REPR INT OF PHULKIAN STATES (, AND ) GAZETTEER, 1904

GAZETTEERS ORGANISATION REVENUE DEPARTMENT () The Controller, Printing and Stationery, Haryana, Chandigarh (India).

Controller of Printing and Stationery , Government of Haryana, Chandigarh. The Distric t Gazett ee r is a mini atur e enc yc lopa edia and a good guid e. It describes all imp ortant asp ect s and feature s of the district; historical , physical, so cial, economic and cultural . Officials and other perso ns desirous of acquainting thems elves with the salient features of the district would find a study of the Gazetteer rewarding. It is of immens e use for research scholars .

The old gazetteers of the State published in the British regim e contained very valuable information , whi ch wa s not wholly re-produced in the revised volume . These gazetteers hav e go ne out of stock and are not easily available. There is a demand for thes e volumes by research scholars and educationists. As such, th e sche me of reprinting of old gazetteer s was taken on th e initiative of th e Hon1ble Chief Mini ster of Haryana.

Though the Phulkian Stat es namely; Patiala , Jind and Nabha were princely states in those days yet a single gazetteer covering three stat es was compiled under the aegis of the British regime . This gazett ee r was printed at the Govt . Press, Lahore in 1909.

The Volume is the !'~prifJt ed edi .tion of th e Phulkian States (Patiala , Jind and Nabha) Gazetteer of 1904 . This is the tenth in the serie s of reprinted gazetteers of Haryan a Ev er y care has been taken in maintaining the com{Jlete originality of the old gazetteer while reprinting. I extend my appreciation to Sh. A. K. Jain, Editor, Gazetteers and Sh . J.S . Nayyar , Assistant, who have handled the work with efficiency and care in the reprintin g of this volume.

I am very thankful to the Controller , Printing and Stationery , Haryana and his staff in the press for exp editiously completing the work of reprinting .

Jeet Ram Ranga Joint State Editor (Gazett eers ) · PU NJAB STATES GAZETTEERS, VOLUME XVII. A. IN LONDON. IN INDIA . E. A. -ARNOLD, 41 and 43 , Maddox Street, THACKER, SPINK &: Co. , Calcuml & Simla ; Bon d Street, W. NEWllAN & Co ., Calcutta . CONSTABLE &: CO.. TO , Ora nge Street, Leicester Square , W. C. R. OAMBRA T&: Co., Calc utta. GRINDLAY &: Co., 54, Parliament Street, . S. W. TH AC KER & 00.; Bom ba y . HENRY S. KING &: Co., 65, Comh ill , E. C. HIGGINBOTHAM & Co., Madt1l ..~ P. S. KING & SON, ~ qod 4. Grell,t Smith Street, Westm inster, S. W. V. KALYAN ARAM ItER. &: Co.; 18 9, KEGAN PA~r" TllE? 1IC fI. TRUBNER & Co., Esplap.ade Row, Madras . 43, Gerra rd Str eet, So ho, W. B. QUARITCIl, II. Graft00 Str eet , Ne w Bon d Stre et , W. SUF ERIl' jTEN DENT , Ame ri can FIS HER UNWIN, I, Ad el ph i Terrace, T. Mission Press , Rango on. W. O.

W. THACK ER &: CO., 2, Creed Lane, A. CHA ND & Co., Imperial Book De) London, E. C. Offi ce, .

LUZAC & Co.. 46, Grea t Russe ll Street, GULAIl SINGH & SONS , Mufid-i-'Am Prelo" .Lon don, W. C. Lahore .

ON THH:CONTIN ENT . MANAGER , I:un ja b Law Book Depet : Anarkali Bazar, Lahore . FRIEDL ANDEh: & SOHN, I It Carl st~sse , Eer lin. S. MUHTAZ ALl &: SON, Rafah-i-'Am Press; OTTO HARRASS OWlTZ,Le ip zig. Laho re [for Vern acul ar Filblicationi CARL W. HIERSEMANN .. Leipzig. only J. ERNEST LE ROU X, 28, Ru e Bonaparte, PariS,

MARTINUS NI}HOFF, Th e Hague. MaNAGJR, Th e Aryan Printing. Pub .• RUDOLl I' HAUPT, " Do rrienstr asse, Leip2iig' Iishing and GeneraJ Trading Co.; Germany. Limited. Lahore. PUNJ,AB STATES GAZETTEERS VOL U ME X VII . A.

PHULKIAN STATES. PATIALA JIND AND NABHA~

WITH MAPS.

1904.

COMPILED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE PUNj AB GOVERNMENT.

~abort: '~INTE() AT THE t'UNJAB GOVIRNJillliit P.ISS. 1909. TABLE {)F CONTENTS.

PACB •

INTRODUCTION ••• i-Iv CH APTER I.-DBSCRIPTIVB A.-Physical aspects ••• I .. 4... •History. ••• 46 C.-Population 53 CHAPTER II .-EcONOMIC 9:1 A -Agriculture ~3 B.-Rents, wages and prJces 129 C.-Forests ••• 13° D.-Mines and minerals •.• 131 E.-Arts and manuf~cture ,s •••131 F.-Commerce and trade •••132 G.-Means of communication 133 • H.-Famine ••• 1~6

CHA[~TER 1II.-ADMINISTRATIVB 139 A.-Administrat ive Departments 139 B.-Civil and cri minal justice 141 -- C.-Land revenue •••144 D.-Miscellaneous revenue 166 E.-Local Self·Government 168 F.-Public Works 168 G.-Army •••171 H.-Police and Jails ••• 173 ..-- (.-Education and literacy •••17 6 J.-Medical _ •••182 ~ CH

CHAPTER I-DgsCRIPTlv~. Section A.-Physical Aspects.

, Development ••• RiveB ••• Geology Flora 1 Fauna 43 Climate ••• . 43 · SectioD B.-History. Eaily history of Ala Singh 45 Raja Amar Singh •.•• '46 ' Raja Sahib Singh 41 Intervention of Racjit Singh 4S - The ' War 48 V-ahar!,ja Narindar Singh 49 The Mutiny ••• 49 : Rajindar Singh 50 Relations with British Government ••• ••• . 51 GenealOgical table ••• , _ 52 Section C.-Population . Density of Niamats and tahsils S3 Growth of population 54 Mi grat ion SS Diseases 51 Birth cu st oms ••• 51 Sex stat istics ••• 58 Mar riage custo ms S9 Fe male inf anti cide 60 La ng uage 60 Tri bes and caste3 61 Jats 61 Rajp uts 65 Min or agricu ltu ral cla ss es 67 Pr ofes si onal caste s 68 Com merci al castes 69 Sayyads 74 Reli gion 74 Si kh orders ••• 75 Hin du re ligi ous orde rs 76 Bhai Mul Ch an d 78 Samadh of Baba Ala Singh '19 Other Hindu shrines ••• ' 79 Muhammadan or ders ." 79 Mir .or Mu hamm adan shrines 81 Chishtis 82 The cult of Mi ran 83 Supe rstit ions ••• 84 Christi anity 84 Food 8S DrEss 86 Dwelliu gs 88 Bu rial customs gl Occu pat ion s ••, g2 Amus eme nts .• • ga Names and titl es 93 CHAPTER H.-ECONO MI C. Section A.-Agriculture.

Soils 93 Genetal agricultural condit ions 93 Ag ricultural calend ar 94 Agricultu ral opera ti on s ••• 96 Agricul tur al im pl eme nts and ap p! ia ~ce s 97 Rota tion of crops 98 Man ure, Farm labourers 99 Crops _ 99 Liv e-s tock 1°3 Ir ri ga tio n 104 Caolls 11)5 Can.1 reven ue log Ca pital outla y, Sirhind Canal 110 List of Regulat or3 and bri dges .... Ill ' Br itish rajbaha s in Pali al a Stale .. , 113 -:' Famia: I?rQte ctii~ si: h;:~,·~ _, .,., US sectiOI1 B~-Rel1tsj Wagesal1dPrices. Kents, wages of labonr, prices •••ug Prosperity ot the peasant ••• - _-13° - SectionC.-Forests. ,

Section E.-Arts and Manufactures. Principal indust ries and manu!actures Section F.-Co mmerce and Trade.

Railways ••• J33 Roads in plains ••• 133 Roads in hills ••• 135 Postal arrangements .~ ~ 136

History F"amines , Patiala poor.house

CHAPTER IlI-AoMINISTRATlvB . Section A.-Administrative Departments.

Government offici als 1:39 Administrati ve divisions ," ••• 13Q Section B.-Civil and Criminal Justice. Earl y history ••• 141 Reforms 141 Present system 142 Codes 01 laws ••• J4 2 The commone r forms of crime 14i Cr iminal tr ibes and crimes 143 Registration ••• 143 Section C.- Land Revenue.

Village communities and tenures 144 Fiscal history 149 Cesses 152 Octroi ••• 155 Assignments of land revenue ••• JS5 Genealogical tree of Bh ad o:n Jag :rdars ••• 157 Bhadour Jagir 158 Khamanon Jag ir 161 Pail Jagirs J61 Pail J agirdars 162 Muafis 16 3 Jagir and muafi stateme nt 16 1, Village Jleadmo.. ••• ft. ." 160 _ 166 Excise I Stamps n. 167 Section ,Eo":'"'LocalSeI r,Governmcnt. Local Self·Government ••• Section · F.-Public Works. Patiala City Defence works ,Section G.-Army.

Early history ••• ·171 Imperial Service and Local Troops ••• 171 Section H.-Police and 1alls. Strengt h au d working of Police ••• 173 Jails n. 175

Literacy ••• 17 6 Education- History •• • 177 The Mohindar College 179 "Indige nous educat ion .~ 179 Femalf s education 181 Literature •• • 181

Estab li shment Ins ti tu tions- Dispe ns al ie s_ Sanl tary Depart men t Le per asylum Victori a poor· house

Amargar b. Anahadgarh, Bah adur garh OM 185 tahsi l an •.• 186 arnal a towll , B&si ••• 187 Bhatin da 188 Bhadou r, Bha wani ga rh, Bh ikb i, Cb ail 192 eh h at , Fa tehg ar h tahsil ..• 193 Gha no ur, ~, Govindgar h, Had iaya 194 Kalait , Karamgar b, Lalg al h, Man surpur 195 Moh-indarg arh Niza mat , ta hs il an d town 196 Nern aul tahsil and town .• • 197 ... -1ilarwana ta hsil ." 19B .Ma rwa na to \~n, Pa il ••• 199 P~tiala tah sil and town ••• ••.• 20 0 "l'1njour Niz amat ". ••• ·202 Anjour tah sil and town, Rajp ur& ••• 203 ~ibg arh tahsil, Sama na ••• 204 ~, mana. Sil hi nd ••• ••• 206 . ,••.809 Si rinagar , S~m tahs il aDd tC 'if ll m ~ PA G! !.

211

A.-P hysi cal aspe cts 211 B.-H ist ory ••• 21 4 C.-Po pulatior . 22 .2

26 ,3

A.-A gric ultu re 2:1]

B. -Ren ts, wag es and price s 28 2 C.-F orest s .. 286 D.-M in es and mi ner als ... '28 7 E.-Arts and manufacture s 28<) F.-C ,mmerc (; and trade 293 G.-M eans of com munic :l tion ." 29 3 I-J.- Fami ne •• • 297

305

A.-Gene ral ad ministrat io n, admi nlst ra: ive divis io n; ... :;°5 B.-C ivil an d crimina l jus tic e .. , :J0 S C.-L :tnd reven ue ... 3;4 D.-Misce llaneo us revenu e .. . 32Z E.-Loca l and Muni cipal Gove rn ment ... ~):3J F.-Public wor ks ... 323 G.-Army ... :374 H.-l'oli ce and Jai ls .. . 320 L-Ed uc,t ion and lit era oy ... 32.> }.-Medical ..• 331 CH AP TER IV -rL.\ C~S UP IN TER EST 333

Gen eral descrip tio n .,. 211

River sy ste m .•• 212 Hills ••• 213 Clim ate ." 213 Wat er' supp ly ~•• 213 F",ull a and fl ora

Ear! y histo ry u, 2t .4 Geneal ogi ca l table •.• • 21 4

GaJp at Singh, Bhag Singh,Sal up Singh 21 5 Raja Ragh bir Singh 217 Ant iq uities ••• l1l8 CONTENTS. Sectiou C.-Population.

The , the Jat5 Density

Towns and villages ••• 223 Growth of population ••" 224 Migration •••225 Ages and vital stati sties ••• 2.27

Diseases ••• 228 Jnfant mortality ••• 230 Birth ceremonies ." 23° Sex statistics .,. .- 23 2 Marriage ceremonies ••• 233 Language ••• 237 Tribes and casles 23 8 Jat3 239 Rajputs 243 Other agricultural castes ••• ••• 244 At tisan and menial castes 24 6 Leading families 251 Religious sects 252 · Magic and charms 259 Temples and fairs 260

PAGE. General agrIcultural conditions, soils 26 3 Agricnltural calendar 26 4 Agricultural operations ••• 267 Agricultural implements and cattle ••• 26 9 Agriculturi.ts and their dependents 270 Principal staples 270 Average yield ••• 273 Extension and decrease of cultivation 273 Alienations. State Banks ••• 274 Iirigatioh •••274 C&nalre\lenues, wells n. 279 Agricultural stock ••• 281 Fodder ••• 2l!a

Rents Prices Wages of artisans Village headmen Sec tionE.-Ads a! ld !C:: 'l1 u£ac ture s.

Gold and sil ve r-sm ithing ••• 28g Cot ton man ufac ture ••• 289 Wea vin g, · dye ing , silk emb roide ry •• • 29° Carpe ntr y, tan nin g and le at her wo rki ng - 29 1 Bri ck· making :•• ••• 292 Potte ry· ••• 293

Exports an d imports Section G.-Means of Communication .

Railway s ••• 293 Road s •• • 295 Fer ries , res t·houses , post offices 296 Secti onH.-F am ine . Famineil, fam ine history Fam in e relief exp enditu re

General admi nistrati on an d divi si ons .•. 3°5 The Sadar·i ·Ala ••• 306 Mu nshi Khan a. Sadr Diwa n.i -Mal ••• 3° 7 Bakhshi Kha na 307 Adalat Sadr , Acc ou nta nt-Gene ra l •• • 308

Cri mina l iustice •• • 3°9 Cr imina l cou rt s •• • 310 Civil Revenue courts •.• 311 Inh eritance . Ad optio n ••• 312

;\lienation , Mar riage , Divorce and Do wer 'N 313 Will s •• • 314

Village communitie s and tenures ••• 314 Fisca l histo ry ••• ••• 315 Statistic': ! of Sett lemen ~ ••• •••316 Muaf is ••• 317 Se tt lement s of tahsil ••• 317 Se ttl em ents ,)f tahsils Jind and Dad ri ••• 320 Section D.-Miscellaneous Revenue .

Excise •••322 Stamp s ••• 323

Local aDd Mun ic'i,pal Government . ..~ SectionF.-Public Works, J Gltar KaptaDi ••• Early hiitor y Pr psent stren gt h of State fo rces Tira h Exp edition

Police thana. .. . 326 Strengt h of Poli ce 327 Cattle -po und , jail, cri minal trib es •••328 Section L-E duc ation and Li teracy . Lit eracy •..328 Srho ols '" 329 Ind ige nous educat ion 329 Mn hamma dan eJuca tion '" 330 Fpm'l!e ed ucati on 33 1

Dadr i. ]:nd t

Ka lian a, Safidon .. • 335 Sang rur ... 337

PAGE.

CH APT ER I.-DE SCRIPTIVe : 339 A.-P hysi cal aspe cts 339 B.-Hi stor y •.• 34 1 c.-Popu lation 343 CHAPT ER Il.- EeoNo "llC 351 A.-Agri cu Itu re .•• 351 B.-R en ts , wag es an d pr ices .• • 368 C.- D.-Mine s and Mineral s ... ••• 36~ E.- Arts and man ufac tu re s ••• 370 F.-Trade ••• 370 G.-Me ans of comm unicat;on ~ 371 CHAPTER lIlt-A DMI NISTRATI VE 373 A.-.General ad ministrat io n •• • 373 B.-Civ il an d crimi nal ju stic e .•• 373 C. -Land re ve nu e ••• 375 D.- Misc ell aneo us Reven ue '" 37 6 E.-Mun icipal ities ••• . 377 F.-Pub lic Wo rks Departmen t ... 37 8 G.-Army ..• 378 H. -Po lic e and jail .• • 379 I.-Ed ucation and liter acy .•• 380 J.-M edical ••• .n 381 CHAPTER IV.-P LACE SOF INT ER EST 383 Natural divis ions ••• 339 River s and streams. Hills ••• 340 Climate ••• 34°

A. D. 1755-63 .•• ••• 3~1 A. D. 1783-1871 ••• 34 1 A. D. 1872- 19°3 ••• 343

Migration ••• ••• 34l Tribes and castes, J1 its ••• 345 Kha tiks and Brahmins - 34"3 Ra jputs .~ 349

CHAPTER II-EcONOMIC. SectioD A.-A g'ri culture .

PAGlh

Sbils. Rot ation of crops . ManUle '•• ••• 351 Princ :pal staples ••• :l5 I Acreage or principal c,ops ••• 353 Land Alienation. Agricultural stock 354 / Irrigation. ~aDals 455 British rajbabas i~rigating 358 Wells ••• 36; Charass and Harr~ts ••• 366

••• 368

••• 369

•••370

••• 370

Roads, Sarais 371 Railways. Post Office 371

CH ArTER III.-ADMINISTRATIVB :. Seeth eD A.-General , dministration.

Admini!ih&tive divisons. Zai lda rs ••• Section B.-Civil anc! Cdmin 'll Justice. Crim Inal justice _ Ciyil justice, Revenue ca se s, Codej of;Law Registration ••• Section C.-l ,and Revenue.

Old Iystem; Settlement ''or Section D.-Miscellaneous Revenue. Stamps. Excise, Opium and drugs ~Section E.-Municipalities.

Section G.-Army. Present strength, 1mperial Service Troops Section H.-Police and Jails ..

Section I.-Education and Literacy.

Education, 1863-1882 A. D. ••• 380 Female education ." 38&

Arnloh, B'wal, •••· jaitu, 'Nabha town Phul INTRODlTCTION. ,

, TH fl: three Native State s' of PATIALA, ]IND :iU1d N~ABHA in the Punja b are ' collect lvely ,known as the P,hulkian States. They are the most important of the cis -Su tlej States, baving a total area of ,.7,599 square miles , with a population (Igol) of 2,176,64 4 souls" and a gross ann ual re ve nue of Rs. 88 ,00 ,000. The main ar ea, of this group of States lies be tween ' 74" and 77° E. and 29° and 3,° N. , It is bounded on the north by the Di s· tr ict of , on the east by Amba la and Kar nsl" on the south by RoMa l< and Hissar . and on the west by the Fer ozepor e Distri ct and th e l'a ridkot State . This ar ea is th e ancest ral poss es sion of th e PhUlkian house s. It lies mainly in th e great natural tract call ed the ]anga l ' Deser t or For es t,' but str et ches north -east in to that known as th e Paw adh, or ' East,' and south· wa rd s across : the Ghaggar ' into ' the Nardak, w,bile its sou~hernmost tract , rou nd the '-ancient town of lind, claims to lie wi tliin the sacred .limits of the Kurukshetra. , Th is vast tractis not ho wever the,exclusive property of the States , for in it lie several islands of Brit is h te rr it ory , and tbe State of Maler Kotla dov etails into the centre of its nor thern border. On the other hand ' the ,States hold many outlying villages in Br iti sh terr it or y, Nevertheless th e; three States, as'a group, hold a comparativ ely continuous area, though indi- i vid ually each resembles Brunswisk or the County of Crolparty, its terri· ' tory being scattered and inextricably intermingled with ithat of its sister States. , Beside s its ' shar e. in , the ancestral possessions ' ~f the Phlilkilin hou se s,Patial a holds a co nsiderable area in the Simla Hills acquired in I R15; In addition to , th es e possessions, the three States hold a fair ly ~:ompact block of Gutlyin g territory in the south-east of the Punjab. betw een 7-5 0 and 16°E . and 27~ and 28° N. Tllis block is bounded on the north by Hissar, on the . east by Rohtak and Gurgaon, and on the ' south and wei ;t by Rajputana. Each of the States received a part of this territory as a r:ew :~rd ,for ,its ,services in ,the Mutiny ,.

The 'ruling -families of the PhUlkian States are 'descended from ,PhGI,th 'eir epo? fm, from whom ' are also descended the great feud~l, but not 'ruling, f:am 1l1es,of BhadaW [and Malaud, and many others of less Importance. Col~ laterally again the , descendants of ' PMI are connected with the rulers of ii PHULKIAN STATES. ]

Faridkot, the extinct Kaithal family and the feudatories of ArnauH, Jh umba Si ddhuwal, and , north of the , Atar!. These numerous bran ches of ~ vi gorous stock belong to the great Siddhu -Barar tribe, the most po we rful Jat tri be south of the SuUej, and claim descentfromJaisal , a Bhatti Ra jp ti t, wh o, havi ng founded the State of in 1180 A.D., wa s dri ven from his kinO'. dom by a rebellion and settled near Hiss ir. Hemhel, his son , sacked that to :o and overran the country up to pelhi , but was repuls ed by Sha ms-ud -Din Altam as h. Subsequently however in I ~r2 A.D. that ru le r made him go ver- nor of the Sirs a and Bhatinda country . But his great -gr andson Man gald o havi ng rebelled ag ains t the Muhammadan sovereign of Delhi was behea ded at Jais al mer. His grandson sank to ]at status by contrac ti ng a marriage wit h a woman of that class , and though .the great SiddhU ~Barar tri be in the ensu ing ce nturies spread itself far and wide ' over the Mal wa cou ntry up to and even beyond the . Sutlej , the descendant s of Khiwa fell int o po verty and obscurity, until or te of them, San ghar,with a few follo wers en ter ed the serv ice of the Emperor Bibar . Sangha r hi ms el f fell at Panip at in 1526 A.D., but the emperor re war ded his devo ti on by grantin g his so n Bary am the chfltldhriyat . or super in tend ency of th e waSte cou ntry south- west of Delh i, and thus restor- ed th e fortun es of the fa mily~ This gra nt wa s con fir med by Hum ayul ,l, bu t· =::: Baryam in 1560 fell fighting against the Muhammada n Bhat tis , at on ce the kinsm en and hereditary foe s of the Siddht i tr ib e.B.aryam wa s succee ded as clz oud h,n ' by his son Mahra j and his gr andso n Mo han, wh o were both engag ed in consta nt warfar e wi th the Bhatt is until th e la tt er was compell ed to flee to Han sl and Hi ssiir , when ce he retu rned wi th a consider able for ce of his tri besm en , defe at ed the Bhattis at Bed ow al , and at the advice of ''I' ' Sikh Gur u Har Go vin d founde d Ma hn tj in the Fer ozepo re Di st rict.

But the un ce asing co ntest with the Bhat tis was soon renewed and Moh'ln . and his son , R6p Chand, we re killed by them in a skirmish about 1618. His second son, Kala , succeed ed to the c/zau dh ri yflt and bec ame th~ guard ;an OJ Phtil and Sandall, the sons of Rup Cha nd. PMl, whose name me :; ns I bl ossom,' was bl essed by th e Guru Har Govin d, and from him man y n()~,e .. - hou !ies trace their desc ent . He left six sons , of whom Talo ka .wa.;) •.he eldest, and fr om him are descended the fami lies of Jind and Nabha .FrOID iUma , the second son, sprang the gre atest of the Phtilkian houses, tha t ·Jf Pa tiala. The four other sons onl y succeeded to a smal l share of ~\.. ~ir father's po ssessions .

Phul had in 1627 founded and giv en his na me to the vil lage which is now an important town in the Na bha State. Hi s tw o elde r sons founded Bba! Riipa, still held join tly by th e three ' Stat es; .and Ra ma also built 'Rampur . The last named succe ss fully raided the Bhattis and other enemies of his line. He then obtained from the Muha mma dan Governor of Sirhin d the superint~nden cy of the Jangal tract, his cousin Chain Singh being associ- ated with him in the office, but RlIm a co ul d brook no rival and (;al ;s ed hi~ cousin to be assassina ted, only to fall in hi s turn a vi ct im to the ,. ~n~eancl of Chai -n Sin gh's sons. Th e blood- feu d wa s duly carr ied on by Ala Singh R:Yma 'sthird son, who kille d all but one of th e sons of Ches ,:n,SinglJ Ala Sin gh, now qui t of his neare st enemies , establi she d a post at ~ -sngherc .. to prot ec t its peop le ag ainst tl lC chie fs of Kot and Jagraon. ~.I 1722 h ~nt rl. lsted Bha daur to hi :; el der' brothe r, and re-buil t , where he too

lIn Gtiff n's • p1Jnjab R"j~s be is said to !la .ve be en the elder brot~er . while io t • ]ugr'li a Patia la' he is called ihe Jpunger. Sce ;Il s11 'Tarfkh Pat iala ,' fOOl on p. , 'l\ here hi: !~ described as the YOl lJl ¥er bro ther . r. /

~J '" PH\l1LKI AN STA .TES. ] . up hi ,re sid en ce. . Shortly afte nv ards his ,son ' Sa rd ul Sin gh att acked and destr yed Nima, the po ss ess ion of a Rajp6 t who was related to the powef ful Ri\i Kalha of Ko t. Th is rouse d the Ra i. to a determi ned atte mpt to destroy t~ e rising pow er of Ala Sin gh, and collec tin g a,large forte led by · the ~aj put chief s of Hal wa ra, Malsin, Thattar and Talwandf, and the famous JamAl :Kh ¥t, Rals of Male r Kotla ) and streng the ned by an imperial contin -. gen t ,tm d!lr Sayy id Asa d AU Kh an, general of the Jullundur Do ~b, he attack- . ed th !eSikhs out side BarlllU a. Th e imperial gene ral fell early in the day, and 'is troop aba ndo ned the field .The troops of Miler Kotla and Kot ,folio ed their examp le and the Sik hs. obtained a complete victory , routing the uhammadan forc es and tak ing many prisoners and much booty . . This yictory raised Ala . Sin gh to the position of an independent chi ef :and he Sikhs flocked to his st andard. But the next 10 yea rs were consumed . in d ultory warfare wit h th e Bhattis. and Al a Singh was driven to ally ·hims f with th e imp erial gover nor of Sir hina aga inst the chief of Kot , who was f ~ed to abandon .his prin ci pality. Ala Singh h.owe.v ~r~O? quarre lled ·with h .ally, an d was 1ll consequence, thrown by hi m Into pns .on , where he wOIl d have peris hed but ,for the ~f-sacrif ice of a follower, a re lat ive of C~ n Sing h, hi s here ditary foe. Thus freed, Ala Singh built the fort o£ .\ Bha wa niga rh, 22 miles west of the present town ' of Patiala . Three y~ 'l:S lat er his general, Gurbak sh Si ng h, Kcileka, subdu ed the territor y of 'Sa naur or Cha urasl in which the town of Pati:ila lies, and fortifie d the lat ter pla ce to hold the co nqu ered territory in check . Mean- wh ile the Diw~ ~ of Abd-us-Samad Khan known as Samand Khan , governor 'ot Sirhind, had l\ed for protection to Alii Singh, who refusedio surrender him. Samand Kh an th ~eupan march ed on , but only to meet with a evere ~ defeat . BM i Gurb \tksh Singh, the founder ofthe Kaithal family, nex t invoked the aid of Ala Singh in subduing the country round Bhatinda, which was then held by Sardar Jodha , of Kot Kapura. AI~Si ngh despatched a considerable force against this ehi~f >but effected nothing until t-heSikhs from the north of the Sutlej came tQ his aid, overran the country and placed Bh:ii ' Gur- baksh Singh in possession of it . .Ala Singh next turned his -arms against two neighbouring chiefs, who ' having called in vain upon the Bhattfs for help were slain with several hundred followers and their territories annexed. With his son Ul Singh, Ala Singh now proceeded to overrun the coun try of the Bhatti chiefs, who summoned the imperial governor of Hiss4r to their aid, but in spite of his co-operation they were driven from the field. This campaign terminated in 1759 with the victory of Dharsul which consolidated • Ala .Singh's power and greatly raised his rep\ltation.

bn his invasion of India in 1761 hac;I appointed The inv'sio. ;' Zai Kh4n governor 9f Sirhind, but the moment he turned his face ..home - of 'Alimad S~~ I war s, the Sikhs, who had remained neutral during his campaignsagai~st the ughal and Mahratta powers, attacked Slrhlnd . which was with difficulty reli ed by Jamal Khan of M'ler Kotla and Rai Kalha of Kot. In 1762 1761 A.I!. Ah ad Shah determined to punish the Sikhs for this attempt Of}. Sirhind, · and tho!Jgl:! a great confederacY' of the PhUlkian chiefs and other Sikh .. "!ead rs was formed and opposed his adva~ce near Barnala, the Durrani 106i ed on them a crushing defeat, their loss 'being estimated at 20,000 men. . Ala . ingh himself was taken prisone~alld Barniila occupied by t\e Afghans. The ; hiers ransom of four lakhs was aid with difficulty, and he was released, but ·.~!DadShah, in pursuance of his oliey of employing the Sikhs against ,the. : ughal power, gC\veAla Singh a be ' of h()nour with the title of Raja iand ut~o:ity to coin money in his ow ln name, . These gifts however raised :the SP1CI0!1S of the Sikhs,aO(yA~l, only recovered his posit.ion in thy;r C'veshen 10 176TbeheadecJif- . ••.. ;.(Tue.•. _ • -lr -:de cl c·"' ,s v· t ch .•• 6,A · . ".. -_.- .. "'- .•-... ~...... ',' iY PHUL~lAN STATES. ] took Sirhind after Zain Kh~n had been defeated and slain outside its l In this battle the nascent State of Jind was represented by Alam Sin - g-randson of Taloka, and that of Nilbha by Hamir Singh, his great-gran; J\fter the victocy the old Mughal District of Sirhind was divided amon conquerors.~irhilld itself with its surrounding country fell to Ala S Amloh to N;ibha, and a considerable area to ]tnd. la this year Jind Nabha may be deem ed to h:l\'I~ come into being as r~\ing States , he :lceforlYaru their hisl( )ries c1 iYer-ge. PATI ALA-~~- STATE. CHAPTER I.-DESCRIPT IV E. -'-- ;' ~ Section A.-Physical Aspec ts.

! THI mo st eastern of th e three PhOlk ian St at es -Patiala, Jrnd and CHAP. I. A. ! Nabha- Patiala derives its na me from its capit al city \':~ Ij ch was founded Desorlptlve. I by Raja Ala Siqgh, the firs t independent ruler of the State, about 1762 AD. With a total area of 5,4 12 square mile s, it is considerably the PAHYI1CAL largest an d most weaI t h y °f th e N atlve. S tates m. t he .~Gas ternp' unJa,b an d ."aCT., , is more populous than Bahiiwalp ur, which has near lv three times its area. Den)opme;. t rl Most of in . territory lies in the ea ster n pl ai ns of thr . Punjc :.b, which form ~lJbh I of /I I part of the great nat~ral d~v~sio n ~alled the Ind ?G .angetic Plain West. • Owing however to In. political history the ter ntor les of the State are l somewhat scattered. They compris e a po rtio n of the Simla Hills and ~tract calle d the il6 .!La of Ni .rnau l, which now const itute~ the nizamat of Mohindar- :~h jl) 1Ii ee~trenl~~out h.east of the Prov lnce .on th e borders of.th.e]aipur and Alwa r States m RliJputan a. MO . reove r~the terrItor y of the State ISmterspersed "wit h small tracn. and ev en singl e villages belongi ng to the State .s of ,Nabha, r Jind and Maler Kotla, an d to the British District s of Ludhiana, Ferozepore I and Kamlil , wh ile on the ether h-and th e State incl udes several detached vil lag es or groups of viU ages whic h li e within the natu ral borders of these I State s and DistrictS ". I The sc atte red nature of the Patiala terr itorie s mak es· it impossible to I describe its boundaries clearly and succinctly ., but the map gives full de- tails and renders any lengthy. descr iption supe rflu ou s. Briefly the State may be described as consisting of thr ee main portio ns , each of which ilO oounded by the ter ri to ries , noted bel ow :- I The ' main brock; betwe en N. lat 29f:1 23~an d 30ll 55' and E, long. 1lr ll -to! ' and 769 59!" compr ising the plains portion or th e St ate west of the Jumn a Valley an d south ofthe Su tlej , is bordered thb s:- Norlh .-L udhi ana : and Fe tot ep or e Dist ri cts -, Wut :-H issa r Dis tri ct. Soulh.- mss ar an d the Stat e ofJind: Easl:-Karnal and AmbUa Distric ts >. Thus the ma in portion of the State for ms roughly a parall .elogram 139 miles from east to west and 125 miles from no rth to south ~ with an out- ly ing tract to the sout h of the Ghaggar rive r, which forms part of ' th~ "'samalof Karmgarh. The second Mock lies with in the Simla Hill!!!be- I tW'«;en30° 40' an d 31° 10' N. lat . and 760 49' and 77° 19' K long., and istlius : comprised within the Himalayan area. The State here comes '· into contact I with several of the Simla . Hill States, for it is Dounded -on the north hy :_ Kod. Bhajjf and Bh cigal, on th e west by Nal agarh andM "ahlog, an d"on tne east by Sirmu ir and , while on the sout h it is separated ' fro m tahsil Kharar of the \AmbaIa Di strict by the waters he d of th e Siwalik Range. This bleck has ~,aximum lengtq rof 36 mil es · fro m north to , SQuth and a breadth of 29 mi les from east to west . J.t- forms part of tHe nisamat of Pinjaur. The th'lrd block is the itaqa of Narnaul ' which is rem ot e from the main territory -of th~ State , lying ISO .miles frQm i~ capital, betwee n N~ , lat. 17- 47 :' aad ~

PATIALA STAT&: ]

CHAP. I, A. 28 ° 28' and E. long. 75 8 56' and 76° 17'. It is bounded on the north by the Didd iUqa of the , on the west and south by State territory, Descript ive . and on the east by the State of and the Nabha iUqa of Bl .lwal Kanti . PHYSIC"t . It is 45 miles from north to south and 22 from east to west . ASPIlCT •• The plains part of the State does not differ materially from the sur. ~o~nding Districts of Ludhiana, and Karnal, tho ugh the tra ct lrngated by the Sirhind Canal in the north stands out in a pleasing verda nt contrast to the sandy tracts of the south·west. In the hills the scenery is varied and picturesque. The Patiala State as a whole is badly watered. No great river runs through it or near it ,s borders, and the chief stream which traverses the State is the Ghaggar, which runs from the north-east of its main portion in a south-westerly direction through the Pawadh, and thence in a .more westerly direction separating the Pawadh from the Bangar, after which it leaves the territory of the State. Its bed is narrow and ill -defined in and Banur, but in the banks are low and the stream floods easily Lower down it narrow!! in places, but generally speak ing is not confined in theraimt to any clear or well-defined channel. . The slope of the main block of the State is from north-east to south- west, and in the rainy season the surface drainage of the country near Rupar enters the State near Sirhind and flows through the Fatehgarh, Bhawanfgarh and tahsils and spreads over the country about ]akhepal and Dharmgarh . This stream is known as the Sirhind, Mansur- pur or SUllllm choa, and probably fl?lIowsthe alignment of the canal, which was cut about 1361 A. D. by Firoz Shah III, when he constituted Sirhind into a separate district .! Jhambow$ .!f dot . South ofthis stream runs the JhambowaU do ; which rises near Ch ina -r· thaI, runs through Bhawanfgarh and Karmgarh thanas and joins the Ghaggar nea r Bhainl . A third torrent, the PatialewaH Nad!, rises near Man! Majra, and ca rrying with it the water of several other torrents flow s past Patisla, and falls into the Ghaggar near PatarsL Centuries ago, it is said, the Sutlej flo wed through th e Govindgarh tahsil, and though it is probable that the river changed its course early in the 13th centtiry, the old depressions are still to be seen, with ridges of high !!and running parallel to them. In the Himalayan area the principal stream is the Koshallia which, after receiving the waters of the Sukna , Sirsali, ]hajra, Gambhar and Sirsa, debouches on to the plains near Mubarik pur, and ~s thenceforward known as the Gha ggar. . Mohindargarh :'l- In the Mohindargarh nisamat the two main streams are the Dohan and : the Krishnawatf, with its tributary the GohH. The Dohan rises in the Ja ipur . \ hills, and traversing the fJarganas of Narn aul and Mohindargarh flows into 1, the Jlnd territory to the north. The Krishnawad also rises in ]aipur '. territory and enters the n: "ztimat on the south at Mathoka, and passing \~ Niirnaul enters the Nflbha territory on the east. The GohH or Chhalak I) rises near Barheri in parlan" Narnaul and falls into the Krishnawatl near ,j Narnaul town . . .: .... -- GEOLOG ••••' Mr. Hayden writes- "The Phulkian States are situated chiefly in the Indo -Gangetic alluvium, but their southern portions, in the neighbourhood of GurgaoD District, contain outliers of slate and quartzite belonging to tIne Delhi ..system."

. I El}iot's Histo ry of India, IV, p. II. 'Compiled froAl the G•• lo~ r of India and o~hertowe. , The Patiala State may be divided fot geological purposes into CHAP. I, A. h) the Patial a Siwaliks, (2) the outliers or the AravalH system in the Mohindargar h n;sama/, and (3) the plains portion of the State west of DescriptIve. the ]umna va ll ey and south of the Sutlej. PHY3ICA,L ASPECTS. The Patiala Siwaliks lie between 30040' and 31° 10' N. and 76° 49' and 77° 19' E., forming part of the Siwalik Range. From a physical Geology. point of view, they may he - further sub-divided into Dun and Hill. Of these the first extends along the foot of the hills from Ramgarh in on the south-east to on the north-west. On the south-west it is bounded by Mani Majra , .1 150 in the Ambala District, from which it is separated by the range of Si walik hills known as the Dun Khols. These Khols present a tangled r,;; ~5 of small ravines, fissures and scarped walls, throughout which degr ad atiOn has set in to such an extent that every year during the rains a larg e quantity 6f detritus is carried down by the streams into the Amb••ia plains, and it seems , hopeless to expect that this action can now be slo pped altogether, though much might be done by replanting and res tr icting grazing. In great measure the erosion must be ascribed to the laying bare of the soft sand- stone formation by the destruction of the for ests, for there is no doubt but that at one time this tract was clothed with dense forests of trees, of the species found in the low hilIs, as is evident from the old roots and petrified stems still found in many places. East of the Ghaggar river near Chand! is another range of low hills, and the portion belonging to PatiliIa, caIled the Raitan Khols, extends from the Mfr of KottM's ;ldqa to Ramgarh. The other features of the Dun are (I) the Raitan plateau, situated between Pinjaur and the Ghaggar river, some J2 square miles in extent; (2) the small isolated hiIIs that rise out of the Dun. Th e Riitan plateau is of alluvial formation and is traversed by several streams which ha ve cut deep into the stony soil on their lI oayto the Ghaggar. The hiII division includes two separate tracts. The smaller one about 9 !lquare miles in extent occupies the northern portion of the ]abrot valley, south of the Phagu-Mahiisu ridge, and is surrounded by the Koti and Keonthal States. The larger tract extends through about 300 square miles of the mass of hiIIs south of the and Bhajji States as far as the Pinjaur Dun, and is bounded on the east by Keonthal, Kod, Simla, the Girl river and Sirmur, on the west by Bhagal, Kuniar, Bhaghat, Bharaulf in Simla District, Bija and States. The whole territory is divided by the ]umna-Sutlej water-shed. The chief physical features are (I) the main ridge or water-shed, marked by the ]akko, Krol, Dagsh/ii and Banasar peaks, (2) the western off-shoots on which are the Sanawar, Garkhal and Karardeo (KasauH) peaks, and (3) the main vaIleys drained by tributaries of the Sutlej, Girl, Ghaggar and Sirsa rivers. ~ara Devi hiII is a well known peak. The area which drains into the Metamorphic rock.o SutIeJ belongs to Patilila, that which drains into the ]umna belonging to Azoic l period. Keonthal . It seems to be composed of (I) limestone and shales, (2) sand-stone, (3) shales and clay, (4) quartzite and granite, the granite nodules being actually seen in a tunnel of the -Simla Railway for a ~istance of about 13 chains. Hexagonal shaped pieces of granite are 1l~ldto have been found in the tunnel and sold by the Pathan coolies at Simla. The rock . occurs in intrusive masses and veins, ramifying through .• out the rock gneiss and schists and even penetrating the slates. At ]abrot all the uppermost beds forming the summits of the southern face of the Ma .ha .su ridge are composed of mica schist with abundant quartz veinin~ at intervals, whiTe the base of the hill consists of slaty

~ All ~llicl and crJli;allin; rocn beillg destitute ef fOISili. ~ PATIALA STATE•• J

CHAP. I; A. rock with little or no crystalline metamorphic rock, the other beda being of the infra-Krol group resting on the Blaini bands and the Simla Descriptive. slates. Traces of copper are seen above Maudh village.

'HVil-1eAI.An .ICTS.G 00 d roofi ng and fl ooring sates I are quarrie d at K emir near. . Jatogh and in Bagd Kalan. There are some 'and pits in NagiH, a village in t~~:t;t~h';;~ pa,rgana. B~arauH ~hurd . In pargana Keotan Kala~ there wa s a copper tern. mille, but Its workmg was stopped by a change m the course of th~ S6rajmukhr, a tributary of the Giri . Limestone is found in Malia (5 10$ east of Pinjaur), and in the vicinity of Pinjaur. At Taksal (:01 miles north of Kalka) white lime sto ne is quarried from the Kal( MattI kr Chof . Particles of gold mixed with dark sand are collected from the Sirsa river. Trans Jtioll . Accepting the validity of a distant AravalH system of transition .y.tem. . f •• G~olnlY • stage it may be described as conllistmg 0 quartzites, limestones, mica I,.~i" ,"Jal' .. and felspathic schists , and gneisses . In the ni~amat of Narnaul some outliers here and there seem to belong fo the Ad vall( system striking . 5l.' nearly from south -west to north-east in Rlijputana. In many pla ces on sinking wells to a depth of about 20, 30 or 40 juiths l sandstone for ma tions are likely to be met with. It is impossible to tell what beds may be concealed beneath the Neirnaul plain, which is a portion of the Indo' 'angetic alluvium. Industrial pro- Limestone is quarried near M; 'ndf (3 miles south of Narnaul). It is Gll ctS. ~urned into quicklime-for whitewash-and exported to Pati:Ha and other places at a distance. At Manded, nea r the ' Police Station of Narnaul, a rough building stone is obtained. At Kharda a kind of wh ite stone used I for building material and for making pillars is quarried. At Antd , 8 miles . I south of NarnauI, is an outlier where iron ore is mined, an d in itll neigh- I ~ourhood fine white slabs are found. Near Bail, 16 miles sou th of N$irnaul, .j' is a hill where there ate copper mi nes, but owing to the scarc ity of fuel they . ar e not worked. Here are also found small round diamond -shaped corne - lians set in large blocks of st9ne. Rock crystals, quartz, mica sch~sts and sandston.es used for building purposes are found at Masnauta (south-west of Narnaul), Panch nauta, Antd , Bih arlpur, DanchauH , Golwa, Ishimpur, Saleirpur and Mandlana. Fine slabs are found at Santi, SareH and Slilarpur. The limestone quarries at Dheini Bathotha are noted for the good quality of their stone. Crude beryl is found at Taihla 2 miles from Neirnau! . Concrete (kankar, ror), called morind by the people, is fo und in many places in the surface alluvium. . . In tahsil Mohindargarh near Madhogarh, 6 miles west of Kan au~, a ritt y .sandstone used for mill-stones is found . Near Sohila, 7 miles . / from Kanaud, there is an outlier where roofing slate is quarried. and near ': the same place sand, used for manufacturing glalls (kanch) bracelets, 1. obtained. Dhosi is the loftiest hill in the niztimat. The soil in the tahsil jJ()f. Narnaul is rosH, while hhut or sand is abundant in Kanaud. Carbonaeeo us The boulder beds are ove rlaid by a series of shales or slates, ' charac· sY; ltem of . th e teris6~ by the greater or less prevalence of carbonaceous mat~er, which ~Imla HIm! . underlIe the limestone of the Krol mounta in. The carbonaceous Impregna· '~ "{~;'''rY • f tion to these shales is very irregularly distributed, being often extremely bulla U #tJ¥'1 conspicuous, especially where the rock has undergone crush ing but at otber 13334· times wanting at any rate near the surface. Not infrequently the blackest and most carbonaceous beds weather almost white by the removal of the carbonaceous element. Above these beds there is usually a series of quartzites of very variable thickness, varying from. about twenty feet in the 5 ( PART A. sections so uth of the Kr ol mountain to some thousand feet in Western CHAP. I, A. Garhwal . They are ve ry noticeable at Simla, formin g the whole of the Bo il eauganj hil l and the lower part of Jatogh, where they have been cal led Desc riptive. Boileauganj qua rtz ites . PH YSICAL ASPECTS. In the Krol mountain the uppermost beds are bl ue limestones with Carbonaclou, associat ed shaly bands, mo stly grey in col our , tho ug h thore is one distinct .yst em of the zone of red shale s, but as no carbonaceous beds are associated with them, SlIT,l•. Him'- and as th e und erlying quar tz ite exhibits remarkable variations in thickness, lay a.. it is unc erta in whether these limestones of the Krol group are the equiva- lents of ca rbonaceous or grafhitic limestones or belong to a later uncon- formable sy stem. The beds 0 the carbonaceous system contain, in most of the sect ions, interbedded basaltic lava flows , and more or less impure volcanic ashes either recognisable as such. or represented by hornblende schists , where the rocks have become schistose. The range of the volcanic beds varies on different sections . Their usual position is in the upper band of carbonaceous shales, bu t they are also found among the quartzites and in the up per part of the infra-Kro l,1 though they neve r, so far as is known, extend down as far as the Blain i group (the grou p ~o named from the vil- lage and Had of Blaini or Bali an i in the pargan a of BharauH Khurd).

There is a great similarity between section s in the KashmIr and Simla II G,c!'ly,f areas. In both boulder-bearing shales of presumably glacial origin are Inti;••,"j"I' 136. ()verlaid by a series of slates and quartzites, ch ar acterised by a carbonaceous impregnat ion and by the presence of con temporaneous volcanic beds, and in both the uppermost member is a limes tone. The resemblances are not mere lithological on es between rocks, such as have always been in process of formation at every age of the earth's history. They are exhibited by the rocks which owe their origin to wide reaching causes, which have only ()ccasionally acted, and it is difficult to resist the conclusion that they are evidence of the contemporaneous origip of the two rock series and not merely accidenta1 .9 Small concretionary globules (nodules) often occur in the Krollimestone and are taken by some for orga nic rema ins . Pandit M

From a st ratig raphical point of view the Hima -layan mountains may be TertiEries of divided into three zo nes which correspond more or less with the orographi- the H imalayi •• cal ones. The first of these is the Tibetan, in which marine fossiliferous •. G,,,z ,,rY or rocks are largely developed, whose pres ent distribution and limits are to a jrstlia ," j.¥' 46+ great extent due to the disturbance and denudation they have undergone. Except near the north-western extremity of the range they are not known to occur south of the snowy peaks. The second is the zone of snowy peaks and lower Himalayas, composed mainly of crystalline and metamorphic rocks and of "unfossiliferous sedimentary beds, believed to be principally of

1 The beds between the Krol and the Blain! group clused al infra -Krol Ihales are eften carbonaceous and have been taken for coal. " G"l,l 'J' " /tttlill. " i"l' , The correlation by Dr. Stoliczka of the quartzites of Boilesuganj with the Kuling, and of 138. the Krol with the Liling limestone of Spit!, :are probably correct, and curiously enough an appuent confirmation was published , about the same time a' his Memoir, in Profes,or Giimbel's 'ciescrip tion of a 5pecimen from the Schlagintweit collection (said to have been obtained at Dharmpur in this State ), containing 3 fossil" Lima li ••,ala and N atica lQilIarrloti found al.o in the Muschelkalk of Europe , and the ne" .pecin N. Si",l•• ,.,i,. Dharmpur is, however a •• 11known local ity or. the tertiary rocks, and the specimen ill quelt ion lPU,t "aTe COme fron: a tota111 distinct ,round, probably in Tibet~

~ Ci,il anti Milita,J ' Gu,tt, of lIlt Novelllber 1903. 6

PATIALA STATi. ]

CHAP .•• A. pe.lreozoic age. The third is the zone of the sub-Himalay ils, composed entirely 0.£ tertiary a~d principally of upper ter.tiary.deposits, which forms .!?escrlptlve. the marglO of the htlls towards the Indo-GangetIc plaw, and has so intimate PHYSICAL a connection with, and so importa .nt a bearing on, the history of the eleva- ASPICTS . tion of the Himalayas that it will require a more detailed notice here than Terti.rie. of the others. the Hlm'l&,,,. The stratigraphy and palorontology of the rock, composing this tertiary " OlDI'I! of fringe (Patiala Siwaliks 1), are indicated in the following table ;- /"di_." '-I' 465. 1. Upper tertiary or Siwalik series: Upper, Middle and Lower Siwlilik. . 2. Lower tertiary or Sirmur series: KasauH, Dagsh cli and Sabath 6.. groups . ••(;""f'! tlJ b.ditl••• ;"1" The lowest of the three groups into which the lower tertiary has been :149-50. divided is named after the military station of SabathU, near which it is well exposed. It consists principally of greenish grey and red gypseous shales Lithography: Sab4thu 6troup. with some subordinate lenticular bands of impure limestone and sandstone, the latter principally found near the top of the group. The beds are every- where highly disturbed and the bottom bed of the SabathU group is a peculiar ferruginous rock, which is very well seen at SabHhu itself, and in the shaly beds immediately overlying it there is a seam of impure coal . The coal is too impure and too cru~hed to be of any economic value. The beds of the Dagshai group proper consist almost exclusively of two distinct types of rock. One is a bright red or purple, homogene~us clay, weathering into small rounded nodular lumps; the other a fine-grained hard sandstone of grey or purplish colour. The passage from the Dagsh.i1 to the KasauH group ·is perfectly transitional: indeed the distinction of the two merely depends on the absence of the bright red nodular clays of the DagshAi group. Kuaull 6troup. The KasauH group is ellsent~ally a sandstone formation in which the •• O'./Of)' of argillaceous beds are quite subordinate in amount . The sandstones are j,,~ja." ;"1' ~. :;! mostly of grey or greenish colour and are as a rule more micaceous and at times distinctly felspathic. The clay bands are gritty, micaceous, and but seldom shaly. At the upper limit of the KasauH group some reddish clay bands are seen on the cart road to Simla. These clay bands are softer and paler than those of the Dagshai group and resemble the clay of the lower portion of the upper tertiaries near Kalka. . The Sabathu group is most palpably of marine origin and of nummulitic age as is shown br the numerous f~ssils it ~ontains. Th~ Dagshfd gr~up has yielded no fossil, except some fucold markmgs and annelid tracks, whIch are of no use for determining either the age or mode of origin of the beds. Fossils of oak leaves and branches have been found near Dagshai by Pandit Mcidho Ram of the Forest Department, Patiala, but the great contrast of lithological character suggests a corresponding change of conditions of formation, and it is probable that they were deposited either in lagoons or salt-water lakes cut off from the sea or were of sub-aerial origin. The KasauH group has so far yielded no fossils, but plant remains, and this, taken in conjunction with its general similarity to the upper tertiary deposits. renders it probable that it is composed of fresh-water, if not liub-aerial deposits.

1 In Sallskrit Siw - the name of the god of Hindu mythology and did Of ilill - abode. Mytholo6tically supposed to be the abode of Siwa . the name Si•.•.alikhas been applied by ~eo· graphers to the fringiri6t hills of t~e southern foot of the Him~ld ytn range, and has been extended by geololl'ists to that great 'l.tem of .ub-aerial rinr deposih which contains remain. oi tho" FllIna Antiqll1l Siva\enlli ••~ 7 ( PART A.

The uppe r tertiaries are like the lowe r divided into thre e groups. The CHAP. I, A. lowest of these, known as the Nahan , consists of clays and sa ndstones, the Descriptive. former bei ng mos tly br ight red in colour and weatherin g with a nodular PH'iSfC,\L structure; the latter firm or even hard, and throughout the whole not a pebble ASPIlCTI. of hard rock is to be found . PalzoIlIO!On · The middl e Si wl lliks cons ist principally of clays, an d soft sandstones, or " (;,.I0f,Y o.f sand roc k with occasional str ings of smal l pebbles, which become more I"d i_, • ;111" abundant to wards the upper part till they gradually merge into the coarse <465.66• conglomera te s of the upper Siwaliks. The above classification, being depend ent on the lithological characters, not on the pal~ontology, of the beds, is not strictly accurate ; however it seems certa in that the three succes - sive lithological stages do represent suc~essive periods. of time, though part . of the conglomerate stage on one section was certam ly represented by a . part of the sand rock stage on another. At Chail the uppermost group has heen id entifie d as consisting of similar in gredients to those in the uppermost grou p of Sim la. Shales, dark clay, in some places red clay, are the main co mpoun ds of this group, the underlying strata being similar to those of Krol. Iro n ore is found in the Asn i stream bed . At Rajgarh in pargana Keotan the up permost group is composed of black sandstone, and the underlying series of strata closely resemble those of the Siwaliks. At Banisar in the ,a,.~ ana of Nil! Dhatl the uppermost group consists of hard gravel and sandstones, and the underlying strata appear similar to those of the Siwaliks.

Kika" grows abundantly in the Paw.db and Dun , and is used for various agricultural purposes . Berf is planted on well s an d fields, and in Mohindar- garh nis

:!. '0 'C°1> • ..•. <"-.. '; ~ ,.. FlIt-a of PaHala State sJ,owinttke imp~rtantF,rc3t Trees, Shrubs, Fruits and Economic Trtes and prin cipal Grasses "'tl OC > IIndsomt Weeds. j

>t"" > ~ ~ e !'" :z: Vernacular nme. Botanical name. Natural order'. Locality. U.es. '--'

I KIIl",u FlacotU'tia sapida 'M Bixinea ... Dun ... Wood used for agricultural implement. - and for makill&' combs, "c. Fruit edible. , KlIlnd~o)" - Do. ramontche ... Do. •.. Do. ... Ditto ditto, Chi~indi Xylosma long!folia ... Do. Lower Hill. ... Wood aromatic, used chiefly for fuel =' - - and charcoal .

4 GlIlnd",i" Murraya koenigii ... Rutll.cea ••• I Dun , Lower Hills and Leaves aromatic, used to lIavotU'curries '" Ba~h~t " by Madrasl.· ~ BIIl,n41' ... l-imonia acidissima ... Do. ... Do. do. The hard yellow wood used for axles of oil-pressers and rice-pounders. Locally used for fuel . 6 BiI'u ... Skimmia lauroola ... Do. ... Simla, MaUsu (common) Leaves have a strong orange-like smell, when crushed. , Butlin Qf Dd/s ... Me1ia azed •.rach •.. Ucliaee:e ... Plains Dun (common) and Wood, yellowi,h soft, is used .ometill'el Lower Hills (planted). for furniture , Bark and leaves for medicine. An oil is extracted from I I the fruit. 8 Tuni (Hill Tun) Cedrela se rrata The leaves used for fodd er. Th e wood lig ht red and flesh col ou re d for br idge s an d hoops of sieves. 9 Tun Do . to ona Timber hi ghly valu ed for fu rnitur e, door -pa nels, and carving, &c . 10 Bhambela Euonymus Hamiltonianu s Wood us ed for ca rving spoon3 : branches lopp ed off fo r fo dde r. ~U Do. 'Variety Do. lacerus Do. do. Siml a, Shab , Jhabrot Wo od car ve d into sp oons. Leaves and '-- ' and N~r ka nda. branches lopped fo r fodd er, Seeds strung up as beads. 12 Do. do. Do. pendu lus Do. do . l 13 Dil . dll. Do. tin gens Do. do. Simla , Kaimli and Jhabrot Wood use d fo r fu el. The out er bark of old stem s gi ves a yel low dye .

14 Dilodo o Eheodendro n- glaucum Do. do . BagM t and Lower Hill s .•• Wood use d for mak ing k", ,{s. and fuel root believed to be a speci Iic fo r snake. bite , and bark us ed medicinally .

1.5 Ratela Do. Roxburghii Do. do.

16 Katheru Rhamnus triquet er Rham ne :e Woo d capa ble of bei ng use d fo r agri cu l- tural implements. 11 Khanatlr Aesculus Indica or:Pavi a Sa pin daccre Wood tu rned into cups, dishe s and pl atte rs. Fruit giv en to cattl e and I goats an d us ed for wa shin g cl othes . tSap indus Muk 0 1 '0 s s i J 18 Reetha Do. emarginatus Do. Used medicinally and also for wash . ing siIk cot ton cloth es .

If) Kainj u Ace r cae sium Do. Upper Hills, Mahasu Made into cups .

20 Kanjla Do. caudatum Do . Do , do. Wood seldom used except for fuel . 21 1 harimu n Do. cul tr aturn Do. _ Jhabrot and Mahasu Wood used for making ploughs, be d- steads and jam pan pol es and cups . Leaves and twig s for fod de r. _

>"t l ..'" ",:.: o 0 "'en CD :t ~o ~ ;l> en> •C" ::.\ "0 'C • ..•. - ~.? a, Flora of PaHala State sllOwt'ng ne import md For est Trees , Shrubs) Fruits :wd Economic T1'ees and principal Grasses and some Weeds-continued ..

1 I '<3 Z Vernacular name. 3 I ;u tn _____ 1 1__ . _

i I Trees and ShrubS-continued. ; i

KaillchM i . I ••• Jhabrot and Mahisu. 1 .!!2 Parallgtt •.. 1 Upper Hi ll s and Mahasu I' Wood used for agricultural implements and drinking cups. KaiJljtt ~3 IWood used for fuel; leaves for fodder.

.24 Sanatha IMakes excellent hedge; wood used for I fuel . Grows freely on dry slopes if planted. .25 Tung Hills 5,000 Fruit eaten and used in Hindu medicines. :26 Kak Do .

!J7 Tatd Simla and Maldstl ••• ' Fruit often eaten by the hill people and I used medicinally .

.28\ KakTtat' ••• BagMt and Lower Hills Heart wood, is golden, highly esteemed for carving and all kinds of ornamental work. Galls called kakar singhe are used in native medicine. 30 Alllbam Spo nd ias mangi fera

31 Dllak .,. Butea froodosa BaghH , Patiala, Lower Leave s used for fodder and are al so used Hills and Dun as pla tes . Yellow dye is obtained from the flowers. 3 2 Slleull or shisham Dalbergia sissoo BaghH , Dun and Plai ns .• . Wood used fo r nea rl y all purposes and highly valued as timbe r. 33 Kural Bauhinia purpurea Dun, Plains and Lo wer Wood used for imp leme nts bar k for Hills. tanning, leaves and buds fo; fo dd er. 34 KaelL /lOr Ditto variegata VVood used for implements, and flo wers are eaten as curri e.

35 Papri (KhatJI) Di :to racem ds a Leav es acid and are use d al fodder . 36 Kikar or ba btll l Aca cia arabica Gr ee n po ds and leave ~ used fo r fodder. Bark for tanning and dye ing. Wood for implements, tent ·peg s, and use d for vari ous purpc ses for timb er, &c. Gum obta ined from the ba rk used med ici - nally. 37 Kha ir I Do. catechu Do. Dun an d Lowc r Hill s ••• Wood dit to. Ka thaob tain ed fr om the he art. wood is eate n and is use d for I tanning and dyeing. 38 Ph uld hi Do. mo desta Do. Pl ains, Dlln and L~w er IWood us ed for implem ents &c Hills. ' . 39 Kabl i or va laiti kik as Do . fa rnesi ana Do. Bag ha t and Lower Hi lls Ex ce lle nt per fume mad e fr OI11the flo w- ers, 40 , Rent or kltaj lir a 0-0. leucoph l,e a Do. Wo od us ed for fuel . Bark grou nd and : ea te n mix ed with flour. 41 PaM,i kikar f Do . I rupest ris Do. ••• Plains an n Hill s "'j Wood used for fuel ; bark for tanning' _ 1__ - lac obtain ed from bran ches . I \

en. , ;t >"1J (") ::>".• • en;,; 0 .., Cl> "do< CD '" n> "'en (Jl :r :t'" () - :J> •• ...,0 en > .:0 " • l" ~. j "'" ..•. .- <' :> I 'l D ....,: >'U"';t; '"do< "''''n-~n ", •.. r<

Flora 01 Pah '(f,/a State showing tlte imp ortan t Forest Trees, Shrubs, Fruz'ts and Economic Trees and principal Grasses and some Weeds-continued.

~ I ·5(ij I ------UJ - -- 1 ------I Trees and Shrubs-cont inued . I

••• Albizzia Lebbek / •.. Legumino sre , Plains and Dun II Leaves and twigs lopped for camel fodder. Wood used for sugarcane. crushers, oil-mills, wen· curbs, wheel- work and furmture.

'"I Wood take s a fine polish and is used like th e foregoing.

44 Valditi siris Do. stipulata Do . Plains and Lower Hills... Branches lo pped {or fodder. Wood suit· able for tea boxes. Gum obtained I fr om the tree.

45 Chuhi ... Do . julibrissiml Do . BaghcH and Lower Hills •• II Heart·wood, takes a good polish, and is used for furniture.

46 Kathi •• • Indigofera pu lchella Do . Branc hes used for fencing .

47 Kathe'DJat ... 1 Do. Leterantha Do . Leaves used as fodder for she ep and goats.

48 Sannan Ougein ia dalbergioides Do . Twigs used as fodder for sheep and goats. '" Gum obtai ned from the bark , and wood us ed for implements, furniture and building purpo ses. 49( Robinia (F alse ac aci a) ... Do . Lo we r and Upp er Hills Flowers white , fr agrant, and wood fit for (pl an te d) . fuel . An Am er ic an tree pl an ted in hills .

50 Vel ait i emli (hed ge· Do . Branch es used for fen cing and wo od for wood ). fu el . Pods for cha tni.

51 Papri or SUkh cha i7 Do .

52 G ul Sha,ji Do .

53 Gut Tzer ra Do .

54 Labe r Do.

Pajj a, Pa dam aud Hinul · Prunu s Pudd um Rosace:e The branches , with the bar k on , are used taya cher ry. for wa king stic ks and the fruit eaten.

Do. Leaves lop ped [or fodder and the frui t eaten .

Do. WO'" Id used for walk ing sticks, combs and tobacc o pipes; fru it eate n; and leave s and twi gs loppe d fo r fodder.

I 58 Rauns 1_ •. I Do. St ick s ar e made fro m lon g str aight branches .

59 Gi ngarll Do.

60 Bukk ar ka da rak M Myrta ce:e Pl ai ns , Bag hat and 1> ·\,u "I Hill s (pl anted) . I j ' Wo od us ed for tim ber . Oil obtained 6/ Do. Do . Hil ls and Plains (pl anted ) / t from th e leave s. The leave s used for medicine s. 62 Do. Do . Do. do. J 63 Chit ta Sa my dace<.e Dun, BagMt and Lo wer Wo od use d for co mbs . Th e pou nded Hi lls. fr ui t is used to pois oning fis hes .

64 Bodm "'1 Ma rlea begonia: fo lia ... 1Cornace;. e Lower an d Uppe r Hills ..• \V oo d used for bui ldi ng hu ts, and leave s ------as fodde r. >"0 ":T"1'..., 0 (") "'::C "••'" (l ) "'0< C1> f{ Ul 0-..'" en :t III " ,0 :> ",•>.. :0 " ~..•.·I "" :- <' .(1 ) .>. ~::;J ~;? t::J C') a~ "0< (1) ::c ?"~ E~ ~> g. !J '~ ~.l:o r+ ::- <' .> ~ Flor a of Pa tidl a Sta te show ing li te impo rtan t Fore st Trees , Shrubs, Fr uits and Econ omic Tre es and princip al Grasse s and so me Weeds-continued.

65 Thum ai '" \ Co mus capi tata .• • : Bagha t and Uppe r Hll ls vVood used for fu el, an d frui t eaten by monk eys.

66 Ba ik ar Do . obl ong a ILowe r Hill s a.nd Siwblik~ Timber of no specia l use.

67 Ka ks 1l Do. ma croph ylla Ch arc oal empl oyed in the man ufactu re of gun- powde r.

68 lrhed1l alu Viburn um co ri aceu m Sim la, Baghat and Lower An oil is extrac ted fr om the seeds. Hil ls.

69 S1loba IZg Do . pu nctat l1m

70 Bat ·th va Hymenodic tyon exc el sum Woo d us ed fo r imple ments , scabbards , to ys , &c . ; bark fo r tan ni ng i and leaves as fodder .

Bat1l wa , Rati la or chaml J Wend lan dia exs ert a Lo wer Hi lls and Hurf pur ~o od used fo r building and agriculture Imple ment s.

Dun, Baghat and Low er Woo d use d fo r imp lemen ts, walking Hill s, stic ks, fences and fu el. Leaves as fodder. Unr ip e fru it for po ison ing fis h. Ba rk and fr ui t us ed in med ic in es. Kaim '3 Stephegyn e par vifolia Rubiace oe Th e wood used fo r makin g com b~, buil ding, fur nitu re and im plem ents. Leav es for fodde r. Hal dl ' Adina co rdi folia '4 D'J . I The wo od use d fo r comb s, fur nitu re , imple ments and op ium bo xe s.

7S Shara r Ham iltonia suaveolens Do. Baghat and Low er Hills The charcoal used fo r making gun- pow · Khu shl Ala . der.

,6 AYIl1 and ada nll Pier is ovalifolia Er icaee oe The lea ve s poisonou s to goa ts and camels; used to kill insec ts . An infusion made from th em is applied in sk in dis ea se s. Bra s Rhododendron ar bor eum Do. '7 The wood chief ly use d for fuel and charc oal . Flowers ea ten and app lied in he adac he . Tende r leaves of ten cooked as vegeta ble . I. 78 Jhal lja m My rsi ne afr ic an a ••• Myrsme re The fru it (Bab "a"g) is use d in nat ive med icines .

'9 Lodh, Lojh Symplocos crataegoide s Styr ace:e The wood use d [o r ca rvin g; lea ves for fod der. Leaves and bark make a ye l- low dye. .so Kall, kahlt or .r:aitun Olea cuspida ta or ferrug enea Oleac ere Ajmerg ar :, and Best 1I' 00 d fo r cogs of whe els, used for dharthi , 01 00 ,F;C agri cultu ral imp lement s, co tto n-whee ls, I wa lking· sticks , in turn in g and for . com bs. Leave s bitt er and a good I fod der fo r go ats. Fru it (pulp ) ea ten, an d oi l extr ac ted fr om it. I Dun, Baghat and Low er, Bar k, le av es and see ds use d in medi - Hills . I cines; the bark for dys ent ery; wo od used for car vi ng and turn ing.

Fruit eaten . Wood hard, som etimes used for making comb s. .. ~ >' " tl V> :t a (') ;f;; CD g- •• t'!'"", -< l/l :t " " 0- ;I> . po :n>'"in ••Q . e- ~·I:0 o: :" ~ ?- 91 Flora of Patiala State shozvin g the z'mport ant Fo rest Tr ees, SJtr ttb s, Frui ts an d Ec on omic Tl'e es and princi pal Grasse s and some Wee ds-continu ed.

Trees and Shrubs .-con tinHed.

Sj Kan et Nerium odo rum Ap oc ynac ere Pl ains and Low er Hil ls ") (plan ted). I Flo wers frag rant. S4 GHl echin j Plume ria acu tifo lia ~ Do. Low er Hills and Dun (:> (pl anted ). 't ~ 5S Chamr ar Eh reti a lrev is Borag;nere Dun and Bagh at The woo el use d for fuel and imp lements , and lea ves as fo dder .

56 Aka s nim Mi llingtonia hor te ns is Bign oniac ea : Pl ai ns and Kalka Wood used fo r fue l.

57 Rahim , / ..• ITec om a undul ata Do. Plain s 58 ~ Wo od used fo r impl ements. Ar ni ... f Clerodendron phy lomoid es Verbenace :: e Pl ain s and Lo we r Hill s ". 89 D~eshallan •.• Cal lica rpa macroph ylla Do. Ba ghoit and Low er Hill s Hea te d le aves dpplied as a cur e in rh eum atism . Teak 90 Tectona gra ndis Do. (Plan te d) Plai ns Timb er tree . ,....." 91 Bajh al 'i:l Mac hi lu5 odo ratiss ima ••• !:L aurin ere Ba gh iit and Lower Hi lls Wo od not much use d. > 2 Su an Lits::ea la nug inos a ~ 9 ..., Do. Do . do. IWood yell ow wh en fi rst cut . Sh arai ?> 93 Lit srea co ns imilis ... Do. Mahas u , Firew oo d. Do. 00. Skura" Lit sea Zeylauc ea Wo od us ed for cur bs, ag ricu ltural im- Bridelia mon tana Supharbiacere BagMt and Lo wer Hil ls 94 Gdi plem ent s and build ing s. Leav es lop' ped fo r fod de r.

Do . Pl ains and Dun (pl anted) Garden pla nt. 95 Lalpat l Poinsepia pulcherrin a Putranjiv a roxburg hii 00. Kamli and L~wer Hills .•. Nut s worn by wo men duri ng pr egna ncy 96 Jcwa pota to prevent abo rti on . Woo d used for tools and tur ning , leaves for fo dde r, and nuts strung ar ound ch ildr en' s neelt s, and Rasdeg is m,de from seed.

Mallotus philip pinen si s Do . Baghat and Low er Hill s Wood used for fu el , bark for tann ing, 97 Kamal ... and the fru:t du st (k ,m{t a) used for dyeing silk and in medicines .

Securinega lencopyru s Do. Wood ch iefly use d for fu el and the fruit ~98 Ga rgas eat en.

Ulmus wa llich iana Do . .•• , Lowe r an d Upp er Hil ls .• Le aves use d for fodd er.Bar k gives a 99 Imroi strong fibr e. Wood cap ab le of fine polish .

Wood empl oye d fo r roof , als o used for Do. integr efoli a Do. ... j Dun 100 Papre carts, door ·fr ames and spoon s .

Celt is Au stralis Do . Lower and Up per Hill s .• Woo d use d for cart s, wh ip ha ndl es ,&c., .ltOI Kharak ... \ an d leave s lopped for fodde r .

Ba rk gives a st rong fi bre. Lea ves lopp ed Trema politoria ..• 1 Do . J02 Khag sTli for fodd er and serv e as san d paper for I pol ishing wo od.

... Boehmeria rugolosa Do. Baghat and Lower Hill s The wood use d for makin g bowls and 1°3 Si llga1 ' dairy uten sil s. r-1

Do; or Debregeasia I Do ; .1°4 Saharu bicolar .

Ficus glomerat a Do. Leaves used as fod de r. Fruit bo iled an d 10 5 Gular :r.: .. Udh li •• 'M eaten in tim es of famin e. "' ~ > " tl 0 Ere; "';>; (J) n <=", " '- : m ::c ~UI n-l'l'" po >in > to ••• r> :0 Qo ~·I ~ :- <,. .> tl (") (!) ::c ~ :J>

:!.I"0 ~ ;..

<' :J> (0 'Flora of Patidla State sh o1 fH 'ngthe ~'mporta1ZtFores t Tne s, Sh ru bs, Fruit s and Econ omz 'c Tree s and princzpa l Gr ass es an d so me Weeds -co nt inued,

z'0 -~;;; U'"J ~ - - -"------

The woo d used fo r well cur bs ; lea ves and twig s as fodder; and milk y juice fo r bird-lime.

Do. Lo we r Hill s.. Frui t ea ten Fibr es of the ba rk used for ropes. Lea ves as fodder an d for po l- ishin g woo d.

Io B Npal Do.Pla ins and Wor ship ped and he ld sacred by . Lower Hills. Leaves and branches used for fod der; woo d fo r pack ing cas es and charc oal . ..., 109 Turma t or Tr emmel Baghat an d Lowe r Hil ls .•• Fr uit eaten, and the leave s used fo r fod - der and as plates. 110 Pilkan Do . rumphii KUlich US Alnus obtusi fol ia Cupuliferae Hill s Wood use d for making ch arco al, fo r iron sm el ting . Kuh iJ aU. I1 2 Do Do . Bark us ed for tanning and dyeing , and the fr ui t medici nally .

113 1M ,~ Lea ves use d for fodder . Wood for imple- ments , bu ilding , axe -handle s, walking- sticks and j ham pa n pol es. Baghat and Upper Hi lls .,, / Wood makes a good fu el, and is use d for building and plou gh s. Acorns eaten by bea rs, monkey s and squirrels. Kh an h u 115 I Leaves used for fodde r, and aco rn s eaten by bears. 116 B alli Bagh at and Lo we r Hi lls Uses sim il ar to th ose of Bdl!.

Har d woo d us ed for fuel, and much est eemed by carp ente rs,

"'j Conifere.e Sa p·woo d giv es res in Wo od of st umps used for tor ch es , an d tar and pitch ex- tracted from it .

... 1 Low er an d Upper Hil ls..Woo d use d for buil ding. Econom ic uses. See ds eaten, sap-wood yield s I resi n; bar k gi ve s good charcoa l.

•. .Chail, ihabrot and Kaim li Timber tree. Wo od used for bui ldin gs an d sle.epers, most du rab le, proof aga ins t' wh ite-ants . An oi l is ex- tr ac ted from the wood .

121 Rd i Pi cea mor;n ua Do. Wood used fo r pl ank , and pack in g cases an d bark for wa ter trough s. 122 Pi !ld1' o'W '" I Abie s Pi nd ro w 10.

12 Th ~l Ia or Tht fllNa ... Taxus baccata 3 ..·1 Do. Wood is used for bows , carr ying po les I and furni tur e, and the fruit eaten.

12 4 Gulla ... Cu pres sus toru los a Do . : Wo od use d for bui ldings ; is excellen t : fo r sleepers and bu rnt as an incense I in ter n pie s'

125 K£lshmat ... Ber beris Lyci um .. , Ber be ride. e Throu gh out Up per Hill s An ex tr act fr om th e st em an d root s is ...1 used in medic ines. 126 I Ch atra .. . Aristata . Do. Do. J 1--27~-Ii(l ll, av a ...!Podop hyll um e: nodi ... I Do. Chebb rat . >"lS Ill:: o n "'< CD :c 0-tzI• • >i 0 ~ » ••>•.. :!.I"0 . 'C • ..•. .:- <' !I> ~ Flora of Pat z'dla State shozf Jingtlte import ant Fore st Trees) Shrubs) Fruits and Eco nomz 'c Trees and pr incz'pal Grasses "'t1 ~. :!:to- O and Some We eds-continued. ;I> r;-. ;I> en o-! :to- o-! !'! t - J ~~ -- - - - I -----~----- I I ------I T rees an d Sh rubs -co nt i1 !ued . I 128 1 C!LOpnt .(~ l( )lIy) "'111icin e

1291 She 1!, saw Or assai l ... , Combr etac e< e Bha ga t and Low er Hil ls Wood an exc ellent fu el, gi ves go od I . cha rcoa I, a nd is use d for bui lding, impleme nts, &c. Th e bark is used for hnning

J30 , Clzh al Wood is use d fo r cons tru ctio n, furni- tu re, imple men ts and carry ii 1g po les and ot her purpo ses requiring to ugh ' ness and elas tic ity .

.. . Du n and Lowe r Hi ll s '" Hea rt- wood (e bony) use d for am "· menta l purposes and charco al; wo od used for fuel. Gum resin use d in me di· cin es

132 Kharpat ••• Dun

J33 Fra sh ••• I Tamarix orie ntalix .•• , Pl ains . •..

Wood fit for crick et bats . ... ISal ix babyloni ca "'1' Low er and Upper Hi lls .•• _I Do. clega ns •n Jhab rot Woo d used as fue l an d lea ve s as fodd er . Wo od us ed for gu n·powder , charcoal, ,,6\',. I,iI, Sa lix tetrasp erma ... Salicic n

Branches made into basket s and twi gs Do . walli chiana Do . 137 \ Bh artlts used as tooth -brush es. Wo od used for water · tro ugh s and Do . J38 \ Pa Mri pi pal, chdlau 1! Popu lus cilia ta lea ves as fodder for goat s.

Plain s and Lower Hills... Wo od good for furn iture, & nd le aves (tS Diospyros montana ... Ebe nace;:e 139 \1Kc ,l tdu fo dder .

Cappar ide; :e 140 Burna Crataeva religiosa

Wood used as fuel. Twigs, lea ves and Capparis horr ida 110. 14 1 Hilts or ult a sh oots gree dily ea ten by el ephants

14 2 Kari r Do. do. "phyl la Do.

sepiaria 1'0. 143 Hi lts (variety) Do

Ca sua ri nae;:e 14 4 KasU"ina Casu ari na mu ricata

, .. 1 SholV y wood , used as timb er. Grevillea robu sta Pro teace

Pla in s and Lower Hills It is a garden showy tree . (phded ).

'" o-j >' "0 :r.., 0 n .., C» '" iI1 CD '" -= ::t 0-" •• C» 0t' l< -n C0/J '!' '" -i0 > l">I:" :0 '" ,3·1 "" ..•. ::- <' !D ?> >"Cl "' :I : "'..; 0-"l0"''' en > . ...

Flo ra of PaHala State showing the important Forr,' r."e es, Shru bs , Fru its and Economic Tr ees an d prin dpa l 'tI ~ Gra sse s > ~ and some We ed s-conti nued. ~ r> > .CFl.; >..; ~ L ..- I / ... Lowe r Hi lls and Dun ". Woo d ch ief ly use d fo r fue l. Fl ow ers give a red dye, an d th e bark used in nati ve medici ne ,

Shad y, f! .Jwers fragrant, and wood used I 2S ti mbe r,

... Pte tospe rmum acer if oliu m .,,/ Ditto

...[ Ba lanit es rox bur gh ii Wo od us ed as fuel . Oil exp ressed fro m the se eds, Pu lp used to clean silk in Raj p6tan a. Seeds, bar k and leaves us ed me dicina lly . Plai ns, Lower Hills I and IO ',\'er vall ey s .

•. . \ Fr anc reu ria crispa Fl or a 01 PaUala Slat' sno wing tke im po rtant EO/'est Tre es , Shru bs , F1'ui ts and Economi: Tr ees and pn 'n; ip al Grass es and some Weeds-continu ed.

/ ' / / Plains and Lower Hi lls , Wo od used for agricultu ra l impleme nts Khud and BhagH. and fu el; gives ve ry goo d ch ar coal . Fruit is ea ten; bran ches and le aves Joppe ::! for fodd er and lac prod uced on bra nche s

" I Fr ui t acid The wood , fruit and ro ot s : used as medi cine as blood puri fie r.

Frui t eate n, leaves used for fodde r an.i branches for fencing . Ro ots selve as safe bind ing.

Pl ains, Dun an d LOW er! The tr ee chieH y va lu ed for its fruit ; H il h . wo od use d for making do ors , windows , furn itu re and fo r tea box es .

>"C en :I : l••'l" 0,< "...'- '" ",> • t" >", "'I l: o (') "'< (l) ::c "n-'" ' o< n ~ > ",> •'" I: 'U 't:S~'I • n- .:-- .t > ~ . Fl ora of PaHa la ;)t ate slz owi1z gthe z'mpor tan t ror est Tr ees , Shru bs, Fruits and Econo mz c Tree s an d pr inc z"p al Gras ses and some We eds-con tinued .

Frui t T l'e es a nd Plan ts- col 1tinue d.

6 Bad cim (al mond) Prunus Am yg dalus Uppe r Hil ls Frui t val uabl e. ."1'""o re

~. 7 Se o, se b (a pple ) Pyrus Malus ... Do. Do. eo . ....• ... \ <:> "l ~ S Kath a sc b Do. Do. .., Do . Sour fruit .

Akh e or Achlm Rubus pan icu latus Do .

9 Kh llbcfl1 i (ap ricot ) Prun us arm enia ca Do.

I ( ) Hir (r ,. 9p be rry) Rubus flavl ls Do. ..., LO'we r an d Upp er Hil ls ... Fruit eaten; has lin agreea ble fl avour . Ther e are se ve ral varieti es- R. niveus. R· ma ci \e utu3 . R ell ipt icus . R. bi fl oru s R. lasi oc arpus. Do . Pla ins an d Lo we r an d Up per Hi lls .

Do .

Do . Plains, Dun ~.l1 d Upp er Frui t. Hi lls.

.~. Do•

Do. Lo wer and Upp er Hil ls.. .Fruit eaten; branch es are use d for walking stick s.

17\ Ciur ry Do, cerasus Do

~'; , \ Pyrus l{ uma:>n Do . ~ Do. Ba ghat and Lowe r and I' Fruit eaten; leave s and twigs lopped Upp~ r Hills, for fodde r, and th e wood for wal ldn" sticks, combs and to bacco pipes. l: > ! I .;•• I Hi lls an d cu ltivated land IFruit (so ur) eate n; I r- r. ,Pruit ea ten wh en hal f rotien, and the woo d used fo r boxes. >'":;l1 '-i ?> ~ CJl\ >"Cl u> :J: ••< 0 "' U> 0-~o < Il> • l"

Flora of PaHala Stat~ showtng {he tmp or tant Fons! Tr ees, Sh ru bs ,Fruits and Ec o1zomz'c T1 WS and prz 'net'palras G se s afz d so me Weeds-continued .

:23 Amnld (gua .va) Ps idi um Guav a Myr tacere Pla ins and Du n.

:24 Jd min Euge nia jambol ana. D-lll . Plains, Bagha t and Lo wer Fruit ed ible; wood used for build ing, .•~. Hil ls . implements and we ll furn iture, es· ~ pecially su ita bl e for use unde r wa ter. ~. Bark us ed for tan ning and dy ei ng, and in me dicine s.

25 Jall lfJya Do. va riety DIJ . Do. do. Ditto ditto .

26 Gul tib jdmin (ros e app le) Do. rose a Do. Pl ains and Dun Dit to ditto. Rwt 7all lllu& Jam boo oper cul ata Do. Pla ins:

27 Ka ruinda .,.' Caris sa ca randas Apo cyna cer e Plai ns and Dun.

28 Gondani Cord ia ro thii Bora ginere Plain s Fr uit edible; woo d us ed as fuel. r- a Ph egl &ra (f ig) Ficu s vir gata 29 Urtica cere Plains and Hills Fr ui t edi ble; leaves used fo r fod der and ""tJ se rve as plat es. >:;0 "'i :30 Ih rcir Do . car ec.1 ... J Do. ... Plai ns and Dun Fru it. ->. ••• Bag Mt and Lowe r Hills Fru it edib le; leav es used for fodder And serve as pla tes.

52 Kinto (mulberry) Morus Indica

J3 U t (mulber ry)! Do. alba Fruit edib le; leaves us ed as fodder and br anches for making bask ets , :l4 Kim u (mu lbe rry, Hill ) 'M Do. serrata

55 Tutri (m ulberr y) Do. parv ifo li a

56 Khaj l/r Phoen ix sy lve st ri s Fru it eaten ; le aves ma1e into mats ; and sugary sap e:-:tracted fr om the tree in Bengal. 37 Da. Do. dactyli fer a

:l 8 Kath el (ja c tr ee) Artocarpu s integ rifoli a

39 Badh al (mo nk ey frui t) ••. Do. Lak ooch il

40 AMra! (wa lnut ) ... ]uglan s reg ia ]ugla nde a:

4~ I {(a itha l (bo x my rt le ) ." ' Myrica sa pid a Myr ica cer e BaghAt and Lower HilI:..

~t21Mitha -Kh anor (ch es tnut ) Cast anea ve sca Cupuliferre Upper Hills .

43 Khi 11lri (kau ki)••• Mimusops Indica Sapot ace re Plai ns. 44 Cher a'iJJji An acardiacere 45 Lasus a "'IFru it and medic in e.

'E..~ >" tl "':I: 0 0 P>_ ". "do< (1) ."... l'lc .o :r: ~::t n->in en > to §,I:O ."'> l" ••'" 'tl _ <+ •• IU ::s Ao <' > ~ .. '1:1 .." >" tl < Ill !: 0 ("} c~2 . .. (!) - ..•. "' < (JJ :t ~ "'0 - ''' o :r> ~ _j 0 G ", >•.. :;.1-0 <> . "0 • '" -rl ' ~- '" < 'p".. ~ ?' Flo ra oj Poli ti la State shozrJinf f the z'mpo ~tant Fo res l Tree s, Sltr uos) Fruits an d Ecoltol1dc Tr ees all d pr ;'nc ipal Grasus and some Weeds-c ontinue d.

- -- · - ·------l--- - - ' ! ~-- '" ·,, ------F ru it T rees and Plan ts-c oncl uded'.

46 lH itha tendt! Diospy ros me lanoxylo n ... Ebenac ere ... Pla in s and C un .,,; Ebony tree:

47 Te1laL; l~o. mont ana ~ "<: ::- 481 Ket/l (e lepha nt apple) Fe ron ia eleph antum Ru tac eJ:! Pla ins an d Du n.

49 Ba j"ri 1lilllb oo (le mon ) ••. Cit rus medic a Do. Plai ns an d Lowe r Hills.

So Ral 1gtr a (orange) Do . auran tiu m Do . Do. do.

Sl Ch all OtHJ Do. de ctl mana Do . Do . do. c... Pomell o.

52 Ke1 llu (sou r lim e (t manj) Do. acid a Do. Do. dt'. r- "l ' ij ;I>- 53 PMlsa Gr ewi a As ia ti ca Til iace. :e Pl ains and Dun . ='.",

l?> S4 Lich ; Neph elium Lichi Sa pindacer e Do . 55 All ar or daru ...Pun 1 ica Gr anatu m .•..ILythra cere I

56 Jal or ", ualZ ... Sa.lv ador a oleo ide s ... Salvadorace re ·

"I W,,, ... Do. Persi ca ... Ditto S8 Kam rakl, ... Ave rrhoa Car ambola ... Gera niac ere ·

59 \ Arilld kha l·bU ja ... Caric a Papay a ... Passiflore re

60 I Sl w, .,(f a ... Anona squamos a '••, I Anona cea::

I 61 IAllgu r (vin e) ... Vil is vinifera . -... Ampe li dre

62 Ampeack ... Cl atisena Wamp i ... Rulac ere

Kel " (plantai n) 63 '" Musa plradi siaca .~•• IMu sace re

64 Sharaul i ... Corylus colurnl ... Cupu li ferre

65 Dak h (gra pes) ... Ribe s fllbrum ... 5axi fr agere

66 Em U ... Tama rind us Ind Ica ... Legumin os

6 7 /M ,", ...IBassea lat if olia .•. •I Sapo tace< e

'O~ >"0 -Ill •• .. •• :r: o "II ": 0 ..D_.•.. ~ .. (I) :r: ..- .i •••> r g.j :a •• :l . ~ ~ Qo ~ ?" g' a"i' t:l c g ;g~ g :r: g n- 0 I.... ;:> iil f,; "" ••.•. ii' , co _. 'tJ :! . "rP- , =II>< - ••• . •• !t ~~ .

Flora oj PaHala State showing the important Forest Trees, ShrubsJ Fruits and Economic Trees and p'rz"ndpal Grasses ~ ~; and some Weeds-continued, >:f By Pandit Sundar L41 Pathack, Conservator of Forest3, Pathila State >roo ~> ooi' ~ L - l d ~------l------k \ Economic Plants.

I Simbal Bombax malabaricum ,.. Malvace~ Calyx of flower buds eaten, silky wool obtained from the fruits used to stuff / pillows and quilts. 2 Pula Kydh cAlycina Do. Baghat and' Lowe \ Hilts . Wood used for fuel only and the bark ; for cleaning sugar.

:3 Bella! Grewia oppositifolia Tiliacea: o BagMt, OWl and Upper ") Hills. I Wood used for car-shafts and 6anghy ~ poles. leaves for fodder. fibres for I rope.making. The fruit is eaten. 4 Dhama11 ' Do. elastica 110-; Dun J

r S Chauldi Amaranthu5 variety Amaran tacere Plains and Hills ... . Pot-herb. I 6 Bil or Bail iEgle Marmelos Rutacere . Bagh~t. Dun "nd Lower ':Wood used for naves of cart-wheels and Hills l the pulp of the fruit used medicinally. I Harmal Peganum harmala Do. Plains •.. : Seeds used medicinally. 1 I

S Tejbal Zanthoxylum alatum Do. BagMt and Lower Hills Ii. Walking sticks and clubs are made from the stem and the fragrant twigs used . as tooth brushes • ;"1 Excellent timber; bark and leaves usec 'l "tJ giN/In ./ ;;; I Melia Indica ...I Meliacea: ~,IPlains and Du n > medicinally, oil expressed from the ::! fruit, and the wood used for making > idols. >roo The lea ve s and seeds are used in native 1 0 Mdlkangni ;;; I Celastrus paniculata ...Celastrinea: I -I Dun and Lower Hills ...I 00 I med icines; an oil ext racted from the o-t seeds has a great medicinal virtue j also ~ used in burning. !' 1 ~ Zizyphus xylopyra. ••. IRhamnea: •••Plains j ....IBark used for tanning an d the leaves for 11 I B/zander ~••I fodder. The fruit is used as a black dye for leather • Wood used for making scabbards, sieve 1 2 I Pi ndal'IJ .•••I Erythrina suberosa . _. ILegumino~ •.•Lower 1 Hi1Is .•..I frames, &c.

Do . ...IBagh <1t, Dun and Plains iWood extremely durable, excellent for 13 Atis ilt a1llaltas Cassia fistula • •• 1 I ';..I posts, carts and implements j pulp of the ripe . fruit is a strong purgative; ~ twigs lopped for fodder, and the bark 'l:o

used for tanning . ~,

I KachmlY -;.•I Bauhinla vaxlegata •.. j Do. ...IDun and Plains ...Leaves I used for fodder and flower·buds '4 eaten.

... Tephrosia purpura ... Do . ."Dun I Pl ant medicin al, and the twigs used for 15 I Balzsa/ - basket· making.

J61 Khejra or jand ... Prosopis spicigera. ... Do. ... Plains ... Wood used for fuel and pods as food .

17 , [mti (or tamarind) ... Tamarindus Indica ... nO. ." Plains and Dun '" IWood excellent for turni ng and used for wheels, mallets, planes, ri ce·pound- ers and oil and sugar mi lls j fru it ea ten and used in medicines. Leaves make an agreeable curry. ,.., "'tJ 18 1 Carob tree .•••I <:;eratonia siliqua Do. :"1Dun (planted) '''1 Pods edible. ~> '..-J 19 Jawasa(Camel thorn) •••/ Alhagi Maurorum "'I Do. ". Plains ... Camels like it as fodder and tatt t$ or screens are made of it. ?'~ .- g' ~;;PO n g ;g;.;; ~:c B ~n () > _. JJl > '" 11:1 .g.t" '6' " - r+ .••• 1\1 - •• ::I < > •• ~ '. t%l ~~ 0 0 g "'< CD :c o ~!e ~ >- ~·~~:ll:a 'E o ~::- ~ ~ ..> <' Flora oj Patidla State showz'ng the z'mportant Forest Trees, Shrubs, Fruz'ts and Economz'c Trees and prz'nczpal Grasses and some Weeds-continued.

OJ 'C IZl." -- ---:----:------E;~;;;;~Piant;:;:Hn:;;_~.. ~1 ------.------20 Murao Desmodium floribundum _L,g"mi"'"_I Upper Hills (7,000) Fodder. 21 Bh ekal Pdnsepia uH lis ••• Rosacere B'ighat and Lower and It is used for hedging. An oil expressed Upper Hills. from t:le seeds is chiefly used for burn- ing and food. 22 Mat Cotoneas ter microphylla Do. Do. do. The branches used for making baskets and the fruit very sweet.

23 fUr Si ng ar Ny ctanthes Arbor·tristis ... Oleacere Do; do. The wood used for fuel , leaves for polish~ '" ing wood and in medicines i orange- dye obtained from the flowers.

24 La su1 'a Cordia myxa Boraginere Dun and Plains The wood used chiefly for fuel, fibre of the bark made into ropes, fruit eaten. its pulp used as bird lime. and leaves used as plates.

25 Sambdl le Vi tex reg undo Verbena cere Baghat and Lower HilIs Roots and leaves used in native medi- cines and the branches and twigs for basket-making.

26 Kumar Gmelina arborea Do. Dun and Siw,U ik s Root, frui t and the bark used medi- cinally.

!J7 Kajntr (camphor tree) ••• Camphora officinalis Lauracere Plains and Dun (planted) Medicinal properties known. 28 .Aunla •••\ Phyll anthus Embl ica ••• Bagh at ahd Lower Hilllt Th e wood gives excellent charcoal and bark -andfruit used for tanning and also medicinally and the fmit eaten. ~9 Ta, .cn a,.bi ... Stil li ngea sebifer a Plai ns and Dun (planted) Tallo w tr ee . 30 .A,.uj Rec inus communis Th e oil extracted from · the seed which . is use d medicinally as purg:l .tive and used in lamps. 31 Th o,. Euphorb ia Roylea na BagMt and Lower Hills M ilky juice used for blistering and I seve ral other medicinal uses . 32 Bh aba,. (Nilghery nettle ) Urti ca he tc! 'rophyl1a Lowe r and Upper 33 Rh ya -Bo i ehmeria nive a Dun (plan te d) 34 Si ha ru Boehmeria salicif olia or Lo wer Hill and Khuds Fuel. phylla 35 Bh ane Cann abs Indica Lower and Uppe: Hills Yields charas and Himil .layin . hem ·p fibu.

36 La skaI' Delphinium brun on ianum Do. ve stitum .

37 Atls Aco nit um heterophyl lun RO 'ots employed as a tonic and feb- rifug e.

:IS Ka (nettle tree) Cel ti s Cr io-carpa Upper Hills and Simla.. Bark used fOt'making shoes. 39 Rubb er Ficus elastica 40 Sar ch .•. Hippo ph:e sal icifo lia Berrie s form a good preserve mixed with sugar . 41 Keimri Ficus Carica . Fru it edibl e, leaves used for fodder, juic e for making ·curds. '

42 IKag ij; ' 't:l:!. " • c+ - <". ; ~... Flo ra of Patid la St ate sh owing the :'mportant Forest Tree s, Shru bs) Frui ts and Econom: 'c Trees and prin"pal Grasses . an d some Weeds-continued,

------'------1------~--- - Econ omic PlantS-cont inued.

K"hi or AUs Fru:t (oti s) medic ine. Wood used for . 43 ••• Alnus ensis ... Cnp uE fe r: e Lower an d Upp er Hills ••• bedst eads and hooked st icks in Tope . bridg es and the leaves for tanning aDd .,~ dyeing. ~ 44 Sam Dendr ocal amus str ictu s Gram lD ez Dun and · Lov. 'er Hi lls Used for basket-making and manufac - ture of furniture .

45 Pahari bans or Bansi Bamb us a arundinacea arandinaria Do. Dun and Lower Hil ls utel is. 1U sed for wicker:work, &c. 46 Pita Dhdrtd"r bans Ba rn bu sa sriata Do . Dun

47 Chotra Rus h1tU ll Berberis Lyc ium ooor B&borld •• Up per Hills JAn ext ract (Ra,"') is prepared from the root . 48 Ditt o Do, aristata _, Do Bag h.: t and Lo wer Hil ls

49 Papra (Pit Pap ra) Fumaria parvifl ora Crucife re:e Hills Used medicinally. ,.., So SafIJanjn a Mo riog" pter ygos per ma Moringe .z Pla'n s and Lo wer Hills ... Leaves , flowers and fru its are eaten as a ve getable. Leaves also lopped for "1j fodd er. Gum obtai ned from the bark. ;.;- Roots used medic inally , .~--t 51 Nali ... Ipo mo ea repta ns ... CO Dvo lvul ace2l .., Plains (veget able) . ?" (Climber.} Seeds officinal. Flowers pleasant and have a powerful scent.

Leaves and flowers used in medicine5. Wood for gunpowder and charcoal. Horses are very fond of the leaves.

Fruit myrabolans of commerce. Wood used for packing cases and building.

Fruit rnyrabolans of commerce and native medicine.

Plains Wood used for fuel and branches for maki ng baskets.

••• Plains and LCJwer Hills Flowers eaten . Spirit extracted from them. Fruit Is eaten. It also gives a thick oil which is eaten, burnt and also used to adulterate Chi.

$9 ¥auEsari Mimusops Elengi Flowers give a very fragrant smell and ar e used for garlands.

60 Amlu (\l1Quntain sorrel) Xyria reniform is Uppet' Hills

tit AtIlEora lSQrfel) Rumex hastatus Do. ~ flhog Col iigonum polygonoides Flowers eaten by men, stalk used a. / fodder for camels and the root as fuel.

) Makes a good pillow stuffing j fibres I . of the bark are used for stri ng. ~ Wood made into charcoal for , gunpowder and roots used medi- •.•" J cinally. _-64-"_ D_O" ._" _"·L_o_o_. __ p_r_o_cef:_a _ I o (") $ :c

()I~~ "Q 'C • <+ - <' 91· > >"Q "':Z: c 6- ..,-••••"'< m ::t >it'> .,,> •I" '0:1.°1> : ... " ..•. ., :( > ~ . c.:a ,Flo ra of PaHala State sho wing the lmport an t For est T,' ees, Sh ru os , Fru (ts a1ld Eco nomi c Tre es and principal Grasses ~ 0\ ~ and som e Weeds-c ont inue d. »0 r-< ;100 U1 ~ ;100 ~ ~

""'-'

I 6,S !Bedmu !h k Sal ix ca prea S!l licine ,e s r: V" Ka ~1~ C3. ppa ris aphy lla Cappar ide re Fru it pickled. 67 La llda ~ (Lo dh) Symploeos panni cul ata Sty racacere Used in dye ing with madder. tl8 Guag udal

74 Tumba (Ka urt uma) Cucumis or cit ru llu s colocy nth is H' Cucurb it acere Do. Fruit ex te ns ively used as a PJU 'gati ve for hOf ies . Seeds and pulp me dic ina .1.

1S Kach~i J chibh at' Do. pubcsccns ... Do.

,6 B ilK iareZa Momordi ca charant ia Do. Flot''' of Pal;J,la State shoming the z"mport ant Forest Trees, Shrubs, Fruits and Economic Trees and pra"ndptli Grasses and some Weeds-cont inu ed.

Pla ins , SiwAli ks and Lower Eaten by cattle, sometimes with bad Hi lls. effects .

Used as fodder for cattle j oil ;9 also extracted ; a syrup is also obta ined from it which is used medicin ally. . 3 Mircha ganelll Do. Schoenanthu ... Do. Used medicinally. Palwan or palfllQ f' Do. annulatus Do. IExcellent fodder for bullocks and horses ••• when green . .

S Pamn Do. muricatum Do" Plains , Dun and Siw~liks Used for th~tching. 6 Dub or "U slta / Poa or Eragrosti, cynosuroides Do. Plains and Dun The sacred grass used sometimes for - ma\ing sieves.

.en:Z:>'" •• -< t>lo> "i('l('l- •",> r ~~ ~: S? ~ •••• "' oC '" ::t ~: ~ ~ ~ )0 :; !"~ ~'I:o 0. •.•• :- ~ ?' Flora ~j PaHdla State slzow,"ngthe important ForestTrees, Shru bs , Fru its ana Econom,"c Trees ana princ ,"pal Grasses ana som e Weeds- eont inue d.

J j .I. : _

• 1 Grasses and W eeds-~o tH: 'luded• .

., Dub or Ahabb aJ , • • I Cyno don dacty lon Welt ad apt ed for tu rfing , given to cows to prod uce and to increase milk .

~san"' 4A Panicum c~O 'nu~ 8 l Best fo r fo~ag e i seeds eat en by Hind6s China Miliacum 5 on fast day s. Fi bre s are obta ined from sheath for m unj co rda ge. Leave s made into mats, bun dles of atems us ed for flo oting he avy tim be r. Fro m st ems chair s, tatH s and bask et· wor k are made and are used for that chin g. .is_...... •..H",mpogM=l~~ ... Good fodd er when you ng. 11:1Sa,A 4ra , "an, "am 0& ' kahi Saccharum spontaneum Use d for ch icks, th atc h, &c. i pe ns made from the stem i gi ven t o bu ffal oes as l fodd er . ~ ,., "CJ

>o-f 12 Bho rt grass Cenchrus Ech inatus Do . Used as fo dd er and for thatching i seeds ;; eaten in tim e of famine . r"" ;» J3 DMman Penn ise tum ce nchr oi des Do . en o-f GaGa n Apluda ari sta ta 14 Do. o>-f ~ JS BMMa,. An dr opog on invol ut us or Is- Do . Lower and Upper Hills... Mo st impor ta nt of all the Forest ~ che mum august if oli um. grasses. Used for mak ing ropes and paper . J6 Khus Anath er um mur ica tum Do . Used for mak ing tatUs. J1 D/ la or Kesai,1I Cype rus tuberosus Cyp erace ae Root medicinal and eat en. 18 MotluJ Do. umbilatus Do. Root flagrant.

19 Kh ip Orth ant hera viminea Asclepiade:e Ropes made from the fi\rres and the grass used for thatching.

2() Narsal, nul , nara ... Arund o Dona ll: Graminea: Leaves used for fodder i stem for ,"U .ull tubes, chi cks, bask ets and bundles. Stems spl it make mat s and chairs •

!Ill Churl'sarouch ... Ar te mis ia elegans Co mposit ea e ...Plains 1 (herb) • . • • I Branches are medicinal. -WUDS.

22 Kandl ar l (c h'lat ~) or Solanum xanthocarpum Sol an ac ea: Herb. Mau ri. ,23 Nagphan Opunt ia Dillenii Euphorbeacea: Very good hedge and -harbours reptiles.

24 - PU t.; ... Asphod elus fis tulolus Liliace as Eaten as vege table in time of famine. liS Satyanrln -- ..V•••• 1 "M ~~liol"" Do. Utilized as fuel by the poor.

516 1dla ••• Hydrilla vert icillata Hydrocharidacez -Do. Used for refining sugar.

>"tl "':="llo<

C'l...'" - 'iC'l ••••>- co o > ." tj , <"' if l; ~ S!! ••• ~C"' .. • ~. •(')0 ~ ~I> ••••• ~ !"~::l 'tI'Cno • _ <" • ~ ?" Fl ora 0/ PatUla State showlng the z' mportant Forest Trees, Shr ubs , Pru~ 'ts and Economic Trees and prin "Cipal Grasser and som e Weeds-c on cl ud ed. ,

Climbers.

Mich !t a he l Cre5alp inia sepiar iu Leguminosre Pla ins and DUll Excel lent hedge plant, good febrifuge , and different parts used medicinally . ~ :a Gunc hi , ratak Abru s Precatorius Do . Dun The seed is used in weighing go ld, &c:. 't .~ :I Maljhan or Tau1I Bauhinia Vahlii Do . Dun and Lowe r Hills lhe elephant creeper . The slender branches used for ropes.

4 Shaman (Gauj) Millettia auriculata po. •.. Baghat and Low er Hi lls An enemy of the forest.

S .Bel saraH ... Pueraria tuber osa Do. Si w.l .liks an d Lo wer Hills Sweet tuberous roots, eaten raw and med icinally . oak horses fed on it. 6 Malti Artalot rya odo ratissima Anonace re Dun Flowers fr agrant . 7 Bigno nia venusta Bignoniacere Plain s (pla nted ) Sho wy. 8 Bougainvi llea glabra Nyctaginracere Plai ns Do. f'-t

"1j 9 Ibomaea carnea Convolvulacere Do. Ga rden plant . > .::tl., 10 Sujed bet Pe-rana paniculata Do. Baghat an d Lower Hil ls. ?': Water pl ant. The roots utilize d as pot· herb.

Jasminum disp ~rm 'Um Garden phnt. Do. grnndiflorum Do. Bagh <1tand Lower Hills Flowers fragrant . Capri£o1iace~ Plains and Hi lls Gard en plant.

Pass iflor:ke Do. Plain s and Hills Showy.

Th unbergia gr andiflora Ampelide:e Lower an d Upper Hi lls .. Do . Vi tis Him~layana Acanthace. :e Hills Used as fodder for sbeep . Ficus s:i pulata Do . Sh owy . Do. scandens Baghat an d Lower Hills

Cryptolepi s Buchanani Do. dC/. Trapa 1>isp inosa Plains and Lower Hi lls Fruit ea ten raw and coo ked chie fly on (wate r. plant ). Hindu fa st days.

Plains Eaten generally un co ok ed. Frui t cooked and eat en .

Tinospora cordifolia Meni sp er mace re Hedera Helix Araliace re Ivy climber leaves used as fo dd er and to cove r walls in the bills .

••• \ Rosacere ••• BagM t and Lowe r Hill s Ex ce ll ent sce nt extr acted from it s flow ers in Kate Kear and som etim es io Nahan •

••• \ Salsolace~ 42 PAT/A LA STATE . ]

CHAP . I, A. FAUNA. Descripti ve . In the hills \'a rious kin ds of dee r arC occ J.sionall y found -musk-d ee r, PHYSICAL bark in

, ------1------... I Founo sc al tcr cd. I ••• Commo n th rou ghouL the State .

•.. / Ditto di tto •

Wil d CaL Ur l1lg{ o bl "' " ... i Fou nd ocaLl crcd .

Oller (;, rl) III Bet .

••• I III the Bir s and Be t i not common . I ... i In the hilI,. I '" : r n Raet an . i ••• :, IIIRact ::l ll and the hil ls ill Moh illd argar h. I •.. I Very rarely found in the hills . i ". : III the hil ls •

... /111 Ja brot . "' 1 Found scatt ered . Monk ey (b allda r) ••• I In Narwana ta hs il.

Blac k-bu ck (kal a lz irn or kUla tI Iirg) ... 1 Fairl y common.

•• • / Nut common.

In the hil ls .

. ", Ev erywhere . 43 [ PA RT A.

CHA P. I. A. Descr ip tive .

PH ysrC ,IL ASPE CTS.

Peac ock (111 01 ') In N~rll~ ul, Naman:! and otl trr parts of the State . Bi rd s.

Bla ck pa rt rid ge (kald Uta t) I" 1I1" nf l's, th< ! hi lls ~nd in Narnau l.

Grl 'y partr idge (Ut a,)

Quai l (bater )

Lapwi ng (taUd) ••• I Foun d ev rry \\ 'hcr~.

Cran e ([{u nj, KilI an) ... 1 A cn ld \\",~ ~ther vi, ita nt .

Sn ip e (clur ka ) .", Di tto.

Har yal (gre en pig eon ) ••• I Comes 11 1 Asauj . Ka la k

... ! [,Ji1lC, :1, J.:. ~lJ k ~nd I.-w (·'· ;n Ma"h.

I ... I-".. rome- ';;:J1 nh ~fk ,~,:ll1r l ftnt':); \1 H: J.~s·1kb..

... 1 Occ asional ly found in pair s .

.. . 1 Fn unc1 ill Bet la m! during th e ho t and the miny I c. :;~:l .<;on•

Ch ikar .. . 1 In the hills .

Jan gal fowl (ldl tIIu rg ha) ••• /1" Ra et;l .ll and the D11n .

BIlle rock pi geon (kabU tl lr) ••• : Found evel'ywh erc. I

----_._- - -- _ .._------~- _._._._---- -~--- =- -:---':"- :-: -:-- -... :-._. -~ ":- Venomou s I snakes . Cobra (" ;;;;;; U1tP) ------... -ir. :::i: ~wh f'fl ::------Kara it (S dn gckur)

Dh uwa n Ragadbans

Padam

CLIMAT E.

Every de gr ee of he at and cold , as of altitud e, is to be fo und in Patiala Clima te . The capital li es low , and is subject to th e ex tr emes of cli mate, whi le CM il, th e summer head- quarter s, li es at a height of 7,000 feet and is cool er in summ er tim e than Simla.

The hills, with the exc eption of th e Pinjaur {/z ll,nt1, hav e an. Temperature excellent climat e. In Pinjaur thana th e hot weathe r is moderate, but Table 6 (1' the rains are oppressive. In the plain s th e mos t healthy parts of th e State are Part B. the Bangar and the Jangal tracts, and the IVlohindargarh uizamat . The 44 , PA'PA~A STATE. ]

CHAP. I. A. Jangal tract and Mohindargarh have a long and dry hot weathe r, though

·· ,-;- t' I the heat at night is not excessive so long as the skies are clear. Descrap ve, PHYSICAL Speaking generally, the healthiness of the climate , in the various ASPICTS. tracts varies inversely with the irrigation. The Ghaggar irrigates the Banur, Rajpura and Ghanaur ilaqas. In the rains two little streams, the Dohan Healthiness of the State. and Krishmiwatl, flow through the nisamat of Neirnaul. TheSirhiild 'canal irrigates the following iJaqas amongst others :- , Amargarh-Dorahci, Amargarh and Sherpur. Nigamllt Barnala-Bhatinda. ., . { Ka rmgarh-ChUharpur, Sanaur and Samana. One result of th.e in:igation in. these areas is to render .thecountry swampy and malan ous In the ramy season. The Ghaggar IS the chief offender, and its overflow affects the following z"/aqas :_ Nizamat Pinjaur-, Ghanaur, Banur, Mardanpur and Rajpura. Mardanpur, however, is less unhealthy than Patiaia and .- ilciqa Sanaur. Nizamat Karmgarh-Akalgarh. The following £lO .qas are swampy to a less degree during the rains, owing to percolation :- Karmgarh-sanaur and . N;zamat Amargarh-Alamgarh and Khumanon. { Pinjaur-Pinjaur. Among the driest and healthiest parts of the State the following iUqr'u may be classed:- (Karmgarh-Karmgarh, Sumim and Narwana • • Amargarh-Sirhi: '1d, Sahibgarh, Chanarthal and Amar· Nisamat 0{ garh. ' Anahadgarh-Bhadaur, Bhatinda, Sardulgarh, Bhlkhi L and Boha. It will be noticed that some of these itaqas lie in the irrigated areas mentioned above. The irrigation, however, is not excessive here, and as the arrangements for drainage are good, the health of the. people is not materially affected. Rainfall. The rainfall, like the temperature, varies considerably in different parts~ Tables 7, 8, 9 (1/ In the hills round Simla the average annual fall is between 60 and 70 inches. PartB. About Pin jaur and Kalka at ' the foot of the Simla hills it is about 46 inches, and decreases as the distance from the Himalayas increases, being probably 30 inches at Sirhind, 25 at Patiala and Pail, 20 at , and only 12 or 13 at Bhatinda 'and in the Mohindargarh miamat. In the south-west the rainfall is not only less in amount, but more capricious than in the north and east . Fortunately the zone of insufficient rainfall is now for the most part protected by the Sirhind Canal, but Mohindargarh is still liable to severe and frequent droughts. An account of the more serious rain famine~ will be found below (Chapter II, page J 36 ff.). .

The flood of The slope of the country causes in some parts of the State floods (rau) in Sambat [909 'years of heavy rainfall, and these do corisiderable damage to ,\\'ell$and crops. (1852-53 A. D.); Patiila, the capital, lies in a depression and is thus very liable . to floods; There was a great flood in Sambat 1909 . No estimate of the damage done by this flood can be given as no records appear to have been . kept. It is however stated that a great part of PatiAIa. outside the Saifabadi anq ,Sanauri~ates was destroyed by the flood. 45 [Pt\ RT A.

A sudden an d disastrous floo dl br oke ove r Patiala at I o'clock in , CHAP ... .,•. A. the mo rning of the 19th Sept embe r 1887 . Forty lives were lost, and -" 'the loss of pr ope rty was very great . The whol e tow n was surround ed by Descriptive. water and all the ga tes of the city wer e cl os ed to egres s "or ingress. The PHY SICAL mail was stopped, tele graph line s we re injur ed, and the telegraph office was ASPECTS . :demolished. The mail was brought in on el eph ants the next day. Th e Flood of ,Sam bat ,ra ilway line between Rajp ura and Pati:Ha was bre ac hed for several days. 1944 {IS871· " The flood be gan to sub si de in th e evening of the 20th Se pt ember and early the next morning ele phants and sa rna is (wa ter- skin s) were employed "to res cue those who had tak en she lt er in the branches of trees, etc. A special Committe e wa s appoint ed to he lp th e poor who had suffered ill the catastrophe, and fo od was dis tri buted from 1 I th Katak to 2nd Poh under the supervision of Bhai Ra m Sin gh, the then Insp ec tor of Schools. Chhappars were built and J57,79 7 peopl e (Hindus 52 ,957, Muhammadans 87,743, others 17,097) were fed in these two months . Th e ave rag e daily number of persons receiving food was 2, 674 and avera ge daily ' expenses amounted to 6'9 pies per head. The tota l expenditure including establishment was Rs. 7,225. The 2, 500 l£lzJjs -quilts-d istribut ed cost Rs. 8,031 more. Major S. L. Jacob, whom the Punjab Go vernment had, at the request of th e State, app oi nted to re por t on the cata stro phe , se nt in a report to the following effect:- The Gh aggar is at a distance of 27 mil es from the Cho a of Sirhind, and the re ar e onl y 17 brid ge s betw ee n the ra ilway line and the "Grand Tru nk Ro ad, whi ch ar e no t sufficie nt to discharge the flood water. The Siwalik mo untain ranges ha ving been laid bar e of trees , the torrents of water flow down th eir slopes very freely, and thus it was that at this time water was nowh ere less than 5 or 6 feet deep over an area of 27 miles. The result was that the water breached the Grand Trunk Road at 28 different places, and assuming the for.m of a river 2,870 feet broad rushed on towards Patiala . Naturally th e ram water from the north directs its course to Patiiila in two directions: some of th e water flowing from the north falls into the Ghaggar river and som e of it into the Choa of Sirhind. Unfortunately the flood water on its way to the Ghaggar changed its course at Surl, a village in the vicinity of Rcijpura, and cut the railway line at two places . The other chann el also changed its cours e and breaking through the railway lin e joined forces with the first and formed a river half a mile wide.

In order to carry into effect the measures proposed to avoid a repetition Flood of Sambat of this flood 2 an expenditure of Rs. 2,50,000 was sanctioned for pro. 1945 (1888). tective works, which had hardly been begun when another flood broke over Patiala on the night of the J 9th September 1888. The people, who had been taken by surprise the first time, were this time on their guard, and there was no loss of life or cattle, but the Humoe of houses, both kachclui and paHu, buildings and walls that ,ver e damaged was not less than in the previous year. The works have ' now been completed, and the Executive Engineer thinks that the city is secure. s

ISee page 1I~. Administration Report of Pati~la State, Sambat 1944,Fasal X,-~iscel. Janeous and Political. i· 2See page ' 129, Administration Report of the Pati~la State, Sam bat 1945. 3S ee belolV, page 168 if, 46 PATIALA STATE: ]

CHAP. I. 8. , Section B.-History. - ' Desorlptlve. The earliest history of Patiala is that of the PhUlkian St ates, an d its history as a separate and rulin g State nominally date s fr om J 76 2 in ,whi .ch y.ear ~hmad ~hah Dumi nf co.nferred the title of Raja upo~ Ala Singh , Its chle~, but It may ?e more Justly regard ed as dating from 1763, when the SIkh confederatIOn took the fortress of Sirhind from Ahm.ad Shih'~ .governor ~nd p~o.ceede~ ~o p~rtit ion. th~ old Mugh al proVince of Sl rhllld. In thIS pa rtltlOn Slrhmd Itself With Its surroundi n

where he was sev er ely defe ated by its ch ief an d a str ong Sikh coalition. CHAP. IJ B. To retrieve this dis ast er Raja Am ar Si ngh fo rmed a strong er confederacy · -. against Sia lba, enti ce d away his troops by offe rs of high er pay, and at Descriptive. length se cur ed his submission without bl oo dshed. In 1779 the Mughal HISTORY. forces marched on Kamal, Desu Si ngh, Bh af of Kaithal , being in alliance 1179 AD with them and hop ing by th eir aid to crush Pat iila, but the Delhi . • minister foun d it more pro fita bl e to plunder the Bh af , and the Khalsa then united to oppos e his ad van ce . He reach ed Ghuram, but retreated thenc e, in fe ar of the po we rful forc es a,rr ayed aga in st him.

In 1781 Raja Amar Sing h die d of drop sy and Was succeeded 1781A.D. by his son, Sahib Singh, th en a child of six. D1wan Nanu Mal became \¥azir , and coped suc cess fully with three distinct rebellions headed by relatives of th e Raja. In 1783 occurred the great .famine which disorgan is ed th e State, and eventually Nanu Mal was compelled to call in the Mah rat tas who aided him to recover Banur and other places, but in 17 88 th e Mahrattas compelled him to pay black- mail, and in 1790, though he had been su cces sful against the other enemies 1190 A.D. of Patiiila, he coul d not pr ev en t the Mahratta s from marc hing to Suhl ar 2 miles from Patial a its el f. Sa ifabad had be en plac ed in their hands: and Nantl Mal 's fa ll from po we r quickly follow ed. With him fell Rani Rajindar, cousin of Raja Amar Sing h, a lad y of great ability an d Nanlt Mal 's chi ef supporter, who ha d in duced the Mahrattas to retire, and had visited Mathra to negoti at e term s with Sindhi a in person. Sahib Sing~, no~ ag ~d J 4, ,to .ok ,the reig: ns o~ ::>tate into his own: hands, ,ap- poi ntlllg hiS sister Sahib Kaur chief tml llster. In f 794 the Mahrattas 1794 A.D. again · advanced on Patiala, but Sahib Kaur defeated them and drove them back on Kamal, In this year Bed! Sahib Singh of Una attacked Maler Kotla and had to be bought off by Patiala. In 1798 the Bed. 1798 A.D. attacked Raikot, and, though opposed by th e PhUlkian chiefs, compelled its _ ruler to call in George Thomas, who advanced on Lutlhiana, where the Bed. had invested the fort, and comp elled hi m to raise the siege. Thomas then retired to Hansf, but taking ad vantage of the absence of the Sikh chiefs at Lahore, where th ey had assembled to oppose the in- vasion of Shah Zaman , he again advanc ed and laid siege to lind. On this the Phtilkian chiefs ha stened back and compelled Thomas to raise the siege, but were in turn defeated by him. They then made peace with Thomas, who was anxious to secure their support against the Mahrattas. Sahib Singh now proceeded to quarrel with his sister and she died not long afterward s, hCiving lo st all influence in the State. Thoma s then renewed his attacks 011 the J.nd State, and as the PhUlkiiin chiefs united to re sist him, he invad ed Patiala territory and pillaged the town of Bhawanlgarh. A peace was however patched up in 1801 and Thomas retired to Hansf, wher eupon the Cis:Sutlej chiefs sent an embass y to General Perron at Delhi to ask for assistance, and ISol A.D. Thomas was eventually crushed. The British now appeared on the scene and Patiala entered into friendly relations with Lord Lake, the British Commander-in-Chief, in March 180 4. 111 that same year, laswant Rao 1&>4 A 0 Holkar, h~ving b.een defeated by the Briti~h~.fled to Patiiila, a?d th~ugh he • • was received WIth courtesy by the Maharaja, was refused aid agamst the British owing to the friendly relations already established with them • . Holkar, thus disappointed, went to the Punjab to seek the help of Ranjlt Singh. After his departure Patiala was visited by Lord Lake, and the friendly relations were confirmed by a declaration of Lord Lake in open \ Darbar to the effect that the British Government would pay respect to the . engagements entered into and the pledges given by the Minister, Nawab ;, 4S PATIAtA SrATE. ]

CHAp .'13 -' 1- Najaf QuH Khan, on behalf of the Mughal e::nperor. Lord Lake then ..:-' • proceeded from Patiala to the Punjab in pursuit of Holkar, who was, com- Descriptive. pelled to sign a treaty on the banks of the Beas on December 24 th, 1805, HIS TORY. by which he bound himself not to enter the territories of the British . and their allies (Patiala, Kaithal and Jind) on his return journey to 180S A.D. Indore. In 1805 dissensions betwe en Raja Sahib Singh and his wife reached a climax, and the Rani attacked both Nabha and Jind. These States then invoked the intervention of , xS06 A.D. the Raja of Lahore, and he crossed the Sutlej in 1806. Ranjit Singh did littl e to settle the domestic differences of the Patiala Raja, but des- poiled the widows of the Ra ikot chief of many villages. Paticila ho'w- - ever received no share of the plunder, and on Ranjit Singh 's withdrawal the conflict between Raja Sahib Singh and his wife was renewed, and in 1807 Ranjit Singh re-appeared at Patiala, when by his influence a com- promise was effected whereby Banur and other tracts, yielding a revenue of Rs. 50,000 a year, were settled on the Rani for her maintenance and that of her son, Kanwar Karam Singh. l

It was by this time clear to the Cis-Sutlej chiefs that they -had to choose between absorption by Ranjft Singh and the protection of the British. Accordingly in 1808, Patiala, Jind and Kaithal made overtures to the Resident at Delhi, which resulted after some delay in a definite promise of British protection , and the enforced retirement of Ranjit Singh from alI his acquisitions south of the Sutlej_ A proclamation of protection ao-ainst Lahore was issued in May 1809, which after stating that "the country of the chiefs of and Sirhind had entered under the protection of the British Government," went on to secure to these chiefs "the exercise of the same rights and authority within their own possessions which they enjoyed before." Two years later it became 'necessary to issue another proclamation of protection, this time to protect the Cis-Sutlej chiefs against one another. Meanwhile internal confusion led to the armed interposition of the British Agent, who established the Mahanlni As Kaur as Regent with sale authority. She shoyv~~.adm .in~stra~iveab .ility and an unbending temper until the death of Maharaja SahIb Smgh m 1813. He was succeeded by Maharaja Karam Singh, who was larg ely influenced at first by his mother and her minister Naunidh Rai, generally known as Missar Naudha. The Gurkha War broke out in 18 14, and the Patiala Contingent served under Colonel Ochterlony. hi reward for their services the British Govern- ment made a grant of sixteen parganas in the Simla Hills to Patiala, 011 payment of a nazrana of Rs . 2,80,000. Karam Singh's Government was hampered by disputes , first with his mother and later with his younger . brother, Ajlt Singh, until the Hariana boundary dispute demanded all ''~hi~ a~tention. ~.The .British had overthrown the ~hattls in what is now J Hlssar and Slrsa 111 1803, but had neglected the country as barren and unprofitable. Patiala began to encroach upon it, growing bolder each

'\ ' - • : 1 It was on this occasion that the gun" Kare KhAn" passed into Ranjft Singh's possession. At the storm ing of Sirhind in 1763 the Pati~la Contingen t caJ.ltured a brass gun (called Kare Khlin from the two karas or rings on the side) and dragged -ItIn triumph to Patiala, where it was set up in the fott as a ttophy. There it remained until Ra~jit SiI!gh's visit to Pati~la in _ tb .e autumn of 1807 ,_when hI? de:nanded the gun, together With a nch present of jewels, as I ;' s.ign of his overlordshlp. RanJ(t Smgh took the gun to Lahore. It next appears at the siege of Multiin, in the 2nd Sikh War, where it .was taken by ~he English, and restored by them to Patiala. This graceful act was much appreCiated at the time, but the story seems to have faded from men's memories in the troubled years that followed , for the gun was found only last year along with other cannon and arms in the fort at Bahadurgarb. It has now been brought into ratial~ and stands in front of the Mah~r4ia .':l residence. - . 49 ' [ PART Al year, until in 1835 her colonists 'were firmly est abl is hed. When the atten- ' CHAP. I, B. tion of the Briti sh Government wa s at last dra wn to the matter, and a re- - port called for, the Mah:\r:\ja refus ed to ad~ it the British cla ims , refused Descriptive. - arbitration, and prdtest ed loudly whe n a st rIP of country more than a HISTORY. hundred miles lo ng and ten to twenty broad was tran sferred from his pos- , ' sessi ons to those of the British Gov ernment. The Govern ment , however, listened to his protest , the quest io n was re-op ened, was shelved during the Sikh \Var s, and only fina lly se ttled in i856, when some 41 villages were 1856 A.D. handed over to Patiala. Meantime Patiila had been qua rrel ling with its neighbours. A trifling dispute with Nabha , dating from 1807 , had led first to bloodshed and then 'to ill-fe eling betw ee n the two State s, whi ch lasted for sixty years. Border disputes with Kaithal la sted fr om 1838 to If 43, when Bh81 Ude 1843 A.D. Sineh bf Kaithal died and th e Br itish Governm ent proc eed ed to resume %ths of his territ ory . The quarrel with Nibha was aggravated by the jealousy which R\ja Devindar Sing h of Nabha show ed to wards Patillia and lind, and it soon became dear that any quarrel involving Patia la on one side would find Nabha 'on the other. When host il ities between the Britis h Government and Lah ore be came 1845A.D. J certain at the clos e of 1845, Ma ha ra ja Kar :lm Sing h of Pat ifl la declared his loyalty to tbe Br itis h, but he di ed on Decemb er 23r d, the day after the battle of Firozs hah, and ,w.a s suc cee ded by his .so n Nar indar Singh, then 23 years old. Th e new chi ef was even better dispos ed towards the British Gove 'rnment than his fath er, but times had chang ed si nc e the PhUlkian States implored the protection of the Brit ish. Ranj it Singh was dead and his pretensi ons forgotten. The British ar ms, onc e believed invincible, had suffered a sev ere blow in the Kabul expedition . The Phulkian chiefs, seeing that their res Jurces in money and supplies were requ ired for the British armies, began to think that they wer e nece ssar y to the existence of the British power , not that it was essential to the ir own . It would be idle to pretend that the same active spirit of loyalty obtained among the Cis-Sutlej chiefs in 18 -1-5 which showed itself in 18 57 . The Patiala chief knew that his interests were bound up with the success of the British, but his sym - pathies were with the Khalsa. Howe ve r, Patiala pro vi ded the British with supplies and carriage, be si des a contingent of men. At the close of the war Patiala was rewarded with certain estat es resumed from the Raja of Niibha. The British Government then proceeded to make fundamental changes in its relations with the smaller Sikh States , which very soon led to ' their absorption. Although Patiiila was specially ex empted from the oper- ation of these reforms, the Maharaja sanctioned one of the most important- the abolition of the customs-on the occasion of Lord Hardinge 's visit in 1847. Furthermore, as the petty chiefs had had varied and intr icate rela- tions with Paticila , the intricacy and confusion wer e not diminished by the t~ansfer of the ter~itories concerne? to the British Government . Difficult ques- bons began to anse. The most Important case was that of the chaho/rmt villages which was finally settled after years of patient investigation. Another was that of the Khamanon jagEy. Patiala had no proprietary rights, but she was empowered to administer the tract by the British in i8IS. The ,estate was , transferred to Patiala in perpetuity in 1859. . - The conduct of the Maharaj~ on the outbreak of the Mutiny isbeyOIJ,d praise. He Was the a'cknowledged head of 'the Sikhs, and his hesitation or disloyalty would have been attended with the 'most disastrous results, while his ability, character and high position would have made him a formidable leader against the British. On hearing of the outbreak he marched that evening with all his available troops in the . direction of Ambila. In his 5° PATIALA STATE. ]

own territories he furnished supplies and carriage and kept the roads clear. CHAP. 1. B. He gave a loan of five lakhs to .Government ~n.d express.ed his willingness Descriptive. to double the amount. Details of the ml1Jtary serv .lces performed by HISTORY. the Patiala troops are given elsewhere .1 Of the value of the Maharaja's adhesion the Commissioner wrote: /I His support at such a crisis was worth a brigade of English troops to us, and served more to tranquillise the people than a hundred official disclaimers could have done ." After the Mutiny, the Narnaul division of the Jhajjar territory, jurisdiction over Bhadaur, and the house in Delhi belon ging to Begam Zinat Mabal feU to the share of Patiala. The Maharaja 's ho norary titles were increased at . the same time. The revenue of Narnaul, which was estimated at two lakhs, was found to be worth Rs. 1,70,000 only. On this the Maharaja appealed to Go vern· ment for more territory. The British Government had given no guarantee, but was willing to reward the loyal service of Patiala still further, and consequently parts of Kanaud and Buddhuana, in Jhajjar, were conferred on the Maharaja. These new estates had an income of about one lakb, and the Maharaja gave a 1zas di na equal to 20 years' revenue. In 1858 the Phtllkian chiefs had united in asking for concessions from the British Government, of which the chief was the right of adoption. This was, after some del ay, granted, wi th th e happiest results. The power to inflict capital punishment had been withdrawn in 1847, but was exercised through the Mutiny. This power was now formally restored. Maharaja 1862 A.D. Narindar Singh died in 1862 at the age of 39. He was a wise ruler and brave soldier. The Punjab Gazette Extraord£nary records of him that he "administered the government of his territories · with exemplary wisdom, firmness and benevolence." He was one of the first Indian Princes to receive the K. C. S. 1., and was also a member of the Indian Legislative Council during Lord Canning's viceroyalty. His only son, Mohindar Singh, was a boy of 10 at his father's death. A Council of Regency was appointed, which carried on the administration for eight years. The Maharaja only lived for six years after assumincr power. During his reign the Sirhind Canal was sanctione d, though it wa~ notE o~ed until Ig82. Patiala contributed one cror e and twenty-tnree lak s to tlleCosrorconstruction. The Maharaja was lib eral in measures connected with the improvement and general well-being of the country. He gave Rs. 70,000 to the University College, Lahore, and in 1873 he placed ~en lakhs of at the disposal of Government for the relief of the famine. stricken people of Bengal . In 1875 he was honoured by a visit from Lord Northbrook, who was then Viceroy, when ~ohjndar COllege was found- ed for the promotion of higher education in the State. Mohindar Singh ,87 6 A.O~ died suddenly in 1876. He had received the G. C. S. I. in 187 I. . A long ~inority f?llow~d, f~r M~haraja.Rajindar ~ingh was only 4 when 18go A.O; his father died. Durmg hls mmonty, which ceased 10 1890, theadminis- tration was carried on by a Council of Regency composed of three officials under the Presidency of Sardar Sir Dewa Singh, K.C.S.l. The finances of . the State were carefully watched, and considerable savings effected, from which have been met the charges in connexion with the Sirhind Canal and the broad-gauge line of railway between Rajpura, Patiala and Bbatinda. 1879 A.D. In 18 79 the Patiala State sent a contingent of 1,100 men to the Afghan War. ll The late Maharaja was exempted from the presentation of nasars in Darbar in recognition of the services rendered ~Y his troops on this occasion '.

lPage 1720 aSee page 173. 51 [PART A.

The orga nis ation of the Imperial Service Troops and the war services of CHAP. I. B. the late Ma hara ja are describ ed el sewhere.! Maharaja Rajindar Singh '-.. . died in 1900, and a third Counci l of Regency was formed .The pr esent Descr iptive. Maharaja, BhUpindar Singh, wa s born in 18g1 A. D. The Maharaja of HISTORY. Patia .la is entitl ed to a salut e of 17 guns, and takes prece dence of all the Punjab chiefs. Chan ge s in the relatio ns bet wee n the British Government and the Phulkiiin States have bee n allud ed to in th e pre cedin g pa ges. It may, howe ver, be as well to gi ve a suc cin ct ac count of them here. Before 18 21 the Resident at Delhi ha d charg e of all the po liti cal rela tions wi~h protect- ed and independent States in north -w est In dia . In tha t year he was re- placed by an Agent to th e Go vernor- Gener al, an d a Sup erint end en t of Pro- tected and Hill States was app oint ed with his head-qu arters at Ambala. In 1840 a Governor-Gen eral's Agen t for the North-W est Fronti er was stationed at Ambiila. Af ter the 1st Sikh War the politi cal ch arg e of th e Cis-Sutlej States was entru sted to a Commis si oner , who had also certa in British Districts in his contr ol. When th e new pro vinc e of the Punj ab was founded in 1849, the Bo ar d of Administ ra tion took over control of th e Ci s-Sutlej States, and when a Li eutenant-G overno r was appoint ed for the Punjab , th e Comm is sion er of th e Amb ala Divis ion , who had ta ken th e plac e of th e Cis-Su tlej Commi ssion er, becam e th e intermed ia ry between the Sta tes and the Pu njab Gov ernme nt . The Ambal a Divi sion ce ased to exist in 1884 , and the St ates th en passed under th e politi cal control of the Com- missioner of Delh i. In 1900 it was de cided by the Government of India to ap- Igoo A.D. point a Political Agent for Patiala, and the remaining PhUlkian States of Jind and Nabha were included in the Agency. J\ lfajorDunlop-Smith, C.LE., was chosen for the new appointment, and during his absence on leave Captain Popham Young, C.LE. (Settlem ent Commi ssioner in Patiala State) , acted for him as Polit ical Agent from Janu ary 'g al, and handed ov er charge to Major Dunlop- Smith on the 26th Nov emb er of that year. In April Ig03 19°3 A.D. the Bahawalpur State was included in the PhUlkian Sttil .tesAg ency. The head-quarters of . the Agency were orig inally fix ed at Ambala, but Patiala was soon found to be a much mor e suit able place, and the Agent has re~ided in Patiala . since the beginning of 1902. 5~ PATJALA STATE, ] Hz"stot'y; :I~90· I903.

CHAP. I. ·~; .' CHIEFS OF PA -TIALA. '

De scriptive. PHUL. ntsT OR '¥; I ..r I I ., I' . ) Tilokl:lt R:lghu. Chanu. Jbandti. Takhat Mal . '- • ..... J. (ancEstor of thefnmilies Ancestors of the Landgarhla families. of 1£nd and N6.bhli· 1----- 1 I r I I Dtimi Sti~M. Raja Alii Singh, Bakhta, (ancestor of I d. 1jGS. (ancest or of the Bhadaur) Jodh •. the Malod family). I family ). ·r I ') Sardtil Singh. Bhumilin Singh, L~l Singh, d.175 '3. d.174:1· d. 174~. \---, I r "l Himmat Sillgh. R~ja Amar Singh, d. 1781 . r--- I ( ") Budh Singh. Raja S4hib Singh. d. 1813. r---- I r. ' ") MaMni]ll J It Singh, Karam Singh, o. s.p. 18 d. r------(. ., Maharap Dfp Singh. Narindar :>ingb. d.1862. J Mah4r:lja Mohindar Singh, d. J876. 1 ", I ( ") MahBriija Sir Kanwar Sir Rajindar Singh. Ranbir Sin~h, K.C.S,I.; G.C.S I.. b. IS72. b. 18 73· d. 1900. I Mah:lroija : .__..__._._ .~h~~~ ~~~;n.~'...... _ . '\\ () ~ 5~r.\

.P~pu 7atioi: . r ~r' -: it'PART :: A~ '~ $ec ti 'on ' C~...., l.; Populatio n;

: The PhUlk ia n States are -so ~c~ ttered that com paris~tl . ~f '~h~deb ~i ty r~f Des~ttv e,( their population with that of anyone or more Britis h Di str ic ts would .qe of PO PUUTION ,;:: ,'l little valu e. Tak ing the thr ee to~the r they have the , normal den sit y of Den sit,Y~ ' ,'.-" th e In do -G angeti c Pl ain West in which th ey lie. Pati:Ha lias a, d~Iisity of ,,:,) ;,~ .; ,:~,~ 283 persons to th e square mi le, an d thus stal)ds nea rly in the sa me categ ory _' , as th e Kama l and Ferozepo re Distr ict s. The density on the cultivate d'; area cannot be sh own unti l the settle men t operatior is are further advaJ 'lced. '

, • I' , , ~

The popu lation and densi ty of each niz0'1" lnt and tahsil iSJ~iV 'ei below,l Densit y o£ ni .rd. the den sity shown being that of the total population Onthe total area: - I :: :~~$an dtah.

- ----.-

Ar ea in Populati on, square mil es. De nsi ty. ------Pat i& la ...... , ... 23 6 167,679 286'8 Sun~ m ...... 47° ' 121 ,498 258'5

Bhaw ~nfgarh ... .', ... 561 14 0,309 25°'1 N arw4lf a ••• ...... ' 570 "! ' : ,' .',;,;: ~') ---- • - j; ;•• ~ Tota l I\armgarh ni .r&mal , ..' 1,8 43 ~:::: ~ 1-" ,-;::: ;- -'---- - SAhibga rh ...... 27 8 115 .391 415'1 Amarg arh ...... 3.'3 8 123,46 8 -:365'3 , i Sirhind ,...... 24 0 126 .589 527'5 -- -- ' ' To tal Amarga th nl '~ 4m al ... 856 365,4 48 ---- 426 g • ------,Anlt had garh ... 'h ... 35 0 105 ,989 -:l0 2'S ·Bhatil1d l1 . r ...... 868 142.413 164'J

Bh tk hf ...... 629 12 8,96 5 20$'0 ' . ~~ Total Anabadg~h -- ni6amat .... :1,84 7 -- 377,3 07 -- ...... -.~04 '~ R;tjpura ...... no ... J57 5S ,II7 '351'1 Pinjaur ...... 18 0 1 ~'6 .. . ,5M3 , ~. .. ,'. Banur ...... ••• .. . 161 56.614 3$2 , , Ghana :ur ...... 208 218 .~ .. -...... 45.344-.~.. •.•.. ..•... Total Pinjaut niz4mllt 'N -- 7° 0 212 ,866 3°1'5 ~ ---- ...... : ...-- -- N'r~li .ul ... - ...... 282 85,130 - 301'9

" ' , K£naud ... ,.. ..• .: -- '" ... 305 s~,246 r , ,rSt'I " " . Total M:o h~ naa .rg~ fh ni'4 'm(J~ ... . 587 ' 14°.37& ':: : "2:39 '11 , Totar on~ta.~ , --.. ,5;839 -- f ~ 1,596,692 1264'S . -, ~ - ( . -- 54 PATIALA STATE! ]

CHAP ••• e. . The State contains 14 towns and 3,5 80 villages; and the pop ul ation of PatWa •.• 53,545 S:lIlaur ••• 8.580 t~e former is given in the mar- Desoriptlve. Nhnaul ••• J9.489 Bhadaur ••• 7.7Jo gm. At the Census of 19 01, 9 8 ~ POPULATION. Basi •.• 13.73 Barmila . ••• 6,9 °5 of the towns inc lu dinO 'that of Govindgarh ••• J3, J8 5 Ba!'ur ••• 5.610 Patiila itself ~howed a decrease Popula;tlon of SamAna ••• 10,209 Pall ••• 5.515 ' towIlS-T4bl, 7 Sun4m . ._ 10,069 Sirhind ••• 5.415 on the figures of 1891, 4 show- ojPRrt B. Moh!ndargarb 9,9 84 Hadi4ya ••• 5,414 ing a slight increase, wh ile .Bhatinda or Govindgarh had increased from 8,536 to 13,185, or 54 per cent. Its position on the rail 'N ay and the establishment of a market accou nt for this rapid rate of gro wt h. Only 11 per cent . of the popul ation live . in the towns. The average pop ulation of the towns and villages is sm all, being only 397 persons. Occupied houses number 273,557, of wh ich 32,329 are urban and 241 ,228 rural . Patiala with 53,545 persons is the only large town . The towns and villages pr esent no features unusual in thi s part of th e Punj ab. As in all Native States, the average popula tion of a Patiala village is belo w the average in British ter ri tory. Both Hindu and Muham mada n villages are built on the sa me plan, th e bette r hou ses surro und ed by hi gh walls and opening on to na rrow lanes wh ich lead tortuously to the main tho rou gh- fares. The Chuhrus a!ld Ch amars ha ve their houses outs ide the vill age and facing awa y fro m it . In the to wns the hou se s are close together and the high wall is rare . Still even in the towns the th or oughfares are ge ne - rally narrow and croo ked.

Gro wt h ofpopu· The marginal table shows th e fluctuat ions in the population of eac h Iatioll. ---======-= nisamflt since 1881. In 190 1 I th e heaviest decreas e on the 1 189 • I 190 1. figures of 1891 wa s in the Pi n~ -- -- j~u r and Mohinda rg ar h nisa- mat s, the populatio n of whi ch Pati~la ssMj Karmgarb 44 4.369 decr eased by 13 ,51 3 and 7, 536 Amargarh 361 .610 respe ctively in that deca de . Pinjaur 22 6.379 In the former the decrea se An'hadga rh 34 7.395 \ Mohindargarh 147,9 12 was onl y no mi nal ow in g to the exc lu sion of the peo pl e . living in the da M chauk{s and railway fence in the hil ls. In the latter the decrease wa s due to th e seasons of drought which had caused heavy emigration from those tracts in aad after J 897. The following table shows the effect of migration on th e population of the Patiala State according to the Census of 190 I :- .. ---- Immigrants. Persons . Males. Females. (i) Fro~ with in th e Punjab and North·West Frontier Pro- --- vlIlce .•• ...... 187,212 64.41I 122 .80 1 (HI From the rest of India ...... - 21,8 99 8,095 IJ,804 (Ui) From the res t of Asil1 ...... 44 39 liv) From other countries 5 ...... 1°7 77 30 Total imm igrants --·209.262 --72.622 -- ... JJ6.44<> Emigrants. -- - (i) To wit hin the Punjab and Nor th'West Frontier Pro. vince_ ...... 266,9 10 I 92,81$ 174 .095 (ii) To the rest of India ••• ...... - ... 15,497 7,246 8,251 ------'l' otalemigrints -~ ... 28 %.407 100,061 182,345 _. Exce ss of emigra nts ove r imm igrants ... --73.145 --!27.439 -_45 .106. 55 [PA.RT A.

The bu lk of th e immig rat ion is fr om the dis tr icts, Sta tes an d pr ovinc es .~ in India not ed t)e low. There is also a consi der ab le volume of im mi gration Des cripti ve . fr om the count r~ " outs ide Indi a as give n bel ow :- . PO. UtATIOIt. · Mil ra-ti on. Numb er of males in 1,000 imm i. gra nts.

Amb5 .1a :'17,68 2 340 Hiss~r 24,554 3:24 Ro hta k 1,041 4°2 De lhi .,114 49 1 Karn~l 20, 815 :39S Kals ia 1,60 9 :343 Simla 6,23 7 379 . K~ ngra 1,015 697 Hoshi ~r pur 2, 920 57 9 lullun dur 2,17 3 524 tudh i~na :3 1,195 32Z Md lerKo tl a 7,68 8 3°5 Fe rozepor e 7,817 433 Fa r!dk ot 1, 651 388 Ndbha 23 ,080 260 Jl nd 10 ,467 25 1 Am ritsa r 1,09 1 417 RrIjputana ..• 16,762 3°5 United Pro vin ces of Agra and Ou dh 4,2 68 58g Y<1gh ist!n and Afg b4 nist lin 33 93 9 Un ite d King dom 84 6go Ameri ca 14 857

Th e emi gration is mainly to the districts, Sta te s and provinces no ted bc1ow :-

------. ••... ._ ..------.------His di' ,, , ••• 12, 218 1l0,Sj i Roht al r 1,2tl 2, 226 D~= I~ 5~ Gtir g40n 1,567 3,.4 6 De lhi 1,498 682 Karn <11 9,4 87 16 ,3~3 AmMI a. tI,96 2 23,2 62 Ka lsia 739 1,7 02 N~b ~ ~ Sim la ••• 771 608 Simla Hill States 943 2,051 Hosh i'rpur 5tt 782 lu llundur ••• 795 1,105 Ludh i<1na ... 10 ,640 29 ,788 Mdlcr Kotla 1,958 6,442 Ferozeporo 11,624 J9,6 28 Far idkot ••• 2,361 3,57 2 Ndbha 10,558 24 ,212 ~ ~~ J~~ Lahore 1,442 618 •. .••• 656 711 tl ien'b Colony... 2,574 1,707 Bti 1I4'/l1alpur ••• ••• 42 t 248 t1 ,i1~tdProvinces of Agra and Oudh 2,683 1,024 ndmbay ••• Sl5 349 *i ijputana _ _ 2,662 6,468 tS~ J,=' ~ATt~~N~TATE>] .. .~ ,: ' \~~ 'f.'_~:j . . CHAP '."i, CL :. ~ . The ~tat~ :thus loses 73,T45 soul 's. by mlgrabc;m and its ne t inter- ,~,, ,,:,~ ';'~ :J(9~~~ges.9.'f p9p -ulati9!1 )\ lith the districts, States and provinces in India : De~~ ::lp~W·q·whidf mainly affect its population are noted below:- . PO~ULATlj)N•. ,." . Net gain frollJ + 01'loss to - i '.: .. . "~ .: Hissar - 8,496 ·1 Migration. Rohtak _ 2,39 6 J • . Gurgaon - 4,~72 '1 Delhi ' , ••• - 1,066 ".: Karnal - 4.99$ .;, AmMla .. + 2,458 Simla with Hill States + 2.394 Kal i"· ... 832 K:i ngra . + 903 , Hoshi rpur + 1,627 Ludhi ;ina - 9,2 33 M.i~ fr f( otla 71 2 Fer .zep :;re -23 .435 . Farldk ,. t - 4,~82 Ndhh: - 1I ,690 1i 'l d - 6,2 55 l.aVre - 1,338 Chen ,b Co lony .. . - 4,2 80 United Pr ,vinces of Agra and Oudh + 561 Raj pt1t :i"a ... + 7,632 Comparison with the figures of ,89' . shows that Pati ~la lost by intra- I rov incial migration alone 79,6g8 souls Los s by wtra 'Pro'IJi ", ci r,{ "UK' 'Jliml in 1901, or 45, '73 more than in 1891. 1901 . . 1891 .

Total •.• 79698 345 25 Chen \b Colony 4.280 'J, 't a 6,2 55 3,110 Ndbha II ,690 5,09 5 Taking the figures for intra-Imperial migrat ion, £.e., those for migratio n Loss by int,· c- in India both within the Pu rijab and Imperi~l >nigra' to or from · other provinces in India, we 1901ttO".. have the margma . I d a t a.

Total 73,296 A -notable i featu~e of th e immigration is the proportional excess of females . This : is especially notic .cable in the case of the neighbouring Dis- tricts .and Sta. 1fs of Hiss ar, Ambala,. Lu~hi a~a, pod, Nabha ~nd Maler KotIa, and sho),\ 's that the bulk of the ImmIgration IS due to marriages. I ' Age!s. .'The figur~s for age , sex 'and civil condition are given in great detail in ' Table 10 (1/ Part Table 10 of Part B. Th e following statement shows the ag e distribution 8. .of 10 jOOO pers~ns of both sexes:- ! ------,------~-----. -_ .. - . --_ . - .. - i

Age peri od. :,~., en Age per iod . .,en en en ";ij c en c ., 0

Drinking-water is generally obtained from wells, except in the Bhikhi, Narwana and Boha thanas, where water is 50 to 150 feet below the surface. The people are, as a rule, careless how they feed their children, and little regard is paid to cleanliness. The result is that many ch ildren die of diarrhrea, colic, enteritis, eczema, boils, ophthalmia, otorrhrea and catarrh.

1902 was the most unhealthy year the Stat e has known for some Diseases. time, the registered deaths amounting to no less than 64,094 ,1 of which 55 ,481 were due to plague or fever. Next to 1902 comes 19 00 with 44,039 .• •. recorded deaths and 1893 with 40,2 T 4. The wo rst outbreak of cholera was in 1892, when 10,78 4 pe ople died of it . Pn eumonia and diseases of th e eye are as common here as elsewhere in the Punjab. Plague first appe ar ed in Redan, a vil lag e near th e Sut Iej , in the Amarg ar h ni zamat, in 1899 . It did not, howev er, spread , and the State was free from th e epidemic unt il Ma rch 1900, when a fre sh outbr eak occurred at Khamanon in the same nz'za.mat. In 1899-1900 th ere wer e 26 cas es and 19 deaths , and in the fol lo wing year 166 cas es and 98 deaths. The removal of the cordon in 1901- 02 was followed by a trem endous rise in the figur es, 3° ,40 [ cases bein g re corded with no les s th an 29,159 de aths. The nu mber s then fell almo st as suddenly as they had risen , and in 1902-°3 there we re only 8,5 J 5 cases wi th 7,58[ death s. No inoculations for plague were performed in the State in 1899. Th e numb er perform ed in the suc ce eding yea rs was:- in 19°1- 02, 40,755 i in 1902-°3, 29,73 8; and in 19°3-° 4, 4,° 3° .

Among the Khatri 's and Aroras of the tow!'", when a woman is Hind us; p reg nant for th e fir st time a ceremony cal led rita n ," ;, Mo re is performed in the 5t h or 7th month . The wom an's mo ther sends her a tewar or suit of clothes and som e swe ets, an d the women of her bt'radari assembl e, dress her in the tew ar, an d put seven handfuls of the sweets in he r dopatta " the re st th ey eat. On the birth of a son the father give s money to th e Br ahmans and lagts (meni als) who bring him duM (g reen gra ss) in to ke n of congratulation. The doors of the house are dec ora ted in th e villages with branche s of the sz 'rz"s tree , and in towns with mango leave s str ung together (banda1'w&l). The ne ighbours wh o come to offer co ngrat ulations are re galed with gur. The suiak or per iod of seclusion after childbirth las ts for II days am on g Brahmans , 13 among Khatri s, 15 among Banias , and 17 among Sudriis. The pu rifi cation ceremony (da suth an or c1zaunka cll arhna) is then performed, a Br ahman and the bt'rada ri being summoned, the mother and child washed , an d food distribut ed. A fl am e is then ~i ve n to th e child by the padh a among Hindus, and by openi ng the Granth Sahib among Sikhs. The pddh a ascert ains the date and hour of bir th and prep are s the horoscope. The moth er do es not leave the hous e for 40 days af ter de li ve ry . No ce remon ies at tend the bir th of a girl . Amo ng the high er castes bo ys are shaved wi th ce remon y either at home or 'at a temple in the 3rd or Ifi year. A boy ass um es thejaneo wh en he bas rea ched his 8th or 11th year, 58 PATIALA STATE. ]

CHAP. I, C. an auspicious day being chosen for the rite. Banias only wear the ianeo Descriptive. on the death of their parents. l

POPULATION. The Muhammadans of the lower classes have borrowed the rftan Muhammadans. ceremony from ' the Hindus, but they call it satwansa. In the ninth month of pregnancy a purt"a of dried fruits is offered to Bibr Fatima and given to a poor Sayyid woman. In Patiala Muhammadans do not make the wom an lie to the north, as they do elsewhere, during confinement. An iro n implement is kept on the bed and no cat is allowed in the room. Soon after birth the asan is recited, preferably by a religious man, in the child's ear. On the 6th day the cMatM ceremony takes place, the child being brought out of th e sa chcha khdna and food gi ven to the binidari. The akika (tonsure) cer emony is performed on the 7th, 14th, or 21 st day, goats being sacrifi ced. One leg is given to the dai, a head to the barber, and the rest distrib ut ed among the Mnidari. The bones are buried. The child is named the same day, either by the mullah, or an elder member of the family. The moth er remains secluded for 40 days, and takes a bath on the 40th day. Th e bt "smWak ceremony takes phce when a boy is 4 years 4 months and 4 d::ty s old. He puts on a new dress (jama) , goes to the mullah or so me senior member of the family with cash and sweets, and is made to repe at bt'sm£ltak. This is the commencement of his education. As soon as he has finished the Quran, comes the amin ceremony, wh en clothes are given to the teacher and food to the biradari. There is no fix ed date for circumcision, which may be performed up to the 11th year or at any time before puberty. The biradar£ are invited, the boy seated on a chair, where the barber circumcises him: a or more is paid to the barber, the relations .give pr esents (tambo:), and gur is distributed . among them. For ten days no salt is given to the boy. This custom is not however strictly observed by all classes. s

Sex statisties; The number of males in every 10,000 of the population is sho·wn below:-

8 f8BI 5,5 15 5, 3 3 5.499 All IBgI 5,5 03 5,5° 3 5,5 03 I llgol 5.498 5,458 5.494

(H incu· 5.506 5,5 37 5.509

ISikh~ 5,545 / 6,Q43 5.573 Cen.us of 190 1 >{ IJa in s 5,515 5,435 5,48$ ~Muhammadans 5.4 20 5,225 5,378 --- _. _~ ...

lFor a lo nger no te on the jal leo see th e Gazetteer of Ludhi<1n aDistrict.

2Birl h and marr iag e cus tOI, lSpecul ia.- to ,certai n castes will be fo und described below u'rl1er ~~Tr i\)clS an d Ca ~tes .'J ~9 [ PART A.

CHAP. I. C, All reli· H' d S'kh I J . Muham· The marg i n a I D . t' gions. In us. 1 s. ams. madans. table shows the es crlp IVE number of females POP UL ATION. ------1----- to every t, 0 0 0 Sex st at istics. males under 5 years Under I year .n 909 -6\ 895 '9 899 -1 914'3 953.6 1 and under 2 908 '7 930 -6 820·6 700·0 953-0 of age as returned 2 " .3 r 872'81 89 8.6 769'1 82 5'0 917'7 in the Census of 00 2 3 II " 4 ::: 9 '2 915'1 I 814 ·0 95 '4 955 '4 19°1. ~ 5 ••• 883 .1 89 2'4 ~3 'S 1,297 '3 935 '4

Infant marriage is not the rule in Patiala . The ages of the mar rie d people up to 34 are shown in the , . ---- :----~ ------margin. Full details, by age and , will be found in the Pat iala Per sons. Males. Fema les. Census tables, but it may be noted here that of the married persons whose ages are between 10 and 14, 21, I66 are Hindus, 6,876 Mul1ammadans and 0-4 36 Ie 26 7,129 Sikhs. The comparative infre- 5-9 5,27 0 1,157 4,J13 10 -14 ••. 49 9,81 7 25 ,43 2 quency of early marriag es among 35 ,2 / 15-19 •.• 75 .642 27 ,239 48 ,403 Sikh3 is noteworthy .. Of the 21,166 20- 24 ..• 102 ,77 6 42,618 60, '58 Hindus, 6,006 are males and 15,160 25- 29 •.• 108,654 51,1::9 57,5 15 3° -:34 ••• 108, 048 1 53 ,287 54,761 females. Of the 6,876 Muhammadans, 1,930 are males and 4,946 females. Of the 7,129 Sikhs, 1,850 are males and 5,279 females. Thus it appears that Muhammadans and Sikhs are agreed in avoi ding those early marriages for their girls which are so frequent among Hindus. .

The girl's parents take the initiative and choose a suitable match out- Marr iage side the four nearest got s. DMighar Khatds, Brahmans and Aggarwal customs. Ba ni as marry into any got but their own. Betro tha l ta kes place between the 5th and 11th years. - Jats - and Ba nia s tak e mon ey for their daug hters, but higher castes do not unle ss they ar e ver y hard pressed. Marr ia ges by exchange are often very com plicated , involving a large number of couple3. They are looked on with disfavour; Batte di kurmaz gan ji gai tatako11 ai- " Exchange betrothal s are the substitution of a di vorced woman for a bald one." If the marriage is without payment the ce remony takes place when the girl is 9 to 15, otherwise it is performed on payment of the price. There are vari ous ceremonies connected with marriage, but they are not peculiar to Pat iala. Among Muhammadans the ceremonies are less compl ex. Marriages seldom take place in Ramzan, the Muharram or SMhan. MukUwa is confin ed to the lower classes. In towns expenditure on weddings reaches the he ig ht of extravagance. Ban i! d£ kamal, biah aur makan ne khat-C ' A bant 'a's earnings are swallowed up by marriage or house-building." The Khat rls and Banias are trying to curtail this expenditure and Mra and dhaMo (largesse) have been forbidden by the Darba r. Polygamy is rare. Th e ri che r Hindus only marry a second wife if th e first is barren. Among Muhammadans it is slightly more common. Avo wed polyandry is unkno wn. Rem arriage of widows is common amon g all Muhammadans except Sa yyids, Pathans and Riijputs. It is fo rb idden among Hindus of the hig her castes and involves excommuni- cation. Among the Jats a widow gene rally marries her husband's brother. Div orce is common in th e hill s. When a woman dislikes her husband sh e leaves him and goes to her par ents. They select another husband - for 6'0

PATIALA STATE. j

CHAP:I, C. her, and if she approves of him her first husband is sent for and paid the rU money in the presence of the Mr(l ,darf. A woman sometimes makes m~ny Descriptive. changes. The interval between her leaving one husband and marrymg POPULATION. another is called thanjan rf., . Marriage customs. The vital statistics given in Table ' I[ of Part B show that in the 5 years (1898-1902) about 127 boys were born to every 100 girl s, but that the Female infanti - male death -rate was lower than that of females, only 107 males hav ing died cide. to eve r y 100 females in that per iod. The res ult is that in all the main rei i g io n s the proportion of femal es to mal es gra dual ly fal ls as the age advanc es, All relig ions ... until , tak ing the Hindu s Sik hs tot al populat ion, we Muhammadans ... have the marginal figu res. l

2F elll ales Enquiri es made per r,ooo ma le s. in the Stat e how ever Hi nd us ••• 773 raise no susp icion Ja ts ... Sikhs ••• 798 of fe male infan - f Muhamma rans 762 tic id e, though the Rill ' puts (H indus .• . ?3? ca st es rio ted in the t Muha mmad ans 2 87 marg inal retu rn2 3FE MA LES TO 1,0 00 MAL ES . have ver y lo w ratios of fe male s, and the ratios are still lower in the vill ag es and tribes no ted in the margin. 3 T e s e Ramp ur Ja t. M£ ng at ... Hi ndu 251 543 00. Do . Sikh 016 593 fi gures te nd 110 show Dhamot Ja t.Jha ile •.• Hi ndu ~6 7 527 that much les s ca re Do. 00. Sikh 500 637 Jarg Ja t- Man der .•• Hi nd u 625 650 is taken of fem ale Do . Do . Sik h 6J6 73 0 chi ldren tha n of male.

Punjabi is spo ken wit h some a.t erati ons through out the Sta te, except in th e hi ll s, wh ere Paha d is spok en . In Pati cila prop er we ll- ed ucated Hind us and Mu hamma dans spea k Ur du . In the outlyin g tract of Mohindar- ga rh Ma rwarl is spoken. In the lec al Pu nj ab! the past tens e en ds in frf., or da, as Hid, did ; pUrf." dr ank ; Hadti, ate. The present tense al so end s in, dd, ~s in ~ar~ rf." does; ~haI1rf. " g.oes. In som e forms n is. ins erted befo r~ aa, as m khand u, eats ; pznd a, dr mks. In the fu tu re U IS change d into a, p£ang rf." will drink , stanga, will sew. Simil arly u is cha ng ed in to a, khand(~ han , I eat, instead of k/:.6l a /din . In nOUD Srf. , is ofte n cha nged \, to d as in Um, work; ki n, ea r; hath, hand; for kam, Mn ap d hath. Someti mes y Dccc-mes ,z i, e ~r 1 as in eh, this ; ihtin, 'here' ; for the Urdu, )'ik~ yaM ~. The lang T:"2~c:(,i the Mohindarga rh ni::;a mat rese mbl p<; \ Hindi ra ther th an Punjab i. .Here. 0 is gener al ly used in .l)l,ac e of a a·