Turk bach as, but Zir ak Khan , the gove rno r ot S:l mana , suppr essed th e revol t in the follo win g year. In 1.. j.zoKhizr Khan defe at ed th e insurg ent Sar an g Kh an at Sirhi nd, then under the go vern orship of l\1al ik Sultan Shah Lo dh L Und er th e Mu gha t sover eigns thi s was one of the; mo st fl our ishin g towns of the empir e. It is sai d to have ha d 36 0 mos ques, to mbs , sar dis and wells. Th e ru ins of ancient Sirhi nd ar e about a mile from the ra ilw ay station, extend in g over se veral mil es .It \Va s pr JI) hes ied th;lt th e ruins of Sirhi nd shoul d be spread from the JUl1 1n 1T. N., pag es 464-465. E' H. 1.,Volume II, page s 200, 3° 2, 35 5,3 33, 37 2, all in T. N. ~ In the ori ginal of Far is ht a Reh anl is gi ven . J Vide Land of the Five River s. page :n8 , by David Ross, c.r.E" F.R.a .S. 4 Vid e Paoth Pa rkas h, pa ge 351 . by Bhil Gian Sin gh. Ac cording to Latif's History of the Punjab the na me of the go vern or was Wazl r Kban . ! Vide Tarfk h·j·Fati ;11a, pages 56·60. JIND STATEo ~09 [PART A. contains a police post and a po st off ice. The ruins of Sirhind contain the CHAP. IV. mausoleum of Muj addid-Alf-i.S anL whi ch is a fine building to wh ich the Muhammadans in gen er al and the nobilit y of Kabul in pa rticular pay visits Plac ~S of as a place of pilgrim ag e. Near it is the mausoleum of RaH-ud-Din, an interest. ancestor of Mujad did -Alf-i-San f, close to wh ich is th e rau ZI£ of Khuaja Sirhin l. M'asum, SO n of Mujaddid-Alf.i-Sanf, and whi ch is commonly known as 'l'tl uza chf n£ on ac count of its ex ce llent mosaic work. The mausoleum of Sh ah Zaman ~f Kabul contains th e tomb of his beeam also. It ic; unknown whose ashes the two rauzus of Ustad and Shagird contain j it IS said one of them was bu ilt by a master (ustad) mason and the other by his ap )rentice (sha gt" rd) . There are two small mausol eums nea r the villag e Dera Mfr Mlran known as Haj.o-Taj. It is said th at two begams (queens) nam ed Haj-un- Nisa and Taj-un.Nisa of a king were interred there. Clos e to it is the rauz rJ, of the daughter of Babiol Lodhf cont ai nin g an inscri ption which shows that she died in gal A. H. in the time of Sika nda r Lod hf . Gurdwara Fatehgarh (where the t\vo sons of Guru Gobind Si ng h were buried alive) and gurdwara Jotl Sarup (where the y were after ward s burnt) are other places worth notice . There is al so a large mosq ue be gun by Sadhna, a QaSa! , the famous Bhagat, but never complete d. Her e is also a Jahazf hav eN built on the model of a ship . The extensive garden l called the ,Arn-o-KMs is walled in on all si de s and cont ain s som e fine buildings. It now covers only a small area, but is stocked with various kif,lds of fruit tre es , mango es and oranges. It was plant ed by Sultan Hafiz, whose tomb is close by, and in th e time of SMh JaMu , Kandi Beg brought a canal into it from the sutlej. Near the gard en is a we ll with 16 b£dhs It also contains a bhUlbahlt "on, , labyrinth ,' since rep aired, and a large bridge under which the Si r hind chou pass es . Sirhind was th e birthplace of the poet Nasir All. SRINAGAR. Srinagar, a village in pargana Sdnagar , Pinjaur tahs H and nizamat, lies on th e slope of the Krol hill in 30° 58' N. and 77° II' E. , half a mile from KandegMt St ation (on th e Kal ka-Sim la Rai lway ). It contains a kat hi or summer house of the Mahan 'i ja and a gar den on the model of that at Pinjaur. Its climate and water are excellent . It has a police station, primary school and dispensary. Its popul ation in IgoI was 100. SUNAM TAHSIL. Sunam is the westernmost tahsil of the Karmguh nizamat lying between 75 ° 40' and 76° 12' E. and 2g0 44' and 30° 14' N., with an area of 49J square miles . It ha s a population (igOI) of 121,49 8 souls as against r 22 ,484 in 18g1, and contains the town of 5UNAM, its head -quarters, with 122 villages, Its land rev enue with cesses amounted in '903-u4 to Rs. 2,48,273. The town of Sunam, the he ad-qu art c- rs of the tahsil of that name (in J1iza------,-,--=====, ==== mol Karmgarh) is on the Lu- Year of census. [persons Males. Fema les. dhian n. J:ikhal [{ailwa y, 41 miles west of Pa ti iil a, with which it is ------1------conn ecte d by a meta lled road. 1881 •• . ••• 12 ,223 6,3 79 5, 84 4 The popul ation in 1881, 18 91 18g1 ••• '" \ 10,86~ I 5,73 2 5137 and IgOI is sh o' wn in th e mar- gi n and its cons titution by Igol ... 10 ,069 5.4S 8 I 4,611 religions in the Table 7 of Part B. The marked decr ease In I8gt as compared "dth I 88 I l210 PATIALA STATE. ] was du e to it s not bei ng on a line of rai l. The construct io n of th e Lu dhiana - Ja khal line recently opene d ap pea rs to have alr eady Place s of arreste d its decay, but being situated nea r a cho a it is no t a he althy interest. to wn.Sum lm is a place of grea t antiquity . Orig in al ly foun ded near the Sun :im Town . Sura j Kund. of whi ch som e rem ai ns are still to be seen, it was ca ll ed Su rajpur . Th e mod ern town was built within the wa ll s of an old fo rt into which its inhabitant s were dri ven to ta ke refu ge , and it is divide d into two pa rts, one in th e citade l of th e fort, an d th e oth er on th e low land around it. It is 792 fee t abov e sea·le vel. Though now of litt le import ance , Sunam pla yed a great part in th e his tor y of the Punja b after th e Muham - madan invas ion, and AI-B erli ni me nt ions it as a fa mou s place of th at per iod .! Sun am in Sa nskr it means a slcre d na me, but some sa y tha t it wa s named after Sana, a Gu ja ri , who guided Mu ha mm ad of Ghor to Bhati nda an d asked this boon as her reward . Ot her s accep t a de riv a- tion from San am. whi ch in Arabi c means the hu mp of a came l. \V hcn Qutb -ud-D ln Ib ak saw th at th e plac e had th is sha pe he nam ed it Suna m, but this etymolo gy is unt enabl e, as th e town is only said to ha ve assum ed it s pr esent sh~p e aft er Taim6 r's invasion . Sun am was held by Hi ndu Rajas till conquer ed by Muhammad of Ghor . Sultan Sha ms- ud-D in Altm ash gave it to his page Sher Kh Rn ~ in jd gi". Ghias-u d-D in 3 3a lba n gave it to Timar Khan , with Samiin a, on the death of his cousin Sher Khan, and subs equently conf erred it on his Qi yn son Bughra Khan: 1 Under Muha m· mad Shah Tu ghlaq its depe ndent tri bes re volted . Fi ro z Shah 5 ~rol1g ht a canal th roug h Sirhind and Mans urpur to the town in 13 60,6 and 111 1398 Ta im ur 1 attack ed it. It is an ancien t site, and by digging 40 or 50 fe et deep statues , bi g bri cks and bon es are found. In the time of Akba r it was a par5 !ana of hav el i Sirhind. In th e rainy seas on th e \vate r of the Sun am ,Izou surrounds the to wn, and it wa s form erly diff icult to cross it in or der to go to th e neighbouring vi ll age s in seaso ns of heavy rain, but the peo ple have now built a bridg e ove r the cho u. Near ly all the houses are of ,aHa bri ck. Th e Chauhatta, Ka tehra an d Bara Bazar are the most important buzars . At first its mahai las ,v ere named af ter the castes that oc cupied th em, bu t now th ere is no su ch di st inction. The im porb lll t st reets are the SfrewRla , Band ew ala, Gauryan wala and Mah al la Raja Ram. Sunam is noted for its cotto n work , and ch au taM, Her, pagTi, palang- posh andjr ij ams are mad e. A pl ain chouta M cost sRs. 16, a khe s Rs S·f ;·o , a pagr £ Rs. 3 and a pa lanf!/Jo sh Rs. 2, but th ese manu fact ur es are dec reasing daily . Fine qalom da ns an d boxes ar e als o made. Grai n is ex port ed. Bras s- wa re is import ed fro m Nlibh a and Pa ti iila, and gur and kh! Zt td fr om th e Unite d Provi nces . Th e tah sll is ins id e the town, whic h posses ses a po st office, anglo-verna cul ar middl e schoo l. poli ce stat ion and hos pital . The re is a sarai in the chauJratfa , and vari ous fine bui ld in gs with two or thr ee st oreys. The ch hat ta of Raj a Ram was on ce a fam ous bui lding. The re are thr ee ta nks, the Suraj Kun d, Sfta Sar and Gan ga tal ,ib. A mosq ue date s fr om the time of Akba r, and its shrin es have been de scr ibed in Ch apter I, Sec tion C. 1 Tarlk -j-H ind by Lala Lajp;t Rai . Pl eader , Pa rt J, p. 159. , (Tr adition )(Taba qat· Ak bar i). ~ Bri ggs . Volu me I. pages 259-6 ). < E H. I, III, J0 9 an d I IS. • Br igg s. Volu me I, p. 453. ,Ihi d, IV, p. J" i Sw ateh.un .Nawar. a Pe rsian book . ]IND-~~- STATE. CHAPTER I.-DESCRIPTIVE. ~~- Section A.- Physical Aspects. Jind, though the second in area , is the smallest in population of the CHAP. I" A. three Phulkian States, containing as it does th e sterile Bagar tract of 0 ~. Dadri tahsil with its sparse population ever ready to emigrate in bad escnptlve. seasons. The State contains 7 towns and 439 villag es, and has a total PHYSICAL area of 1,263 square miles with a population (according to the census ASPECTS. of March 1st, 1901) of 282,003 souls, giving an av erage density of General descrip. 224 persons to the square mile. The State consist s of th ree separate tion. tracts, viz., Sangrur, Jind and Dadri. The tahsil of SO(' lg rur is some- what scattered, and comprises four i!£tqas separat ed Lorll one another by British territory or portions of th e States of PCitiala and Nl ibha. Thes e four ildqas are (I) Sangn ir, which on the north is mo stly bound ed by Patiala and Nabha territories , on the east by the Bhawaniga rh nz'zumat of Pati:Ha ; on the south by the Sunam tahsil of that State and th e villa ge of Kharial in th e Kaithal tahsil of Kamal; on the .•."est. by the Barnala tahsH of Patiala and the Dhanaula thana of Nabh a; and on the north again by Nabha territory interspersed with that of Patiala. It contains I town and 43 villages, with a population (1901) of 36,598 souls and an area of 109 square miles j (2) Kularan, which is mainly surrounded by Patiala territory, lies 20 miles east of Sangrur, and comprises 33 villages, with a population (1901) of 14,976 souls and an area of 66 square miles; (3) Bazidpur, a small ildqa comp rising two islands of th e State territory, the ~orthern island including four and the southern thr ee vil la ge s only. The :otal area of this itaqa is only 9 square miles and the popu la tion in 1901 was 2,361 souls; and (4) BilinwaH, a larger ilri qa lyi ng 48 miks west of Sangror and comprising three se~ J.te islands of jind territory , namely, :z') the B.ilinwali tlaqa properly so called, including the town of that name Nith 10 villages. It is bounded on the north-east by Nibha territory, on :he east and south by that of Patiila, and on the west by the Mahraj ~argalla of the Moga tahsil in the Ferozepore District: (ii) to the north of his the main island lies the large village of Diilpura, held in faglY by the ,ardars of Dialpura; it is surrounded by the territories of Nabha on the :outh-east, the Mahraj pargana of Ferozepore on the south-west, and ~atiala on the north-west: (iii) south of BillanwaH lie the two isolated .illages of Milnsa and Burj, which are entirely surrounded by Patiala erritory . The Bahinwali ilaqa had a population of 10 ,746 souls in Igol, .nd its area is 57 square miles . The tahsil of jfnd is a comp ac t triangle , and 5 almost entirely surrounded by British territor y, being bounded on the north ly the Narwana tahsil of the Patiala Stat e and the Kaithal tahsil (District JIND STATE. ] CHAP. I. A. Mohindargarh nz"8amat of Patiala ; on the west it is bounded by th e Loharu State, and on the north-west by the Bhawanf tahsil of Bissar. This Descriptive. tahsil, 30 miles long from north-east to south-east and 23 broad from north- PHYSICAL west to south-west, has an area of 562 square miles. It contains 3 ASPECTS. towns ~~~_ 181 villages, with a population (1901) of 92,368 souls. The General descrip. tahsil of Sangrur lies almost entirely in the great tract known as tion. the Jangal, only the seven villages round Bazidpur being situated in the Pawlidh. Owing to the canals, however, the ,vater-level is generally high, being only 30 feet below the surface in the Sangnk z',aqn, and from 25 feet to 32 feet in Bazidpur and Kularan, but in the un· irrigated i/aqlJ of BilanwaJi it is 150 feet from the surface. " Jind tahsil lies entirely in the Bangar and includes a part of the Nardak or Kurukshetra, the holy land of the Hindus in the Jumna Valley. '. Water lies at 120 feet or so below the surface. The Dadrf :lcfqa of Dadrf tahsil jlies, in the Hariana and Bfidhra, in the Bag~r; -atract -of sandy soil inter. spersed with shifting sand-hills. though water is only 50 feet to 54 fett below the surface. Well· cultivation is only possible in this tract on a limited scale OIl account of these sand-hills. The Bagar tract has a hot, dry climate, being exposed to violent sand-storms from the Bikaner desert in the hot season. River 5ystem. The Jind State is traversed by no great rivers. The Choa nata enters it from Patiala territory near the village of Ghabdan, passes through Balwahar, Saj6ma, Gaggarpur and Kul.ir Khurd, thus travers- - ing the Sangr6r tlaqa, and thence re-enters Patiala territory near Sunam. This stream flows only in the rainy season, but when in flood it attains a width of one mile near Ghabdan and Kular Khurd, cutting off communication with these villages sometimes for two or three days. Its flood waters are beneficial to the lands which they cover . The Jhambo- wali choz is a small torrent which only flows in the rains, past Bbfd- pur and Muhammadpur in the Bazidpur £taqa, and thence traversing the intervening Patiala villages, enters the Kulanin £Laqa at Sahjpura, and passes through Dharmgarh and Buzurg. Its greatest breadth in the rainy season is, however, only 12 feet, but its flood waters fertilize a ce rtain amount of land on its ba'nks. rrhe Ghaggar stream only traverses the extreme soutl1-easf cor~ Kularan ztaqa, passing through the villages of Sap, -_herf, Usmanpur and Ratnheri for about 5 or 6 miles. In the rainy season its breadth extends to some 3 miles near Saparheri and Ratnheri, and at Usmanpur it is crossed by a ferry at this season. When in full flood the Ghaggar does a certain amount of damage to crops, hut on the whole its , flood waters do good and fertilize the lands they cover. ill .: :> Tahsil Dadrf, which has no canal irrigation, is watered by the Dohan, a .., .. stream which rises in the lands of Ghoghu and Bhagaur, two villages of the ' Jaipur State, whence it flo\ys past the Patiala to,vn of Kanaud and there- after irrigates the Jind villages of Paliiri, Badhwana, Jawa, Jhojhu Kalan, BaWf. Abidpura, Mandaula, Kaliana and Diidri for some 15 or 16 miles, disappearing in the Dakar land of Kalyawas in Rohtak. When in flood in the rainy season, it is used to fertilize the lands below its level for two or three years, but it was apt in years of heavy rainfall to cause damage both to houses and crops, and is now controlled by three dams, of which the first, raised in 1874, lies between the roads leading from Dadri to Kaliana and Jhajjar, while the second is between those leadin~ to the Diidrf railway station and the JoMwala tank near the town, and the third, made in 1886, adjoins Dadri station, lying between the road leading from the town to . Riiwaldf and that leading from the town to the station. 1he worst floods : occurred in 1862 and 1885. In the latter year considerable damage ! was done in the town of Dadri hoth to pnvate property and to the i--State--. khitas . or grain stores, which were destroyed. The loss to the ~t3 [ PART A. Sta te alone was es timated at a la kh of rupees. The bands , whi ch kept the CHAP. I, A. water of the Doh an from enteri ng the town, also prevented th~ . su rface Des ~p ti ve. drainag e of the town it self fr om fi nding an outlet , and thus lD Jury to the place resulted . -:: . PHYSICAL AS PECTS. ( The tahs ils of ]ind and Sangru r cons ist of undula ting plains whose Hills. ImoI Jotony is broken onl y by shif ting sa nd -hill s, but in Dadri tahsil th ere are also hill s or kopjcs, some 34 in numb er, wh ich are off-shoo ts of the Arava ll! Rang e. Of these the largest is Kal iana, a hi ll six miles south - west of Dadri, covered \', "ith jal tr ees, wit h an area of 282 acres. From it a soft pli ant sand-st one (san g-i- larzin) and a har d st on e used for mills (chak ki,), mo rta rs (ukh als ) and build ing purpos es is quarried. At its fo ot lies the towns hip which bears its nam e. Atai la KaL in and Siswa la are two hi ll s lyi ng close tog eth er, 12 mile s so uth-west of Dld ri. The lat ter abo unds in the gum -yie ldi ng Her tre e, and saUJ it st al l': is also fou nd in small quantities. These two hills cover an ar ea of 1,3 ~') ac res. Further to the south-we st , 20 miles fr om Dadr!, is the Kadma hiil , which lics partly in Patiala. The part lyin g in th is State has an are a of 770 acres, and is al so cove red wi th kh er trees. Oth er hill s arc Du hla (ar ea 370 acr es) near Kher i Ba tta r vil lage, Kapur! (5 4 acres) near th e ham let of tha t name, and small hil ls near Mim akawas and Pa nd wan vill ages . Ka pu r! hil l yield s a few cr ystals . Th e cli mat e var ies in diffe re nt pa rt s of the State. The ]ind tahsil Cll ma te. which is irri gated is moi st and unhea lth y. Da dri is very dry , san dy, and healthy, 'whil e Sangr ur com es betwe en the two in the se respects , The minimu m tem perature at Sangrur is 410 in Januar y and t.he ma ximum 104 0 in June. The average ra infal l for the last te n years is 17'02 inches at Sang rur, 16'49 at ]f nd, and 10 '39 at Dad ri . In the vi llages of Sa ngrur tahsil well wa ter is gene ra ll y us ed fo r Wat er. su ppl y. , drinking , ~he water of the tank or pond, (joha r) be ipg only used . fo r bath ing i and watenng cattle. The wa ter -leve l IS not very oeep exc ept m the Balan- 'wall .i~aqa,where it varies fro m 10 0 to 150 feet; .. and ~h e cons! ruc tio n of wc lls I enta lhng great expense wells ar e very few. " In Jmd ta hS Il gen erally, as the water-l evel is ve ry deep, the jo hars are used for drin king, those near the ca~a l or its rajbf hfs ,being supplied from . th~m in time of drought. Th e Jo /tars of the blb ra nt tract, howev er, run dry In dry "'cather, cau sing g~eat s~fferi ng to th~ c, at tle, a~d ,rater has ~o be ca:ried fron~ .vi, llageto I VI llag e III carts .ThIS 15 espeCIally the case In the VIlla ges adJommg the Roh tak an d Biss ar Di str icts. ) In Dadri tahsil, where there are 110 canals, the village rs suf fer mu ch from scarcity of water, as that in the we lls is ge nerally bra ckish. The large r villages and towns have deep tanks 'with pakka ghats, which are full in the rainy Season, but run dry in seasons of drought, when th e vil lage rs suffer cons iderably and are ofte n compelled to abando n thei r homes.In som e vil lage s drinki ng wel ls are dug on the bank s of the joha rs, so as to allo w th e water to fi lter into th em, and this ha s the eff ect of making the we ll-wat er swee t. An ape rt ure (m or i) is som etimes mad e in th e wel l cyli nd er, so that it comm unic ate s with the ta nk when the latter is fuiI, and wate r is the n let in to the we ll . This also he lps to kee p .. the wel l 'wa ter sweet. The fa un a and flo ra are much th e sam e here as in the adjoining pa rt s P'aun ,. &.lid 801 of Pa ti ala, and the geologica l for mation is also iden tical with that of the Patial a plain s. CHAP. I, B. The history ! of Ji: ld as a separa te and rul ing Sta te date s from 176 3, in whi ch year the con federate Sikh s havi ng captu red Sirh ind town Descriptive. fr om the governor to whom Ahmad Shah Duran t had en tr us te d it, pa rti- HISTOlll l. tione d the old Mugh al pro vin ce of Sir hi nd .Prio r to that year Suk hchen, gran dson of Ph li l, th e ances tor of all the Phu lk ia n famil ie s, had been a me re rural notable . On his death in 175 1 Balan wall , whi ch he ha d foun ded , fe ll to Alam Sin gh, hi s eld est son, Badrlik han to his second son Gajpa t Singh , and Dialpur a to Bula qi . Gelleal ogic:< 1 Th e pedig re e of the pr esent Rajas of Jind and Ntibh a IS giv en tab le of Raj as of j£ad and N~ bh a. bel cw:- PHUL. I r I I I 1 TlIoka . R~ma , R~ ghU, Ch anu , Jha ndu, Takhat Mal. ancest or of anc est or '- -.,-- -- __ .- J the Pat iala of th e ancest or s of the Laudghar ia family. and Bhadaur Ji un dan famili es. family . ( 1 Gu rdita , Suk hch en, ancestor of the Na bh a fam ily. d. 175 1. (-- - __ J ( I 1 Alam Singh , RAJA GA JPAT SI NG H, Bu l~qi Sing h, d, 1764 . d. 178 9. from whom have des cende d the Dial puria St.rdars. f ( --T-- -·------"I fl i ahar Sing h, RAJA BHAG SI: >lG H. Bh{, p Sin gh , d. 177 1. d. 1819 . d. 18 15. I (--- I I '1 L-- -- Hart Sin gh, 1 d. 1] 81 . RA JAFATAH SI; ;"if i, ParU.!> Sin gh, Ma.h :ib Singh, ! d. 1822 . d, 18 16. d. l816. I RAJA SAN GAT SI NGH, d. 183 4. ( 1 Karm Singh, Ba saw a Si ngh, d. 181 8. d. 183 0. I I RAJA SA RUP SI NG fl, G.e, S. I., ( 1 d. 1864· Sukha Singh, Bhagwan Singh, I d. 185 2. d. 1852. (. "I (-----I------1 l-, Randhfr Smgh, RA JA RAG fl BIRSINGH, d. 18 .~8 . d. J8 87' H ar ndm Singh , Raja Hira Sin gh (of I d. 185 6.N~bh a), b.• 843. Balbfr Singh . I I Tika Rip udam an Singh, i RAp. RA NBIR SIN GH, b.I8 83. ! i b. 1879 . ( .i (-- -- I . , Djw~n Si ngh, She r Sing h, Chat ar Sin gh, d. 18 41 . d. 1882. d. 1861 . r I 1 H:u Narain Singh, Shamsher Singh, b. 1861 . b. 18 72. -I Th is accou nt i3 pr incipally ta .ken from Gr iffin 's Pun jab Rajas an d Ma ss y's Chi efs . ~J5 [ PART A. CHA P. 1" S. On Alam Singh 's death in 1754 BalanwaH also fell to Gajpat Singh, who was the most advent urous of the three brothers, and had in 1755 conquered Descript ive. the Imperial parga>las of Jind and Safid -.?n and overrun Panipat 31 nd HIST ORY. KarnaT ,1liO ilglf il-e--was-l Tot -strnrrg --- effougnTo hold them. In 1766 Ga]pat Singh made Jind to wn his capital . Neverthele ss he remained a vassal of Gajpat Singh, A. U. 1764-1,80. the Delhi empire and continued to pay tribute, obtaining in retu rrl in 177 2 Conq uest of Jfnd ~n I~ial jirm 4.n. _vv~g'! -y~him_ th~ titl e _QLRg< l_ ~I!_ CHAP. t. B. yi~lding Rs. 1,82,000 were resumed by the British Government as escheats. --.:-. including the acquisitions of Ri ia Bhag Singh in and near Ludhiana, Panlpat, DeSCrJPt!ve'r Hansl and Hissar, and when Kaithal was resumed in 1843 the Mahalan HISTORY. Ghabdan pargtlna was given to Jind in exchange for a part of Safldon. R~ja Sarlip Before the outbreak of the 1st Sikh War the Rlija of Jind was in close Sin~b':>~elp to alliance with Patiala against Raja Devindar Singh of Nabha. His attitude ~~:::~~shGOY-to the British Government, however, was anything but friendly in 1845. A.D. 18~S. until a fine of Rs. 10,000 for failure to supply transport, when called upon, recalled him to his allegiance and a belief in the power of the British. Consequently in the 1st Sikh War his conduct was exemplary. The exer- tions of his people in providing supplies and carriage were great; his con- tingent served 'with the British troops, and a Jind detachment which accom- panied the Patiala contingent to Ghunghrana under Captain Hay was highly praised by that officer for its steady conduct and discipline. Later on a detachment accompanied the expedition to Kashmir, where a revolt was in progress against MaJraraja Gulab Singh, Jind receIved in rewara a-grant of land of the annual valUe of Rs. - 3,000, while the fine of the previous year was remitted. Another grant, yielding Rs. 1,000, was shortly afterwaras added in consideration orThe abolition of the State transit dues. In 1847 the Raja received a sanad by which the British Government engaged never to demand from him or his successors tribute or revenue, or commutation in lieu of troops; the Raja on his part promising to aid the British with all his resources in case of ,var, to maintain the military roads, and to suppress sati, slave-dealing and infanticide in his territories. When the 2nd' Sikh War broke out Raja Sarup Singh offered to lead his troops in person to join the British army at Lahore. He was warmly thanked for the 'offer and the loyalty which had prompted it, though the services of himself and his troops were declined. IUja SariSp Raja Sarup Singh's loyalty was again conspicuous during the Mutiny. Singh's help and He occupied the cantonment of Kamal with 800 men, and held the ferry loyalty in Muti· AY· over the Jumna at Bhagpat, twenty miles north of Delhi, thus enabling the A.D. 1857. .\1eerut force to join Sir H. Barnard's column. The Raja was personally engaged in the battle of AUpur on the 8th of June and received the congra- tulations of the commander-in-chief, who presented him with one of the captured guns. At the end of June the Raja was compelled to pay a fly- ing visit to Jind as the rebels of Hansi, Rohtak and Hissar had induced some of his villages to revolt. He returned to Delhi on the 9th of September, where his contingent ultimately took a prominent part in the assault on the city, scalin~ the walls with the British troops, and losing many of their num- ber in killed and wounded. Raja Sanip Singh was the only chief who was present with the army at Delhi. He was further active throughout in send- ing supplies to the besieging force and in keeping open the lines ' of com- munication and preserving order in the districts adjoining his State. The commissary-general declared that but for the timely supplies furnished by the Raja the quantity of stores would at first have been insufficient for the troops. After the fall of Delhi the Raja sent 200 men with General Van Cortlandt to Hansi, 110 more with Colonel R. Lawrence to Jhajjar, while 250 remained to garrison Rohtak. The Governor-General in his notifica- cation of November 5th, 1857, said that the steady support of the Raja of i Jind called for the marked thanks of the Government. These splendid . Grant of D£drl. services received a fitting reward in the grant of the Daari territory, cover- . ing nearly 600 square miles, forfeited on account of the rebellion of its Nawcib. This territory now yields a revenue of over two lakhs of rupees per annum. He was also given 13 villages, assessed at Rs. 1,38,000, in qthe KuUmin parganQ, close to Sangrur, where the Raja now has his capi- I tal, and a house at Delhi, valued at Rs. 6,000, together with additional 21 7 [PART A. honor ary tit les, ,, ,as co nf erre d on him. His salu te was raised to eleven guns; CHAP. I. B. and, like th e oth er Phulki nn chi efs , he rec eiv ed a sanad granting him the Descriptive. powrr of adoptio n in case of th e failur e of natur;ll heirs , and legalising the HISTOR Y. ap pointme nt of a succes sor by th e two oth er Ph ulk ian chi efs in th e ev ent . of the Raia s dyi nO" with out nom inatin g an he ir, Va rio us small transfers sR .'~jah~ahrtjp - '" . d d lB " IG log S elp of isolat ed v ill ages we re made bet wte n]\I1 an t le nt Is 1 overnment and loyalty in in the nex t few yea rs, tendin g to consolidat e th e State tl Crritories . !llutiny. Raj a Sarap Singh died in 1864. He is desc ribed as ' in person and pre- sence emi nent ly prin ce ly . The sta lwart Sikh ra ce co uld hardly show a taller> or a stron ge r man. Clad in armour, as he lov ed to be, at th e head of his tr oops , th ere was perhaps no oth er prin ce in Ind ia who bore hims elf so gallantly and looked so tru e a soldi er . The Br iti sh Gove rn ment has never ha d an ally mo re true in heart than Sarup Singh , who ser ve d it from affec- tion and not from fear .'1 The Raj a had been nomin ated a Knight Grand Commander ot th e Star of India a fe w months bef or e his deat h. He was suc· R~ia RAghbfr ceeded by his son , Ra ghbir Singh, ,, ,ho was in every way worthy of his Singh. A.D. 1864- father. Immediately after hi s inst al lation he was caile d upon to put down 1887 . a serious insurr ection in the newly-acquired territory of Dadr! . The people obj ected to th e ne,, " re ve nue asses sment which had been based upon the British system , though the rates were much he av ie r than those prevailing in the neighbouring Br itish Districts. Fifty villages broke out in open revolt, the police station of Badhra was seized, and rude retrenchments thrown up outside some of th e villages, ,, ,hil e the se mi-civilised tribes of Bikan er and Shekha" 'ati were in vite d to he lp, on promise of plunder and pay. Raja Raghbir Singh lost no time in hurrying to th e scen e of the disturbances with about two thousand men of all arms. The village of Charkf , where the ringl ea ders of the rebellion had en tren ched themselves , was carried by assault, two other villag es were treat ed in like manner, and within six weeks of the outbre ak th e cou ntry was again pr efec tly quiet. The Raja rendered prompt assistan ce to the Bri tis h Government on Assistance in th e oc casion of the Ktika outbreak in ,872. He sen t two guns, a troop of K6ka outbreak. horse, and two compani es of infantry to Mal er Ko tla at the request of the A.D. 18711. Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana , and the rising was effectually suppressed. When the 2nd Afghan \Va r bro ke out in 1878 the Bri tish Govern- Help in the :rnd ment accepted th e lo yal of fe r of Raja Raghbir Singh to furnish a contingent . AfgMn War. A.D. 1878. The Jind force consisting of 500 se poys , 200 sfl7oars , with a larO"e staff and two guns, arriv ed at Thai in May 18 79 and rend ered Ilseful se;'vi ce on the line of communi cation s. Th e honorar y title of Ra ja-i-Ra jgan was conferr ed on th e Raja of ]ind in perpetuity , and Sardar ]agat Singh, th e State Political Officer, was dec orat ed with the C. 1. E, while Sardar Ratan Singh , commanding th e contin gent , rece iy ed a s\\ 'o rd . A sim ilar of fer in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882 was dec lin ed \\'ilh a suitabl e recoO" nition oH he Raja's loyalty. '" Rija Ra ghb ~r Sin gh was i~ defati g~bl e in his effort s tu prom ote the R;ija Raghblr rospe :lty, mate:lal ~nd othervVlse :.of hlS peopl e.He rebui lt th e to wn of Singh 's interest SangruT , mod ellIng It larg ely on JaJpur , an d ma de man y improv ements in in arts and q manufactures. ind, Dcidri and ~aHdon. He established daily distributions ot alms (sada ~al'at), and contnbut ed large sums to ()e ligious institu tion s at various pla ces In the Stat e and elsf .: where .Besides th e routin e busin ess of th e Stat e, to ~vhi ch he de.voted a large part of the da y, th e Raja was ke enl y int erested 111 encouragmg local arts and manufactur es. He sent various workmen in g old, silver , wood , etc., to lear n th e hi gher bra nches of their crafts at Rurki 1 Rajas of the Punjab, page 374. JOI NT FAMI LY SYST EM Th e family is loca ll y kn own 8S kllllb a. A group of familie s having co mmon ances tors is ca ll ed thula . Two or more tl1 Ula s are jointl y called pana or pat ti . It is comm on for sev er al br oth ers, and occ asionall y for cousins to live to geth er and farm the land jointly. Mor e of te n th e land is managed join tly whil e the own ers li ve separat ely. The mos t import ant chara cteristic of th e jo int famil y sys tem is that the income of all its member s is poo led and spent for th e benefit of all the members , wh eth er or not the y have actuall y earned any part of it . The ba sis for the sys tem is to insure maintenance of all de scended fr om a comm on an ces tor , fat her or grandfath er or gre at -gra nd- father . The wid ows or orphan s, the ch ildr en, young boys and girl s and eld erly or dec repit or physicall y incap ac itated memb ers of the family , all rece ive the atte ntio n of the head off amil y and are support ed and main tai ned out of the jo int fa mil y fund s. Th e joi nt famil y sy stem which ha s been a distin guishing fe ature of Hindu soci ety sin ce time imm emorial , is bre aking up under the st re ss of the changed economic and soci al condition s. Various factors are responsible for this change . Th e comp etiti on for earning a li vin g, the tax-structure , th e increase d cos t of li vin g, th e mobilit y re sul ting from the requirements of ser vic e and , ab ov e all , the growing spirit of individual is m, all the se featme s spell th e do om of thi s anci ent institution . It is no long er possible for one earnin g memb er of a fam il y to fee d and support a ho st of relation s and dependent s. Eve n in th e fa mily where ev er y member is an earnin g hand , it seems difficult to make both end s mee t. An other factor which ha s assisted in the dis solu- ti on of th e sys tem is the gro wing tendenc y of late marri age s both for boys and girl s. When bo ys and girl s marry at a comparati ve ly advanced age , the y pr efer to li ve indep endently . A new pattern, with an individualist ic bia s, is ste ad il y eme rgin g. Usu all y the branch of the famil y which earns more mone y sep arates from the poorer branch . Those who enter ser vice , ha ve natur ally to go wherever they are po sted and they can hardly uproot the headquarters of the join t famil y and mo ve it with them from place to pl ace acco rding to the exige ncies of se rvice. Whil e th e po sition is more marked in urban area s, the joint famil y syste m is disa pp ea rin g eve n in th e vill ag es, wher e peo pl e depend almo st entir ely on agr icultu re . Th e av er ag e holding is too small to support a joint family which continues growin g in size with the birth of each new baby in the famil y. It is ther efo re in evi table that some member s of the famil y should mov e ou t in sea rch of se rvice to the to wns or el se where to suppl ement the meagre family in com e. In this way th e migration of rur al popul ation to the