Klassendiskurse in Den Romanen Meridel Le Sueurs, Nella Larsens Und Dorothy Wests

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Klassendiskurse in Den Romanen Meridel Le Sueurs, Nella Larsens Und Dorothy Wests Klassendiskurse in den Romanen Meridel Le Sueurs, Nella Larsens und Dorothy Wests Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) genehmigt durch die Fakultät für Geistes-, Sozial- und Erziehungswissenschaften der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg von Katharina Bunzmann, M.A. geb. am 26. April 1973 in Selb Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Bernd-Peter Lange Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dieter Meindl Eingereicht am: 19. Mai 2004 Verteidigung der Dissertation am: 17. November 2004 2 Danksagung Mein herzlicher Dank geht an Prof. Dr. Bernd-Peter Lange und Prof. Dr. Dieter Meindl für ihre Geduld und ihre konstruktiven Anmerkungen. Darüber hinaus danke ich allen Familien- mitgliedern und Freunden, die mich über die Jahre hinweg unterstützt haben. 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 EINLEITUNG: KLASSE ALS SPEKTRALES KONGLOMERAT AUS RACE, GENDER UND SEXUALITÄT 5 1.1 Geschichte und Literaturgeschichte 7 1.2 Zum soziologischen Verständnis von Klasse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der USA 14 1.3 Klasse und gender 20 1.4 Klasse und race 25 1.5 Klasse im Übergang von Literaturwissenschaft zu Cultural Studies 31 1.6 Prämissen der Arbeit 35 2 KLASSE UND GENDER IN MERIDEL LE SUEURS THE GIRL 39 2.1 Biographie 39 2.2 Le Sueur und die Kommunistische Partei 41 2.2.1 Regionalismus versus Internationalismus 42 2.2.2 Klasse versus gender 42 2.2.3 Proletarian literature und working-class fiction 43 2.2.3.1 Die Frage der Authentizität 44 2.2.3.2 Literarische Qualitätskriterien und Stil 46 2.2.3.3 Von proletarian literature zu working class fiction 47 2.3 Geschlechter(beziehungen) und Klasse in The Girl 49 2.3.1 Die Darstellung von Männern 51 2.3.2 Die Darstellung von Frauen 56 2.4 Allgemeine und geschlechtsspezifische Auswirkungen der wirtschaftlichen Krise 63 2.5 Individuelle und kollektive Visionen 70 3 NELLA LARSENS SPEKTRALE IMAGINED CLASS COMMUNITIES 72 3.1 Biographie und Hintergrund 72 3.2 Rezeption 73 3.2.1 Allgemeine Tendenzen und Veränderungen 73 3.2.2 Die Rezeption von Nella Larsen im Hinblick auf Klasse 75 3.3 Queer Theory und Klasse 77 3.4 Spektralität and queerness in Quicksand und Passing 79 3.4.1 Sexualität als Spektrum und Gespenst 84 3.4.2 Race als Spektrum und Gespenst 92 3.4.3 Klasse als Spektrum und Gespenst 98 4 4 GENDER IN DER SCHWARZEN MITTEL- UND OBERKLASSE IN DOROTHY WESTS THE LIVING IS EASY 109 4.1 Dorothy West und die Harlem Renaissance 109 4.2 Boston und seine Besonderheiten 112 4.3 Die schwarze Bevölkerung in Boston 115 4.4 Dorothy Wests Kurzgeschichten der 1920er und 30er Jahre 117 4.5 Kapital, gender und race in The Living Is Easy 121 4.5.1 Sexualität und die Kraft gesellschaftlicher Normen 124 4.5.2 Repräsentation, Klasse und Geschlecht 127 4.5.3 Funktionen einer Ehe 134 4.5.4 Männlichkeit, Geld und die Fundamente einer Ehe 137 5 SCHLUSS: DIE MULTIDIMENSIONALITÄT VON KLASSE BEI LE SUEUR, LARSEN UND WEST 141 5.1 Ökonomisches, kulturelles und soziales Kapital 142 5.2 „Strong boundaries“ und Ausschlussmechanismen 143 5.3 Race 144 5.4 Gender 144 5.5 Sexualität 145 5.6 Beziehungen zwischen den Geschlechtern 145 5.7 Familie 146 5.8 Klasse als Konglomerat 147 5.9 Die imagined class communities bei Le Sueur, Larsen und West 148 5.10 Individuelle und kollektive Visionen 149 5.11 Ausblick und Fazit 151 6 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 155 5 1 Einleitung: Klasse als spektrales Konglomerat aus race, gender und Sexualität Die ungleiche Verteilung von Ressourcen, häufig mit dem Kürzel „Klasse“ bezeichnet, ist in jeder Gesellschaft ein heikles Thema. In einem Land jedoch, dessen Gründungsdokument den Satz „all men are created equal“ enthält, müssen soziale Unterschiede noch stärker als an- derswo zum Tabuthema werden: Social class is a touchy topic anywhere; in America it is more ticklish, for the United States prides itself on being a classless society. Rank and status are anti- thetical to the very idea upon which this nation was founded: that all men are cre- ated equal and endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. (Eder 1984: 583) Dass dieses Versprechen schon zu Zeiten, als die Unabhängigkeitserklärung verfasst wurden, nicht für die gesamte Bevölkerung, sondern nur für freie weiße Männer galt, ändert nichts an den Hoffnungen, die dieser Text seit seiner Niederschrift auslöste. Über die Interpretation von „equality“ gehen die Meinungen allerdings auseinander, wie Digby E. Baltzell schreibt, der selbst nicht für eine klassenlose Gesellschaft nach sozialistischem Vorbild, sondern für eine „open-class“ Gesellschaft plädiert: The idea of Equality, a vital part of the Declaration of Independence, lies at the very heart of the American Dream and has since become the basis of the various secular religions of our time. While the socialist faiths, on the one hand, have cen- tered on the vision of equality of conditions in a classless society, our own best tra- ditions have stressed equality of opportunity in a hierarchical and open-class, as opposed to classless, society. (Baltzell 1964: 3) Die ökonomischen Entwicklungen seit 1970 begünstigten die Bereitstellung gleicher Chancen für jeden Menschen und damit die Umsetzung des nationalen Gründungsdokuments nicht, eher im Gegenteil. Seit drei Jahrzehnten werden die Abstände zwischen den unteren und den oberen Einkommensgruppen immer größer, und zum ersten Mal in der US-amerikanischen Geschichte nimmt die Mittelklasse an Zahl ab (Back Zinn und Eitzen 1998: 234-235). Gleich- zeitig sinkt das Bewusstsein für soziale Probleme, wie Barbara Ehrenreich beklagt: „The ave- rage American has disappeared - from the media, from intellectual concern, and from the mind of the American middle class“ (Ehrenreich 1998: 147). Auf der anderen Seite dokumen- tieren pointierte Buchtitel wie The New Class Society: Goodbye American Dream? (Perrucci 2003), The Coming Class War and How to Avoid It (Strobel 1999) oder The War Against the 6 Poor: The Underclass and Antipoverty Policy (Gans 1995), dass die zunehmende Ungleich- heit von Einigen als dramatische Entwicklung wahrgenommen wird. Gesamtgesellschaftlich gesehen ist Klasse in den USA also zwar ein drängendes, aber ver- nachlässigtes Gebiet. Auf die Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften scheint dies seit dem Sie- geszug der Cultural Studies in den 1990er Jahren nicht mehr zuzutreffen. Die zahlreichen Abhandlungen über „race, class, gender“ könnten zu der Meinung verleiten, Klasse sei inzwi- schen ein allgegenwärtiges Thema. Dies entspricht jedoch nicht der Realität: The currently fashionable triad of American literary studies, race, gender, and class, a triad born of the egalitarian dethroning of the white, male, largely Anglo- Saxon canon, contains its own tacit hierarchy and rests on its own unenunciated principles of exclusion and privileging. Disagreements abound over whether race or gender should occupy the top tier in the new cultural ranking, but about the sub- ordination, even the effacement, of class, there can be no doubt. (Gilmore 1994: 215) Diese Arbeit soll dazu beitragen, Klasse neben race1 und gender eine mindestens gleichrangi- ge Stellung zuzuweisen. Gleichzeitig soll eine Einengung des Themas auf offensichtlich „klassenbewusste“ Texte wie beispielsweise Arbeiterliteratur vermieden werden. Dieses Ge- biet, das in den 1930er Jahren proletarian fiction hieß und heute working-class literature ge- nannt wird, wird meist als erstes assoziiert, wenn von Klasse die Rede ist. Denn während der Depressionszeit mit ihren zahlreichen linken Bewegungen war das Thema Klasse so stark im öffentlichen Bewusstsein verankert wie wahrscheinlich während keiner anderen Periode in der US-amerikanischen Geschichte. Die proletarian fiction machte Klasse und den Klassen- kampf zu ihrem Hauptthema, und marxistische Literaturkritiker wie Michael Gold, Victor Francis Calverton, Edmund Wilson oder Granville Hicks diskutierten revolutionäre Literatur. Während marxistische Parteien nie die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung hinter sich hatten, stellte die Popular Front der 1930er Jahre mit ihren „fellow travelers“ eine echte Massenbewegung dar (Denning 1998). Diese Tatsache geriet jedoch im Lauf der McCarthy-Periode in Verges- senheit und wurde erst seit den 1960er Jahren allmählich wieder in das US-amerikanische Bewusstsein zurückgerufen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit geht es im Rahmen des Kapitels über Meridel Le Sueur um proletarian fiction; daneben wird jedoch Wert darauf gelegt, Klasse in weniger offensichtlich „klassenbewussten“ Texten zu analysieren. 1 Da es im Deutschen keine adäquate Übersetzung von „race“ gibt, verwende ich den englischen Beg- riff. 7 Im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie stehen darum nicht bekannte Schriftsteller wie John Dos Passos, John Steinbeck oder Richard Wright, deren Namen mit sozialkritischen Darstellungen der US-amerikanischen Gesellschaft verbunden sind. Vielmehr soll anhand von weniger bekann- ten Texten angedeutet werden, wie vielfältig die „imagined class communities“ - um einen Ausdruck in Anlehnung an Benedict Anderson (Anderson 1983) in leicht abgeänderter Form zu gebrauchen - der US-amerikanischen Literatur dieser Zeit sind. Im Einzelnen gehe ich auf folgende Texte genauer ein: The Girl von Meridel Le Sueur (Le Sueur 1986), ein Text, der zwar erst 1978 veröffentlicht, jedoch in den Dreißiger Jahren geschrieben wurde, Quicksand (1928) und Passing (1929) von Nella Larsen (Larsen 1988) und The Living Is Easy (1948) sowie ausgewählte Kurzgeschichten von Dorothy West (West 1982). Eine Gemeinsamkeit dieser Texte ist, dass die Protagonistinnen weiblich sind und sich
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