Uncovering Black Feminist Writers 1963–90 an Evaluation of Their Coverage in Research Tools

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Uncovering Black Feminist Writers 1963–90 an Evaluation of Their Coverage in Research Tools Feature uncovering Black feminist writers 1963–90 An Evaluation of Their Coverage in Research Tools rebecca hankins Has the move toward online resources had ince the mid-1990s, there has an effect on source material for the study of been an explosion of indexing Rebecca Hankins is Assistant black feminist theory? The last forty years and abstracting databases in- Professor of Library Science, Texas A&M have witnessed a critical mass of literary corporating previously print- University, College Station, Texas. and theoretical writings on the black femi- Sonly resources with newer, more com- Submitted for review September 11, nist movement. This article evaluates the prehensive, full-text services. Although 2007; revised and accepted for coverage of writings by a select group of there are a plethora of print indexes publication March 12, 2008. forty “second wave” (1963–75) and pre– considered invaluable to researchers, “third wave” (1976–90) black feminists the movement within the library field in twelve major electronic-literary and to replace print with electronic access women’s-studies indexing and abstracting to online databases has seen a marked services. Most of the twelve resources stud- increase. How has this move toward on- ied provide materials on the black feminist line resources affected access to source movement; however, Gender Studies Data- material for the study of black femi- base, Black Studies Center, and Periodical nist theory? The last forty years have Index Online, respectively, were identified witnessed a critical mass of literary as offering the best overall coverage of and theoretical writings on the black black feminist writers. Each of the twelve feminist movement. This article will databases studied are discussed in detail, evaluate the coverage of writings by a offering some useful hints for black feminist select group of “second wave” (1963– studies researchers interested in finding 75) and pre–“third wave” (1976–90) the most comprehensive materials in the black feminists in twelve indexing and field. The survey investigates the breadth abstracting services. Are the writings of coverage of writings authored by these of these black feminists indexed in the black feminists and determines that there major electronic literary and women’s is a critical need to either update current studies database resources available for thesauri or develop a new comprehensive researchers? What services provide ease tool for indexing and abstracting black of use combined with multiple levels of feminist writings. Finally, the results of this search strategies that include searching Reference & User Services Quarterly, study will assist libraries and librarians by author, subject, title, and publica- vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 270–286 in making decisions about purchasing the tion date simultaneously for retrieval © 2009 American Library Association. All rights reserved. most relevant resources for research on the of information? The survey will answer Permission granted to reproduce for writings of the feminist movement in gen- these questions and identify the avail- nonprofit, educational use. eral and black feminists in particular. ability of these writings as full text or 270 | Reference & User Services Quarterly Uncovering Black Feminist Writers 1963–90 abstracts. The survey investigates the An In-depth Comparison” by Linda A. Sanguenetti’s article surveyed the breadth of coverage and determines Krikos (1994); “An Evaluation of Index- coverage of women’s studies and femi- that there is a critical need to develop ing Services for Women’s Studies Peri- nist journals in the leading paper index- a comprehensive tool for indexing and odical Literature” by Deborah Mesplay ing services available at that time and, abstracting black feminist writings. The and Loretta Koch; “Indexing Adequacy again, “Women Studies Abstracts” was study will, more importantly, show what and Interdisciplinary Journals: The Case found to offer the best coverage, albeit databases provide access to scholarly, of Women’s Studies” by K. H. Gerhard in paper format. Some of the indexes peer-reviewed articles that legitimize a et al. (1993); and “Indexing of Feminist surveyed by Sanguenetti are included subject matter. Providing access to these Periodicals” by May Alice Sanguinetti in this survey: “Alternative Press In- resources encourages critical analysis (1984).2 The Koch and Preece article dex,” “Essay and General Literature,” of black feminist theory, thus further- surveyed table of contents services and and “Women Studies Abstracts” (now ing the diversity and scope of research. not the coverage of individual writers. a part of the much larger Gender Stud- The results will assist researchers in The articles by Mesplay and Koch and ies Database). Although the articles choosing the most relevant resources by J. A. Gerhard surveyed the general mentioned did not survey coverage of for their research on the writings of coverage of women’s studies journal individual writers, they provided a set the feminist movement in general and literature but not the writings of indi- of criteria to assist in reviewing the da- black feminists in particular. In this vidual black women writers that rep- tabases. This study will also test some era of shrinking budgets, the data will resent an important subset of feminist of the conclusions of these earlier ar- provide guidance for librarians seeking writers in the United States. Mesplay ticles and determine whether “Women to purchase electronic resources in the and Koch concluded that “of the index- Studies Abstracts,” which was found to area of black women’s studies. ing and abstracting services examined, have the best coverage of women’s and The black feminist writers chosen ‘Women Studies Abstracts’ provides the gender studies in earlier reviews, offers are consistently listed in major research overall best coverage.”3 Krikos’s article the best coverage of black feminists about and writings on the feminist was a follow-up to the Mesplay and writers. movement, including Patricia Hill Col- Koch article with the inclusion of the lins’s Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, “Women’s Studies Index.” BackgrouNd Consciousness and the Politics of Empow- Although Krikos’s article also re- erment; the voluminous Pioneer Femi- viewed indexes rather than the coverage The study covers forty black feminist nists Project out of Harvard University of individual writers, it is an important writers: fifteen Second Wave (SW) and and its first major publication,Feminists resource because of its comparison of twenty-five pre–Third Wave (pTW). Who Changed America, edited by Barbara the three major resources at that time, The SW arguably dates either from Love in 2006; Barbara Christian’s semi- “Women’s Studies Index,” “Studies on 1963–75, according to Barbara Love nal 1985 work Black Feminist Criticism: Women Abstracts,” and “Women Stud- and Harvard’s Pioneer Feminists Proj- Perspectives on Black Women Writers; and ies Abstracts.” The article is also impor- ect, or from 1965–75, according to the more recent two-volume set, En- tant for its development of the follow- Darlene Clark Hine, African Ameri- cyclopedia of African American Women ing standards for comparing indexes: can historian and scholar. Love states, Writers, edited by Yolanda Williams Page scope; depth of indexing; currency, “we honor changemakers in the Sec- in 2007. Two comprehensive websites time-lag, and cost; publisher and edi- ond Wave movement beginning in were also consulted during formation of tor; format and arrangement; and vo- 1963, when Betty Friedan’s book, The the list of black feminist writers in this cabulary and subject headings.4 Two Feminine Mystique, was published and survey: Sherri L. Barnes’s Black American of these standards will be used in this spurred countless women into action Feminisms: A Multidisciplinary Bibliogra- study: scope, which Krikos describes . some historians say the true Second phy from the University of California– as “the number and type of materials Wave movement began in 1966 when Santa Barbara and the University of Min- indexed (meaning articles, book chap- the National Organization for Women nesota’s Voices from the Gaps.1 ters, books, dissertations, pamphlets) was founded . 1963–1975 were the and overlaps and gaps in coverage,” years of involvement by the greatest 8 LitErAturE ReviEw and format, defined as “considering the number of feminists.” All of the se- usefulness of the overall arrangement of lected writers were known activists in In searching library literature using the service and the content of the cita- the feminist movement. This SW period the terms women, women’s studies, and tions.”5 Krikos concluded that “‘Wom- relates to the founding of the modern indexing in a variety of combinations, en’s Studies Index’ actually indexes the feminist movement that grew out of five articles were retrieved: “Table of most comprehensive combination and the larger civil rights era, a time when Contents Services: Retrieving Women’s greatest number of women’s studies America was coming to grips with those Studies Periodical Literature” by Loretta journals.”6 Krikos also concluded that people unwilling to be classified as “sec- P. Koch and Barbara G. Preece (1995); “Women Studies Abstracts” “is essential ond class citizens.” The feminist move- “Women’s Studies Periodical Indexes: to research collections.”7 ment saw the larger movement as not volume 48, issue 3 | 271 Feature addressing issues of sexism, unequal the women’s movement, and produced Scott, and Barbara Smith’s anthology pay, and the leadership role of women. scholarship that reflected the issues and All the Women are White, All the Blacks Black women long involved in civil concerns of black women who faced are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave: Black rights activism came to a similar con- discrimination that was both similar to Women’s Studies and Smith’s edited col- clusion, but the sensitive issue of wom- and different from the discrimination lection Home Girls: A Black Feminist en’s rights was often subsumed into the faced by the women represented by the Anthology challenged the prevailing no- larger struggle of achieving equality as dominant white feminists’ movement.
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