June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15825 and Culture; to the Committee on Education United States; to the Committee on Ways By Mr. FARBSTEIN: and Labor. and Means. H.R. 17628. A bill for the relief of Pauline By Mr. O'KONSKI: By Mr. PODELL (for himself, Mr. MOR H. Belmonte; to the Committee on the Judi H.R. 17607. A bill to establish a joint un GAN, Mr. BURTON of California, Mr. ciary. derwriting association to provide fl.re, ex ST GERMAIN, Mr. LUKENS, Mr. ST. H.R. 17629. A bill for the relief of Zenaida tended coverage, and essential property in ONGE, Mr. VANIK, Mr. BROCK, Mr. C., Delco G., and Marivi Macias; to the Com surance in the District of Columbia; to the MORRIS, Mr. BELL, Mr. PELLY, Mr. mittee on the Judiciary. Committee on the District of Columbia. WALDIE, Mr. HOLIFIELD, Mrs. HECKLER By Mr. HELSTOSKI: By Mr. PERKINS: of Massachusetts, Mr. FULTON of H.R. 17630. A bill for the relief of Domenico H.R. 17608. A bill to amend the Internal Pennsylvania, Mr. MCDADE, Mr. La Spisa; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Revenue Code of 1954 to extend the head of DELANEY, Mr. YATES, Mr. BROYHll.L of By Mr. JACOBS: household benefits to unremarried widows Virginia, Mr. CASEY, Mr. O'NEILL of H.R. 17631. A bill for the relief of Sylva 0. and widowers, and certain single other per Massachusetts, Mr. STRATTON, and Brazzale and her infant son, David R. Brand; sons, who maintain their own households; to Mr. POLLOCK) : to the Committee on the Judiciary. the Committee on Ways and Means. H. Res. 1201. Resolution that it is the sense By Mr. ST. ONGE: By Mr. POLLOCK: of the House of Representatives that the H.R. 17632. A bill for the relief of Eftycia H.R. 17609. A bill to convey to the city of United States enter into an agreement with Katzambis Chagarts; to the Committee on Kenai, Alaska, all interests of the United the Government of Israel for the sale of mm the Judiciary. States in certain land located therein; Com tary planes, commonly known as Phantom By Mr. TEAGUE of California: mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. jet fighters, necessary for Israel's defense to H.R. 17633. A bill for the relief of Fortu an amount which shall be adequate pro By Mr. RIVERS: to nato Foronda Evangelista; to the Committee H.R. 17610. A bill to authorize the payment vide Israel with a deterrent force capable of on the Judiciary. of a variable reenlistment bonus in the case preventing future Arab aggression by off By Mr. TENZER: of certain members of the Navy, Marine setting sophisticated weapons received by the H.R. 17634. A bill for the relief of Amerigo Arab States, and on order for future delivery, Vespucci; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Corps, and Air Force; to the Committee on and to replace losses suffered by Israel in the Armed Service. By Mr. FEIGHAN: 1967 conflict; to the Committee on Foreign H.J. Res. 1287. Joint resolution granting By Mr. SHRIVER: Affairs. H.R. 17611. A bill to establish a Oommission the status of permanent residence to Maria on Malnutrition; to the Committe·e on Edu Mercedes Riewerts; to the Committee on the cation and Labor. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Judic.iary. By Mr. SMITH of Iowa: By Mr. ST. ONGE: H.R. 17612. A bill to authorize the Secre Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private H. Res. 1202. Resolution to refer the b111 tary of the Army to release certain use re bills and resolutions were introduced and (H.R. 16609) entitled "A bill for the relief of strictions on a tract of land at Camp Dodge, severally referred as follows: . Sea 011 & General Corp., of New York, N.Y." Iowa, in order that such land may be used as By Mr. ADDABBO: to the Chief Commissioner of the Court of a site for the construction of buildings or H.R. 17615. A bill for the relief of Adriana Claims pursuant to sections 1492 and 2509 of other improvements for the Iowa Law En Ferrante; to the Committee on the Judiciary. title 28, United States Code; to the Commit forcement Academy; to the Committee on H.R. 17616. A bill for the relief of Rosa tee on the Judiciary. Armed Services. Magro; to the Committee on the Judicdary. By Mr. UTT: By Mr. ANNUNZIO: H.R. 17613. A bill to amend section 48 of H.R.17617. A bill for the relief of Ruggiero PETITIONS, ETC. the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to provide Gonino; to the Oommittee on the Judiciary. that the $50,000 limitation on the used prop By Mr. BATES: Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions erty which may be used for investment credit H.R. 17618. A bill for the relief of Miss and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk purposes shall not apply in the cas~ of ma Anna Ferrari; to the Committee on the Judi and referred as follows: chine tools; to the Committee on Ways and ciary. 331. By Mr. FRASER: Petition of the Min Means. By Mr. BRASCO: nesota State Council of the Brotherhood of By Mr. WINN: H.R. 17619. A bill for the relief of Francesco Carpenters & Joiners of America, relative to H.R. 17614. A bill to establish a Commis Ambroiso; to the Committee on the Judiciary. retirement under social security; to the sion on Hunger; to the Committee on Educa H.R. 17620. A bill for the relief of Francesco Committee on Ways and Means. tion and Labor. Grimaudo; to the Committee on the Judi 332. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the By Mr. PERKINS: ciary. Board of Supervisors of Contra Costa County, H.J. Res. 1285. Joint resolution to provide H.R. 17621. A bill for the relief of Antonino Calif., relative to public assistance payments that it be the sense of Congress that a White Mazzamuto; to the Committee on the Judi for nonresidents; to the Committee on Ways House Conference on Aging be called by the ciary. and Means. President of the United States in 1970 to be H.R. 17622. A bill for the relief of Antoni no Tarantola; to the Committee on the Judi 333. Also, petition of the Board of Super planned and conducted. by the Secretary of visors of the County of Madera, Calif.,. rela Health, Education, and Welfare to assist the ciary. By Mr. CAREY: tive to public assistance payments for non States in conducting similar conferences on residents; to the Committee on Ways and aging prior to the White House Conference H.R. 17623. A bill for the relief of Pnina Means. on Aging, and for related purposes; to the Haibi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Committee on Education and Labor. By Mr. CONTE: 334. Also, petition of the Board of Super H.R. 1 7624. A b1ll to provide for the free visors of the County of Tuolumne, Calif., By Mr. SATTERFIELD: relative to supporting the bill S. 2919 con H.J. Res. 1286. Joint resolution proposing entry of a peal of eight bells and fittings for use of Smith College, Northampton, Mass.; cerning water resources; to the Committee an amendment to the Constitution of the on Interior and Insular Affairs. United States relative to equal rights for men to the Committee on Ways and Means. and women; to the Committee on the Judi By Mr. DADDARIO: 335. Also, petition of the Board of Super H.R. 17625. A bill for the relief of Antonio visors of the County of Yolo, Calif., relative ciary. Capasso; to the Committee on the Judiciary. to public assistance payments for non By Mr. FASCELL: H.R. 17626. A bill for the relief of Wuen residents; to the Committee on Ways and H. Con. Res. 783. Concurrent resolution to Yeung Hung and King Hung Luk; to the Means. convey to the Government of France the Committee on the Judiciary. 336. Also, petition of Mrs. Selma B. Lokitz, sense of Congress with respect to the re H.R. 17627. A bill for the relief of Michele New York, N.Y., relative to enactment of The sponsibiUty of France in conneotlon with Simonetta; to the Committee on the Judi President's programs; to the Committee on the payment of its World War I debt to the ciary. Ways and Means.
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS OUR 25 YEARS IN VIETNAM world scene and that we became involved stretching back to the 1930's. I ask unan in 1965. Many other myths or miscon imous consent that the Roberts' article ceptions exist regarding this terrible and be printed in the Extensions of Remarks. HON. FRANK E. MOSS unhappy conflict 1n Vietnam. Chalmers There being no objection, the article OF UTAH Roberts, in a revealing article published was ordered to · be printed the RECORD, IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES in the Washington Post of June 2, sets as follows: Monday, June 3, 1968 straight the record on Vietnam. I OUR 25 YEARS IN VIETNAM learned, or was reminded, of many facets Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, there is a (By Chalmers M. Roberts) of the problem which' I had overlooked Like the moth for the flame, the United feeling among Americans that the Viet or forgotten. I wish that every American States has found some irresistible attraction nam problem suddenly burst upon the could review the events in Vietnam in a faraway land long known as French 15826 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 Indochina and now all too familiar as Viet They would not assimilate into the Chinese sidered the eventual liquidator of the French nam. people." positions in Indochina." French Communists This extraordinary attraction has existed FDR's approach may have been humanita did not block the Indochina war budgets in for a full quarter of a century. The United rian but it certainly was cavaller and showed the Assembly. States surely has been singed but its ultimate his scant knowledge of Southeast Asia. The But France did not go Communist. And fate in that small land is not yet clear. President died in April, 1945, with Indochina the Indochina war escalated as Ho fought on The story can be divided into six acts, still under Japanese control. to the climactic battle a.t Dienbienphu in beginning in 1943, with the latest act now De Gaulle's vow 1954. being played both at the Paris conference By December, 1950, the French were sound table and on the Vietnam battlefield. Charles de Gaulle, today the host for the ing alarm in Washington. At that moment, Whether the sixth ls the last act no man Parts talks, was the wartime leader of the the United States was heavily engaged in can say with certainty, but that seems the Free French, a role which brought him into Korea against both the Communist Chinese probab1Uty. bitter disagreements with FDR and the and the North Koreans. Most Americans were totally unaware of United States on many issue·s, including Under Truman, a Military Assistance Ad their Government's involvement on their Indochina. visory Group (MAAG) arrived in Vietnam behalf in much that has gone on. Some De Gaulle wrote in his memoirs that dur in July, 1950. But Korea had the priority and awoke during the second act, more began ing the war Indochina "seemed like a great ship out of control," adding: "As I saw her it was not until the advent of the Eisen to see what was happening by the fourth. hower Administration and the end of the But not until the last two acts has the maJor move away into the mist, I swore that I would Korean war that the United States became i ty turned its eyes to that corner of South one day bring her in." By 1945, with France cleared of the Nazis, deeply involved in trying to prop up the east Asia. Yet, in retrospect, there has been French and save their position in Indochina, a pattern, if not a plot, in all that has hap de Gaulle, "aware of the host1llty of the Al lies--particularly the Americans--in regard meaning essentially in what is now the two pened. to our Far Eastern position," resolved that Vietnams. Why? Here, in capsule form, is the story of the The United States had no economic inter six acts of Vietnam. "French blood shed on the soil of Indochina would constitute an impressive claim" to re ests in Indochina worth mentioning; its l. ROOSEVELT VERSUS DE GAULLE gain the colony. antioolonial attitude, both governmental and Three days before he flew off to Paris this FDR's death eased de Gaulle's problem. public, had pressed in the postwar years for May, Ambassador W. Averell Harriman re During a Washington visit in August, 1945, the British to give up India and for the Dutch marked in a New York speech that "I recall President Truman told him that the Ameri to free Indonesia. But the pressure on France hearing President Roosevelt on more than can Government "offers no opposition to the was llmited, halting, less than effective for one occasion state categorically that he had return of the French army and authority too long. no intention of permitting the French to in Indochina." Answer lies in Europe return to Indochina." The atomic bomb had been dropped in The answer lies in American po11cy in Harriman's remark is well documented by Japan Just before de Gaulle's trip to Wash Europe. What Washington did to aid Paris in the official record. Equally well documented ington. He recorded his "bitter visions" of Indochina was a function of its European is the determination of Charles de Gaulle to the bomb's meaning but quickly added that policy and a derogation of its basic anti see France return to Indochina, to which the the collapse of Japan removed "the American colonial thrust in Asia. If Paris then had been French had gone in 1858 to create, in time, veto which had kept us out of the Pactflc. as stable as London or The Hague, there a colony comprising what today is North Indochina from that day became accessible probably would have been no aid and Ho Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos and Cam to us once again." would have triumphed. Retrospectively, it bodia. At the wartime Tehran and Potsdam con appears that in larger world terms it would When France fell to Hitler, the white ferences, it had been agreed that, after the have made Uttle or no difference to the man's days in Indochina were numbered. The :fighting ended, Vietnam would be occupied United States. Washington would have been Vichy regime granted expansionist Japan a by Chinese Nationalist troops down to the satisfied with being an offshore Pactflc power, "pre-eminent position" in the Far East. In 16th parallel, with British Commonwealth as was the general intention even to the late 1940 Japanese troops arrived from then forces ta.king over the southern half of the point of withdrawing troops from Korea in occupied China. peninsula. 1949. One of the French forts attacked by the That was in fact done for a while. And as But Paris, and France, were not stable. Japanese was at a place known as Dong-Dang. the French returned to reassert authority, American policy centered on rebuilding West A widely quoted American newspaper edi they found that Ho Chi Minh already was ern Europe economically with Marshall Plan torial of the time was captioned: "Who wants leading an insurrection. He seized Hanoi be aid and in creating a. viable defense commu to die for dear old Dong-Dang?" The answer fore the French could get there, proclaiming nity through NATO. These were the years then in still isolationist America was clear: the Democratic Republlc of Vietnam. when the Communist coup succeeded in no one. De Gaulle worked for a French Union, with Czechoslovakia and Stalin tried to force the After Pearl Harbor, Indochina was far be some autonomy for Vietnam, Laos and Cam Western powers out of Berlin by a blockade. hind enemy lines. Not until victory over bodia, and he recorded that "I intended to Stalin died six weeks after Gen. Eisen Japan began to loom did President Roose go to Indochina myself to settle matters . . .'• hower's inauguration as President, setting off velt begin to think about the future of the He never did. In the end, negotiations be what was to be polycentrism in the Commu French colony. By 1943 he was making, in tween Ho and Paris were aborted by French nist world. But that was not to be apparent private, the remarks to which Harriman re diehards, :fighting ensued and France re for some years. Meanwhile the Korean war ferred. gained control of her colony. De Gaulle re had alarmed the United States. When it was F.D.B.'s trusteeship idea tired from office in January, 1946, not to re over, the fear was that the Communists' next President Roosevelt spoke to Britain's turn until 1958. thrust would come in support of Ho in Anthony Eden in 1943 of a future trusteeship The first act in Indochina was over. FDR Vietnam. for the colony. He told Joseph Stalin at failed in his aim. A European colony was re By late 1953, with American dollar and Tehran that "after 100 years of French rule established in Asia but the auguries for its arms aid to the French mounting rapidly in the inhabitants were worse off than they had success were not good. Nationalism was the Indochina, a. Sena.tor on a study miss·ion to been before ..." Winston Churchill objected new power, with Communist Ho exploiting Indochina concluded his report in words that but Stalin agreed, saying that he "did not it. expressed the temper of the times: propose to have the Allies shed blood to re II. HO AGAINST FRANCE PLUS EISENHOWER AND "The need to stay with it is clear because store Indochina, for example, to old French DULLES the issue for us is not Indochina alone. Nor colonial rule ..." is it just Asia. The issue in this war so many On Jan. 24, 1944, FDR wrote Secretary of Five months after the Japanese collapse, people would like to forget is the continued State Cordell Hull that he had told the Bao Dai, emperor of Vietnam, wrote de Gaulle freedom of the non-Communist world, the British Ambassador that "Indochina should telling him to "abandon any thought" of re containment of Communist agression, and not go back to France but that it should asserting French sovereignty, adding that if the welfare and sceurity of our country." he attempted to do so "every village would be administered by an international trustee The author of those words was Sen. Mike ship." He added that "France has milked become a core of resistance." But neither de Mansfield (D-Mont.). it for one hundred years. The people of Indo Gaulle nor his successors saw the truth of china are entitled to something better than that advice. Berlin Conference, 1954 that." Ho's efforts to reach an accommodation In the rubble of Berlin in early 1954, the Indochina., however, was but a minute with Paris was defeated by French officers in United States, the Soviet Union, France and problem for the wartime President. He did control in Indochina. and by the French Com Britain held their first postwar conference, little more than to put obstacles in the way munist Party in France, aided by the Soviet ostensibly to discuss the future of divided of small French forces trying to make their Union. The Communists played Paris's game Germany and of then partially divided Aus way to the Fa.r East via the French enclaves against Ho in the hope that France itself tria. Nothing was accomplished on either 1n India.. At FDR's request, Vice President would go Communist, sweeping Indochina issue. Henry Wallace told Chiang Kai-shek that into the Communist world without resort to But the French Foreign Minister, Georges FDR was offering him all of Indochina as an war. Bida.ult, pressed the American Secretary of outright grant. In a display of wisdom, When Ho sent an emissary to Paris, Maurice State, John Foster Dulles, to agree to what Chiang turned down the offer, saying rightly Thorez, the French Communist, told him was to become the Geneva. Conference on that the Indochinese were "not Chinese. that he did not intend in any way "to be con- both Korea and Indochina. June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15827 "We had to have this conference," Bidault The crisis in Washington came in April whole anti-Communist defense of that area wrote in his memoirs. "France waa fighting as Ho's general, Vo Nguyen Giap, tightened crumble and disappear." alone and was only being given financial his stranglehold on Dienbienphu while the In Paris on April 23, three days before aid. We were fighting 7000 miles away from world watched. In March, the French Chief the Geneva Conference opened (initially on home and the war was costly in human lives. of Staff had visited Washington to say that the Korean issue), Bidault pleaded with The war came under heavy criticism in unless the United States intervened, Indo Dulles for a massive air attack, using the France and in the United States. Acts of china would be lost. American carriers then stationed in the Ton treason and sabotage were committed in On Saturday, April 3, Dulles met secretly kin Gulf as their successors are today. Bidault France." with eight congressional leaders and told has written that he pointed out to Dulles Dulles was tugged two ways by Bidault's them the President wanted a joint resolution "that he had told me and the rest of the plea. On the one hand he desperately wanted by Congress to permit him to use air and world that the U.S. would not tolerate the French ratification of what then was the naval power in Indochina. If Indochina fell, advance of communism in Southeast Asia; keystone in American policy in Europe: the said Dulles, the United States might be forced if he wanted, he could reconcile theory with creation of the European Defense Commun back to Hawaii as in World War II. practice by helping us in Dienbienphu." ity, under which a unified armed force would Adm. Arthur w. Radford, chairman of the Bidault also claimed in his memoirs that be created, submerging German arms forever Joint Chiefs of Staff, proposed using planes Dulles asked him "if we would like the U.S. in a supranational command. French ratifica from two American carriers then in the to give us two atomic bombs." This has been tion was needed for success. South China Sea, plus land-based aircraft denied on the American side and no evi On the other hand, Dulles wanted to keep from the Philippines, for a single strike to dence has been presented to support Bid clear of Indochina, where he could easily save Dienbienphu. He conceded that the three ault's statement. Bidault wrote that his an smell failure--which to him meant the loss other members of the Joint Chiefs disagreed swer was that with the use of atomic bombs of territory to the Communists. Further with him. the garrison "would be worse off than more, he did not want to have anything to Of the legislators in that room, only two before." do, at least directly, with the Communist are still in Congress; Sen. Richard B. Russell Despite last-minute efforts by Dulles and Chinese, although he recognized they would (D-Ga.) and Rep. John W. McCormack (D Adm. Radford, Eisenhower would not agree have to be at Geneva, too. (Indeed, during Mass.), now the House Speaker. The other to intervention without allies and without the week he did subsequently spend at Ge man still in power was Sen. Lyndon B. John- congressional approval, which he never pub neva, Dulles sat stonily behind Chou En-lai, son. licly asked. then Peking's foreign minister, without a L.B. J.'s crucial question Gloom at Geneva word or a handshake between them.) It was Sen. Johnson who asked the criti Thus the Geneva Conference opened in a The American attitude toward China was mood of deepest American gloom. Dulles dis so bitter at the time that Dulles felt im cal question about allies in such a venture. He said he knew that the then Senate ma associated himself as much as possible from pelled, on his return from the Berlin meet what he saw as the coming disaster. Dien ing, to say in a radio-TV report that he had jority leader, W1lliam F. Knowland, had been saying publicly that in the Korean War up bienph u fell and Pierre Mendes-France be dramatically held out until 60 minutes be came the French Premier on a promise to fore adjournment to win Soviet Foreign to 90 per cent of the ·men and the money came from the United States. The United negotiate peace in Geneva within a month. Minister V. M. Molotov's acceptance of the The Anglo-American-French relationship Dulles demand "that I would not agree to States had become sold on the idea that that was bad. Hence in any operation in Indo was in a shamble. meet with the Chinese Communists unless The shooting ended in Indochina on July it was expressly agreed and put in writing china, we ought to know first who would put up the men. 21, 1954, the day after Mendes-France's self that no United States recognition would be proclaimed deadline, but from most of the involved." Sen. Johnson asked Dulles whether he had consulted nations which might be allied in French other than embittered military there With this safeguard politically at home were only cheers for him. 8Jild in hopes that the Frenoh would accept any intervention. Dulles said he had not. In the end, all eight members of Congress agreed The first Indochina war, which had lasted the European Defense Community, Dulles 7¥2 years, was over but in such a way as agreed to the Geneva Conference. that Dulles had better first go shopping for allies. to invite the second Indochina war and, most The falling domino So Dulles did. And Gen. Giap's men moved importantly, to invite American intervention. Twenty-three days after the Berlin Con closer and closer into the fortress at Dien III. DULLES AND DIEM VERSUS HO CHI MINH ference organized the Geneva meeting, Ho's bienphu. Within a week Dulles talked to Geneva ended with a cease-fire agreement forces made their first major attack on the diplomatic representatives in Washington of between the French and the Communists French fortress of Dienbienphu in western Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the and a Final Declaration of all the conferees. North Vietnam near the border of Laos. Ho Philippines, Thailand and the then three The former ended the fighting and provided had begun his "fight and negotiate" tactic Associated States of Indochina: Vietnam, for a political regroupment of opposing now being repeated while today's talks go Laos and Cambodia. He ran into a monumen forces; the latter sketched out the political on in Paris. tal rock of opposition from the British. future, declaring that the agreed "military Eisenhower's view of the importance of The British attitude, given that of the demarcation line" at the 17th parallel, which keeping Indochina out of Communist hands congressional leaders, forced a shelving of now separates North from South, was to be was essentially that expressed by Sen. Mans immediate intervention. Instead, Dulles be considered "provisional and should not in field. The President wrote in his memoirs gan planning the creation of a "united front" any way be interpreted as constituting a that "if Indochina fell, not only Thailand for "united action" in what was later to political or territorial boundary." but Burma and Malaya would be threatened, emerge as SEATO, the Southeast Asia Treaty The Declaration also said that consulta with added risks to East Pakistan and South Organization. tions should be held between the authorities Asia as well as to all Indonesia." While Dulles was doing this, Vice President of "the two zones" beginning on July 20, It was Eisenhower who publicized what Richard M. Nixon, in an off-the-record speech 1955, leading to "general elections" which he called "the fall1ng domino principle." He that was quickly divulged, declared in Wash "shall be held in July 1956 . . ." also was concerned, as he said at the time ington on April 16 that " ... if to avoid The elections, of course, have never been and later wrote in his memoirs, about the further Communist expansion in Asia and held, a fa.ct that has aroused bitter dispute possible "loss of valuable deposits of tin and Indochina, we must take the risk now by as to who was to blame. What did happen prodigious supplies of rubber and rice" in putting our boys in, I think the Executive was that John Footer Dulles decided to make Southeast Asia, comments to which the has to take the politically unpopular deci what became South Vietnam a viable state North Vietnamese now in Paris have called sion and do it." on its own. attention in an effort to sustain a Marxist While Eisenhower was trying to keep the Saigon disassociates self view of American actions. Nation calm, Nixon's remarks caused alarm. Kennedy-Johnson views A rider to a House appropriations b111 was The Saigon government, of which Ngo Dinh American leaders were divided in 1954 on introduced requiring prior congressional ap Diem became the head two weeks before the what to do about Indochina. sen. John F. proval before the President could send troops conclusion at Geneva, disassociated itself Kennedy castigated the French for not giving to Indochina or anywhere else. Eisenhower from the agreements. Diem's representative more ground to the non-Communist Viet was prepared to veto the b111 but the rider in Geneva who did so was Tran Van Do, until namese. Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson declared failed to pass. recently the Foreign Minister in the current Saigon regime. that he was "against sending American Gis Unattainable or unacceptable into the mud and muck of Indochina on a Despite Soviet pressure to back the agree blood-letting spree to perpetuate colonialism In answering a press conference question, ments, the United S'l!ates limited itself to a and white man's exploitation in Asia." the President described his 1954 dilemma declaration that supported unity of Vietnam But neither was yet in power in the White much as Lyndon Johnson might describe his through "free elections" under United Na House; Eisenhower was and to him came 1968 dilemma. Said Eisenhower: "You are tions supervision to assure their fairness and proposals for mmtary aid to the French. steering a course between two extremes, one a statement that it would view any renewal From Berlln in January and February to of which, I would say, would be unattain of aggression in violation of the agreements Geneva beginning in May, "the ever-present, able, and the other unacceptable." "with grave concern and as seriously threat persistent, gnawing possib111ty was that of The "unattainable," he said, was a com ening international peace and security." employing our ground forces in Indochina" pletely satisfactory agreement with the Com The common expectation in Geneva was as Eisenhower recorded it. munists. The "unacceptable" was "to see the that the results would have the effect of 15828 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 getting the French out and pre':enting the economic and cultural interests in Vietnam. a "protocol state." Along with Dulles, two Americans from intervening. It was presuma Dulles balked and his associates called on Sena.tors signed on behalf of the United bly on this basis that Molotov and Chou Mansfield for help. The Senator stated, on States. One of them was Mansfield. En-lai convinced Ho Chi Minh to accept less returning from a Vietnam trip, that "in the U.S. problems elsewhere than full control of Vietnam. event that the Diem government falls . . • Although there is no direct evidence, the the United States should consider an im The United States had greater problems two key Communist leaders must also have mediate suspension of all aid to Vietnam elsewhere in the final Eisenhower years, not argued that in due course South Vietnam and the French Union forces there." The ably with Nikita Khrushchev over the U-2 would easily fall into Ho's control. In recent French officers in those forces were soon to and the Soviet Sputnik and ICBM develop leave but Diem was long to stay. ments. Few other than those directly con years there have been comments from Hanoi cerned paid attention to Vietnam; it all which indicate that, retrospectively, the Eisenhower letter seemed to be going well. North Vietnamese Communists believe they The French reluctantly agreed to back Ho Chi Minh seemed absorbed in rebuild were sold out by the Soviets and the Chinese. Diem. And on Oct. 23, 1954, President Eisen ing the North. Despite an abortive coup, Diem Many consider this a key factor in Hanoi's hower sent a letter to Diem in response to seemed well in controi in the South and there evident determination not to repeat the proc Diem's request for aid. The President said was talk of a "miracle" of postwar develop ess in any new form at the current Paris the aid was to assist South Vietnam in ment. And there were no American battle talks. "developing and maintaining a strong, viable casualties. But South Vietnam did not fall as the ripe state, capable of resisting attempted subver Yet the United States was, in fact, sliding apple to Ho and the Communists. Two men sion or aggression through military means," worked together to prevent that: Dulles and into what was to become the second Indo Eisenhower also expressed the hope that china war. The U.S. understood the Commu Diem. Diem's government would be "so responsive Something to salvage nists' aim but of their plans and strategy it to the nationalist aspirations of its people, so was woefully ignorant. Lt. Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster, now on the enlightened in purpose and effective in per Harriman delegation in Paris and named by formance, that it will be respected both at IV. KENNEDY'S INTERVENTION President Johnson to be the number two home and abroad and discourage any who The 1954 division of Vietnam was geo American military leader in Vietnam after might wish to impose a foreign ideology on graphic but the regroupment of forces after Gen. William C. Westmoreland returns home, your free people." Geneva was political. Not only did about was then the top White House military aide The letter, drafted by Kenneth Young in 900,000 come South but from 90,000 to about to Eisenhower. the State Department, is the one President 150,000 Communists troops including their In a 1966 statement for the Dulles Oral Johnson has often cited to show that the families went North, many of them on Polish History Project at Princeton, Goodpaster current American involvement was begun by and Soviet ships. recalled that after the Geneva settlement Republican President Eisenhower. Eisen Most importantly, as Bernard Fall has "Dulles thought that it was perhaps not hower has complained in private about this written, a small group of Ho's elite guer quite down the drain" although, said Good use of his letter but has never done so rillas "quietly buried its well-greased weap paster, "everyone else, I think, felt that it publicly. · ons, hid its portable radio transmitters and was." Dulles "felt that there might be some By July, 1955, when the consultations for simply returned for the time being to the thing in this that would be worth trying to the elections in all of Vietnam were to begin humdrum tasks of sowing and harvesting salvage, trying to sustain." under the terms of Geneva, Diem was in a rice." To assess the prospects, Dulles got Eisen strong position internally. His government The relative calm in the South was short hower to send Gen. J. Lawton Collins, sug has absorbed the nearly 900,000 refugees from lived. By the end of 1958, Vietcong activity gested by Goodpaster, to South Vietnam in the North, 2'50,000 of which had been evacu had begun to stir in the South and securlty late 1954. Collins recalled, also for the Oral ated and brought South in American naval in the countryside became a serious problem. History Project, that when he was leaving vessels. By 1959, the North was recuperating from Washington Dulles said to him: "Frankly, Diem said he was for unification and for the war and it was evident that unification Collins, I think our chances of saving the free elections "to achieve this unity." But he would not come through elections. Diem grew situation there are not more than one in was "skeptical" about holding them in the oppressive in the face of opposition and at ten." North, where "a regime of oppression" was tempted coups. It was time for the Commu But some months later, after visiting in power. Furthermore, his government did nists to act. Saigon himself and hearing Collins' report not sign and was "not bound in any way" by after the general's return to Washington, the Geneva accords. Hence "nothing con Infiltration in 1959 Dulles commented that it now looked more structive wm be done" as long as the Com According to an American appraisal · (re like a 50-50 chance. Added Collins: "And munists deny democratic freedoms. leased in May, 1968) the Lao Dong (Commu-. he was very well pleased." The North objects, called for a renewed nist) Party in the North decided in May, Role of Diem Geneva Conference by Moscow and Peking 1959, or even earlier, that the time had come paid little attention. Indeed, the Soviets "to push the armed struggle against the By now Stalin's successors in the Kremlin, seemed so satisfied with the diVision that 1n enemy,•' a sentence U.S. officials found in a and the men in Peking as well, were talking 1957 they proposed admitting both Vietnams captured document. Furthermore, at that up "peaceful coexistence" between the Com to the United Nations along with the two time, according to the American appraisal, munist and non-Communist worlds. But Koreas. But the United States opposed admis the "Southern part of the Communist appar Dulles remained unconvinced of any change sion of the two Communist states. atus" had "become restive" and some ele of heart and he determined to hold the line Votes /Off Ho ments were taking action on their own ini at the 17th parallel in Vietnam as well as at tiative. the 38th parallel in Korea, the two fringes of In the wake of the :first Indochina war, the what he considered Communist power cen probability is that, given a free election Border crossing teams were created and in tered in Peking and perhaps directed from throughout all of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh filtration began by mid-1959, both across the Moscow. would have been the winner. That Dulles Demilitarized Zone separating the two Viet It would take a leader in Saigon, however, probably believed this is indicated by a. nams and by way of Laos. Southerners who to make such a holding operation work and comment in Eisenhower's memoirs: had gone North and been formed into units that man was Diem. A Vietnam nationalist "I have never talked or corresponded with were now sent back. Those who had re and a Catholic, Diem had been living in the a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs mained in the South dug up buried weapons United States since 1951, mostly at Mary who did not agree that had elections been and appeared in the form of the Vietcong. knoll Seminary in Lakewood, N.J., with occa held as of the time of the fighting, possibly The struggle in the South against Diem sional trips to Washington to discuss Viet 80 per cent of the population would have was formalized at the end of 1960 and the be nam with such men as Sen. Mansfield and voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as ginning of 1961. On Sept. 10, 1960, the Lao Rep. John F. Kennedy. He also frequently their leader rather than Chief of St.ate Bao Dong Party adopted a resolution declaring met with Francis Cardinal Spellman in New Dai." that one of its tasks was "to liberate South York. Diem gained support in his own country Vietnam from the ruling yoke of the U.S. im Diem had wanted the post in Saigon and it and in the United States as well. Sen. Hubert perialists and their henchmen . . . " And on had been offered to him by Emperor Bao Dai. H. Humphrey declared in May 1955, when Jan. 29, 1961, Hanoi announced the estab But each time Diem demanded a total end of Bao Dai tried unsuccessfully to put a rein lishment of the National Liberation Front, French control and a free hand for himself. on Diem, that "Premier Diem is the best hope formed the previous December as the politi This he finally got when he took over the that we have in South Vietnam. He deserves cal arm of the insurgent Vietcong in the government on July 7, 1954. He had, by then, and must have the whole-hearted support South. powerful friends in Washington who were to of the American Government .. ." In Kennedy's hands sustain him in the years ahead as he fought To Washington it looked as though Dulles All this had occurred in the final phase the Communists. was right and that economic aid and some of the Eisenhower Administration but it was Twenty-six days after the Geneva accords m1Utary training help to Diem would indeed the new President, John F. Kennedy, who were signed, Eisenhower transferred aid di produce a viable state and result in a stable had to deal with it. Much that is known rectly to Vietnam rather than through line at the 17th parallel. about Communist plans and movements. France. But the French were unhappy with Furthermore, Dulles had constructed however, was unknown then and the Ken Diem and wanted someone they felt would SEATO and used it to put an umbrella of nedy-Eisenhower discussion about the be more amenable to protection of their international support over South Vietnam as world's problems on the day before the June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15829 Kennedy inauguration did not touch on truculent mood. The President knew that the Kennedy had accepted advice from his elders Vietnam. There was, however, considerable Communist world of Stalin's day was fin that led to the Bay of Pigs, so Johnson ac discussion of neighboring Laos, which the ished; still, he worried lest an American cepted advice from the Kennedy holdoveTS. outgoing President considered so much the retreat in Asia upset the world power balance. The advisers were full of optimism and key to Southeast Asia that he said he would So more military advisers were sent to plans and they had their way as the new favor unilateral American intervention "as Vietnam, Diem was fully backed and the President concentrated on his domestic p·ro a last desperate hope" to deny it to the United States became inextricably involved gram and the coming election. Communists. in the Second Indochina War. Less than two months before Kennedy's Laos was indeed Kennedy's first critical The Vietcong terror campaign mounted but death, McNamara had returned from Viet problem in the area and he came close to Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara de nam to announce that "the major part of intervention. In the end, at the Vienna clared on his 1962 visit that "every quantita the U.S. military task can be completed by meeting in 1961 with Nikita Khrushchev and tive measurement we have shows that we're the end of 1965, although there may be a in the subsequent Geneva Conference on Laos winning this war" and Rusk said the next continuing requirement for a limited num in 1962, Kennedy was able to put Laos aside March that the struggle was "turning an ber of U.S. training personnel." It was an as the adjunct to Vietnam that it clearly has important corner." nounced that 1000 Americans probably could been. How do we get out? be withdrawn by the end of 1963. But shunting Laos aside did nothing about By fall, however, the innocence and self The 1964 campaign promises Vietnam itself. Kennedy had been struck by delusion had been somewhat shattered after In such a euphoric atmosphere, Johnson a Khrushchev speech about "wars of na Diem's attack on the Buddhists. The Presi campaigned that fall against Barry Gold tional liberation" and from this was to come dent had evidenced his doubts in May, 1963, water, asking voters to judge who should great emphasis on counterinsurgency, in during a visit to the United States by Cana have the "finger on the button" of nuclear cluding the rise of the Green Berets. dian Prime Minister Lester Pearson. weapons. While Goldwater was talking about Grievances in south As Pearson told it in April, 1968, after leav a "no win" policy in Vietnam, Johnson was That there were just grievances in the ing office, the President asked his advice saying that "we don't want to get involved" South against the Diem regime is beyond about Vietnam. Pearson said the United with China "and get tied down to a land war dispute. Critics of American policy contend, States should "get out." The President re in Asia." as one book puts it, that the insurrection plied, "That's a stupid answer. Everybody Johnson promised to be "very cautious and against Diem was "Southern rooted" and knows that. The question is: How do we get very careful." He declared that "I have not that "it arose at Southern initiative in re out?" thought that we were ready for American sponse to Southern demands." The Ameri By this time the shape of the Communist boys to do the fighting for Asian boys," a can Government view is that, despite the world had changed massively from what it phrase that came to haunt him. There were grievances, the insurrection was effectively had been when Dulles decide in 1954 to pick qualifications in many of these statements Northern inspired and directed, though using up the pieces after the Geneva Conference. but few seemed to note them. Ho Chi Minh remained a Communist but Once elected in a massive triumph, John Southerners to carry it out for the first years. by 1963 it was apparent he was no simple The civil war view was rejected by the son began to look more closely at the war. It tool of Moscow or Peking, or both, but acting turned out that things were a lot worse, per Kennedy Administration. By November, 1961, largely on his own. Yet Kennedy, who saw the new Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, was haps even as bad as some of the newspaper the polycentrism of communism, could not correspondents in Saigon had been reporting. speaking of "the determined and ruthless escape Vietnam. campaign of propaganda, infiltration and Sen. Richard B. Russell (D-Ga.} virSited the His last act was to help push Diem from LBJ Ranch and then commented that "we subversion by the Communist regime in office, in part by public criticism of his re North Vietnam to destroy the Republic of ei'ther have got to get out or take some ac lationship with his notorious brother and tion to help the Vietnamese. They won't help Vietnam" in the South. sister-in-law, Ngo Dinh Nhu and Mme. Nhu. Kennedy had qualms about further in themselves. We made a great mistake in In October, the generals struck and Diem and going in there but I oan't figure out any way volvement. Still, the weakness he had shown Nhu were murdered, setting off a period of in the Bay of Pigs debacle in Cuba, many to get out without scaring the rest of the political instalib1lity in which a dozen gov world." now feel, led him to fear another seeming ernments were to come and go. retreat from communism and thus forced Gen. Taylor, asked whether the war was him to up the American ante in Vietnam. It is their war being lost, replied that "the ma.in issue is In late 1961, two emissaries he had sent Kennedy had said a month earlier that "in very much in doubt." He advocated strikes to Vietnam, Gen. Maxwell Taylor and Walt the final analysis, it is their war. They are at infiltration routes and "the training areas" W. Rostow, came back with a recommenda the ones who have to win it or lose it ... in North Vietnam. tion for sending an American military task All we can do is help, and we are making it Why no negotiations? force of perhaps 10,000 men for self-defense very clear. But I don't agree with those who Many Americans and others have often and perimeter security and, if the South say we should withdraw. That would be a pondered why the Communists did not in the Vietnamese were hard pressed to act as an great mistake." Earlier, the President had winter of 1964-65 propose negotiations. The emergency reserve. said that he subscribed to Eisenhower's South Vietnamese army was close to break That report, as much as anything, let the "domino" theory on the effect of the loss to ing and American intervention was stm rela new President to take the irreversible steps the Communists of Vietnam. tively minor, about 25,000 men of all services. into the second Indochina, or Vietnam, war. Kennedy had the tiger by the tail and did The North had not yet been bombed, except But Kennedy stopped short of the Rostow not know how to let him go. There has been for the single Tonkin mid, and Saigon's argument for a contingency plan of retalia much speculation on what he might have regimes were in a revolving-door phase. tion against the North graduated to match done had he not been assassinated on Nov. Thm-e are two answers. Remembering their the intensity of Hanoi's support of the Viet 22, 1963, but much of it has been self-serving 1954 experience, the North Vietnamese lead cong, as Arthur Schlesinger Jr. has described and all of it fruitless. ers were determined not to acoept less than it. The young President's legacy was 16,000 victory this time. Second, they may have Johnson's tour of area American troops in Vietnam, some in actual thought from the President's campaign re combat though not formally so, a continuing marks that he would liquidate the war after In the Kennedy era, the Americans were American commitment and no plan of es in Vietnam as advisers, about 16,000 of them the election. But they dilScovered that he had cape. Like Eisenhower, he had underesti no such plan. by the time of the President's assassination. mated the enemy. The first American soldiers was k1lled on United Nations Secretary General U Thant Dec. 22, 1961, and by the time of Kennedy's V. JOHNSON'S ESCALATION tried to bring the two sides together in 1964- death about 150 Americans had died in Viet When Lyndon Johnson moved into the 65 in Rangoon, Burma, but the effort aborted. nam from hostile action and other reasons. White House, he remarked, as he told it later, In retrospecii, Hanoi was prepared to come Vice President Johnson visited Vietnam in that the United States was involved in only only to accept an American surrender, if May, 1961, and proclaimed Diem the Winston one war and "let's win it." And he had said, Johnson would offer it, but the President had Churchill of the area, although he had some Tom Wick.er has reported, that "I am not no such intention. Washington knew it would private criticisms. On his return he told Ken going to be the President who saw Southeast be bargaining from weakness at such a meet nedy that "we must decide whether to help Asia go the way China went." ing and breathed a sigh of relief when it these countries to the best of our ab111ty or Like Kennedy, Johnson had accepted failed to come about. The stage was set throw in the towel in the area and pull Eisenhower's domino theory. He saw the war for the Johnson escalation. back our defenses to San Francisco and a in Cold War terms, although he was to come Plans for striking the North had long been 'Fortress America' concept." He recommended to appreciate how much the Communist drawn up in case they s,hould be needed. "a major effort" to help the area, citing as world had changed since Stalin. Like Ken Carriers had been moved into the South critical the American word to live up to its nedy, he saw Vietnam in terms of the world China Sea. Johnson later told newsman treaties and stand by its friends. power balance. And like both his predeces Charles Roberts that he had decided in Oc The Taylor-Rostow mission backed the Vice sors, he underestimated the enemy. tober, 1964, to bomb the North. Whatevm- the Presidential view in large part. Kennedy at Johnson inherited Kennedy's key men: pre-pla.nntng, the first raid ca.Ille on Feb. the time was trying to find new agreements Rusk, McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, Rostow, 7, 1966, in what was called retaliation for with the Soviets but Moscow seemed in a Gen. Taylor and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. As Vietcong attacks on American installations, 15830 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1.968 especially at Pleiku, where Bundy saw the openly or under the cloak of a meaningless The war in 1967 consisted of more slogging bloodSihed. agreement." and more indecision, with heavy casualties. At the moment the new Soviet Premier, Each side, in fact, wanted victory. The war During the year, 11,058 Americans died 1n Alexei Kosygin, was in Hanoi. Khrushchev was non-negotiable. By June, American Vietnam from all causes compared to the had opted out of Southeast Asia but the new troop levels were on the rise. In the fall of 8,155 who had died in the previous five years leadership, probably sensing a Oommunts,t 1965, McNamara moved 100,000 men to Viet of the American military involvement. Amer victory, wanted to be in on the triumph. The nam in less than four months, an action of ican forces, with great mob111ty and massive Chinese later charged that Kosygin said in which he was to say on retiring from the firepower, could go anywhere they wished Hanoi that he would help the Umted Staites Pentagon: "It was very clear we either had but at a cost. Yet the enemy could not be "to find a way out of Vietnam." Susequenit to do that or accept defeat." destroyed-and that was Westmoreland's Soviet peacemaking efforts were limlted by The odds were improved but Hanoi sent objective. Hanoi's pos,ture and Ohinese allegations of more men from the North and the Vietcong The spiraling cost of the war had throw collusion with the United States. Mosoow and recruited more in the South. The 37-day the Federal budget out of kilter, robbed Peking then stepped up their a.id as the major bombing pause of December, 1965, to Jan domestic programs of needed funds and suppliers of vital arms and other material uary, 1966, reflected doubts in Washington created worldwide doubts about the value for North Vietnam. about the value of continued escalation as of the dollar. "Rieta1iatory" strikes quickly became regu well as the growing dissent over the war. Alt home dissent continued to grow. The lar poHcy. Air attacks seemed the eas.ier But it was fruitless; both sides stlll wanted President found it close to impossible to chOll.ce to prevent the collapse of the South victory. appear in public without faoing massive Vietnamese. Eisenhower had agonized 11 In his letter to Ho Chi Minh during the demonstrB1tioru,. years earlier over sending ground troo:ps. pause, the President demanded an end to Within the Administration, Rusk and Ros Kennedy had sent 16,000 but tried to limlt infiltration 1f he were to halt the bombing. tow grimly asserted that th.e old policy was their roles. Johnson recalled Oen. Douglas Ho rejected the idea of reciprocity, declaring right and needed no changes. But McNamara MacArthur's advice to him to avoid a land then, as his representatives at Paris continue was disheartened. In the spring of 1967, he war in ASlia. to declare, that Hanoi would pay no price proposed. limiting the bombing of the North for an end to the American "aggression" to the area south of the 2oth parallel but Hanoi adopts to strikes against the North. The bombing did, at first, cause "great he was overruled. He publicly deprecated the d1fflcult1es and confusdon" in the North, as North's army enters effect of the bombing. In public, McNamara Hanoi's deputy chief of staff stated in a On the basis of captured document's pris remaJ.ned loyal to the President but by De 1966 speech captured by the Americans. But, oner interrogations and other information, cember he was out in a bizarre combined he added, "aft.el" some months we acqUired the United States this May declared that firing-and-resignation. eJq>erience and have su-engthened our na "the first complete tactical unit of the North At the Capitol and across the Nation, dis tion.a.I defense forces." Vietnamese Army" had left the North in sent reached a new high by year's end. Most The Administration denied the bombing October, 1964, and arrived in the South in importantly, the President began to put new was designed to force Hanoi to the confer December. By this ex post facto accounting, stress on negotiations, especially on the pos ence table. The motives were an amaJgam three regiments had started moving south s1b111 ty of some form of agreement between but that was the desirable end. It did not prior to the regular bombing of the North. the Saigon government and the Vietcong's work. Nor did the Presidelllt alter Hanoi's By the fall of 1965, when McNamara was National Liberation Front. As he did so, the determination by declaring that the North moving 100,000 men to Vietnam, ten North Thieu-Ky government worried that the was engaging in "a deeply da.n:gerous game" ern regiments totaling 17,800 men were United States would try to force it into a co by stepping up infiltration. either in or on their way south. And by alition with the Communists so the Ameri Because there were no qUJick results, pres the end of the 37-day pause, five more cans could leave. sure mounted to extend the bombing to more regiments comprising another 10,000 men Johnson went no further in public than targets. Oh.airma,n Earle G. Wheeler of the were moving south, again according to the to urge that Saigon begin talking w1th Joint Chiefs of Staff commented in 1958 that recent American calculation. "members" and "representatives" of the the military differences with McNamara had Johnson continued to demand reciprocity NLF. Back in early 1966, Sen. Rlobert F. Ken been "a question of tempo. The Chiefs would for a halt in the bombing. But the formula nedy had called for admitting the Com have done things faster. They didn't codn tion was gradually watered down. In private munists to "a share of power and responsi cide With McNamara on the conduct of the and then in public at San Antonio, Johnson bility" in Saigon but Vice President Hum air war." sought some sign of reciprocity. But Hanoi phrey had compared that to letting a fox in This is a view eohoed by Rlichard Nixon would have none of it. Escalation continued the chicken coop. The Admindstration line in bis current presidential campaign. He on both sides, and the casualties mounted wa.s that it would not "impose" a coalition said last March in New Hampshire that the as well. government on South Vietnam. Johnson Administration had "wasted the High point of optimism If frustration was rampant in Washington. Nation's military power by using it so grnd. The high point for the optimlsts came in Hanoi had developed a scenario for the war. ually. If it had used at the start the power the fall of 1967 and it was to last until A massive "winter-spring offensive" had been it is using now, the war would be over." January, 1968. decided on back in mid-1967 and there was But Johuson, who made the decisions Gen. Westmoreland came home 1n Novem talk of 1968 as the "decd.sive" year. Thousands Wheeler ascribed to McNamara, was con ber to tell the Nation that "whereas in 1965 more North Vietnamese troops headed south. strained by many factors: his recollection the enemy was winning, today he is certainly The NLF issued a new political platform of Chinese intervention in Korea when :losing." Furth·ermore, said Westmoreland, designed to appeal to dissenters and the war American troops threatened to destroy the with the American in-country forces now weary. New "front" organizations were cre Communist regime in the North; advice approaching half a million, "we have reached ated to make it easier to desert the Thieu-Ky from experts on Soviet affairs to avoid abrupt an important point where the end begins government, which had been elected in Sep action that could force Moscow to react to come into view." In the final phase ahead, tember along with a new Assembly. strongly, if only not to be outdone by Peking; Westmoreland added it would be possible The blow came in the d,ark of the night the President's own tendency toward com for American units to "begin to phase down on Jan. 31, 1968. It came to be known as promise between advice from hawks and as the Vietnamese army is modernized and the Tet Offensive. doves in and out of his Administration. develops its capacity to the fullest." The self-proclaimed Communist objective The bombing failed to halt infl.ltration from While the critics were not silent, for the of a "general uprising" of the population the North or to deter the Vietcong in the moment the Administration stm had the and Southern army against the Saigon gov South. More ground troops had to be sent. upper hand. The dissenters found a cham ernment, if indeed that was the true objective Combat units Zand pion when Sen. Eugene McCarthy 1n late of Hanoi, was a failure. But Tet was not a faJ.lure. It brought the war to the cities, put The President had been granted sweeping November announced for the Presidency. But few gave him, or his anti-war platform, the allies on the defensive and gave Com authority, psychologically if not legally, in munists control of more of the countryside. the August, 1964, Tokin Gulf Resolution much of a chance. Other dissenters wished passed by near unanimous vote of Congress. him well, but no more. Sen. Rlobert F. Ken Where Tet succeeded most of all was 1n the nedy said he was still backing the Johnson United States and in the mind of the Under Secretary of State Nicholas deB. Kat President. zenbach was later to call the resolution "the Humphrey ticket for re-election. functional equivalent" of a declaration of VI. FIGHT AND NEGOTIATE In Vietnam, Gen. Westmoreland's response to Tet was more of the same; he asked for war and the President treated. it Just that Exactly when Lyndon Johnson began to way. 206,000 more troops for a "maximum effort." have the gravest doubts about the direction At home, the voters of New Hampshire on The bombing began in February. The Ma of the Vietnam war is not yet evident. But March 12 showed their discontent when Mc rines came ashore in March. Before sending events were to solidify those doubts and pro the Army in large numbers, the President Carthy came within a few votes of topping duced the historic decision Johnson an the President in the New Hampshire primary. offered "unconditional discussions" in his nounced in his speech of March 31, 1968. April speech a,t Johns Hopkins University. M111tary, political and financial problems The President's speech But Hanoi also could read his declaration spiraled during 1967, especially in the latter The outcome of the Administration's post that "we will pot be defeated. We wm not months. The climax was to come with the Tet review was the Marcµ 31 speech. It had grow tired. We will not withdraw, either Communists' Tet offensive on Jan. 31, 1968. two key parts. June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15831 On the military side, the President rejected olution supporting the enactment of the fac111ties, requiring no additional lands, Westmoreland's call for stlll more troops. He proposed legislation. waters or authority, does not require a new began to throw more of the burden on South As treaty with Panama and would serve the best Vietnamese forces and he halted the bomb the indicated resolution will be interests of the United States and Panama; ing of the North above the 20th parallel, as helpful to all Members of the Congress and McNamara had recommended a year earlier. in connection with the previously listed Whereas, the expenditure of $76,357,405 In short, he moved to stabilize and begin to bills, I include it and the text of the bills on the original Third Locks Project sus de-escalate. as part of my remarks, as follows: pended in May 1942 and an estimated ex On the political side, Johnson gave great THE PANAMA CANAL penditure of $81,257,097 on the enlargement force to these changes by announcing he of Gaillard Cut to provide a two-way ship would not run for re-election, in hopes of Whereas, under the treaty of November channel in the summit level, scheduled for ending the national divisiveness rooted in 18, 1903, w!th the Republic of Panama, the completion in 1970, together, represent sub the unpopular war. .Canal ZOne territory was acqud.red in per stantial commitments by the United States The North Vietnamese, who apparently had petuity by the United States, the Panama for the modernization of the existing Canal; been planning some peace initiative of their Canal construc·ted, and subsequently main 1 and own, within three days accepted the Presi tained, operated, sanitated, protected and Whereas, any new treaty or treaties be dent's call for a conference even though part defended 2 in one of the most forbidding tween the United States and Panama that of their country was still being bombed. areas of the wocld, all in tulfllmelllt of the would extinguish United States con1lrol and This was a considerable switch of position United States' long range commitment in the ownership of the canal Zone and Pana.ma after years of demanding an end to all 1901 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with Greait Brit Ca.na.l would inevitably result in a complete bombing "and all other acts of war" against ain and as a mandate of c:l.vllizatlon, includ communist take over of any Isthmian canal the North before any talks. ing the security of the Western Hemisphere; and the Government of Panama. itself, with For the first time it appeared that the and like ta.kovers in other countries of Latin war might be negotiable. Both sides had Whereas, full control and own&shlp of the Ameirtca; and moved into a "fight and negotiate" posture Canal Zone Territory and property therein Whereas, The American Legion has long and each side tried to improve its military were obtained by the United states through had the Canal problems under study and on position as the Paris talks got under way in the grant by Panama of all sovereign rights, August 31, 1967, adopted resolutions on the May. powers, and authority over said strip and subject at its Annual National Convention EPil.OGUE through purchase of the United States of all in Boston, Ma.ssa.ohusetts; and Twenty-five years of American involvement privately owned land and property in it from Whereas, proposed legislation to provide in the Indo-Chinese peninsula during five individual owners as indispensable pre for the modernization of the Panama Canal Administrations began in a mood of political requisites for assuming the responsibilities has been introduced in the 90th. Congress by romanticism, became an ad.1unct of Cold War involved; and Sena.tor Strom Thurmond and Representa policies in Europe and turned into the high Whereas, the total investment of the tives Daniel J. Flood and John Ra.rick, s. tide of American involvement around the United Sta/tes in the Panama Canal enter 3108, H.R. 13834, and H.R. 14179, respectively; world. There was no plot of "imperialism," no prise from 1904 through June 30, 1966, in now, therefore, be it grand design. There was a consistency of mo cluding defense, was $4,889,050,000; and Resolved, by The American Legion Depart tive: the right of people to run their own Whereas, the proposed new Panama Canal ment of the Panama Canal Zone, in Depart lives. treaties, announced by the Presidents of the ment Convention assembled at France Field, Different Presidents reacted differently but United Staites and Pans.ma on June 26, 1967, Canal Zone, April 27-28, 1968; for the most part they reacted rather than as having been negotiated, would (1) abro (1) That this Department re-affirms its full planned in advance. There was never a for gate the Treaty of 1903, (2) give Panama sov support of the basic and still exis.ting provi mal declaration Of war; muoh that was ereignty over the Canal Zone, (3) make sions of the 1903 Treaty and the continued, done was done in secrecy. America slid into Panama a partner In the management and undiluted and indispensable sovereign con a war it never wanted without adequate defense of the Panama Canal, and (4) ulti trol by the United States of the Canal Zone public debate about what it was doing and mately give to Panama, without the slightest and Panama. Canal; and what might be the consequences. reimbursement for the Investment of the (2) That it supports the enactment of The end is not yet in sight; Act VI ls likely United States, (a) the exislting Canru and/or to be the finale but even that ls not certain legislation proposed in the Thurmond-Flood (b) any new Canal that may be constructed Rarick bills, 9oth. Congress, S. 3108, H.R. today. What is certain is that Vietnam for in the Canal Zone or in Panama t.o replace years to come will have a major effect on 13834, and H.R. 14179 for the increase of it at enormous cost to the United States; and capacity and the major operational improve American thinking about !ts relationships Whereas, the proposed new Canal treaties with the rest of the world. And the way that ment of the Panama Ca.na.l in accord with have aroused strong opposition in both the the principles of the Terminal Lake-Third is resolved will have an effect, perhaps a major United States and Panama, features by (a) effect, on the future of the world. Locks Plan; and some 150 members of the U.S. House of Rep (3) That it urges that all further negotia resentatives introducing and supporting res tions with the Republic of Panama be olutions calling for their rejection and (b) deferred pending action by the Congress on large numbers of the Panamanian people these measures; and PANAMA CANAL MODERNIZATION: demanding their repudiation; and Whereas, the results are that the pro (4) That it respectfully urges the Congress NOTABLE RESOLUTION BY PAN posed treaties have neither been signed by to take prompt action on the pending bills; AMA CANAL ZONE DEPARTMENT, the respective Executives nor transmitted to and AMERICAN LEGION the U.S. Senate or to the Panamanian As (5) That it requests that copies of these sembly for ratiflcation; and resolutions be furnished the National Orga Whereas, United States negotiators for the nization of the American Legion tor such ac HON. JOHN R. RARICK . proposed treaties ( 1) entirely ignored the tion as may be required in the premises; also OF LOUISIANA Hay-Pauncefote Treaty as regards tolls, to such other organiza.tions and individuals as may be desirable. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES arousing strong opposition from important foreign and domestic shipping interests that Monday, June 3, 1968 use the Panama route, and (2) wholly dis H.R. 14179 Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, one of the regarded the 1914-22 Thomson-Urrutia A blll to provide for the increase of capacity Treaty between the United States and Co and the improvement of operations of the most gravely important questions before lombia., causing the government of Colombia Panama canal, and for other purposes Congress is that of the Panama Canal; to assert its intention to defend its treaty for the modernizMion of which identical Be it enacted by the Senate and House of rights as to the Panama Canal; and Representatives of the United States of measures are now pending in both the Whereas, the resulting blocking of the in America in Congress assembled, That this House and Senate: S. 3108, introduced dicated treaties has cleared the way for con Act may be cited as the "Panama Canal by Sena.tor TlluRMOND; H.R. 13834, by structive action by the United States under Modernization Act of 1968". Representative F'Loon; and H.R. 14179, current treaty provisions toward the major increase of capacity and operational improve SEC. 2. (a) The Governor of the Canal Zone, by myself. ment of the existing Panama Canal, now ap under the supervision of the Secretary of the These measures have aroused the in proaching saturation, in line with the pro Army, is authorized and directed to prosecute terest of many employees of the Panama gram for modernization developed in the the work necessary to increase the capacity Canal, including experienced engineers Canal organization during World War II and and improve the operations of the Panama and various canal experts in the United approved by the President Franklin D. Roose Canal through the adaptation of the Third velt, as a post-war project, known as the Ter Locks project set forth in the report of the states. Governor of the Panama Canal, dated Febru The significant development in minal Lake Third Locks Plan; and latest Whereas, this lake-lock proposal being an ary 24, 1939 (House Document Numbered 210, these regards was the adoption at its enlargement and improvement of existing Seventy-sixth Congress), and authorized to April 27 to 28, 1968, convention by the be undertaken by the Act of August 11, 1939 Department of the Panama Canal ZOne 1 Police power. (53 Stat. 1409; Public Numbered 391, Seventy of the American Legion of a notable res- I Armed forces. sixth Congress), with usable lock dimensions · 15832 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 of one hundred and forty feet by one thou designs fOtr the Third Locks project referred deems necessary to carry out effectively its sand two hundred feet by forty-five feet, and to in secition 2 (a) of this Act, to make on functions and activities under this Act. including the following: elimination of the the-site studies and inspections olf the Third SEC. 11. All expenses of the Boa.rd shall Pedro Miguel locks, and consolidation of all Locks project, and to obta.in current informa be allowed and paid upon the presentation Pacific locks near Miraflores in new lock tion on all phases of planning and construc of itemized vouchers therefor approved by structures to correspond with the locks ar tion with respect to suoh project. The Gov the Chairman of the Board or by such other rangements at Gatun, raise the summit water ernor of the Canal Zone shall furnish and member or employee of the Board as the level to approximately ninety-two feet, and make available to the Board at all times cur Chairman may designate. provide a summit-level lake anchorage at the rent information with respect to such plans, SEC. 12. Any provision or provisions of the Pacific end of the canal, together with such designs, and construction. No construction indicated Act of August 11, 1939 (53 Stat. appurtenant structures, works, and facilities, work shall be commenced at any stage of the 1409) or of any oth&" Act inconsistent with, and enlargements or improvements of exist Thd.rd Locks project unless the plans and de or opposed to, any provision or provisions of ing channels, structures, works, and facilities, signs for such work, and all changes and this Act, are hereby repealed and sha.11 be as may be deemed necessary, at a total cost modl:fications of such plans and designs, have of no effect. not to exceed $850,000,000. been submitted by the Governor of the Canal SEc. 13. There are hereby authorized to lie (b) the provisions of the second sentence Zone to, and have had the priot' approval of, appropriated to the Board each fiscal year and the second paragraph of the Act of Au the Board. The Board shall report promp,tly such sums as may be necessa.ry to carry out gust 11, 1939 (53 Stat. 1409; Public Numbered to the Governor of the Canal Zone the re its functions and activities under this Act. 391, Seventy-sixth Congress), shall apply sults of its studies and reviews of all plans with respect to the work authorized by sub and designs, including changes and modifi s. 3108 section (a) of this section. A13 used in such cations thereof, which have been submitted Act the terms "Governor of the Panama to the Board by the Governor of the Canal A blll to provide for the lnc,rease of capacity Canal", "Secretary of War", and "Panama Zone, together with its apl)T'oval or disap and the improvement of operations of the Railroad Company" shall be held and con proml thereof, or its recommendations for Pana.ma Canal, and for other purposes sidered to refer to the "Governor of the Canal changes o:r modifications thereof, and its Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Zone", "Secretary of the Army", and reasons theref0tr. Representatives of the United States of "Pana.ma Canal Company", respectively, for {b) The Boa.rd shall submit to the Presi America in Congress assembled, That this the purposes of this Act. dent and to the Congress an annual report Act may be cited as the "Panama Canal Mod SEC. 3. (a) There is hereby established a covering its activities and functions under ernlzaition Act of 1968". board, to be known as the "Panama Canal Ad this Act and the progress of the work on the SEC. 2. (a) The Governor of the Canal Zone, visory and Inspection Board" (hereinafter re Third Locks project and may submit, in its under the supervision of the Secretary of ferred to as the "Board"). discretion, interim report.s to the President the Army, ls authorized and directed to (b) The Board shall be composed of five and to the Congress with respect to these prosecute the work necessary to increase the members who are citizens of the United matters. capacity and improve the operations ·of the States of America. Members of the Board SEC. 5. For the purpose of conducting all Panama Canal through the adapitatron of shall be appointed by the President, by and studies, reviews, inquiries, and invesitlgatlons the third locks project set forth ln the report with the advice and consent of the Senate, deemed necessary by the Board in carrying of the Governor of the Panama Canal, dated as follows: out its functions and activities under this February 24, 1939 (House Document Num (1) one member from private life, ex Act, the Board ls authorized to utilize any bered 210, Seventy-sixth Congress), and au perienced and skilled in private business (in official reports, documents, data, and papers thorized to be undertaken by the Act of cluding engineering); in the possession of the United States Gov August 11, 1939 (53 Stat. 1409; Public Num (2) two members from private life, ex ernment and i,ts officials; and the Board ts bered 391, Seventy-sixth Congress), with perienced and skilled in the scdence of given power to designate and authorize any usable lock dimensions of one hundred and engineering; member, or either personnel, of the Board, forty feet by one thousand two hundred fee·t (3) one member who is a commissioned to administer oaths and affirmations, sub by forty-five feet, and including the follow officer of the Corps of Engineers, United States pena witnesses, take evidence, procure in ing: elimination of the Pedro Miguel locks, Army (retired); and formation and data, and require the produc and consolidation of all Pacific locks near ( 4) one member who is a commissioned tion of any books, papers, or other docu Miraflores in new lock structures to corre officer of the line, United States Navy ments and records which the Board may spond with the locks arrangements at Gatun, (retired). deem relevant or material to the perform raise the summit water level to approxi (c) The President shall designate as Chair ance of the functions and activities of the mately ninety-two feet, and provide a sum man of the Board one of the members ex Board. Such attendance of witnesses, and mit-level lake anchorage at the Pacific end perienced and sk111ed in the science of the production of documentary evidence, of the canal, together with such appurtenant engineering. may be required from any place ln the United structures, works, and facilities, and en (d) The President shall fill each vacancy on States, or any territory, or any other area largements 0tr improvements of existing the Board in the same manner as the original under the control or jurisdiction of the channels, structures, works, and fac111tl.es, as appointment. United States, including the Canal Zone. may be deemed necessary, at a total cost not ( e) The Board shall cease to exist on that SEC. 6. In carrying out its functions and to exceed $850,000,000. d,a.te designated by the President as the da.te activities under this Act, the Board ls au {b) The provisions of the second sentence on which its work und~ this Act is com thorized to obtain the services of experts and the second paragraph of the Act of Au pleted. and consultants or organizations thexeof in gust 11, 1939 (63 Stat. 1409; Public Numbered (f) The Ohairman of the Board shall be accordance with section 3109 of title 5, 391, Seventy-sixth Congress), shall apply paid basic pay at the rate provided f01' level United States Code, at sales not ln excess with respect to the work authorized by sub II of the Executive Schedule in section 5313 of $200 per diem. section (a) of this section. As used in such of title 5, Undted States Code. The other SEc. 7. Upon request of the Board, the Act, the terms "Governor of the Panama members of the Board appointed from prt head of any department, agency, or estab Canal", "Secretary of War", and "Panama vate life sha.ll be pa.id basic pay at a per ltshment in the executive branch of the Railroad Company" shall be held and con annum rate which ls $500 less than the mte Federal Government ln authorized to detail sidered to refer to the "Governor of the Canal of basic pay olf the Chairman. The members on a reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, Zone", "Secretary of the Army", and "Pan olf the Board who are rettred officers of the for such period or periods as may be agreed ama Canal Company", respectively, for the United Staites Army and the United States upon by the Board and the head of the purposes of this Act. Navy each sh·all be pe.id at a rate of basic agency, or establtshment concerned, any of SEC. 3. {a) There is hereby established a pay which, when added to his pay and allow the personnel of such department, agency, board, to be known as the "Panama Canal ances as a retired officer, wm establish his or establishment to assist the Board in carry Advtsory and Inspection Board" (hereinafter total rate olf pay from the United States at ing out its functions and activities under referred to as the "Board"). a per annum rate which is $500 less than this Act. (b) The Board shall be composed of five the rate of basic pay of the Chairman. SEC. 8. The Board may use the United members who are citizens of the United (g) The Board s.ha.J.1 appodnit, without re States mails in the same manner and upon States of America. Members of the Board giwrd to the ~ovisions of tttle 5, United States the same oond,itions as other departments shall be appointed by the President, by and Code, governing a.ppoinltm.ents in the oom. and agencies of the United States. with the advice and consent of the Senate, petit!ve sei'Vice, a Secretary and such other SEC. 9. The Administrator of General as follows: personnel as ma.y be necessary to carry out Services shall provide, on a reimbursable i"bs :functions and activities and shall :fix their basis, such administrative support services ( 1) one member from private life, experi mt.es of basic pay in accordance with chap for the Board as the Board may request. enced and skllled in private business (in ter 61 and subchapter m of chapter 53 of SEC. 10. The Board may make expendi cluding engineering); such title, relating to Cllasslfloatlon and Gen tures for travel and subsistence expenses of (2) two members from private life, experi eral Schedule pay rates. The Secretary and members and personnel of the Boa.rd in ac enced and skilled in the science of engineer other personnel of the Board shall serve at cordance with chapter 57 of title 5, United ing; the pleasure of the Board. States Code, for rent of quarters at the sea.t (3·) one member who is a commissioned SEC. 4. (a) The Board ls authorized and of government and in the Canal Zone, and officer of the Corps of Engineers, United directed to study and review all plans and for such printing and binding as the Board States Army (retired); and June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15833 ( 4) one member who is a commissioned duction of any books, papers, or other docu locks arrangements at Gatun, raise the sum officer of the line, United· States Navy ments and records which the Board maJ mit water level to approximately ninety-two (retired). deem relevant or material to the perform feet, and provide a summit-level lake anchor ( c) The President shall designate as Chair ance of the functions and activities of the age at the Pacific end of the canal, together man of the Board one of the members ex Board. Such attendance of witnesses, and with such appurtenant structures, works, perienced and skilled in the science of en the production of documentary evidence, and facilities, and enlargements or improve gineering. may be required from any place in the ments of existing channels, structures, works, (d) The President shall fill each vacancy United States, or any territory, or any other and facilities, as may be deemed necessary, at on the Board in the same manner as the area under the control or jurisdiction of the a total cost not to exceed $850,000,000. original appointment. United States, including the Canal Zone. (b) The provisions of the second sentence ( e) The Board shall cease to exist on that SEC. 6. In carrying out its functions and and the second paragraph of the Act of date designated by the President as the date activities under this Act, the Board is au August 11, 1939 (53 Stat. 1409; Public Num on which its work under this Act is com thorized to obtain the services of experts bered 391, Seventy-sixth Congress), shall ap pleted. and consultants or organizations thereof in ply with respect to the work authorized by (f) The Chairman of the Board shall be accordance with section 3109 of title 5, subsection (a) of this section. As used in paid basic pay at the rate provided for level United States Code, at rates not in excess of such Act, the terms "Governor of the Pan II of the Executive Schedule in section 5313 $200 per diem ama Cana.I", "Secretary of War", and "Pan of title 5, United States Code. The other SEC. 7. Upon request of the Board, the ama Railroad Company" shall be held and members of the Board appointed from pri head of any department, agency, or estab considered to refer to the "Governor of the vate life shall be paid basic pay at a per lishment in the executive branch of the Fed Canal Zone", "Secretary of the Army•', and annum rate which is $500 less than the rate eral Government is authorized to detail, on a "Panama Canal Company", respectively, for of basic pay of the Chairman. The members reimbursable or nonreimbursable basis, for the purposes of this Act. of the Board who are retired officers of the such period or periods as may be agreed SEc. 3. (a) There is hereby established a United States Army and the United States upon by the Board and the head of the de board, to be known as the "Panama Canal Navy each shall be paid at a rate of basic pay partment, agency, or establishment con Advisory and Inspection Board" (hereinafter which, when added to his pay and allow cerned, any of the personnel of such depart referred to as the "Board"). ances as a retired officer, will establish his ment, agency, or establishment to assist the (b) The Boa.rd shall be composed of five total rate of pay from the United States at Board in carrying out its functions and ac members who are citizens of the United a per annum rate which is $500 less than tivities under this Act. States of America. Members of the Board the rate of basic pay of the Chairman. SEC. 8. The Board may use the United shall be appointed by the President, by and (g) The Board shall appoint, without re States mails in the same manner and upon with the advice and consent of the Senate, gard to the provisions of title 5, United the same conditions as other departments as follows: States Code, governing appointments in the and agencies of the United States. (1) one member from private life, experi competitive service, a secretary and such SEC. 9. The Administrator of General Serv enced and skilled in private business (in other personnel as may be necessary to carry ices shall provide, on a reimbursable basis, cluding engineering); out its functions and activities and shall fix suoh administrative support services for the (2) two members from private life, experi their rates of basic pay in accordance With Boal'd as the Board may request. enced and skilled in the science of engi chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 SEC. 10. The Board may make expenditures neering; of such title, relating to classification and for travel and subsistence expenses of mem (3) one member who is a commissioned General Schedule pay rates. The secretary bers and personnel of the Board in accord officer of the Corps of Engineers, United and other personnel of the Board shall serve ance with chapter 57 of title 5, United States States Army (retired); and at the pleasure of the Board. Code, for rent of quarters at th·e seat of gov (4) one member who is a commissioned SEC. 4. (a) The Board is authorized and ernment and in the Canal Zone, and for such officer of the line, United States Navy (re directed to study and review all plans and printing and bmding as the Board deems tired). designs for the third locks project referred necessary to carry out effectively its func (c) The President shall designate as Chair to in section 2(a) of this Act, to make on tions and activities under this Act. man of the Board one of the members experi the-site studies and inspections of the third SEC. 11. All expenses of the Board shall be enced and skilled in the science of engi locks project, and to obtain current infor allowoo and paid upon the presentation of neering. mation on all phases of planning and con itemized vouchers therefor approved by the (d) The President shall fill each vacancy struction with respect to such project. The Chairman of the Board or by such other on the Board in the same manner as the Governor of the Canal Zone shall furnish member or employee of the Board as the original appointment. and make available to the Board at all times Chairman may designate. (e) The Board shall cease to exist on that current information With respect to such SEC. 12. Any provision or provl&ions of date designated by the President as the date plans, designs, and construction. No con the indicated Act of August 11, 1939 (53 on which its work under this Act is com struction work shall be commenced at any Stat. 1409) or Of any other Act inconsistent pleted. stage of the third locks project unless the with, or opposed to, any provision or pro (f) The Chairman of the Board shall be plans and designs for such work, and all visions of this Act, are hereby repealed paid basic pay at the rate provided for level changes and modifications of such plans and and shall be of no effect. II of the Executive Schedule in section 5313 designs, have been submitted by the Gov SEC. 13. There are hereby authorized to be of title 5, United States Code. The other ernor of the Canal Zone to, and have had appropriated to the Board each fisoal year members of the Boa.rd appointed from private the prior approval of, the Board. The Board such sums as may be necessary to carry out life shall be pa.id basic pay at a per annum shall report promptly to the Governor of the its funotions and activities under th!s Act. rate which is $500 less than the rate of basic Canal Zone the results of its studies and pay of the Chairman. The members of the reviews of all plans and designs, including H.R.13834 Board who are retired officers of the United changes and modifications thereof, which A biH to provide for the increase of ca.pa.city States Army and the United States Navy have been submitted to the Board by the and the improvement of operaitions of the each shall be paid at a rate of basic pay Governor of the Canal Zone, together with Panama Canal, and flor other purposes which, when added to his pay and allow its approval or disapproval thereof, or its Be it enacted by the Senate and House o/ ances as a retired officer, will establish his recommendations for changes or modifica Representatives of the United States of total rate of pay from . the United States tions thereof. and its reasons therefor. America in Congress assembled, That this at a per annum rate which is $500 less than (b) The Board shall submit to the Presi Act may be cited as the "Pana.ma. Oslnal the rate of basic pay of the Chairman. dent and to the Congress an annual report Modernization Act of 1968". (g) The Board shall appoint, without re covering its activities and functions under SEc. 2. (a) The Governor of the Oanal Zone, gard to the provisions of title 5, United this Act and the progress of the work on the under the supervision of the Secretary of the States Code, governing appointments in the third locks project and may submit, in its Anny, is authortzed and directed to prosecute competitive service, a Secretary and such discretion, interim reports to the President the work necessary to in<:rease the capacity other personnel as may be necessary to carry and to the Congress with respect to these and improve the operations o! the Pa:na.ma out its functions and activities and shall fix matters. Oanal through the adaptation of the Third their rates of basic pay in accordance With SEc. 5. For the purpose of conducting all Locks project set forth in the report of the chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter studies, reviews, inquires, and investigations Governor Of the Pana.ma Canal, dated Feb 53 of such title, relating to classification and deemed necessary by the Board in carrying ruary 24, 1939 (House Document Numbered General Schedule pay rates. The Secretary out its functions and activities under this 210, Seventy-sdxtb. Congress), and authorized and other personnel of the Board shall serve Act, the Board is authorized to ut111ze any to be undertaken by the Act of August 11, at the pleasure of the Board. official reports, documents, data, and papers 1939 (53 Stat. 1409; Public Numbered 391, SEc. 4. (a) The Board is authorized and in the possession of the United States Gov Seventy-sixth Congress), with usable lock directed to study and review all plans and ernment and its officials; and the Board dimensions of one hundred and forty feet by designs for the Third Locks project referred is given power to. designate and authorize one thousand two hundred feet by forty-five to in section 2(a) of this Act, to make on any member, or other personnel, of the Board, feet, and including the following: elimina the-site studies and inspections of the Third to administer oaths and affirmations, sub tion of the Pedro Miguel Locks, and consoli Locks project, and to obtain current infor pena witnesses, take evidence, procure in dation of all Pacific locks near Miraflores in mation on all phases of planning and con forma tlon and data, and require the pro- new lock structures to correspond with the struction with respect to such project. The 15834 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 Those a.t'l'eSted are kept 1n slave prison Governor of the Canal Zone shall furnish member or employee of the Boe.rd as the Chairman may designate. camps in Mardovian Republic under con and make available to the Board at all times ditions which defy human imagination. This current information with respect to such SEC. 12. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Board each fiscal year real "Pogrom" of the Ukrainian intellectuals plans, designs, and construction. No con in scope and intensity surpassed the tria.J.s struction work shall be commenced at any such sums as may be necessary to carry out its functions and activities undet" this Act. publicized by the Kremlin of Sinyawsky and stage of the Third Locks project unless the Daniel. plans and designs for such work, and all Recently the International press has been changes and modifications of such plans and providing a vast amount of documentation designs, have been submitted by the Gover on the suppression of Ukrainian culture. Sev nor of the Canal Zone to, and have had the THE PERSECUTION OF INTELLEC eral factual and penetrating articles by Peter prior approval of, the Board. The Board shall TUALS IN THE UKRAINE Worthington published in the Toronto Tele report promptly to the Governor of the Canal gram; articles in the New York Leader of Zone the results of its studies and reviews N.Y.; London Times in Feb. 7, 1968; New of all plans and designs, including changes HON. MILTON R. YOUNG York Times and others devoted extensive and modifications thereof, which have been OF NORTH DAKOTA coverage on the subject. There were articles submitted to the Board by the Governor of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES that featured extensive coverage on penetrat the Canal Zone, together with its approval ing Ukrainian injustices and suppression of or disapproval thereof, or its recommenda Monday, June 3, 1968 freedom in manuscripts from France, Ger tions for changes or modifications thereof, Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr. many, and Italy. In the United States the and its reasons therefor. President, one of the most steadfastly articles on the subject appeared in the Regis (b) The Board shall submit to the President ter of Santa Ana of California; the Star and to the Congress an annual report cover patriotic organizations in the State of Ledger of New Jersey; and in the Minot Daily ing its activities and functions under this North Dakota is the Ukrainian Congress News 1n North Dakota. Act and the progress of the work on the Committee, headed by its very capable We give you this information so that lt Third Locks project and may submit, 1n ~ts and effective president, Dr. Anthony may be brought to the attention of the discretion, interim reports to the President Zukowsky, of Steele, N. Dak. This orga United States Congress on the persecution and to the Congress with respect to these nization, like many groups of foreign that now exists in the Ukraine. matters. origin, is fiercely loyal to the United Enclosed you will find additional informa SEc. 5. For the purpose of conducting all tive material and Resolutions adopted at studies, reviews, inquiries, and investigations States· a..t the same time, its members mass rallies. deemed necessary by the Board in carrying contin~e to battle for freedom and jus We wish to point out that this material out its functions and activities under this tice for their countrymen still in the contains the names of arrested intellectuals Act, the Board is authorized to utilize any Ukraine. namely, Catherina Zarytska, Odarka Husak, official reports, documents, data., and papers A series of mass rallies were held and Halyna Didyk, all of whom were Ukrain in the poesession of the United States Gov April 28, 1968, in North Dakota and ian Red Cross workers. They were sentenced ernment and its officials; and the Board is around the country, protesting the to twenty years at hard labor. given power to designate and authorize any Yury Shukhevych at the age of 15 years member, or other personnel, of the Board, to persecution of intellectuals in the was sentenced to twenty years just because administer oaths and affirmations, subpena Ukraine. One such terrible instance oc he was the son of a General. witnesses, take evidence, procure informa curred when a 15-year-old boy was sen Therefore, on behalf of all Americans of tion and data, and require the production tenced to 20 years in prison merely be Ukrainian descent I urgently request that of any books, papers, or other documents cause he was the son of a general. you use your position and influence on the and records which the Board may deem Mr. President, I ask unanimous con judicial measures and the International Con relevant or material to the performance of sent to have printed in the Extensions trol through the United Nations Human the functions and activities of the Boe.rd. Rights Division for the protection of politi Such attendance of witnesses, and the pro of Remarks a letter I have received from cal, civil, economic, social, and cultural rights duction of documentary evidence, may be re Dr. Zukowsky, an editorial published in of the Ukrainian people. quired from any place in the United States, the New York Times, an article, and res Thank you in advance, I remain or any territory, or any other area under the olutions adopted by the North Dakota Respectfully, control or jurisdiction of the United States, Ukrainians. These all call attention to Dr. ANTHONY ZUKOWSKY, including the Canal Zone. the protests and efforts of these people President. SEC. 6. In carrying out its functions and to correct a terrible wrong. activities under this Act, the Board is au [From the New York Times, Feb. 10, 1968] thorized to obtain the services of experts and There being no objection, the items were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, FERMENT IN UKRAINE consultants or organizations thereof in ac The infamous judicial frame-ups of dissi cordance with section 3109 of title 5, United as follows: States Code, at rates not in excess of $200 per dent literary intellectuals in Moscow in re UKRAINIAN CONGRESS COMMITTEE cent years are apparently only part of a diem. 01' AMERICA, INC., STATE BRANCH broader revival of Soviet secret police activity SEC. 7. Upon request of the Boord, the head OF NORTH DAKOTA, and ruthlessness. of any department, agency or establishment Fargo, N. Dak., May 10, 1968. That is the clear meaning of the recent in the executive branch of the Federal Gov Hon. MILTON R. YOUNG, revelations about the persecution of inde ernment is authorized to detail, on a reim U.S. Senator, U.S. Senate Building, Wash pendent-minded Ukrainian intellectuals who bursable or nonreimbursable basis, for such ington, D.a. have learned the hard way tha.t today's KGB period or periods as may be agreed upon by DEAR SENATOR YOUNG: This is to advise you has forgotten none of the tricks of Stalin's th.El Board and the head of the department, that on April 28, 1968 mass rallies were held old NKVD. And the Ukrainian heretics have agency, or establishment concerned, any of throughout the United States including also had to learn at high cost that slave-la the personnel of such departm.ent, agency, o;r North Dakota protesting the persecution of bor camps like those in which Solzhenitsyn's establishment to assist the Board in carrying intellectuals in Ukraine. For more than a Ivan Denisovych underwent his ordeal belong out its functions and activities under this year now the unconfirmed news of attack to contemporary Soviet life, not merely to Act. upon Ukrainian intellectuals has been filter history. SEC. 8. The Board may use the United ing out of Ukraine. But an important element distinguishes States mails in the same manner and upon A manuscript entitled "Portraits of Twenty the Ukrainian terror campaign from that in the same conditions as other departments Criminals" written by a 30-yr. old Vya.cheslav Moscow. The secret police ls hounding the and agencies of the United States. M. Chormovil, a Ukrainian TV Journalist Ukrainian intellectuals because of their na SEc. 9. The Administrator of General who attended the trials in his official tionalism, a sentiment which has been reborn Services shall provide, on a reimbursable capacity and witnessed the flagrant violation in a generation conceived and raised under basis, such administrative support services of human rights by the Soviet courts and Soviet rule. A Ukrainian does not have to be for the Board as the Board may request. secret police has been smuggled out of very perceptive to grasp the fact that the SEc. 10. The Boe.rd may make expenditures Ukraine. vaunted equality of peoples in the Soviet for travel and subsistence expenses of mem over 200 Ukrainian professors, poets, Union ls a sham. bers and personnel of the Boa.rd 1n accord writers, scientists, and literary critics were In great Ukrainian cities like Kiev, Khar ance with chapter 57 of title 5, United States arrested on charges of anti-Soviet propa kov and Odessa., Ukrainian language and Code, for rent of quarters at the sea.t of gov ganda and agitation. These intellectuals were culture occupy the role of poor relations to ernment and 1n the Canal Zone, and for tried behind closed doors under Article 62 of the Russian language and culture. Moscow such printing and binding as the Board the criminal code of the Ukrainian SSR 1n obviously fears that sensitivity to such af deems necessary to carry out effectively its open defiance of the Judicial and Constttu fronts may make some Ukrainians reflect functions and activities under this Act. tional system. These Ukrainian intellectuals that if Ukraine were independent it.a rich SEC. 11. All expenses of the Board shall be did not commit a crime since they were natural resources, highly developed modem allowed and paid upon the presentation of defending their culture and language against industry and educated population would put itemized vouchers therefor approved by the forced Russiflcation imposed upon the it on a par with nations like France and Chairman of the Boa.rd or by such other Ukrainian people. West Germany. June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15835 Outside the Communist bloc Moscow's Now, a White Book on the trials and con sal Declaration of Human Rights and the propaganda seeks to inflame nationalism as victions of Ukrainian intellectuals has been Soviet constitution: it provides punishment a force against the West, cheering on Arabs smuggled out of Ukraine and published in for "agitation or propaganda. for the purpose against Israel, Angolans against Portugal, Ukrainian by the Ukrainian publication of undermining the Soivet rule ..." and Hong Kong Chinese against the British. Ukrainske Slovo (Ukrainian World} in Paris. Communist Russia's violation of human Can there be any surprise then that intelli The book provides irrefutable proof of the rights in Ukraine constitutes also a crass gent non-Russians in the Soviet Union see veritable pogrom of Ukrainian intellectual negation of the sovereignty Ukraine's "en the aptness of this anti-colonial propaganda life in Ukraine conducted by Moscow. En joys" in terms of the Soviet and Ukrainian to their own situation, problems and aspira titled, Portraits of 20 •criminals/ it was writ constitutions. Art. 14 of the Soviet consti tions? ten by 30-year-old Vyacheslav M. Chornovil, tution and Art. 17 of the Ukrainian SSR con a Ukrainian TV journalist and himself a stitution provide the Ukrainian SSR with DESTRUCTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN UKRAINE member of the Comsomol organization. In the right to secede from the USSR and to For the past three years the Soviet govern his official capacity he attended the trials of conduct its own life independently. merut has been conducting an unpublicized "Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists" in Odessa, This right, like the U.N. Universal Declara but nonetheless ruthless campaign of arrests, Lviv and Kiev and witnessed the flagrant tion of Human Rights, is treated by the Rus trials and convictions of Ukrainian writers, violations of human rights on the part of the sian Communist leaders as a mere scrap of poets, Journalists, professors, students and Soviet courts and secret police. He gathered paper. other men and women of intellect. material, made transcripts of secret trials, The overwhelming abundance of evidence Unlike the trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel and collected depositions and petitions from. demonstrating Communist Russia's violation in and the recent trial of Ginzberg and Dobro prisoners whom he considered innocent. He of human rights Ukraine and the vehe volsky in Moscow, the arrests and trials in then wrote official protests, demanding rectifl ment denial to the Ukrainian people of the Ukraine have never been publicly acknowl cation of the injustice in Ukraine. For his right of self-determination prove that Ukraine is still a captive nation, ruled more edged by the Soviet government. Literally, pains, he was arrested and tried in Lviv, and not a word has appeared in the Soviet press condemned to 3 years at hard labor on No harshly than ever by colonialist Russia, per .about the arrests, trials and oonvictions and, vember 15, 1967 . petrator of genocide and violator of human in many oases, the relatives of the victims On the basis of Chornovil's manuscript, a rights on a subhuman scale. have not been notified'. officially. series of articles have appeared in the world And yet the extent and depth of the re press. Several factual and penetrating articles RESOLUTIONS pression of Ukrainian intellectuals by Mos by Peter Worthington have been published Adopted April 28, 1968, North Dakota. eow has amounted to a veritable pogrom. by The Toronto Telegram. The New Leader (1) This year, in which the entire world Beginning in August, 1965, hundreds of of New York in its issue of January 15, 1968 is observing the 20th anniversary of the Uni Ukrainian intellectuals have been arrested published the petition of Svyatoslav Y. versal Declaration of Human Rights, which Karavansky, which was sent to the Council in suoh Ukrainian cities as Kiev, Lviv, Odessa, has been proclaimed by the United Nations lvano-Frankivsk (Stanyslaviv), Lutsk, Zhy of Nationalities of the USSR. On February General Assembly as "International Hum.an 7, 1968, The Times of London carried a long tomyr and Ternopil; a series of secret trials Rights Year," and which is to be devoted to have subsequently been held at which article on Chornovil's revelations. The New the realization of decisions and enactments York Times devoted extensive coverage to regarding human rights-we raise our voices Ukrainian intellectuals have received long the subject on February 8 and 9, 1968, in sentences at ha.rd labor. At these trials, all in the defense of those fundamental human cluding an editorial on February 10, 1968. On the basic processes of law have been violated rights of Ukrainians which have been tram or ignored by the Soviet courts and the KGB February 11, 1968, The Observer of London pled upon by the Soviet Russian regime, as (the Soviet secret police), which body fre featured an extensive and penetrating anal well as in the defense of the Ukrainian na ysis of the Ukrainian cases by Edward Crank tion, enslaved by Soviet Russia and sub quently has acted as accuser, prosecutor a.nd shaw. Also in London appeared an article by judge. Most of those arrested are young men jected by it to a process of systematic de Gabriel Lorince in the February 23, 1968 issue struction. and worn.en, almost all of them reared under of New Statesman. Penetrating articles and the Soviet system, and possessing no connec (2) The so-called Ukrainian Soviet Social commentaries on the plight of the Ukrainian ist Republic, in theory an independent state tions with the Ukrainians outside Ukraine. intellectuals appeared in Die Welt of Ham All of them have been charged with "anrt:.1- with a separate government, is in reality a burg, Die Sued-Deutsche Zeitung of Munich, mere colony of Russia which rules Ukra.ine Soviet" nationalist writings, "anti-Soviet agi Le Moncle of Paris and L'Osservatore Romano taition and propaganda," and the like. In of Rome. with an iron hand, without a genuine con many oases, too, these Ukrainian intellectuals sent of the governed. Ukraine is rigidly sub The Ukrainian Congress Committee of ordinated to the central government in Mos have been accusoo of glorifying the Ukrain America, working closely with the Secretariat ian past, reading prerevolutl.onary books by of the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, cow; all Ukrainian ministries are controlled Ukrainian authors banned in Ukraine, and has designated April 28, 1968 as a day of by the Moscow Government. The bulk of the copying and disseminating secretly speeches protest against the inhuman and brutal industrial and agricultural production of of Western leaders, as for exa.m,ple, an en violation of human rights in Ukraine com Ukraine is destined to other parts of the So cyclical of Pope John XXIII and the address mitted by Communist Russia. Mass rallies, viet Union or for export, to compete with the of former President Dwight D. Eisenhower manifestations, public meetings and gath United States and the free world; Ukraine which he delivered at the unve111ng of the erings will be held in an major American receives little in return. Taras Shevchenko monument on June 27, cities, as well as in other countries with (3) Despite provisions in both the Soviet 1964, in Washington, D.C. Ukrainian populations. and Ukrainian Constitutions for a "free ex None of these arrested h.ave either been Special petitions and memoranda are being ercise of religion," Communist Russian perse saboteurs or anti-government "wreckers." As prepared for submission to the International cution of all churches in Ukraine is un Edward Crankshaw, the noted British Sovi Conference on Human Rights (which will be matched in ruthlessness in the history of etologi&t, puts it, they di1scussed among held from April 22 to May 13, 1968 in Teheran, mankind. In 1930 Moscow destroyed the themselves and among their friends, ways Iran, to the U.N. Human Rights Commission, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and mee.ns of legally resisting the forcible as well as to the U.S. Government and other by executing over 30 archbishops and bishops Riuseiflcation otf Ukraine and the continued governments of the free world. and imprisoning over 20,000 priests and destruction of its culture. Some otf them pro U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Arthur J. monks. In 1945-46 the Moscow government tested against the unbridled persecution otf Goldberg, in a debate in the U.N. Human destroyed the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the national minorities, notably the Jews; Rights Commission on March 8, 1968, as Western Ukraine by imprisoning its 11 they accused the Soviet government cxr in sailed the Soviet Union for its violations of bishops and over 2,000 priests, monks and human depor1,aitlo.ns ot the Baltic people and Art. 19 o! the U.N. Universal Declaration o! nuns. Furthermore, Moscow persistently har the "llquida.tion." of such ethnic groups as Human Rights, which says: asses and persecutes other religious groups the Orlmean Tartars, Volga Germans, Che "Everyone has the right to freedom of opin in Ukraine: Jews, Baptists, Lutherans, Sev chen-lngush and Ka.raoha.1s. They assailed ion and expression; this right includes free enth Day Adventists and Moslems. It deprives the systematic influx of Russians into the dom to hold opinion without interference over one m1llion Ukrainian Jews of their tra UkrainLan, Latvian, Lithuainian, Estonian, and to seek, receive and impart information ditional religion by closing synagogues and Byelorussia.n and other non-Russian cities, and ideas through any media and regardless terrorizing worshippers. where they occupy well-paying a.nd preferred of frontiers." (4) The Communist Russian regime is posttions ait; the expense of the native non Ironically enough, the Soviet constitution guilty of outright genocide in Ukraine. In Russta.n inhabitants. speaks eloquently on the same subject: the periodic man-made famines which rav The Ukrainian press in the free world has "In conformity with the interests of work aged Ukraine in 1922, 1932-33 and 1946-47 been replete with information reg,a.rding the ers and for the purpose of strengthening the no fewer than 7 ,000,000 Ukrainians perished persecution of the Ukrainian intellectuals, Socialist system of the USSR, the law guar from starvation. The 1932-33 famine was or and in 1966 the lntern.a.ttona.J. press broke its antees: a) Freedom o! speech; b) Freedom ganized and sustained by the Kremlin as a stlenoe by reporting the arrest and trial of ot the press; c) Freedom ot assembly and means to force Ukrainian !armers into col two UkraJn1a.n poets, Ivan Svitlychny and meetings; d} Freedom of processions and lective farms. By systematic deportations as Ivan Dzyuba.. demonstrations on the street." punlshlnent for "crimes" several million By the beginning of 1968 the international Yet Art. 62 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainians have perished in the wilderness press was providing a vast amount of docu Ukrainian SSR, under which Ukrainian in ot Siberia. mentation on the suppression of Ukrainian tellectuals are being tried and convicted, in (5) The Soviet Russian government, fol culture in Ukraine by Moscow. escapably contradicts both the U.N. Univer- lowing in the footsteps of its predecessors, 15836 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 the Russian Czars, relentlessly pursues a people in violation of the United Nations NATIONAL MARITIME POLICY policy of cultural russification aimed at the Declaration of Human Rights. creation of a "soviet man" who in essence 1s a Russian. Thus, the Moscow government is HON. WILLIAM B. SPONG, JR. progressively curta111ng the use of the OF VIRGINIA Ukrainian language. Most schools in Ukraine TAINTED MEAT-TAIN'T NECES IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES are russified, including the eight universi SARILY SO ties at which most subjects are taught in Monday, June 3, 1968 Russian. Moscow has established a network of Russian schools in Ukraine, while at the HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE Mr. SPONG. Mr. President, while same time it denies the right to set up visiting Newport News, Va., recently, it Ukrainian schools to some 8-9 m1llion OF IOWA was my pleasure to meet a young man Ukrainians living in the Russian USSR. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES named Dennis Lee Napier, a student at ( 6) In the last few years some voices of Monday, June 3, 1968 Warwick High School, who won first protest against this state of affairs have be place in an essay contest sponsored by gun to be heard in Ukraine, long before the Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, the Na the Propeller Club of Newport News and arrest of a few Russian intellectuals such as tional Observer in its May 20 issue con who was among the national winners Yuli M. Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky. These tains a lengthy article which indicates are the voices of writers, poets, journalists, in a competition of the Propeller Club that the U.S. Department of Agriculture of the United States. It is noteworthy professors, students and other intellectuals, conducted a biased survey and prepared all young people reared under the Soviet sys that this is the 13th time a student from tem and without any connections with doctored reports in order to press Con Newport News has been a national win Ukrainians in the western world. The Moscow gress into passing the Wholesome Meat ner of the contest. government has reacted with its typical ruth Act of 1967. His paper, entitled "The American lessness and is at this very time engaged in This article by writer Joe Western was Merchant Marine--Key to Defense and wholesale arrests and trials of these young included in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Trade," cogently expresses the need for Ukrainian inteUec:tuaJs. They are being tried May 28 at the request of Representative and given severe sentences for such crimes a revitalization of our merchant marine. CATHERINE MAY, of Washington. I ask unanimous consent that the as "anti-Soviet nationalist writings," glorifi An editorial in the same issue of the cation of the Ukrainian past, distribution of essay be printed in the Extensions of Re books by pre-revolutionary Urkrainian au Observer points out that the same fraud marks. thors now banned in Ukraine, and secret ulent tactics could be used at any time by the Agriculture Department or any There being no objection, the essay circulation of speeches of Western lead was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ers. Since 1965 many intellectuals have other of the powerful bureaucracies with been sentenced to long prison terms in the U.S. Government. as follows: on such charges, among them: Vyachesla.v The unethical manipulation of the THE AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE-KEY TO Chorovil, a journalist; Mykhaylo Horyn, a truth used by the Agriculture Depart DEFENSE AND TRADE literary critic; Ivan Kandyba, a writer; Lev For the United States of America, as for Lukya.nenko, a lawyer; Svya.toslav Kara ment in this case can only destroy the any industrial nation that relies on trade and vansky, a poet and literary translator; Stepan public trust in the Government. I com commerce with foreign countries for its eco Vyrun; Opanas Zalyvakha, an artist-painter, mend the Observer editorial to the at nomic strength, the need for a strong and and a.bout 200 others. One of the well-known tention of my colleagues: efficient merchant marine is of utmost im prisoners is Yuriy Shukhevych, who was ar A HOAX OVER MEAT portance. The United States has achieved a rested in 1948 at the age of 15 and is spend There 1s more involved than an indiscreet level of economic prominence never before ing his 20th year in the Soviet Russian jails. Government memo; there is more involved reached in the history of the world. To insure His crime: being the son of a prominent even, than the problem of adequate meat the continued achievement of the United Ukrainian underground leader who was killed inspection. What is involved is no less than States, we must maintain a strong and effi by the Soviets in 1950. the proper functioning of the democratic cient merchant marine, for both economic (7) In reality, these young intellectuals process. stability and for our national security and demanded and are demanding recognition It is now painfully clear, from reporter Joe defense. and respect for the Ukrainian language and Western's story beginning on Page One of Rear Admiral Gordon McLintock recently culture in Ukraine. As stated by Ivan Kandy this newspaper, that the U.S. Department of stated, "A nation without a strong merchant ba, one of the imprisoned, they have come Agriculture conducted a biased, quickie "sur marine is a one-legged athlete in today's to the conclusion that "for the normal de vey" and prepared doctored reports in a high race." The danger of relying on the shipping velopment of the Ukrainian nation and its pressure effort to push a new meat inspection of foreign countries lies in the fac,t that we statehood, Ukraine should secede from the law through Congress. If this were not ap are then at the mercy of foreign competitors Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, accord palUng enough, officials now try to justify who could boost freight charges and drive ing to Article 14 and Article 17 of the Con what they did by saying they already knew American manufacturers out of foreign mar stitutions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist that conditions in non-Federally inspected kets. For any industrial nation, this 1s living Republic and of the Union of Soviet So meat plants were poor, and that they were very dangerously.1 cialist Republics, respectively, and should be simply complying with congressional re The American merchant marine is a vital come an absolutely independent and sov quests for fresh "evidence." part of our national defense. Often referred ereign state." In other words, they already knew what to as the "fourth arm of defense," the mer In this International Human Rights Year, was good for the public; the Agriculture De chant marine is also "capable of serving as a we, the Ukrainians of North Dakota call partment needed no new studies nor cur navaJ and military auxiliary in time of war." 2 the attention of enlightened public opinion rent evidence, but would supply vivid fac In wars against France from 1798 to 1800, to the cruel persecution of these Ukrainian similies of both if that was what Congress against the Barbary pirates from 1783 to intellectuals for demanding for Ukraine the wanted. After all, the good end would justify 1805, and against Britain in 1777 and again very human rights proclaimed in the Uni the fraudulent means. Surely none would from 1812 to 1815, the American merchant versal Declaration of Human Rights. Despite speak of a hoax. marine proved it was a vital part of our all declarations, human rights have mean Yet there is no other word for it. Fur national defense. ing only if they are available equally to ther, the same thing can happen again, in Many present merchant marine sailors are every man regardless of his nationality or the Agriculture Department or in any of the veterans of World War II. During the war cltizenship . other, and powerful, bureaucracies that have the merchant marine again proved it was a We express our solidarity with the stand been set up to serve, not decieive, the public. vital part of our national defense by serving of the brave Ukrainian intellectuals in de In a democracy, the public should be able as a fighting unit. Merchant sailors fought fense of human rights in Ukraine, and call to trust its elected and appointed govern with guns between 1941 and 1945, and 5,600 on all fellow Minnesotans and fellow Amer ment officials-trust them to tell the truth, of them gave their lives in devotion to the icans who believe in human rights to join and trust them to enact and enforce the laws United States. us in this solidarity. without bias. If these officials choose to di At the present time the American mer In addition, we strongly urge the United vorce themselves from the public to lie to the chant marine is supplying our fighting forces public they deceive themselves as well by in Vietnam, again proving the vital part the Nations International Human Rights Con pretending they serve the public interest. ference to institute an immediate investi merchant marine plays in our defense. They do no such thing. Unfortunately, the present condition of gation of the violation of human rights by It is now up to Congress, through its ap the American merchant marine is not as the Soviet government in Ukraine. We also propriate committees, to open a formal in appeal to the United Nations to prevail upon vestigation into "Special Project Quick, Quiet, 1 Morril, George P., "The United States the Soviet Union, as a signatory to the United and Confidential"-to keep the Federal bu Merchant Marine," Holiday, 23: 64-68, Sep Nations Human Rights Declaration, to ad reaucracies honest, and to show the people tember 1963. here to its principles and rectify the gross that their lawmakers do not like being taken 2 Hicks, John D., The American Nation, injustice committed against the Ukrainian in by hoaxes. p. 589. June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15837 strong and efficient as it should be. "The sels on the essential world trade routes. In York road when the owner went on vacation United States should have shipping adequate 1967, the Budget Bureau allocated $85 mil or went out of town. to maintain its normal :flow of water-borne lion to the Maritime Administration for sub ENLISTED IN OCTOBER commerce at all times" lL-yet, in the year of sidies to ship builders. 1967, United States :flag ships carried only Another hope for the American merchant Private Cassidy enlisted in the Army on 7.9 per cent of the total United States com marine is the container cargo concept. The October 11 and, after training in Texas and mercial sea trade.' For any industrial nation, present cost of loading and unloading aves Louisiana, left for Vietnam in April. this is living dangerously. sel constitutes more than half the total cost Mrs. Oassidy saJ.d she received a letter from "The merchant marine should be composed of transport. Container cargoes save time in her son last Friday, the day he was reported of the best equipped, safest, and most suit ports, allow more time at sea, prevent dam killed. "He told me things were bad and that he able types of vessels" 1-yet, 72 per cent of age, and cost less, and the container ships the existing merchant :fleet is "composed of can operate Without Government subsidies. didn't see how 'any of us will ever get out Another hope for the future is the use of alive.' He wanted me to send him a cold obsolescent, inefficient, and uneconom1cal drink," she said. ships." 6 These ships are obsolescent in the atomic power in ships. Edward A. Garma.tz proclaimed, "The new container ships now Besides his parents, he is survived by a fact that they are over twenty years old brother, John L. Cassidy, and his maternal the accepted retirement time for any vessel. being produced, if oombined with nuclear power plants, are the answer to restoring the grandparents, Mrs. Merrell Mullens, of Balti In total number of ships, the United States more, and Ezra E. Mullens, of Brownsville, is ranked second to Great Britain, With 3,416 merchant marine." 12 Texas. ships with 21,527,349 tons: Of this total, The United States must have a strong mer some 9,500,000 tons of shipping are in the chant marine-it is our duty to see that she HIGH SCHOOL, NAVY RESERVE reserve :fleet of inactive vessels. This places has one. Petty Officer Durbin, a native of Cumber the United States fourth, behind Britain, land, was graduated in 1965 from Fort Hill Liberia, and Norway, on the list of active High School in Cumberland. merchant :fleets.7 MARYLAND MEDIC AND SAILOR While in high school he served in the Navy The United States ranks even worse in KILLED IN ACTION Reserve. He went on active duty shortly after building new vessels. In 1966, the United graduation. States was ranked fourteenth With only 45 After serving aboard the U.S.S. Gainard, a vessels under construction or on order.8 destroyer based in Newport, R.I., he reen HON. CLARENCE D. LONG listed in April 1967, and volunteered for How could this happen to the American OF MARYLAND merchant marine-the pride of the oceans river assault duty in South Vietnam. only twenty years ago? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Surviving besides his parents, are his We are in this situation because our ship Monday, June 3, 19·68 stepmother, Mrs. Delores Durbin, and a sis lines cannot compete with low wage crews on ter, Miss Beverly Ann Durbin, both of Cum foreign ships, and our shipyards cannot pro Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, berland, and two stepsisters, Mrs. Carol Lash duce ships as chea.ply as foreign shipyards. Pfc. William E. Cassidy and P02 Ronald brook and Mrs. Doris Wirtley, both of Cape With the prosperity that we enjoy in Amer Wayne Durbin, two fine young men from Kennedy, Fla. ica, we must accept the fact that American Maryland, were killed recently in Viet merchant sailors and shipyard workers Will nam. I wish to commend their bravery expect more pay than foreign crews. The aver THE MULE IS BEING EXPLOITED age crew on an American merchant ship re and honor their memory by including the ceives more than three times as much pay following article in the RECORD: as a foreign crew.9 MEDIC AND SAILOR KILLED IN ACTION-BALTI HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT Japan can build a ship for one-half the MORE AND CUMBERLAND MEN ON VIETNAM OF FLORIDA cost in the United States-but they pay their LIST IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES workers only one-third of what American An Army medic from Baltimore and a Monday, June 3, 1968 workers receive. This means that American Cumberland sailor who had been command shipyards are almost twenty percent more ing a river assault craft have been killed in Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, many of efficient in building ships, and are not recent fighting in South Vietnam, the De us in Congress have had some experience "stagnated, obsolete, and lacking in initia fense Department announced yesterday. 10 in working on farms, at least in our tive." The Baltimore casualty was identified as youth, and I am hap!)y that I was one H. Lee White, a member of the President's Pfc. William E. Cassidy, 21, son of Francis E. Maritime Advisory Committee, said, "ship Cassidy, of the 500 block Walker avenue, and who had this opportunity. Mr. Pope building and shipping should be recognized Mrs. Madlyn Mullens Cassidy, of the 5800 Haley of the editorial staff of the Florida for what they are-two separate indus block Halwyn avenue. Times Union has written an excellent tries." u For this reason, many politicians Private Cassidy was one of 28 soldiers editorial which I think everyone should advocate building ships abroad. Can we k1lled May 24 during a Vietcong mortar read in connection with a modern ex sacrifice one industry for the other? Operat attack near A Shau Valley. ing shipyards in the United States are just as ploitation of the mule under the circum important as an active merchant marine. No, HOME IN CUMBERLAND stances which we are experiencing today. we cannot sacri:flce either industry, and we The second casualty was identified as P02 The editorial, which is a classic, reads as must enforce the Merchant Marine Act of Ronald Wayne Durbin, 21, son of Walter follows: 1936 concerning this matter. Durbin, of the 100 block West Elder street, THE MULE Is BEING EXPLOITED How can we build a strong merchant ma cumberland, and Mrs. Mary B. Durbin, of For the incurable optimist who is able rine? First, we must continue Government the 300 block Decatur street, Cumberland. to find good in anything, there is some en subsidies to American shiplines to keep them Petty Officer Durbin died May 16 when his couragement in the fact that in the current operating. At present, fourteen American assault craft was hit by rocket, recoilless social turmoil, a minor bit-player in the shipping lines hold contracts With the Gov rifle and automatic-weapons fire. drama is returning, if only briefly, to the ernment for financial help in operating ves- A boatswain's mate, the dead sailor had spotlight. been commanding the assault craft in Giong The mule, foremost symbol in American s Hicks, John D., The American Nation, p. Trom district of Kien Hoa province, in the folklore of the stubborn beast of burden who 589. delta regions of Southern South Vietnam. pretends to be much more stupid than he ' The Americana 1967 Annual, p. 603. According to his mother, Private Cassidy really is, and who will perform a prodigious in II Hicks, op. cit., p. 589. enlisted the Army last October. She said amount of work if allowed to do it in his own e Remarks of the Honorable Edward. A. he wanted to complete his military service, way, is back in the news in words and pic Garmatz, Chairman, House Committee on return to college and then enter the construc tures to a degree unequaled since the onset Merchant Marine and. Fisheries, before the tion business. of mechanization on the farm and in the Propeller Club of the United States, Port of ST. MARY'S SCHOOL AND POLY armed forces. Newport News, Virginia, at Maritime Day A native of Baltimore, the youth attended Already well on its way to join the dodo Celebration May 24, 1967, page 5. st. Mary's School and was graduated from bird and the auk in the oblivion of creatures 1 The World Book Encyclopedia, Year Book Poly in 1964. which once were but are no more, the mule 1966, p. 545. He then attended the University of Mary is seizing the moment of social and political s "U.S. Shipbuilding; Mighty No More," land for three years, leaving last June to go turmoil to be seen by millions of city-bred U.S. News and World Report, 60:67, June to work for an uncle in the construction people old and young who never before saw 27, 1966. business. one in the flesh and who wouldn't know e House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Mrs. Cassidy, who said her son "was always "Gee!"from "Haw!" Committee, "Hearings in Labor-Management busy," said he began working as a newspaper Half a century ago, there were about six Problems of the American merchant marine," delivery boy when he was 9. milllon mules in the United States, most of pp. 946-50. Later, he work~d part time for his uncle them pulling plows and wagons on the na 10 Velie, Lester, "Let's Take Our Ships Out and ran a grocery store in the 5800 block tion's farms, but With the arrival of the of the Bottle," The Reader's Digest, 90: 182- gasoline tractor and electric power lines, their 36. February, 1967. number plummeted. More than a decade ago, 12 Garmatz, Edward A., op. cit., p. 9. 11 [bid., p. 135. the total on farms became so inconsequential 15838 EXTENSIONS OF· REMARKS June 3, 1968
that the Agriculture Department quit count as poosible between now and July to get INVESTMENT CURBS SEEN COSTLY TO ing them. The best guess now is that there food distribution programs started in 331 poor UNITED STATES are fewer than half a million left in the counties now Without them. The main rea The United States could lose as much as entire country. son the programs have not been operating $400 milllon a. year in earnings from exports But there is much to be learned from the in these counties 1s that local officials have and other current-account entries on the nature and character of this much maligned been resisting them. plus side of its balance of payments as a creature, and the individual who has never Alt.ogether, upward of 30 million persons, result of curtailed investment overseas today, attempted to bend the mule's steadfast in more than two-thirds of them school chil- a study released here ove·r the weekend says . dependence to his own will has missed one . dren, a.re receiving some free or subsidized Warning that the U.S. may be paying a of life's greatest character-building experi food at a cost to the government of one high pl'lice for balance of payments economies ences. billion dollars annually. The total includes realized by control of c&p•ital investment The mule is a freak of nature, the hybrid 5.8 million persons who are getting food free abroad, the study says: "A program that offspring of a jackass and a mare, which has thru donations or at bargain prices thru either reduces direct investment or dimin been valued as a work animal for more than stamps. The agriculture department says ishes the profitability of overseas investment 3,000 years. It is predictable only in its stub these two programs soon will cover 6.1 mil operations can be expected to result in a.n bornness and its determination to follow its lion persons in 2,400 counties, nearly double eventual slowing down in the growth of own designs if it senses weakness of wm in the 1960 figure. current-account receipts. its master. Freeman has been extraordinarily patient There is much truth in the old story of in pointing out to the campaign leaders that PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS the farmer who, in teaching his young son there are limits to which he can go in dis "Our own preliminary calculations suggest the art of mule management, took a two-by tributing food. These limits are imposed by that cumulative losses in the current-ac four and hit the beast soundly on the head, Congress both in appropriations and in guide count sector could be substantial after eight explaining that it was necessary "to get his lines written int.o the law. Congress, not the or 10 years." attention." Department of Agriculture, is the place to One favorable result could come if a But there is basic error in the current effort appeal for new programs. greater proportion of U.S. direct investments t.o exploit the mule as a "poverty symbol." It Yet, the Rev. Jesse Jackson, one of the go to the developing countries, the New 1s nothing of the sort. campaign leaders, has accused Freeman of York University study says. "U.S. direct in It is a dumb, four-legged, thick-skulled being "incompetent and insensitive" for re vestments have enjoyed a higher return in caricature of those characteristics of inde fusing to set up new programs that can be the form of exports and remitted earnings pendence, initiative and determination which authorized only by Congress. To "dramatize" from less-developed areas than from West every American once honored. It is a 1,600- his point that Freeman should do more, the ern Europe and Canada. pound bundle of concentrated power and Rev. Mr. Jackson led about 150 persons thru "Therefore, a shift of diroot investment tenacity that pulled the settlers' wagon trains the agriculture department's cafeteria line away from Western Europe and Ganada to westward, that cleared the forests and pulled the other day and walked out on a $292.66 ward Latin America, Asia and Africa should the stumps, that pulled the plow that broke bill for meals. tend to increase current account earnings in the plains, that powered the canal boat, that Altho the bill was pa.id on demand a day subsequent years.'' helped thrust the rail lines across the conti later, this action by the poor people was a The study, prepared by the Institute of nent and build the highways, and that took prime example of biting the hand that feeds Finance of New York University's Graduate time out from its Paul Bunyan labors to go them. For it is the Department of Agricul School of Business Administration 1s entitled to war when the nation's liberty was threat ture that is supplying three meals a day free "Foreign Investment, Capital Controls and ened to pull the artillery and haul the am of charge to the more than 2,000 inhabitants the Balance of Payments." Authors are Dr. munition. of Resurrection City, the poor people's camp Nicholas K. Bruck of the Inter-American De The mule was the active partner of the site. The Rev. Mr. Jackson, until the other velopment Bank and Prof. Francis A. Lees pioneers who dreamed of a better world and day manager of Resurrection City, should be of st. John's University. a better life, and went to work to create it by the last to call anyone "insensitive.'' The authors conclude that, although they muscle and sweat. It is completely out of a.re unable to measure in advance, over a 10- place being ridden to Washington in a dem year period the annual loss in current ac onstration for a guaranteed living. CURBS ON DIRECT INVESTMENTS count earntn.gs 1s likely to average about $400 EVENTUALLY HARM BALANCE OF million as a result of curtail~ investment PAYMENTS overseas today. BUM RAP OFFSETTING DRAIN Even today, they note, there is an offsetting HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS drain as capital controls on direct investment HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL OF MISSOURI have caused a shift toward greater overseas OF ILLINOIS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES :financing of direct-investment operations. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "The higher the level of interest rates over Monday, June 3, 1968 seas, the smaller the cash flow available for Monday, June 3, 1968 Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, the May remittance to the U.S. These effects on cash Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, in my ca 27, 1968, issue of the Journal of Com flow are cumulative in nature." pacity as a member of the Agriculture merce has an interesting article report Most important, say Dr. Bruck and Prof. Subcommittee of the House Appropria Lees, is the fear that the short-term success ing on a study just completed by the In of the program may invite retaliation and the tions Committee I have had many oc stitute of Finance of the New York Uni decline of free trade as well as of free capi casions to engage in some interesting and versity's Graduate School of Business tal movements. stimulating dialog with the Secretary Administration. While controls on direct capital investment of Agriculture, Mr. Orville Freeman. The study states that as much as $400 abroad have been effective--reducing the cur While I have taken him to task at times, million a year in current-account earn rent balance of payments gap by about $800 I rise now to express my agreement with ings could be eliminated as the result of million to $1 billion-the study holds that an editorial from today's issue of the the Government curbs on direct private "the possible long-run negative effects in the Chicago Tribune. The editorial points investment overseas. The loss in revenues current-accounts sector of the U.S. balance out that Secretary Freeman is the vic of payments should not be ignored." is estimated at $4 billion over the next 10 The authors have compiled data shoWing tim of a ''bum rap" from the so-called years. that major industrial corporations in the Poor People's Campaign officials and I The authors of the study fear that U.S. derive a "substantial share" of their include the editorial at this point in the implementation of the investment curbs sales and profits from international busi RECORD: by the United States may lead to retalia ness-a share which may decline ultimately BUM RAP tion abroad and the decline of free trade due to reduced investment abroad. Secretary of Agriculture Freeman thinks as well as of free capital movements. They note that one-sixth of the 600 largest he is getting a bum rap from the so-called Many major U.S. corporations derive firms (as listed by Fortune magazine) con poor people's campaign in Washington, and duct at least 25 per cent of operations over he is right. The Department of Agriculture a substantial share of their sales and seas and more than two-fifths of the 600 firms 1s one of the government agencies the cam profits from international business-a conduct at least 10 per cent overseas. paign leaders have singled out as warrant share which could decline due to cur ing particular pressure to achieve their de tailed investment overseas. 30 PAGES OF TABLES mands. This article is another in the continu The study includes some 30 pages of tables Groups under the Rev. Ralph Abernathy ing series of studies showing that the on the foreign content of U.S. business opera hav~ called on Freeman demanding that he tions by company and by industry. do something about what they call the prob Government's direct controls on U.S. For example, 69 per cent of Burroughs earn lem of food surpluses on the one hand and business operations abroad will ulti ings originated in foreign operations and the starvation on the other. The secretary has mately be self-defeating. over-all office equipment and computers in promised the government will move as soon The article follows: dustry has a foreign content of 21 per cent. June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15839 The nation's industrial sector in general not attempt the passage of any new legisla food program mentioned above, obviously has an over-all foreign involvement of about tion until new facts were presented. We have felt that it must take some action to at least 11 per cent. been seeking any facts which would indicate give the appearance of meeting the supposed One-fourth of all U.S. manufacturing plant any real need for a third federally financed needs of these people. That agency, there and equipment expenditures are made by program of food assistance. We had not fore, urged various counties that were listed over-seas affiliates and half of this total developed such evidence but before we could as suffering from emergency hunger condi (about $3 billion a year recently) is financed do more than start any comprehensive study tions to accept special grants of funds to be by capital outflows from the U.S., the rest another Committee of the House assumed used by the county to feed "hungry people". internally by the overseas unit. Jurisdiction of a similar bill and, so far as we Apparently this agency made little or no in "Given this significant dependence of large have been able to ascertain, without any vestigation of its own as to the actual need U.S. corporations on overseas business and more evidence of need than we had, ap in the county. So far it seems to Just boil given the fact that direct investments ac proved an additional food distribution sys down to a case of giving out some money count for a major part of U.S. overseas busi tem. This legislation is now known as Public because that looks good. ness, the impact of direct-investment opera Law 90-222. I know that such a gift was me.de to one of tions on the balance of payments is impor About a month ago, an unofficial group the counties I represent. I have personally tant," Dr. Bruck and Pro!. Lees state. sponsored by the United Auto Workers and talked with the County Judge of the county oa.J.ling them.selves the "Oitizens' Board of involved. He tells me that no request was Inquiry into Hunger and Malnutrition in the made for this money until the Federal WHAT HAS BEEN DONE TO MEET United States" published their report in representatives approached the county and which they stated that there were 256 coun suggested th&t they would be glad to make THE NEEDS OF "HUNGRY" PEOPLE? ties in the United States where hunger was the gift if the county would but sign so severe as to create an emergency situa the application which they had prepared. It tion. As Chairman of the Committee on Agrl happens that because this county was in my HON. W. R. POAGE culture, I have written to the Health Officer district I had previously written every OF TEXAS of every one of these counties. A little more physicia.n in the county and inquired as to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES than half of them have to date replied. Not the ~oblems of starvation and hunger. Only one knows of any starvation and not one one physic1a.n reported any knowledge of Monday, June 3, 1968 knows of any critical hunger that has been any starvation in his whole experience of Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, so many occasioned by inability of the victim to se practice in the county. In this case a num cure either work or relief in any one of these ber of years ago there were ten small chil Members have inquired of me as to the counties. dren of feeble-minded parents who were status of legislation dealing with the dis When questioned about the manner in discovered and cared for, but there was tribution of food and aid to "hungry whioh their investigation was conducted, the definitely no breakdown of public assistance. people" that I have felt that 1't might "Oitizens' Board" admits that they made The OEO program is clearly a duplication of be of interest to many of my colleagues few, 1f any visits to any of these counties exi,sting programs. if I would insert a copy of a letter which and, in most instances, they failed to even That you may know th.at th.e United States I recently wro,te to one of the Members make direct contacts with anyone locally. Government, the Department of Agriculture of this House in which I reviewed this They simply accepted some existing formulas and the Agriculture Oommlttee of the House here in Washington which they thought have not been entirely unconcerned about subject. would indicate hunger. I don't believe this is these matters, I would like to point out The letter is as follows: a very factual or informative method of ap that the information I received shows tha.t MAY 28, 1968. proaching a serious question of this kind. about 36% m1111on people 1n the United DEAR COLLEAGUE: Let me thank you !or Next came the CBS program, to which States, or nearly one out of five, now share in yours o! the twenty-fourth, which was not you made reference, entitled "Hunger in some manner in one of these programs of delivered to m3 until this morning. In it you America." It seems to me that this program food distribution. The recipients reside in refer to the CBS report entitled "Hunger in was deliberately calculated to a.void outright every State. America" and ask my advice "as to the ac technical misstatements but was intended to During this current fiscal year the De curacy of the report and the steps being oonvey misunderstandings to the listeners. partmelllt of Agricutture estimates that it taken to correct these distressing conditions." For instance, it gave a good deal of attention will distribute over a blllion pounds of food, You did not mention it, but this TV report to Bexar County, Texas (San Antonio). It worth Just under a billion dollars ( $938,- was but a follow-up of a written report Issued showed a dying child but showed no con 000,000 to be exact) to needy people. some time earlier under the auspices of the nection between the death and a break School lunc·h programs maintained with United Auto Workers and entitled "Hunger down of our food programs, but it implied the assistance of the Federal Government U.S.A.". Both of these reports are, in my that there was such a connection. It bla are available in schools having three-fourths Judgment, quite inaccurate and misleading. tantly suggested that if Bexar County had of the national enrollment. An estimated 19.6 As I see it, the basic premise in each case not spent so much public money on this million children share in the benefits. The ls political, not factual. It has always been HemisFair that the county would have cost of a school lunch today averages 57.3 good "politics" to talk of "feeding the needy". money to feed these people. In the first cents. The average maximum payment by the I believe in feeding the needy. I believe in place, Bexar County has the money to feed children in participating schools is 29.7 cents, helping all of those who need help. I believe hungry people and does feed them. In the with the d1fference made up by federal and in providing work for those who want to work, second place, the expenditure of the $30 mil local contributions. About 2,280,000 of these but I don't believe in feeding those who could lion for the HemisFair has created more good youngsters get meals free or at a price less but won't work. Most of the difference of Jobs in San Antonio than have ever before than the subsidized ra.te, the amount of re opinion about "feeding the hungry" seems to existed in that clty. duction varying with the different school actually revolve around the question as to Another example of the misleading impli systems. The more needy children pay who are unavoidably hungry. cations of this CBS program centers around nothing. The participant who ge·ts meals free That there is some hunger might be ad the statement of a mother of a number of or at prices below the 29.7 cent figure are mitted for the sake of argument. That there children that she could not plant corn to those whose parents or guardians have ap is rather extensive malnutrition seems to be feed her children because of the government plied to local school authorities, certifying well established, but that the malnutrition fa.rm program. Actually, an investigation by as to financial need. Under the I»"ogram the exists because of inab111ty to secure a better the Department of Agriculture shows that Federal Government this year is supplying balanced diet does not seem to be established, this mother lives with her husband who $280 m1111on of foods, plus $160 million in and there seems to be little evidence that works in a nearby town and With her chil cash contributions. The total Federal outlay any substantial hunger in this country is the dren in a house on the edge of a small town for th.e school program therefore is close to result of the refusal of assistance agencies, in Alabama with approximately two acres of half a billion dollars. public and private, to give needed aid to land surrounding it. They pay $5 per month Approximately six million people are re those who are unable to work. rent for the place. She says she grows a gar ceiving assistance either through the Food Last !all there was a great deal of talk den. As far as the farm program is con Stamp Program or through direct distribu about establishment of a third Federal food cerned, she can put the whole two acres in tion of foodstuffs. About 2,600,000 participate distribution system to care for what was corn. There is no prohibition against the in th.e Food Stamp Programs and about vaguely described as some kind of "need" in planting of corn in our present fann pro 3,400,000 in the Direct Food Distribution the State of Mississippi. The Agriculture gram, although it is true that the govern Programs. Of the 3091 counties in the United Committee took evidence on this question. ment does make payments to certain farmers States nearly 2400 participate in either the We heard testimony from the representatives for retiring acreage which has historically Food Stamp or Direct Distribution Programs. of the Department of Agriculture who stated been planted in corn. This is not, however, A county chooses which p;rogram it wants. It that they had all o:f the authority needed to compulsory, nor does it apply to this two may not partlcipaite in both. feed hungry people anywhere in the United acres as the CBS program indicated. Some of the areas in which the Food States and, secondly, they bad all of the Since you wrote your letter Secretary Free Stamp Program is available include Chicago funds they needed to achieve this objective. man has made a public statement regarding (Cook County), Illinois, with a population (See pages 5 and 6 of Serial X, 90th Congress, this TV program and pointed out a number of 3,400,000 and 100,000 participating; Los Hearings before the Committee on Agricul of additional inaccuracies, but the Office of Angeles, California with a population of ture.) In view of this unchallenged testi Economic. Opportunity, the agency to which 2,800,000 and 100,000 paticipating; St. Louis, mony, our Committee felt that we should Public Law 90-222 assigned the new third Missouri with a population of 862,000 and 15840 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 23,500 participating; the State of Mississippi with a state visit to Washington of Pres short-range viewpoint than it does from a with a population of 2,300,000 has 180,000 ident Bourguiba, who led his country's long-range standpoint. participants in the program. The value of struggle for independence. During his We only need to look at the Arab refugee donated food is estimated at $150 million visit to the United States, President camps surrounding Israel to get a glimpse with $185 million Federal contributions to of the America of the future under a guar the Food Stamp Program, bringing the total Bourguiba addressed the United Nations anteed annual income program. The Arabs Federal expenditures on these two programs General Assembly and outlined a pro stay right in their camps as wards of the to $335 million. posed plan for settlement of the crisis in United Nations Relief Administration. The Department of Agriculture has sub the Middle East. President Bourguiba is They get their periodical dole from the U.N. mitted a request for an additional $20,000,000 not only a great leader in his own coun They don't work. And they grow substan to be added to the presently authorized try but he is recognized as a great and re tially 1n number. They constitute a never $220,000,000. I introduced such a bill several spected world leader and statesman. ending parasitic society. months ago. The Senate has passed a similar Perhaps it's old-fashioned to hark back bill. Our Committee has set hearings on these It is a pleasure for me to extend best to the pioneer era of the United States. But and all similar bills. I do not know what wishes and congratulations to the people Americans traditionally have credited the action the Committee will take but there of Tunisia, to her great President, and perseverence, gumption, and independence has never been any disposi tlon to refuse any to her Ambassador to the United States, of their forefathers with carving out of the funds which are shown to be needed for His Excellency Rachid Driss, on the oc wilderness the nation which ultimately was either the Food Stamp or any other Food casion of its Naitional Day. to reach the pinnacle 1n world leadership. Distribution program, and certainly there is We question whether the United States no disposition to deny any group an oppor can continue as a strong nation if it tunity to present its views and any facts it smothers individual incentive, and we be may have to support those views. SOMETHING FOR NOTHING? lieve that will be the natural result of a School breakfasts will be served to approx guaranteed annual income program. imately 160,000 children this fiscal year. This HON. LOUIS C. WYMAN We believe Congress should examine care aid will go to children in low income areas fully all the possible ram.iflca.tions of such and to children who come long distances to OF NEW HAMPSHmE a program, looking beyond the immediate school. The cost of the new program will be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and transitory problems of the day. about $3.5 million this year. Food donations to charitable institutions Monday, June 3, 1968 and summer camps involve another 1,300,000 Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, just how THIS FIGHT MUST GO ON people-almost entirely children-at an es this country can have a guaranteed an timated cost of $23.1 million. Finally, the School Milk Progam is avail nual income or a negative income tax or able to children in schools having 90 percent what-have-you in the line of something HON. CHARLES E. CHAMBERLAIN for nothing in massive amounts beats of the national school enrollment. No pre OF MICHIGAN cise estimate as to the number of children me. We are in debt and going more so sharing this program is possible for it is each passing day. Dollars cannot hold IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES utilized by children at recess and at other their purchasing power if government is Monday, June 3, 1968 periods of the day and many times a child managed so that debt is permitted to in Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, will buy milk more than once a day, but it crease. is estimated to reach at least 17 million our dependence upon sea lines of com school children. This program makes milk Yet the concept of the guaranteed an munication has often been demonstrated, available to school children at an average nual income involves paying people who and it is a clear lesson from our Nation's cost of three to four cents per half pint. The do not produce. True, certain portions of history that the ability to support and cost of the program in fiscal year 1968 is the present welfare system do essentially protect our seaborne commerce is vital put at $104 million. this, but not on a guaranteed basis, and All of these expenditures are charged to tc our national interests. Nevertheless, with the reservation that if a job is we find ourselves today dependent upon the budget of the Department of Agriculture available it must be taken. Furthermore, and form the basis of much undeserved foreig:.1 shipping for over 90 percent of criticism of "extravagent expenditures" on money to pay those who do not earn must our imports, as well as a large percentage behalf of farmers when as a matter of fact be taken from those who do work and of our shipments to Vietnam. Our it is clear that they are primarily a benefit earn and they should have a great deal "Fourth Arm of Defense" is suf!ering of needy consumers. to say about it. atrophy from the neglectful policies of I hope that this will give you some idea In the interest of seeking to better recent years. as to the magnitude of the work being done understand what are the real objectives by the Department of Agriculture and the of the "Poor Peoples' Marchers'' I urge The Navy League of the United States Agriculture Committee of the House in be the reading of an interesting and chal has expressed its concern over this grave half of "hungry people". problem in an editorial in Navy magazine Thanking you for your inquiry, and with lenging editorial appearing in the Sun City-Youngtown News-Sun of May 29, for May 1968, which I commend to the best wishes, I am attention of my colleagues: Yours sincerely, 1968: w. R. POAGE, Chairman. PoOR PEoPLE'S MARCH THIS FIGHT MUST Go ON The only concrete goal, that we can see, More than three years ago, President John of the Poor People's Ma.roh on Washington, son solemnly pledged to Congress and the TUNISIA'S NATIONAL DAY, JUNE 1 is legislation to provide a minimum annual American people a new national maritime inoome. program and policy, one which would help lt is passing stran.ge how the march leaden! reverse the dangerous trend toward the vir HON. BARRATT O'HARA claim that any pressure they exert will be tual disappearance of U.S. flag ships from the nonviolent-but in the same breath they dis commercial sealanes of the world. Tragical OF ILLINOIS avow responsib111ty for any violence which ly, the President has failed to deliver. More IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES may accompany their demonstrations. over, with the present session of Congress Monday, June 3, 1968 We take this as a strongly implied warn rushing toward a close and the 1968 national ing that life, limb, and property of innocent conventions and election campaign Just Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, citizens will be placed in jeopardy if the ahead, no new legislation from the White on June 1, Tunisia celebrated its Na marchers are denied. House on maritime policy appears likely to tional Day. France recognized Tunisian The poor people have acquired allies in be presented. independence on March 20, 1956, with Congress, representatives and senators who The maritime industry, labor and man will submit minimwn annual income leg agement, spokesmen for the United States the signing of a protocol which ended the islation and attempt to see it through to a Navy, and patriotic and defense-minded or French protectorate, and on July 25, successful conclusion. ganizations, such as the Navy League, have 1957, the Tunisian Constituent Assembly Some of these backers are sincere in their spoken out loudly and longly for the recon voted to abolish the monarchy and to belief that this is important social legisla stitution of the American Merchant Marine, establish the Tunisian Republic. A con tion in the best interest of the nation something which needs the moral and finan stitution was drafted by the Assembly from a humanitarian standpoint. Others cial support of the U.S. government. But the and promulgated on June 1, 1959. look on it as a form of tribute-buying in pleas have failed to win a positive response. Tunisia has not formally alined itself surance, in the same manner which mer Lip service, yes; action, no. It has done little chants "bought insurance" against bombing good to warn that the Soviet Union has em with the West or the East, but believes of their establishment from rackeeters in the barked on what Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, that maintaining relations with both Prohibition Days, to prevent looting, arson, Chief of Naval Operations, has called an "ex best serves Tunisian interests. Tunisia and physi~l violence during the long, hot plosive" maritime buildup. Soviet merchant has been a firm friend of the United summer ah,ead. men now carry 75 per cent of the foreign States and we were recently honored The program looks a lot better from the trade of the USSR. U.S. flag ships, our June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15841 "Fourth Arm of Defense," move less than 8 American people by providing them with counselor to the American Foundation per cent of American exports and imports. details in the RECORD which they might for the Blind and the American Founda "GOING DOWN THE DRAIN" otherwise not read. tion for Overseas Blind, she has traveled Vice Admiral Lawson P. Ramage, Com I salute and congratulate Mr. Crump both hemispheres, revitalizing programs mander, Military Sea Transportation Serv for his efforts to contribute something for the handicapped everywhere and ice, in an article in this issue of NAVY, of value to our society. leaving behind her a trail of new schools, points out that the U.S. Merchant Marine new printing presses, and new workshops has plunged from a World War II high of 5,600 ships to fewer than 700 today. And for the blind. During World War II, she James G. Gulick, acting Maritime Adminis brought hope to men blinded in action. trator, told Congress earlier this month that THE DEATH OF HELEN KELLER She visited them in hospitals and danced the Merchant Marine was in danger of "go with them to prove that the ordinary ing down the drain" and that the main prob HON. ROBERT E. JONES pleasures of life were still within their lem was a lack of ships. Everyone knows that reach. She told them: there is something wrong but no one seems OF ALABAMA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Look the world straight in the face, and to be able to solve the problem of decision never think of your limitations. making paralysis in the White House on mari Monday, June 3, 1968 time matters. It has been worse than "too Through writing books and magazine little and too late," like the Federal responses Mr. JONES of Alabama. Mr. Speaker, articles, Miss Keller was able to support to the riots, arson and looting in Detroit and death has ended the long- and distin herself and Miss Sullivan. She had Washington. It has been, for the Merchant guished career of one of the world's learned through the years to reject pity. Marine, more of a case of "no higher level most noble citizens, Miss Helen Keller. of help--period." It appears clear now that She said: the Fourth Arm of Defense will have to await Miss Keller, who was born June 27, Pity is the chief stumbling block of the the incoming administration and hope for the 1880, in Tuscumbia, Ala., which is in sightless. best from it. the district I now represent, has been But the Navy League, for its part, will not an inspiration for the potentials of the Due to her courage, willpower, and await the change at the White House in handicapped the world over. Her per work for the blind, Helen Keller is known silence. The delegates representing the 41,000 sonal victory over blindness and deaf throughout the world. The French made members of the organization took a firm and ness has given hope and guidance to the her Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. clear cut stand in convention in Honolulu afflicted of many lands. She has been r~eived in the White House on April 26, 1968 with the adoption of the The people of Alabama are proud to by 10 Presidents. Kings and queens of following resolution on national maritime countries have honored her. Even the policy: claim her as one of the State's most "Whereas the welfare of the United States beloved native daughters. poets, Whittier, Holmes, Sandburg, and and the entire Free World is solidly tied to For 2 years after her birth in Tus Robert Frost were drawn to her. Mark the sea and to the untrammeled flow of cumbia, Helen Keller led a normal life. Twain called her "a new fragrance in the trade; and She was then stricken with a brain fever human flower." "Whereas in the words of the Vice Presi that left her blind and deaf. No longer The people of Alabama are justly dent, 'the United States must have a maritime being able to communicate with her fam proud of "Ivy Greene," the Helen Keller policy if it is to remain as a maritime power,' ily she became as a savage animal, wild Shrine in Tuscumbia, Ala. Each year, and thousands of Americans visit the Star "Whereas a progressive and competitive and unruly. For 5 years, life had no posture for a modern U.S. Merchant Marine meaning to Helen until her father wrote maker Playhouse's presentation of "The is necessary to the total sea power require Perkins Institution for the Blind asking Miracle Worker," which is performed on ments of the United States; and would en for help in teaching his child. the grounds during the summer months. hance the potential of the Navy-Marine Corps On March 3, 1887, Anne Sullivan ar This dramatic play tells the life story of team to serve as a key instrument of na rived in Tuscumbia to educate Helen. this remarkable woman who has devoted tional policy; and Miss Sullivan did not realize that her over half her life to helping the handi "WhereM the long-term prosperity of the capped. nation is dependent upon the attainment of entire life would be devoted to teaching and being a constant companion to this Through this, and the monumental a competitive posture at sea and the carrying work established by Miss Keller, her of the major portion of our own domestic child. The best description of the teach and world trade in American flag ships; er's work can be found in the comment story of personal triumph over adversity "Now therefore be it resolved that the Gov that Albert Einstein once made to Miss will continue to inspire and give hope to ernment of the United States at the earliest Sullivan: the afflicted. practicable date formulate and execute a To her family I extend my deepest formal, dynamic and aggressive maritime Your work has interested me more than sympathy. policy in furtherance of the national in any other achievement in modern education. You not only imparted language to Helen terest." Keller, but you unfolded her personality; This is what we in the Navy League believe and such work has in it an element of the KENAI, ALASKA and this is what we will continue to fight Super Human. for. We call on every uncommitted American to join us and like-minded organizations to Yes, this deaf and blind child learned HON. HOWARD W. POLLOCK attain this goal for the well-being of these that through the touch of her fingers OF ALASKA United States, now and forever. and hands that life did have meaning. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES At the age of 20, Helen could read, write, and speak. Due to much work and Monday, June 3, 1968 determination, she entered Radcliffe Col Mr. POLLOCK. Mr. Speaker, today I JOE CRUMP PROVIDES SERVICE IN lege from which· she was graduated in am introducing a bill to clear the title "LOW DOWN" 1904 cum laude after mastering Greek, of remaining Federal interest in a parcel Latin, German, and French. This was of land at Kenai, Alaska, which is owned HON. GUY VANDER JAGT the first time that a blind and deaf per by the city of Kenai. I ask that the bill OF MICHIGAN son had graduated from a college. be referred to the appropriate committee IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES After college, Miss Keller became in for consideration. terested in helping other handicapped The bill involves a small parcel of Monday, June 3, 1968 people. She joined many organizations about 1.88 acres which was originally Mr.VANDERJAGT. Mr. Speaker, Mr. to help the blind and served on the Mas conveyed from the Federal Government Joe Crump of Coopersville, Mich., is pro sachusetts Commission for the Blind. to the State of Alaska in 1961 under the viding a valuable service by authoring She organized the great concert at the Alaska Public Works Act of 1949, as a newspaper column titled "Low Down", Metropolitan Opera House to raise funds amended. The State then reconveyed the which is an unbiased, objective report for starting the American Foundation land to the city of Kenai by quitclaim on matters in the CONGRESSIONAL for the Blind. In 3 years, she addressed deed last September. The problem which RECORD. 250 meetings all over the country to help my bill would resolve is to remove a re By circulating his report Mr. Crump raise money. She started the Helen Kel strictive convenant which now prohibits is contributing to the education of the ler Endowment Fund of $2 million. As efficient and proper use of this property. CXIV--998-Part 12 15842 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 CASEY LOWERS THE BOOM Responded quickly to the emergency adherence to law enforcement, a subject ca.used by a national airline strike which which is a grave concern to all right stranded thousands of returning servicemen at the base between July 9 and September thinking Americans, particularly at this HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT 11, 1966, by working around the clock to time when we are experiencing such a OF CALIFORNIA convert the entire north Wing of the base nationwide laxity of law enforcement. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES passenger terminal into a stateside travel The Supreme Court of the United States area. Using this improvised facility they in many of its decisions has hampered Wednesday, May 29, 1968 helped move 64,669 stranded troops through and impeded the police in their effort to Mr. LEGGE'IT. Mr. Speaker, while Travis. suppress public mischief and to protect commanding the 60th Airlift Wing Com Played a leading role in the a.eromedica.l persons and property. In some the cities, evacuation of more than 17,000 patients from mand at Travis Air Force Base in my the Pacific during the year. including our Nation's Capital, the congressional district, Brig. Gen. Mau In moving outsize cargo to Southeast Asia, streets may be safe for the criminals, but rice F. Casey was recently declared by C-133 turboprops attained an unprecedented not for the law-abiding citizens. I dep a nationally syndicated columnist as one daily utilization rate. This feat included recate and deplore such a situation. of this country's 10 outstanding Ameri such critical items as huge Navy propeller Under leave heretofore granted me to cans for 1967. shafts and Army helicopters while slashing extend my remarks in the RECORD, I in Unfortunately, all good things usually surface delivery time. clude the very able and forceful address The wing's newest C-141 squadron, the come to an end and so it goes with 86th, became fully combat ready a month of Judge Samuel S. Leibowitz, which is General Casey, considering the Air Force ahead of schedule and the entire Travis as follows: announcement last week that shortly based jet fleet attained an 8-hour average CRIMINAL JUSTICE: THEN AND Now the general would be deployed to Mc utilization 60 days prior to the Military Air Mr. Levine, thank you for your flattering Guire Air Force Base. lift Command program schedule. The wings introduction. You may think this will help Casey has had an extremely successful force of C-141 and C-133 planes consistently you in the courtroom by "buttering up" the overflew scheduled commitments. Judge, but it won't do a bit of good. tour as wing commander at Travis These are just some of the accomplish- . where he simultaneously lowered the Mr. President, members of this great Asso ments of this fine organization. I Wish to ciation of Trial Lawyers of Virginia, ladies boom for efficiency and friendship 3 commend Brig. Gen. Maurice F. Casey and and gentlemen, thank you for your kind in years ago. Casey's objective was first to all base personnel for their continued dili vitation to visit with you. satisfy the most demanding airlift re gence and high performance of duty in I have no prepared script. So, please for quirement in history in excellence and support of American Forces in Vietnam. give me if I just speak to you "off the cuff." dispatch and secondly to make Travis They certainly exemplify their motto In plain Brooklyn English. Air Force Base the friendliest base on "Friendliest and Finest." The average non-lawyer citizen has a dis torted notion of what really goes on in the the Pacific. courtroom. The other evening Mrs. Leibowitz He succeeded on all counts: a happy was deeply absorbed with a Perry Mason play base is an efficient one and so it goes. CRIMINAL JUSTICE-THEN AND on the television screen. I just oon't stomach Over the past several years, I have had NOW these phony courtroom burlesques, so I went occasion to call the attention of the into another room where we have another Secretary of the Air Force to a number set and I turned to the wrestlers. Phony they of firsts for Casey and Travis Air Force are, but at least they don't seriously pretend HON. WILLIAM M. TUCK that they are on the up and up. Base. As a practical matter, as Casey OF VIRGINIA Tired of the wrestlers, I switched to the moved into the fray to satisfy our Viet IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Merv Griffin show. Then at eleven on came nam airlift requirements while ships the news. The screen was crowded with poli had their problems, he could have been Monday, June 3, 1968 tician after politician campaigning for his cited for excellence and record perform Mr. TUCK. Mr. Speaker, on April 5 party's nomination for the presidency. Each ance every month. The airlift of our and 6 I had the privilege and the pleas candidate was spouting on some college time-taking cargo and men to the front, campus accompanied by plenty of screaming, ure of attending the annual meeting of almost what you hear from adolescents when and returning battle casualties to Travis, the Virginia Trial Lawyers Association the Beatles are performing. sometimes 5 days off the frontline-is held at the Golden Triangle, Norfolk, Ever since I molllllted the Bench I never now still unfortunately going on, but due Va., and listening to a very able and in used the gavel, but on television the judge to Casey's leadership, we take this per spiring address by Judge Samuel S. is always a.rm.ed with a gavel. Until he raps formance as a matter of course. Leibowitz, of the Supreme CoU!l't of New three times, nothing happens. There, the Casey will be missed on the Pacific; York. convicted muroerer is standing before him about to be sentenced to the chair. Before his standards of friendly excellence are The Virginia Trial Lawyers Associa the judge pron.ounces the fateful words, he hard to compete with. McGuire Air Force tion is compased of members of the Vir pounds the gavel three times. But here comes Base fortunately has better things to ginia bar whose practice leads them into the thrdll1ng moment. The s,win.ging doors come as Casey heads east with his boom. the active trial of cases in the courtroom. to the courtroom fly open. In the entrance I reiterate a recent record I cited last The membership of this organization is ls an intrudel' who cries out, "Ha.It! I am year to this House: compased entirely of lawyers who spe the man who committed the murder." The cialize in trial work. judge says to the prisoner, "You a.re dis OUTSTANDING UNIT AWARD EARNED BY THE charged. Bring this other man up here be 60TH MILITARY AmLIFr WING, TRAVIS Am The secretary and treasurer of this fore me." And he immediately sentences the FORCE BASE, CALIF. a.ssociation is Prof. J. Westwood Smith newoomer to the ch.a.ir. (By Hon. ROBERT L. LEGGE'lT, of California, ers, of the T. C. Williams School of Law I had never seen a picture being made, so in the House of Representatives, Monday, of the University of Richmond, and the one day I visited a Hollywood studio. They January 29, 1968) president of the association is Mr. Don escorted me to a building that resembled a Mr. LEGGE'lT. Mr. Speaker, it ls with a great P. Bagwell, a senior member of the firm huge garage. Outside on the wall an electric deal of pride that I call the attention of of Tuck, Bagwell, Dillard & Mapp, of sign flashed the word "Silence." I entered the House to the third consecutive Air Force Halifax, Va. The president-elect is Mr. backstage and went through a door of the Outstanding Unit Award earned by the air Ralph H. Ferrell, Jr., a member of the set and right into the place where the play men of the 60th Military Airlift Wing, Travis was being filmed. Where do you think I Air Force Base, which is located in my dis well known and highly respected law found myself? In a courtroom. Everything trict, at Fairfield, Calif. firm of Hunton, Williams, Gay, Powell & to a T was ju.st so, an exact repldca of the The award is for exceptionally meritori Gibson, of Richmond, Va. oourtrooms in the old New York City Gen ous achievement for the period from July 1, Judge Leibowitz, before ascending the eral Sessions Courthouse of yea.rs a,go-even 1966, to June 30, 1967, and is based on their bench some years ago, enjoyed a na to the dirty window panes and the cigarette unparalleled airlift support of American tional repwtation as a tiial lawyer of butts that Uttered the floor of the specta forces in Vietnam. For example, during the extraordinary distinction and ability. As tors benches. period in question, the 60th Military Airlift Ah! The lawyer! He was cross-examining Wing- a member of the Supreme Court of New the lady defendant. If her answer was not Scored new levels of airlift in speeding red York, he has established himself in the to his liking, he would turn to the jurors ball express shipments to the combat zone, esteem of the American people as an in the box and say, "Gentlemen, she is lying." transporting 28 million pounds of this high outstanding judge. In his address, Judge If that ever happened in a real courtroom, priority cargo within the year; Leibowitz advocates a firm and resolute the learned judge would order the ba.Uiff to June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15843 take the ba.rrister by the seat of h1s pa.nt.s I object! I object! The counsel is leading the sequent" from the lawyer's vocabulary and he e.n.d toss him out into the corridor, but there witness." "I object-incompetent, irrelevant, is a dead pigeon. this HollywOOd studio lawyer was pirouet immaterial." If you ever took these phrases A word about "The Low Brow." He is the ting around like a belly dancer, pointing with away from this barrister, he would have to type of lawyer, for example, that pleads his finger. You know. Well, they went over quit trying cases and go into the plumbing with the jury to "Give my client a fair shake the act time and time again until I would business. of the dice." recite the lines by heart. Finally, the direc Now, have you met the "Ripper" in the Here is a pip, "The Lover Boy." He is tor was satisfied and called out "Cut!" The courtroom? This oddball tackles the six-foot making eyes at juror number six. scene was over. He came over to me on cop on the stand. He gives him a rough going Then we have "The Orator" always recit the side lines and said, "Judge, tell me, is over. He tears him to pieces. But the little ing poetry. He is always reminded of what the flag in the right plaoe?" I replied, "The old lady that follows to the witness stand some famous author or political figure of flag is just where it ought to be, to the rdght gets the same rough treatment. This fool long ago had said. He is enraptured by the of the presiding judge, as he faces the au doesn't realize that he antagonizes those "rock-ribbed shores of Maine" and the "Sun dience. But, please, t.ell me where in hell you jurors by these stupid tactics. kissed shores of the Rio Grande," "the storm got this cluck of a lawyer, this kook, this Then you will discover the chronic "Finger tossed waters of the Atlantic and the gran oddball?" Pointer" and the "Table Pounder." deur of the lofty peaks of the Rockies." Tonight, may I take a few minutes to pic There is a certain inoffensive oddball, "The I could go on and on about some of the ture for you some of the oddballs you and Gazer." Until he gets his inspiration by gaz oddballs, few in number it is true, I have I have seen in the real courtroom, oddballs ing at a particular spot on the ceiling he is seen in my courtroom. But the champ of that the Hollywood studios might use to dumbstruck. How handicapped he would be champs of all the oddballs is "The Bore." He perfection. come if the courthouse janitor would swab drones on and on in his monotone. Every May I present oddball number one, "Mr. that sacred spot off that ceiling. "The Gazer" question is preceded with an "Ah, ah, ah," Milquetoast." He expresses his gratitude to has a relative in the person of "The Miner." or an "Er, er, er." He hasn't the faintest idea the ba111ff at the door for permitting him His favorite inspirational spot is somewhere what he is driving at by his (pardon the ex to enter. He is always bowing and scraping. on the floor. pression) cross-examination, or how to get There he is with his arm across the shoul Now meet "The Buzzer." He propounds a there. So, he resorts to his old standby. He ders of his opponent. Everyone is his friend. question and receives an answer. Bingo, he is particularly interested in time and dis Of course, he worships the judge. "Why, hustles over to the counsel table and goes tance, although they are meaningless in the your Honor knows the law better than poor into a huddle with his assistants. Then back case. Pretty soon the heavy-set man in num me," as he curtseys by bowing from the again to face the witness. Then again to the ber eight seat in the jury box goes into heavy waist. This is the "Henpecko" of the court table for another huddle. It brings to mind breathing. His head slowly drops on his chest. room. what happens after each down on the foot He is in slumberland. Juror number two is Here is another oddball, "The Peacock,'' ball field. Buzz! Buzz! Buzz I You certainly gazing fitfully up at the courtroom clock. the great "I am." His opponent is perhaps a have seen this performer in the courtroom. "For heaven's sake, won't one o'clock ever younger man. "To save time," says the young Well, here ls a well known oddball. We will come so I can leave for lunch and get rid of chap, "I will concede that the exhibit you label him "The Fumbler." He lugs into the this bore?" Another juror gazes out of the are offering in evidence is correct." The "Pea courtroom a bulging brief bag and an armful window. His attention is fixed on a cloud and cock" looks down his lordly nose. "Don't you of law books and the table is buried by all he is trying to figure out whether the cloud tell me, young man, how to prove my case." of this paraphernalia. A certain paper ls is shaped like a horse or cow. As far as he is This character reminds one of a curvaceous called for as evidence. Then he and his as conoe,rned, the trial is a million miles away. female in a Turkish bath on ladies' night, sistants start to rummage through this heap The bore reminds one of a trip across the parading around to show off her fine points. of stuff. They search and search and finally Sahara Desert on a rainy, dreary day. Here is a beaut: This oddball is the "Judge come up with a scrap of paper that has noth Enough tonight about the oddballs. I am Baiter.•' He is engaged in continuous verbal ing to do with the problem. confident that no lawyer of this great or fisticuffs with the man on the bench. He is Most attorneys wear eyeglasses, but there ls ganization fits any of these categories. driving the poor judge out of his mind try an oddball among them whom we can de Let us turn our attention to more serious ing to maintain a judicial calmness while scribe as "The Swisher." The attorney asks but unpleasant business and that is the ter he is struggling to cope with this hell raiser. the following question "What is your name?" rible crime wave that has engulfed many of The "Baiter" does this with malice afore Swish! Off come his spectacles. The witness the large cities of our nation and the ago thought. Perhaps, he can get the judge to replies and the swisher replaces his glasses to nizing problem of how to cope with it. lose his patience and blurt out something in his nose. The attorney asks the following Come with me into my courtroom and anger. Ah! That's it! Point number one of question: "Where do you reside?" Swish I Off witness just two of the many similar cases. his brief in the Appellate Court will be, come the specs, and so, they go on and they Here are three defendants, the oldest in "The Court was unfair and prejudiced go off throughout his inquiry. The irritated his middle thirties. He is already a Sing against my client." This oddball doesn't jurors in the box wish they had available a Sing graduate. The two younger ones are realize that the customers in the jury box will hammer with a long handle, so they could in their teens, but both have already had later take it out on his client in the jury reach over and nail the -- pair of glasses contact with the police. The older one makes room. to his proboscis. it a business of renting out guns and sharing One of the oddball nuisances in the court in the loot that the young hoodlums collect Well, here and there you will also find a in their stick-ups. Judge who, too, is an oddball. I recall an old room is "The Trotter." He simply cannot crank who presided in one of the high crim stand in a given place for a moment. The complainant, the victim of this das inal courts of our city. He was a bald headed He is all over the place, at the wit tardly crime, is a middle aged clothing sales gent who always wore a barber's jacket under ness stand, over near the jury box, at the man, family man, with a wife and son at spectator's rail, at the clerk's desk, at his tending medical school. This boy is the jewel his gown. The prosecuting witness was being table--everywhere. He is just like a pony. questioned by the district attorney. This of this couple. He had to cut short his ca And all the time the juror's head is swivelling reer because of what happened to his dad. gent would lean over toward the witness and about trying to focus his sight on "The On this fateful day he was on his way drink in every word that he uttered. But the Trotter." home from his job and had stopped his car moment the witness was turned over to de This oddball we shall call "The Professor." to purchase some cigarettes. As he emerged fense counsel for cross-examination, his His favorite words are two, "prior" and "sub he was accosted by the two hoods. "Boss, can chair would swing around and facing the op sequent" and it doesn't make any difference you let us have a dime?" The technique is posite wall, he would start to rock and rock. to him who is on the witness stand. For in that when the victim goes to his pocket, the The damned chair would go, "Squeak, stance, he has Mr. Slobodski on the stand. robbers then know where he keeps his money. squeak, squeak." And oh I How nasty he was He is a native of Poland and is struggling As the victim reached for his pocket one of with the lawyer defending his client. The to master the simple words of the Eng them pulled out a loaded pistol and shot evidence was overwhelming in establishing lish language. Questioned by the learned the man through the head. the guilt of the accused, but the jury wound counsel: "Where were you prior to the oc And so, soon after the trial had started, up in disagreement, eight for aquittal and currence on Main Street?" Mr. Slobodski two attendants led this victim into tlfe four for conviction. Later, when everyone turns a blank expression to the examiner cqurtroom stone blind. They lifted him to cleared out of the courtroom the twelve ju and finally stammers: "What?" The judge the witness stand. The tragic figure about rors surrounded the defense counsel in the tries to help out. "What the lawyer is ask to be sworn, would have torn your heart out. corridor. "Your client was as guilty as hell," ing is where were you before the accident?" And there sat the three criminals sneering they chorused, "but we could not stomach "Oh," replies Mr. Slobodski, I was by Mc and enjoying it all as if they were at a what that s.o.b. did to you during the trial, Ginty in the saloon." Then counsel proceeds: vaudeville show. Nice picture? and we were not going to let him ram a "Subsequent to the occurrence where did you Next case. There ls a small liquor store in a. guilty verdict down our throats." So there proceed?" Slobodski again stammers, certain neighborhood in Brooklyn. The rob after this judge died. A dog had bitten him. "What?" And the judge again must come ber ls driving a.round in his car. On the seat However, the dog died first. This story ls the to the rescue. "What he wants to find out is a sawed-oft' shotgun. However, there ls a gospel truth. is where did you go after the accident." policeman standing there, near the store. So Here is another oddball of the courtroom, "Oh," says the witness, "I went back to Mc he patiently drives around the vicinlty ,unttll the "Objector." All you hear is, "I object! Gintys." Just clip the words "prior" and "sub- the policeman disappears. The proprietor of 15844 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 the store has a wife and sev,en children. homicides. Over the years they numbered not to blame. It is society that is at fault." The robber enters and raises the shotgun to between thirty-five and forty per year. So the thug and his buddies in crime just his shoulder. The victim falls to his knees. "Yearly, in New York City, how many homi laugh up their sleeves at what are now im He begs: "Please don't kill me. I have seven cides do you have?" Sir Richard asked with potent law enforcement agencies-the police, kids. Take the money in the cash register. a puckish twinkle of his eye. My face must the prosecutor and the court. I won't say a word." The oondit fires one have turned red because I was embarrassed. Lawy&s know full well that in some places blast. The shot goes astray. The man, on his But I had to confess the facts. "Last year it is almost impossible to get a trial in a knees, is still pleading. "Don't kill me. Don't New York City had about seven hundred civil case in less than four to five years be kill me." He fires the sooond shot and blows homicides." Why this amazing difference? cause of the crowded calendars. The criminal the man's head off. Then he calmly looted Consider the interminable court proceed cases, however, must be moved without delay, the cash register and sauntered ourt of the ings that are required to even approach a and so it is, as I have said, the criminal can store. final conclusion of a criminal case. You re di
· his executive duties kept him out of the By the end of 1928, the Sky View plane writes: "If all the lips that serve conserva cockpit so long he would have to be fully needed servicing and an overhaul, and Mr. tionists were laid end-to-end, there would checked out each time he wanted to fly, he Gray flew it back to Detroit. He met some of be a lot of fixed smiles, for in spite of the simply gave it up "and haven't particularly the same people from Pan Am whom he had seriousness of our environmental problems, missed it at all. There are too many other in known in Miami. They were purchasing a the conservation effort st111 consists largely teresting things to do," he said in an inter plane for their new line for use between of words." When so many wise words have al view last week. An incident the day after his Brownsville, Tex., and Mexico City. ready been spoken, what is to be gained by promotion is illustrative. The next thing to His Pan Am friends told him they would adding a few more. I should like to grasp do, as Mr. Gray saw it, was to move himself need a pilot for the run and asked him if he this nettle firmly by devoting a few words into the chairman's office, and the retiring would like the job. "By then," Mr. Gray said, to the subject of words themselves, as we chairman's desk into an office occupied up to "I had already made up my mind that barn use them in our business as conservationists. then by the vice president for public rela storming wasn't something with a long-term The stock criticism of any conference is tions. Mr. Gray didn't send someone with a future. When I heard that Pan American was that it merely generates a lot more words, tape measure; he looked over the rooms in planning to fly over mountains and jungles most of which the participants have already volved and began shifting the furniture and to a foreign city I couldn't resist. Several heard before, but that nothing much hap desks by himself. days later I was asked to report to Browns pens as a result. The reason for this criticism, He will confess that he didn't always move ville." I suppose, is that the connection between in that direct left-to-right manner A native He was the 10th pilot hired by Pan Ameri the words spoken at the conference and later of Gutenberg, Iowa, when he first went to can. It was shortly after going to Brownsville concrete action may be tenuous and difficult college, he wanted to be an engineer. One that he met and married his wife, the former to trace; or when it is very clear and specific, day in the spring of 1925 when he left classes ExaBell Sublett, a San Benito girl whose as in the case of the Wilderness Conferences at the University of Iowa where he was grandfather was one of the early settlers of and the Wilderness Act, the time lapse be studying, instead of taking the short route East Texas. "He was the man who nominated tween the birth of the idea and its final back to his dormitory for no reason particu Sam Houston for President of Texas," Mr. fruition is so great that the public at large larly he took the long route. Gray said. forgets where it all started. "It is small instances like that that show The Grays had two sons. Their second son, The fact is, of course, that any action how life patterns are changed," he com Frank, is an electronics engineer. Their older at least in a democratic society-starts with mented, as he was recalling his college days. son, Lieut Commander Harold E. Gray Jr., words. It may be a flood of words from a He continued: was killed in a carrier-based air strike multitude of sources, as is represented by "On my walk I m _et a fellow student who against a target in North Vietnam in August the seemingly endless hearings required for told me he was going into the U.S. Army 1965. any federal legislation. It may be a book like Flying Cadet Corps that summer at San An In discussing Mr. Gray's Spartan philos Deserts on the March by Paul Sears, or Road tonio. As soon as I reached my room I had a ophy, a friend told how the airline executive to Survival by W11liam Vogt, or Silent Spring letter in the mail asking for an application had been informed of the tragedy midway in by Rachel Carson, where eloquent words, form. So I got into this aviation business a speech he was giving at Teterboro Airport in backed by irrefutable scientific fact, have solely by walking around the block the long New Jersey. "He stoically finished his address been used to shock us into realization of what way." without any emotion visible to us who were we are doing to our environment. It may be The Army taught Mr. Gray to fly. It did there," this man said. a short magazine article. The evidence shows not, however, graduate him from flight While Mr. Trippe waited until he was 68 that words are effective. Even the most school. Beyond noting that he had not failed years old to step down in favor of Mr. Gray, monolithic power-structures are sensitive to in flight training, whatever the reason, he his successor said he had every intention of public opinion-indeed one sometimes feels refused ~ discuss it further. After a year at retiring by the time he reaches 65, which will that this is the only thing they are sensitive San Antonio, Mr Gray enrolled at the Uni be on April 15, 1971. There are many things to. versity of Detroit. he is looking forward to doing when he re We need words because what we are trying "I still had a great interest in building tires, he said. to do is to enlighten and inform; to change bridges," he said, "but now I was much more "I'd like to be creative in some form or fundamental attitudes, not because they say interested in building airplanes." Among his other. There is so much creativeness needed so, but because we have the facts that will reasons for selecting Detroit was that it had in this world to solve the problems we have," command such change on the part of any a reputation then of having a good aeronau Mr. Gray observed. He said that while he has reasonable man. Our objective is to bridge the tical school, "at that time one of the few in spent 43 years in aviation, he still gets "a lot gap between an informed minority (and I the country. Another reason was that Detroit of fun out of things related to engineering. am talking here specifically about conserva had the advantage of being a cooperative I like to do things and make things with my tion issues) and an uninformed majority. school, where you could go to class for two hands. I like to think of better ways of doing The people we are trying to reach-the people weeks and work for two weeks." things." whose voices "count when it comes to a show While most students at the university down-are neither ignorant nor thoughtless. worked at polishing auto bodies at the Pack They are intelligent, generally well-informed ard Motor Car plant, Mr. Gray and some of people who happen to be uninformed in this his friends "were a little more ambitious to PAUL BROOKS AND WORDS WE area. They have never thought about these do something more rewarding." As a result, WORK WITH matters one way or the other. For example, one of the first commercial jobs the head of despite the publicity received by the Wilder Pan American held was in the Stinson air ness Act, how many people outside conserva plane plant in Detroit. HON. THEODORE R. KUPFERMAN tion circles know what it is all about, or even His career as an aeronautical engineer was OF NEW YORK that it exists? How many know the difference cut short by another pronounced Gray char IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES between a national park and a national for acteristic-he is a perfectionist. He designed est? Or coming down to a central issue of this six airplanes. In all six projects, according Monday, June 3, 1968 conference, how many people east of the Mis to an associate, the sponsors insisted on tell sissippi have even heard of the North Cas ing the engineer how to design the airplane. Mr. KUPFERMAN. Mr. Speaker, the cades? Rather than continue to argue with them, April 1968 issue of the Sierra Club Bulle During the war when I was with the Of he let himself be talked into working for the tin reprints an extremely interesting talk fice of War Information in Europe, the Gov Ford Motor Company as a pilot for its famous by Paul Brooks entitled "The Words We ernment had a slogan "words are bullets." To Ford Trimotor airplanes. Work With," which is much more than anyone who has been exposed to the lan "Working for Ford, the pilot's salary was an exercise in semantics. guage known as "Washingtonese'' or "govern relatively low, as it should have been," Mr. In the most provocative and interest mentese," a Washington bureau seems a Gray said "But every Ford customer looked ing ways, Mr. Brooks looks at words like strange source for such a slogan: at the to Ford to get it a pilot." He hadn't flown for least, the slogan-writer might have used the Ford very long, "it was a matter of months," "wilderness," "national park," "recrea analogy of a sawed-off shotgun. But how well when Sky View Lines bought a Ford Tri tion,'' and "conservation" and defines off is the conservation movement itself when motor. Mr. Gray went to work for the com these terms in a way to make Americans it comes to using words as bullets? We suffer, pany at $400 a month, initially flying vaca proud of their heritage and even more I think, from a severe handicap. Scarcely one tioners over Niagara Falls at $5 a flight. interested in preserving it. of the key words we use in our business has It was while working for Sky View on I commend this talk to my colleagues: been defined with precision. Some of them sightseeing hops over Miami in 1928 that Mr. have mutually exclusive connotations, de Gray first met the staff of the newly organ THE WORDS WE WORK WITH pending on the background of the person ized Pan American, which then was flying (By Paul Brooks) we are addressing. In short, we lack an ac Fokker F-7's out of Miami and out of Key In the last issue of Daedalus, the journal cepted vocabulary to express a set of values West to Cuba. Mr. Gray recalled that he took of the American Academy of Arts and which need to be presented precisely and per a group of people on a charter flight to Sciences, there is an excellent article on the suasively. This is particularly serious be Havana "and found it rather an exciting politics of. conservation by Robert Patter cause these values are often in fundamental experience flying over water outside of the son, a leading landscape architect and con contradiction to the cherished cliches of the sight of land." servationist from the state of Maine. He society in which we live. June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15857 Obviously there is no easy way out of this that the National Park Service is not, though objective. But is the public at large aware predicament. We can't provide a glossary with I feel sure that in some people's minds the of the change? every speech we make or every article we wilderness areas of our parks are those por More and more people are swarming to our write. But I think that we can communicate tions not suitable for recreational develop national parks. What do they expect to find more clearly if we are constantly aware of ment. And it is a curious fact that the White when they get there? What do they expect the ambiguity of the words we are using. We House Conference on Natural Beauty gave to do there? may know exactly what we mean by a certain scarcely any consideration to the most nat RECREATION term, but to assume that everyone under ural and beautiful areas of all, the wilder This leads us to another key word in the stands us is a mistake. Perhaps by examining ness areas. conservationist's vocabulary, the word "rec these words we can sharpen our outside com NATIONAL PARK reation." The term is so broad as almost to munications and clarify our own objectives. Let us turn now to another of the words defy definition. It was a lovely word to begin What are these words? A few of the com we work with. The term "national park" is with meaning "re-crea.tion," creating anew. monest are "conservation," "national park," less than a hundred years old; unlike the Today it suggests anything you do when you "national forest," "wilderness," and "recrea word "wilderness," it does not carry with it are not working, including, according to the tion." Since this a wilderness conference, let's the accumulated prejudice of centuries. Its advertisements for retirement funds, sleeping start with the word "wilderness." connotations, except to such special groups in a hammock in Florida with a newspaper WILDERNESS as the Georgia-Pacific Lumber Company, are over your face. If we narrow the question For legal purposes it has been defined, entirely pleasant. Yet the confusion in the down to recreation in the national parks, we quite eloquently, in the Wilderness Act. Yet meaning of the term is almost as great as in can be a bit more precise. One criterion would it remains literally one of the most ambiv the case of wilderness; from the point of be that the activity, whatever it is, should alent words in the language; it has two con view of practical politics and administration not alter the natural landscape. Another is tradictory meanings representing two dia it may be even more serious. Let me illus that it shouldn't hog the environment for it metrically opposed values. The Biblical mean trate. Several years ago I was privileged to self. For instance, speedboats and waterski ing of wilderness, which was brought to take part in an international conservation ing can drive out canoes, but not vice-versa. America by our Puritan forebears, was "des conference in Bangkok, one session of which If we want to talk in terms a businessman ert." It was a hostile environment, a last was devoted to "national parks." We quickly can understand, we can evaluate recreation refuge for outcasts, the place into which you realized that the American delegates under in terms of consumption. The parks provide a drove the scapegoat laden with the sins of stood one thing by this phrase and the Thai limited space for the use of an increasing mankind. It could be made to bloom only delegates (with one notable exception) quite number of people. A man in an automobile through man's toil. In that song familiar to another. To the latter, a park was primarily consumes space many times faster than a some of us in the Boston area, Fair Harvard, a place for rural recreation-a sort of na man on foot. A speedboat at thirty miles an the college is described as the "first flower of tional country club. Its administration was hour consumes ten times as much space as a our wilderness." It was not a wildflower, you under the National Tourist Bureau. The first canoe at three Iniles an hour, for the same may be sure, that the writer had in mind. thing to do was to improve the roads,. land number of hours of recreation. He was thinking of a cultivated spot in a sur scape the area, plant flower beds, build a If we can't define recreation, we can at rounding desert. So deeply ingrained was this restaurant and a bar and a golf course. least make clear what we mean by it in the concept, that heavily forested country con Naturally enough. To them the term "wil contex,t of national parks and wilderness tinued to be referred to as "desert"-going derness park" would have been a contradic areas. We may even claim that the forms of back to the original meaning of simply an un tion in terms. recreation that involve outdoor skills, scien occupied area. Wilderness was unholy ground Nor is this semantic difficulty confined tific knowledge, artistic appreciation, and inhabited largely by devils; noisy devils, ap to the so-called "developing countries" in · one's own muscles-as.opposed to those that parently, since the stock phrase was ''howling which the national park concept comes as depend on second-hand entertainment or the wilderness." Presumably a "wilderness con a new idea. In England, for example, a na internal combustion engine-come closes.t to ference" in those days would have been a tional park is defined in the booklet of the the original sense of this much watered-down sort of witches' sabbath. Nature Conservancy as "a thinly inhabited word. To the frontiersman the wilderness was, region where the natural scenery is safe To the uninitiated, much of our official jar of course, an adversary. Only after it had guarded for amenity and recreation." To us gon is also misleading. When the man on the been largely subdued could the surviving in America "national park" suggests some stre.et sees the words "national forest" on a fragments be enjoyed. Not till the period of thing very different. But exactly what does map, he assumes that the area is covered with the Romantic Movement in European litera it mean? trees. When he sees the words "national ture, till the time of Thoreau and the tran The word "park" has meant many things monument," he has every right to visualize scendentalists in America, did the term itself to many people. The history of such a word a granite obelisk or a bronze statue of a gen become generally respectable. is the history of a concept, and its meanings eral on horseback. Least of all can we .expect As recently as the 1920's, when the first grow and proliferate over the years. The him to appreciate the technical distinctions wilderness areas were established by the more widely a concept is approved, the more between "roadless area," "primitive area," Forest Service, there was serious question as likely the word itself is to be debased. and "Wilderness area." He is, to use a fine old to whether the word "wilderness" would have "Home" and "park" are such words. The English word, "jargogled." unfortunate repercussions. Now it has gone "split-level home" and the "funeral home" to the other extreme and we hear about the have now been joined by the "industrial CONSERVATION "wilderness mystique" and the "wilderness park" that sustains the one and the "memo Finally, we come face to face with that all cult." (Personally, I prefer honest devils.) rial park" that sustains the other. Yet if the inclusive word that takes in everything we The curious thing is that both meanings of word "park," like the word "home," didn't have been talking about; the word "con the word continue to be used right up to the stand for something we believe in, there servation." Today it is an O.K. word. As present moment. For example, in a recent would be no cash value in exploiting it. It Fraser Darling has written, "the idea of con speech about the dangers of pollution, Presi does, in fact, denote two different ideas, each servation is easy and emotionally satisfying." dent Johnson warned that our countryside admirable in itself, but each in conflict with This is true, and it can be a source of weak might become "a wilderness of ghost towns." the other. The fact that we have only one ness rather than of strength. To the strip Some modern uses of the term are very odd word for both is the source of much agony miners who are murdering the Southern Ap indeed. A ballet put on in New York this and confusion. palachians, conservation is a nice hobby for winter was entitled "Wilderness." According "Park" comes from the Old English "par old ladies in tennis shoes, but it must not b.e to the review in The New York Times, it rock" or "paddock"---an enclosed space of allowed to interfere With the practical busi "was clearly about a beautiful girl, a man ground. In English law U originally referred ness of the country, which, as Calvin Coolidge with leprosy and a slave driver"-the rela to lands held by royal grant, principally as once reminded us, is business. tionship between the three of them being hunting reserves. Lt also applied to the large The word conservation inevitably suggests somewhat confused. This sort of thing may ornamental grounds of a country estate. By the word conservative. It has a negative con be covered by the Mann Act, but certainly the late seventeenth century, the term was notation, as if our only object was preserva not by the Wilderness Act. being used to describe open landscaped areas tion of the status quo. We know otherwise. So what? Does this confusion matter? I within or near cities set aside for public It is a positive concept. And though the idea believe it does. After all, we think in terms recreation. But not until recent times was it of conservation may be easy, the practice of of words, and centuries of folklore and prej applied to tracts of wilderness saved by gov conservation, as we have all learned, is very udice cannot be changed overnight. To take ernment action from private exploitation. difficult indeed. a parallel example, would the senseless poi The revolutionary idea of the national park We face an obvious dilemma. Ours is a soning and shooting of wolves be tolerated was born in America, about a hundred years monetary society, based on private enterprise by the public if wolves were not still asso ago. The concept was new, and the old word and financial profits. But the values of the ciated with evil? Wilderness, though no had to be stretched to flt it. As a matter of wilderness conservation movement cannot be longer considered wiholy, is still identified fact, it stretched rather slowly, since the first expressed in terms of dollars. Thus for many in many people's minds with land that is parks were established for the sake of their people-including the Kentucky strip good for nothing else, with wasteland. Min "natural curiosities," rather than to save Wil miner-they do not exist. This gives an over ing, lumbering, and grazing interests of derness as such. Wilderness preservation was, whelming advantage to the exploiter. The course take this view. The Forest Service is at first, a byproduct of the national parks battle between two standards of value has of occasionally guilty of such thinking. I trust movement. Today it has become a principal course been going on at least since the turn of 15858 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 the century. Yet one is continually struck omy is expanding at a greater rate than SIXTEEN RULES FOR DESTRUCTION with the endurance of the old standards. Dur thalt of any other country in the Euro (By Henry J. Taylor) ing the fight to saye Hetch Hetchy, the con pean Economic Community. A 16-point program for the destruction of servationists were described as "hoggish and Of particular interest and significance the United States: mushy esthetes." Today's strip miner calls (1) Pound home the preachment of indi them "bleeding hearts and do-gooders who is the 5.2 percent increase in agricultural is vidual rights instead of individual responsi don't understand the real issues." For him, production. This the highest rate of bility. Preach the sick sentimentality that the cheapest coal is the best coal no matter incre,ase experienced during any year in condones criminality as society's fault and what its exploitation may do to the land the past decade, and offers impressive dismisses the individual from responsibility. scape. To adopt any other criterion would be testimony tha,t the immense investments (2) Go easy on anarchy. to violate "the good old American free enter in agriculture made in southern Italy's (3) Glorify C()IW'ardice as intellectualism prise system and, frankly, I hope I never see depressed and underdeveloped areas have and appeasement as enlightenment. Stea.I the the day that happens." liberal label and falsify the contents O·f the "Wilderness," "national park," "recrea finally begun to pay economic dividends. There are indications, too, that this agri bottle. tion," "conservation"-properly understood, (4) Sneer at patriotism. Teach the youth these are all dynamic words. The validity of cultural production growth rate will be to shun the battlefield. "Be a lover-not a what they stand for is shown by the phe maintained for some time to come, pro fighter." And if the enemy is a fighter, not nomenal growth of the conservation move vided there is no repetition of the na.t a lover? The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King ment. You may remember that, by extrap ural disasters of the kind that struck the Jr. repeatedly stated: "The Vietnam War olating from the present rate of growth of country in November of 1966. · must be stopped and one way is to have the Sierra Club, a recent president came up 'peace rallies' like we have 'freedom rallies.'" with the comforting thought that in the The 7.9 percent increase in industrial was But would Ho Chi Minh allow those parades year two thousand and something the en output very Largely due to a phe in the place that is holding up the peace tire world would belong to the Sierra Club. nomenal expansion in the motor vehicle Hanoi? Meanwhile, however, we have work to do. industry. About 1.4 million private cars ( 5) Claim the aggressor can be bought off. In doing it, we shall be effective in direct were produced-an incTease of nearly 14 The Carthaginians gave their sons and proportion to our understanding of the words percent over 1966. Trucks manufactured daughters to the Roman aggressor to prove we work with. and guarantee ca.rthage's nonaggressive in (NoTE.-Paul Brooks, a Director and Vice exceeded 103,000, or 24 percent more than the previous year's output. tent. History means nothing? President of the Houghton Mifflin Company, ( 6) Do not require the study of American is also President of Trustees for Conserva Complementing increased productivity history. Two-thirds of our institutions of tion and a Director of the Sierra Club. He is was a remarkable growth in investments, higher learning fail to require-require author of Roadless Area (winner of a John particularly in the area of direct produc students to study American history. One out Burroughs Medal for nature writing) and tion facilities. An immediate and salu of four of our teachers' colleges do not re many articles published in national maga tary effect was the arrest of what had quire any course in it; more than half do not zines. Among his articles, two published by require any preliminary knowledge of it. Yet Atlantic are particularly significant to con been since 1962 a slow but continuous de crease in employment. During 1967 some gOOd citizenship and progress in American servationists: "The Plot to Drown Alaska" idea.ls are admittedly impossible without an exposed the folly of the Rampart dam proj 223,000 new jobs were found, primarily appreciation of our unique American herit ect on the Yukon, and "The Fight for Amer in the highly productive industrfal age and the great sacrifices it took to estab ica's Alps" (later condensed in Reader's Di sectors. lish and preserve them. gest) helped attract support for a national And so today, 22 years since the es (7) Breed distrust of the military; belittle park in the North Cascades. Mr. Brooks' the men who have advanced in this respon "The Words We Work With" is adapted tablishment of the Republic, Italy stands strong and firm, and we salute her re sible career. Make them seem ignoble and to from a speech he made at the Seventh Bi lie about their democratic purposes long ennial Northwest Wilderness Conference, markable growth and progress in the enough, and the military establishment on held in Seattle, Washington, on March 30 face of continued harassment by a strong which a nation's security must depend be and 31, 1968.) Communist minority. May she continue comes only a hollow shell, incompetent for to thrive and prosper as one of the bas a country's defense. tions of democracy in Europe and one (8) Be patient with hippies who disrupt of our most valued and trusted allies. the universities and other established insti THE 220 ANNIVERSARY OF ITALIAN tutions. Let their protests take the form of REPUBLIC DAY sit-ins, lie-ins, Flag-burnings, draft-card burnings and mayhem a.long with missiles and stink bombs. The first business of good HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. HOW TO DESTROY THE UNITED government is to provide safety for its citi STATES IN 16 EASY LESSONS zens. Destroy this. OF NEW JERSEY (9) Pound home to the population that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES discrimination and lack of opportunity ac Monday, June 3, 1968 count for all who are "underprivileged." Ig HON. LOUIS C. WYMAN nore individual capability and personal ap Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, June 2, OF NEW HAMPSHIRE plication entirely. The IQ of the American 1946, was-a landmark day in Italy's mod IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES population varies from about 50 to 180. The ern history. For on that day an almost national dropout rate for college students, Monday, June 3; 1968 reflecting both incapacity and failure to destitut.e people, in a country ravaged apply one's self, exceeds 50 percent. by war, took their destiny into their Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, it is not finds ( 10) Teach all "underprivileged" that hands and in a free and fair election often that one in one concise refer somebody else owes them a living. Preach voted for a republican form of govern ence a summary of most of the things this long enough and it is sure to create a ment. Thus, they abandoned the con that are helping to destroy the United "march of the poor" on the nation's capi stitutional monarchy which had existed States of America. Such a reference, tal, government by city-burning, govern since 1861; more importantly, they re however, is found in the recent article ment by blackmail. It is also sure to create jected all traces of the Fascist dictator by Henry J. Taylor appearing in the a great many loafers who wouldn't do a ship that ruled their country in tyranny Rocky Mountain News of May 6, 1968. day's real work under any conditions what While each American has the right of ever. In just New York City, during history's for more than two decades. biggest boom, 816,699 people (as of Febru · Two months ago the Minister of the free speech to argue any point of view, ary 1968) are drawing relief, some for the Budget reported on how Italy's economy short of incitement to overt acts of vio second and third generations. fared in 1967. The results were even lent overthrow, there is no doubt but ( 11) Emphasizing the "curing" of poverty more gratifying than the most optimis what Mr. Taylor's summary is of ma as the cure for civil disorders. The report of the President's National Advisory Com tic Italians had predicted. terial truth. Each and all of the 16 points mission on civil disorders found that the In real terms the national income grew that he makes need attention and sharp average rioter did hold a job, was not un by 5.9 percent over the 1966 figure, as revision on the American scene. employed and was better educated than his compared with the average increase of In a very real sense, Mr. Taylor's col nonrloting neighbors. It completely demol 3.9 percent for the previous 3 years. umn presents a thumbnail sketch of ished many of the usual contentions re Thus, Italy's recovery from the 1964-65 garding the "causes" of the looting and what the elections of 1968 will off er to disorders. recession has been more rapid and more the American voter as alternatives for (12) Sponsor unlimited Government successful than many had anticipated the road ahead. spending. Said Lenin: "The surest way to would be possible. Also, the Italian econ- The article follows: destruction is to debauch the currency." June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF. REMARKS 15-859 (13) Preach "permissiveness." If "any faithful spokesman for the men in serv personally been shocked by the contin thing goes" then, of course, everything goes, ice. uing reports of the high incidence of Every internal and external enemy knows On May 22, 1968, VFW Commander in crime in Washington, D.C. the advantages of destroying a nation's Chief Joseph A. Scerra, of Gardner, standards. The rewards are as old as the Tro There is almost daily verification of jan horse. See that the TV, drama and movie Mass., issued a statement protesting, on my position that the streets of this Capi critics, book reviewers, etc., accept the im behalf of the 1,400,000 overseas combat tal City are not safe at the present time, moral as moral, the abnormal as normal, the veterans comprising the membership of and I found the report interesting that obscene as valuable. Countries that praise the VFW, the Treasury Department's leaders of Resurrection City had advised the pigs in the pasture don't last very long. plan to deprive our overseas military per their followers not to walk the streets (14) Infiltrate or confuse the teaching sonnel, other than those in the Vietnam alone at night. talking-writing intelligentsia, especially war, of their $10 duty-free gift mailing Mr. Speaker, my reports on the crime those who work behind a prominent man exemption. as ghost writers. situation here in Washington, D.C., have (15) Draw the churches into politics. See Commander Scerra had the f aots. He caused considerable comment, and in that the churches gradually liquidate their knew what he was talking about. He had this connection, under unanimous con influence as a spiritual power, and thus as an exchange of correspondence with As sent, I include the following articles from a stab111zing force, having ministers and sistant Secretary of the Treasury Washington, D.C., newspapers and a re church leaders make the historic mistake Joseph M. Bowman. The Treasury De port on my earlier remarks by Adele of using the church itself as a political lever. partment confirmed, in effect, that the Ferguson in the Bremerton Sun: ( 16) Manipulate the news. Department intends to curtail the pres [From the Washington (D.C.) Post] ent duty-free gift mailing privilege of RIOT BOOSTS ANNUAL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA servicemen overseas and at sea. CRIME RATE Commander Scerra wrote a letter to ( By Alfred E. Lewis) DUTY-FREE MAILING PRIVILEGES the President of the United States, dated FOR MEMBERS OF THE UNI May 17, 1968, in which he pointedly Somewhat warped by the reporting of 1717 FORMED SERVICES burglaries during April's riot, Metropolitan asked: Police Department crime statistics show How much more sacrifice does our gov crime rose 24.6 percent in Washington in the HON. L. MENDEL RIVERS ernment expect from those in our armed last 12-month period ending April 30. OF SOUTH CAROLINA services? · The statistics, released yesterday, show 41,- 111 serious crimes occurred during the year. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I join with the VFW in asking, also, In the similar period ending April 30, 1967, Monday, June 3, 1968 how much more sacrifice does our Gov 33,031 serious crimes were reported. ernment expect from the men in our Robbery, which was up 37.8 per cent, Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Speaker, while we armed services? showed the biggest gain. The only crime to are all aware of our men fighting in Viet There is one thing that we should all decline was aggravated assault, dropping 7.6 nam there are also American military remember-that in planning to take per cent. -men serving in other areas throughout away the $10 duty-free gift mailing ex Burglary increased 29.3 per cent. A spokes the world in defense of freedom. There man for Public Safety Director Patrick V. emption from our servicemen, the Treas Murphy pointed out that even the 1717 are more men overseas than at any time ury Department is lumping these gallant burglaries reported in April did not take of our history except in the times of de servicemen in the same category, as far into account stores which looters raided clared war and they are required to be as gift mailing from overseas is con again and again-with the looting rated as a in a high state of readiness. The per cerned, as the tourists who are traveling single burglary. formance of this duty to their country abroad. I submit there is a difference. There were 183 homicides reported in the requires our servicemen to be separated Mr. Speaker, I take this occasion to year ending April 30, as opposed to 142 for the from their families and loved ones for previous 12-month period, an increase of 28.9 urge the executive branch of the Gov per cent. long and repeated periods. ernment, and the Treasury Department, It is my, purpose at this time t.o in in particular, not to take away from om· [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, form Members of this House that unless fighting men their present right to send June 3, 1968) quick and decisive action is taken by the home to their loved ones a modest duty President of the United States, our fight free gift of the value of $10. When we are FIFTEEN STREET RoBBERms REPORTED ing men overseas, and at sea, are going t.o sending billions of dollars overseas in aid Fifteen people were victims of holdup men suffer an unjustified financial penalty who made off with loot ranging from 30 cents to foreign governments, when U.S. in to $79 in the early hours before dawn yester for performing such services in defense vestments are still being made in tre day, police report. of our country. mendous amounts overseas, this proposed Among the victims in Northeast was Bow Briefly, Mr. Speaker, here are the cir action by the Treasury Department man Bodrick, listed at 1100 F st. ne., who cumstances of this alarming situation: against our servicemen will not have any told police five men approached him while The Treasury Department is proceed great effect on the dollar deficit and the he was walking in the 700 block of E st. ne. ing with plans to deprive our servicemen gold flow. It will, however, be an insult around 5:16 a .m. The men began hitting him overseas, and at sea, other than those in in the face and took his wallet, containing to our fighting men by a Nation which $79, before running off. volved in the Vietnam war, of the present, should be manifesting, instead, its grati very modest privilege to mail home duty James Seward, of 231 9th st. ne., was walk tude. ing in the 600 block of 10th st. ne. around free gifts not exceeding $10 in value. I I hop,e legislation to prevent this ac 3: 30 a.m., police said, when two men asked would like to explain that those serving tion on the part of the Treasury Depart him for cigarettes and then started hitting in Vietnam have a $50 duty-free gift ment will not be necessary. him in the face with a stick. They ran off mailing exemption, which is not involved with his wallet and $46. Seward was treated in the present issue. for bruises at Casualty Hospital. As Members of this House well know, CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN James L. Bryson, 53, of 6200 Hillview ave., hundreds of thousands of our fighting WASHINGTON, D.C. Alexandria, told police he was driving south men are doing duty outside the United on 7th Street nw. around 2 a.m. when four States, other than in the Vietnam war. youths jumped into the car after he had stopped for a traffic light at N Street. They These dedicated men cannot defend their HON. THOMAS M. PELLY told him -~o keep driving for two blocks, made own interests and protect themselves OF WASHINGTON him stop, and fled with his wallet, containing from what the Treasury Department IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES $20. plans to do to them. Monday, June 3, 19,68 A man carrying a revolver approached Sibyl This matter is already receiving na Schubert of Flanders, N.J., around 3:45 a.m. tionwide attention and protest. Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speaker, a short while while she was waiting to get gas at a service As an example of the reaction against ago I began responding to my constitu station at 6th Street and Florida Avenue ne., the bureaucratic indifference of the ents that their Nation's Capital was not police said. They said the man grabbed her Treasury Department, I refer the pub safe to visit, based upon the soaring wallet containing $5 and ra.n. to Anderson Wright, 27, of 1607 Montana ave. lic pro.test by the Veterans of Foreign crime rate and the uncertainties posed ne., told police two hitchhikers he picked up Wars of the United States. The VFW is by the threats of "civil disobedience" by at 30th Street and Naylor Road se. around recognized in this House, and through leaders of the Poor People's Campaign. 12: 10 a.m. got out at 19th Street and Alabama out the Nation, as an alert, informed, and Since my original statement, I have Avenue se. and ran off with $43 of his money. 15860 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 [From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News, tailed bus service in the capital by refus'ing bake sale, collected newspapers, and made June 3, 1968] to drive after 6:30 p.m. and sold flowers to achieve their high per- Arson is a nightly affair, he said, with as centage. . CRIME SOARS; CONGRESS DALLIES many as a dozen suspicious fires each night, A highlight of the drive was the appear In the District the Transit Commission and criminal assault is shocldngly high. ance of the Gordian Knot, a Hollywood sing has ordered the bus company to use "scrip" "All the while the Administration terms ing group, who performed in a special as on night runs so the drivers won't have to these acts of crime 'disturbances' and refers sembly. carry money. to the riots as connected with civil rights," "Proceeds from this drive will be sent to The city has been without night bus serv Pelly said. "The fact is, however, that this is the Peace Corps headquarters in Washing ice more than two weeks because the night gangsterism. When bands of youths bully ton, D.C.," Hill said. "They will select the drivers refuse to tote cash, the result of the their way into a market or liquor store, grab village where the school is to be con hold-up murder of one driver and more than what they want from the shelves and structed." 500 robberies of drivers in the last year. threaten to burn the store down if there is Money raised in addition to the $2,000 will In Madison, Wis., a co-ed was stabbed to any protest from the owner, that has nothing be divided between the Red Cross and the death in broad daylight, another of some 40 to do with civil rights. Or when young toughs support of an orphan. attacks on students this year at the Univer tell a merchant he has to buy a picture of sity of Wisconsin. Is is so bad the students Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., for $100 and place have had to organize their own patrols. it in the window or face reprisal, that is In New York City, cab drivers are de extortion, not social protest. manding more police protection as a result Added to the rising crime raite is the "THE WASHINGTON MARCH: of the fourth holdup-murder of a driver in uncertainty of the conduct of the Poor AN OPINION" the last 17 months. People's Campaign marchers, he said, so per FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover produces sons planning visits to the capital should evidence that while the national population delay them until law and order is restored. HON. BASIL L. WHITENER has gained 10 per cent since 1960, serious OF NORTH CAROLINA crime has increased 88 per cent. The answer to the crime problem, he said, lies in "direct, HELIX STUDENTS COLLECT $3,000 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES positive action, not by waiting and hoping FOR SMALL VILLAGE Monday, June 3, 1968 the problem will go away." In Congress, a few key members are has Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, an edi sling over a tough anti-crime bill passed by HON. LIONEL VAN DEERLIN torial entitled "The Washington March: the Senate but so far blocked in the House An Opinion" appeared in the North by sentimentalists who object to clarifica OF CALIFORNIA Carolina Christian Advocate of March 30, tions the bill proposes in some soft Supreme IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1968. Court decisions. The bill before Congress will not prevent Monday, June 3, 1968 The North Carolina Christian Advo or cure crime. But it would give law en Mr. VAN DEERLIN. Mr. Speaker, in cate is the official organ of the North forcement agencies new weapons. And it these days when so many people are will Carolina and Western North Carolina would stiffen the deterrents by hiking more ing to let big Government or big busi Conferences of the United Methodist penalties on criminals. ness deal with the problems that beset so Church. Rev. James C. Stokes is the edi But Congress quibbles. While rapists, tor of the publication. murderers, robbers, burglars, muggers, and called little people, it is gratifying to hoodlums increasingly trample the public's know that some are still willing to become This editorial very excellently states right to safety and security. involved in other people's problems on a the views of the editor and should be personal basis. read by many who are today involved in [From the Bremerton (Wash.) Sun, May Some high school youngsters in San the type of action to whi-ch it refers. I 28, 1968] Diego County, Calif., have given recent make the editorial a part of my remarks at this point in the RECORD: ANGRY PELLY FLAYS LEADERS OF POOR PEOPLES evidence that they care for people more CAMPAIGN than pot, for friendship more than THE WASHINGTON MARCH: AN OPINION An angry U.S. Rep. Thomas M. Pelly today flowers. Many conscientious Christians are torn by flayed the leadership of the Poor Peoples On their own initiative, the students of inner conflict over the so-called poor people's Campaign in Washington, D.C., for "increas Helix High School have raised and march on Washington. They are genuinely ing militancy, insult and h.arassment." turned over to the Peace Corps more concerned about the plight of the nation's "The leaders of this nonviolent demon than $3,000 to be used for the construc poor. They consider it a shame that so much stration continue to assert that they hope poverty and deprivation exists in a nation they do not have to resort to civil dis tion of a school in a small and remote which is as affluent as is America. They feel obedience to obtain their goals, but this South American village. The efforts of that positive steps should be taken to alle statement is a contradiction," Pelly told these boys and girls should not go un viate the situation. The Sun. "There is a gradual escalation of noted. But about the march on Washington, they their protest which already is resorting to The Lemon Grove Review has de have serious reservations. We must frankly unlawful civil disobedience." scribed their achievement in the follow place ourselves in this category, and for the Members of the campaign gathered out ing report of May 23: following reasons. side the House Office Buliding last Thurs First, we believe that this movement repre day singing and chanting and refused police HELIX STUDENTS COLLECT $3 ,000 FOR sents a threat to the democratic process of orders to move or disband. Eighteen were ar SMALL VILLAGE government. We recognize the right of citi rested. Dividends that will come for years will zens to protest all manner of unjust condi Pelly said he completely defends any per start in the very near future. Students at tions, and to petition Congress and other son's right to assemble peacefully and pre Helix High School have helped students in governmental agencies about matters affect sent a grievance "but the moves made by the a remote South American village by collect ing their welfare. But the purpose of such Poor People's Campaign so far have been ones ing some $3,000 to help them in school con should be to present facts, describe condi of increasing militancy, insult and harass struction. tions, and to indicate the concern of the ment." Of the total, some $2,000 will be used to people. Protest, petition and demonstrations The protest is timed wrong, he said, com buy the building materials and local native should, in a democracy, not develop into an ing in the wake of rioting, looting and arson workers will supply the labor under a pro overwhelming show of force, nor should they so widespread that he urged any of his con gram sponsored by the Peace Corps. be coupled with threats of violence, veiled or stituents planning to visit the capital to for "The Peace Corps school-to-school pro otherwise. They should not bear insinuations get it. gram requires a minimum of $1,000," accord of dire consequences, including disruption "Right now it is a dangerous place to visit ing to Howard Hill, C.A.S.H. ( Construct a of orderly processes, disobedience of laws, and and it is even more a dangerous place to Sohool House) drive chairman. interference with the freedom and rights live," Pelly said. "We were not sure we could do it in two of others. We disapprove of the march on "I am saddened to make this statement. weeks. But we're more than plea.red with the Washington because these elements seem to This has always been a city which every response." be written into its plans and strategy. American could be proud to visit. Nor am I Strong support in the first period class In the second place, we object because we an alarmist, but night after night the crim carried this drive through. Highlanders sold have an obligation to be consistent, fair and inals burn and kill at a rate far above what peace symbols, bonds, and carnations. A unprejudiced. We would not want the Amer could be considered in any mind as normal." rummage-art sale brought in $500. ican Legion, the John Birchers, The Meth Flour merchants and one bus driver have "Miss Mary Garcia's first period class of odist Men, the Democratic Party, or the AFL- been murdered during robberies in the last 23 girls donated $310.76, or an average of CIO to launch such a gigantic pressure 30 days, he said, causing merchants' associa more than $13 per girl," Mr. Robert Woods, movement. Therefore, to be absolutely fair tions to place plea.s for police protection in ASB advisor said. about it, we cannot approve of it being done the newspapers, and bus drivers have cur- Miss Garcia's class held a swap meet, a by anybody else. We would ask those who June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15861 support this march, sponsored by the South WCKT-TV IN MIAMI PROVES PUB is here to stay. We would like to reduce the ern Christian Leadership Conference, what LIC APATHY TOWARD CRIME former. But to the public its always some their reaction would be if the same thing body else's game. The word for it is "apathy." were to be staged by the Wallace-for-Presi Th·e question is to what extent? dent group or by the DAR? If we give our HON. DANTE B. FASCELL With crime in an inflationary spiral, approval to this march, can we consistently WCKT-TV news turned the candid camera deny any legal and lawful organization the OF FLORIDA lens eye on the problem-you. The idea was same right, including the privilege of build IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to stage all the crimes mentioned and more. ing a large encampment on government Monday, June 3, 1968 The purpose--to film public reaction to what property in our national capital? If it is right for the most pa.rt is common everyday crime, for the SCLC to use a massive show of force Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, the prob and to determine with some finality whethe!l' to pressure Congress into doing what it lem of crime on our streets is one that you and I ... and our neighbors ... are wishes, then is it not equally right for we have all been concerned with for morally, if not legally, partners in crime. dozens of other organizations to do like some time. Recent polls seem to indicate Appropriately, we called the documentary, wise? that the citizens of our Nation share this "Partners in Crime." Sixty minutes of sur We do not want government directed and prising reaction to our phoney crimes focused controlled by an interminable parade of pres concern. However, a documentary film international attention on Miami. Ranked sure groups marching on Washington; so to produced by WCKT-TV in Miami, Fla., third nationally in crime, Miami deserves be consistent, we cannot approve of this one. seems to indicate that to the average man such attention. A year ago, we were No. 2. Furthermore, we see the high possibility on the street crime is something for Fortunately, some other city cared a little that this rather strong-armed tactic will someone else to worry about; he does not less about law and order. hurt rather than help the very condition it want to get involved. Let there be no mistake though, crime and seeks to alleviate. People being as they are, This outstanding program, narrated apathy are equally at home in yo.ur backyard we may well have a strong national reaction by Wayne Fariss, WCKT news commen as they ar·e in ours. which will militate against the welfare of WCKT's experiment in crime and apathy the poor. In the main, the segment of our tator, is a startling portrayal of public had the blessing, if not the immediate coop people who are caught in the toils of poverty apathy. Mr. Gene Strul, news director eration, of local police agencies. They feared and its concurrent evils need sympathy as of the station and executive producer of one of our actors might get hurt. A get-in well as · dollars. They need person to person the program, has written an article de volved type citizen with a taste for blood help as well as appropriations. What will it scribing the program and its results in could have turned some political chiefs into profit a people if they even gain a few dollars the March issue of the Quill and I com Indians. And don't think some ambitious more in welfare money, but lose the kind of mend it to my colleagues. I also off er my braves didn't pow wow over the prospects of personal concern and direct supportive rela raising some scalps. tionship which is essential to their building congratulations to Messrs. Fariss and But as "Partners In Crime" demonstrates better lives for themselves? We think the Strul and the producer, Mike Silver. for there was little ground for fear. There's one money should be appropriated within the bringing to the attention of the public thing about apathetic people--they don't get reasonable means of the government to pay the situation with which it must cope. involved. it. But we think that much, much more is The article follows: Accompanied by a plainclothes Miami needed if the deprived and depressed people [ From the Quill, Mairch 1968] police captain, A WCKT newsman smashed are to be raised to a status of dignity. Not a jewelry store window. He grabbed some least among the needs is the good will and WAYNE FARRIS, NARRATES "PARTNERS IN planted beads that Pocahontas wouldn't active undergirding of millions of people in CRIME"-A TV STATION PROVES PUBLIC have traded Manhattan Island for with all thousands of communities. Actions which APATHY its crime and violence. will lessen this kind of support are, in our ( By Gene Strul 1) No one interfered with the escape. A opinion, ill-advised. MIAMI, FLA., WCKT-TV.-You and I · ... motorist trailed the getaway car but didn't Then, we cannot but feel that the use of and our neighbors ... are partners in crime. phone the police. Someone recorded a license millions of dollars to bring thousands of Surprised? Indignant? Why? number. But it was wrong. "lobbyists" to Washington is inconsistent Beoouse you wouldn't smash a jewelry Our rookie thief doubled back to the scene with the very purposes of the movement to store window and steal the baubles on dis of the crime. His hand was cut on the broken alleviate poverty. Of course, lobbying by play? And you wouldn't think of lifting any window (it cost $200 to replace, a shattering various organizations is a much-practiced thing from your neighborhood retail store? experience in itself); his pants splattered procedure around Washington. But usually Granted if shopldfting is taboo, purse with blood. He picked up a microphone and various interests are represented by one per snatching and assaults on policemen are not talked to a witness. son or at most by a staff of persons. among your fun things to dJO. And tha.t after "Can you identify the man?" he asked. There is already a vast amount of concern dinner drink probably doesn't send you reel "I would recognize him anywhere," the for the poor in this nation. We cannot but ing into the street after a 10-year-oJd girl. witness responded. And he provided a de feel that other propaganda means, at much What's more you gave up thoughts of scription. less cost, would have actually done more to breaking into the neighbors' house for profit "Do you see him anywhere in the crowd?" move recalcitrant members of Congress to be or sensua.l pleasure when you discovered her "No!" sympathetic to this cause. husband was a linebacke!l' for the Green Bay "Well, would it help if I put on my sun Finally, we exercise our right to dissent, Packers. · glasses? You see, I was the man you saw." because of the risk of violence which is in And the only time you fled the comfort of This was not apathy. It was a credibility volved in this whole operation. We will grant a Jail cell was in a psychedelic dream. You gap that eventually comes home to roost in that at times a witness must be made even boarded a transl t bus cradling the fare in every courtroom. A part of the vicious circle when there is a chance of strife and disorder hands gripped by handcuffs. But you got out that makes crime pay. breaking out. But reasonable, right-minded of that one because no one oared. Now that The staged jewelry store break-in was sim people should not be reckless. has a roma.ntic ring. ilar to a rash of crimes that have plagued Those who have planned and are carrying But there's nothing romantic about crime Miami stores in recent years. out this operation, we think, are taking a and vioJence ... or public apathy to either. We tried a series of purse snatches. In one great chance. We are midway between an Not getting involved is costing the country instance, a bystander made a weak effort to ugly series of riots, and a summer which 2·7 billion dollars a year in crime loss. And chase a Negro plainclothes officer. Another could be hot and violent. Only last month who can equate physical injury and mental called out encouragement. Washington suffered some nights of terror anguish in mone,tary values? "Keep going, you can make it," he sug which left scores of buildings in ashes, hun Unfortunately and despite all the brave gested. words recorded on the subject, crime like sex dreds of stores looted, people killed, and the In a variation, we snared a pocketbook populace thrown into great confusion. Only from the front seat of an automobile stopped the clamping down of speedy military rule 1 Gene Strul has been news director of for a traffic light. It's a favorite practice in restored order. WCKT-TV since September of 1957 and his Miami. We cannot but sense, therefore, the inepti total broadcast experiences spans 20 years. One thief virtually sped into the arms of tude of this plan to set up a large encamp His journalism career began as a sports three husky young men. writer for the Miami News. Among the tele ment in Washington and to bring a million "What do you have there?" one inquired. or more people into the national capital in a vision awards received by WCKT-TV for programs written and produced by Strul are "A purse," answered the startled newsman. . massive show of physical presence. the Peabody award in 1960, two Freedoms "Okay!" How it will all come out we cannot know Foundation medals, the Green Eyeshade The purse snatch was a success. No two -at the time of this writing. As of now all Award, three Florida Sigma Delta Chi awards witnesses could correctly identify our thief. things seem to be within the limits of law in 1962, Scripps-Howard Foundation Award A policewoman playing a purse snatch vic and order. We sincerely trust that they will and the University of Missouri JournaliSin tim asked six passersby for assistance. None stay so, and that the whole effort will pro Honor Medal. He has been a member of Sigma would phone the police. They wei-e too busy duce good and constructive results. Delta Chi since 1950. to get involved. It happens every day. 15862 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968
But as in every story there's a hero. In passersby paused but did nothing. One man Reporters, editors and broadcasters must this one, it's the supermarket be.gboy. Don't continued to read a posted restaurant menu. therefore accept the challenge to get in attempt any fiim flam in his territory. You Another continued inside to order his meal. volved. For public action is needed. And might get run over or tackled by a nonon Several girls gave an eIToneous description of "Partners in Crime" proved that it can be ~nse teenager. A poldce officer and a news the kidnapers. But only one man would dis aroused. But it will take the shock treatment man nearly did in both a purse Slliatch at cuss what he had seen. artt.cle, the imaginative documentary to do tempt and a bogus assault on an offioer in an Coaxed from his wind.ow vantage point in the job. This leaves you and I the choice of attempted stop and frisk. side a resturant, the husky witness described getting professionally involved or remaining Attacks on police officers, we're told, hap the abduction in detail. "Partners In Crime." pen with surprlsLng frequency. With a crowd Asked why he did nothing about it, he re of shoppers looking on, a WCKT newsman plied, "I was eating." resisted arrest, knocking an officer to the Such scenes packaged in a special presenta ground. A ba.gboy gave chase, no one else tion for the NBC Huntley-Brinkley Report PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S REMARKS cared. shocked citizens across the country. IN SIGNING THE CONSUMER OUir cameras caught one husky gentleman The New York Post said it was a "frighten warily watching every move of the fugitive ing" demonstration. Columnist Hy Gardner CREDIT PROTECTION ACT, PUB as he loped close enough to take the bad called for more programs of revelation LIC LAW 90-321 breath test. The witness toJd us he saw throughout the country. nothing. United Press Interna.tional, Broadcasting, Shoplifting in our community is a mil Variety, Backstage, the Mutual Radio Net , HON. LEONOR K. SULLIVAN lion-dollar-a-year headache for merchants. work and others devoted an avalanche of OF MISSOURI We set up a camera in a shoe department words to "Partners In Crime." storeroom of a large store. In a day of pilfer While criminologists, sociologists, psycholo IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing only one shopper reported a theft. gists, schools, colleges and universities re Monday, June 3, 1968 "I didn't want to get involved," explained quested use of the program as a mirror of another witness. reality, immediate public reaction wa.s mixed. Mrs. SULLIVAN. Mr. Speaker, last One woman Slh.opper drew her husba.nd•s "The problem," said some, "is the police. Wednesday afternoon a number of us attention to a shoplifter. His reaction · They are equally apathetic." from the House of Representatives was "Shut your fa.ce." Courtroom delays were criticized. And there privileged to be present in the beautiful Witnesses generally were not eager to talk were charges that "defense attorneys can East Room of the White House when to reporte!l."S. When they did, the contradic bend the law . . . criminals too frequently tions to save face were alarmingly funny. are freed on technicalities ... and the wit President Lyndon B. Johnson signed What these unwitting partners 1n crime ness becomes the defendant." into law the Consumer Credit Protection failed to understand was that shoplifting Can any of us deny in toto the substance Act passed by both Houses in final form losses are passed on to them in the rising of such charges? on May 22. An invited audience of about prioe of goods. And now you are asking yourself if you 350, representing consumer and labor In another demonstration, we proved how would have reacted any different than your groups which had worked 8 years for easy it is for a perfect stranger to get into friends and neighbors. the passage of Federal truth-in-lending your home. We used the ploy of checking As newsmen you might have called the legislation, and also representing many television se·ts for radiation. A camouflaged police or taken meaningful notes on the police officer armed with a battery Charger criminal acts. But the bitter truth is that business organizations without whose gained entrance to 11 of 12 homes, all oc most of you would have done nothing. cooperation and assistance technical cupied by women. Once in.side, he could A fair question then ls what was accom provisions of the measure could not have have robbed oir raped. · plished by "Partners In Crime?" been worked out satisfactorily, partici We returned a week later. One woman who If nothing else, the program awakened a pated in this historic occasion, along with insisted she wouldn't let anyone into her latent public conscience. present and former Federal and State home shamefacedly admitted that she had A Fort Lauderdale couple, for instance, officials who had contributed to the de allowed our con man into the house. A sec ignored a gunman's demand for money and ond victim said it was a moment of weak velopment of the legislation. called police. They recalled seeing the WCKT In his remarks, the President described ness. The rest wouldn't talk. documentary and decided to get involved. When Alexander Graham Bell invented the The suspect was picked out of a lineup. He the occasion as "a day that most Ameri telephone, he had no id.ea it would be used was wanted on a series of charges ... cans have been waiting for for 8 long as a burglar's tool. The conservative burglar London Theatrical Producer Peter Cook years." And he paid special tribute to likes to operate in an emp,ty home. also saw the program. He armed himself former Senator Paul H. Douglas, of Illi Six of 12 phone oalls to women on the pll'e against whom he though were phoney auto text of giving them a financial reward for try nois, who first proposed truth-in-lending graph seekers and refused to let them into legislation, and who devoted much of his ing a fake product provided the exact hours his hotel room. Cook said he would not their homes would not be occupied. The time and energy in his lasit 6 years in the forget the lesson ... Senate in dramatizing and publicizing others hedged but provided sufficient in An eye witness to a million dollar fire in formation for a burglar to work with. and promoting this great forward step A majority of citizens apparently stand Pompano Beach, Fla., credited the docu mentary with his decision to turn in an arson in consumer protection. four square behind apathy. No better ex Although the bill as finally enacted ample was the handcuffed escaped prisoner suspect ... who boarded a transit bus across from the And Miami police credited the documentary goes far beyond the original Douglas bill Miami police station. In camera range, he with inspiring usually apathetic bystanders by including many provisions initiated in paid his fare, ambled down the aisle of the to apprehend some jewelry store thieves. the House of Representatives, I think all crowded vehicle and sat next to an un Hopefully such reaction will proliferate. of us who had any share in the devel daunted p'assenger. This is not to suggest that anyone face down opment of Public Law 90-321, the Con Two stops later, the fugitive nudged his a gun or an armed bandit. This would be foolhardy. But it is evident that when you sumer Credit Protection Act, will forever seat partner to assist him in getting off the acknowledge that without Paul Douglas' bus. She pulled the bell COTd. can easily answer a need for help with a "Yes, there was something unusual about phone call to police . . . by taking down a pioneering work and untiring leadership the passenger, he was wearing handcuffs," license tag number ... or providing detailed on this issue, no legislation could have said the bus driver. "I was looking for a physical information about a suspect and been enacted. policeman," he added. An ironic twist is that you don't because you don't want to get in The President also cited the leading th.e escaped prisoner had been picked up volved, this is apathy. roles played by the chairman of the near the city jail. It is true, of course, that some people just House Committee on Banking and Cur don't care what happens to other people. "He knew what he was doing," snapped a rency, the gentleman from Texas, the passenger. Who can argue with such logic? And few are conditioned to witness an act of We had created the unlikely situation of violence. Even less are willing to subject Honorable WRIGHT PATMAN, who has a. prisoner on a bus to give the question of themselves to bodily harm. All of which is spent nearly 40 years battling for the public apathy a real test. It got it. understand·able. public interest in the Congress of the Child molestation is another matter. We But if you are the don't-get-involved United States, and Senator WILLIAM staged four kidnapings at different shopping type ... so ls your neighbor. Unfortunately, PROXMIRE, of Wisconsin, who succeeded centers. _All involved screaming girls pulled you could also be tomorrow victim's. In fact, Senator Douglas as chairman of the Sen into cars. They were 10 and 14 years old. you have a 48 per cent greater chance of ate subcommittee handling truth-in We .filmed one phase of the action from falling victim to crime than you did seven inside a Salvation Army clothing drop where years ago, according to F.B.I. Director J. lending legislation last year, and suc a surprised donor discovered our photog Edgar Hoover. ceeded for the first time in getting a rapher and hurriedly departed. Hoover warns that "either we win the war truth-in-lending bill out of subcommit Oovered with clothing, our cameraman against crime or the priceless heritage which tee; then proceeding to pass it through keyed on witnesses to the abductions. Several we cherish will be destroyed." the full Senate Banking and Currency June 3, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15863 Committee and through the Senate on them, that might lead to the talk table We are establishing today a National Com a remarkable rollcall vote of 92 to 0. where we could discuss this matter. If we mission on Consumer Finance to continue to President Johnson paid particular could talk, that might lead to some agree study these problems and to make sure we ment sometime. don't again let our actions fall behind our credit to the career civil servants in the It was an adventure. There were no guar needs. Department of the Treasury who devised antees involved about what it would do. But I don't think any of you know how pleased the actuarial tables which removed much we thought it offered new hope. I didn't feel I am and how happy I am to see Senator Paul of the controversy over the practicability that it was a matter that could be involved Douglas, our old friend, here with us in the of determining annual percentage rates in partisan-year politics or personal ambi East Room today. He is a battle-scarred war for the finance charges on installment tion. For that reason, I said that we will do rior with many victories and many defeats loans and purchases. We are all indebted this to try to get to the table and to con under his belt. But this is one of his proud vince not only everyone abroad, but every est victories. This ls his bill. He has been to Under Secretary of the Treasury Jo one at home that it is no election year gim championing it for eight years. seph W. Barr, a former member of the mick, I made the additional decision not to This bill also belongs to many other House Committee on Banking and Cur seek re-election. people. It belongs to our good lady friend, rency, who was assigned by President We have gone pa·rt of the way. We are ait that able Congresswoman from Missouri, Johnson to coordinate the executive de the table. It took us a month to get there. Congresswoman Sullivan. She fought--and I partment's legislative work on this legis Some people were not helpful to us in getting say "fought"-for a strong and an effective lation, and who put the best technical there but we are there, thank goodness. bill when others would have settled for less. The next question is: What do we do She was supported by her colleagues in the brains in the Treasury to work on the there? We hope we make progress. We don't House, particularly her Chairman of the task of devising clear and simple tables know. We have not made much up to dalte. Banking and Currency Committee, Congress demonstrating how the bill's disclosure We can't see the future, but we a.re going to man Patman, who I am glad to welcome here requirements on installment credit could try. Th.alt is why we are late. Thank you for today. be carried out. your understanding. It is Senator Proxmire's bill, too. He recog REMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT AND AMBASSADOR Today is a day that most Americans have nized the needs of this Nation and he saw to VANCE ON PARIS TALKS been waiting for for eight long years. With it that those needs were met. this bill, the Consumer Credit Protection But most of all, this bill belongs to all 200 Before proceeding to his remarks on Act, we are entering an era of honesty in million of us-alert, aware and demanding the Consumer Credit Protection Act last the marketplace. consumers that we are. Wednesday, the President talked about At long last the consumer will reoeive the I want to particularly thank every Member the negotiations now going on in Paris treatment he deserves when he borrows of Congress, House and Senate, for what you between representatives of the United money. The buyer will be allowed to know may have done to make this occasion possible. States and North Vietnam, and expressed what the seller has always known--that is, I particularly want to single out one person how muoh interest he will have to pay on a in the Executive department, one of our much his heartfelt hope that "we can get peace cred.Lt purchase. overlooked individuals, the career public in the world." Among those present was This bill, I thlnk, is an example of Gov servant, Mr. Cedric W. Kroll of the Trea.sury Ambassador Cyrus Vance, who is assist ernment working at its best--Government Department. Mr. Kroll is the Government's ing one of our greatest Americans, the responding to the growing and the ch.an.ging aotuary. He is a veteran of more than 25 years Honorable W. Averell Harriman, at those needs of the people. Good Government does of Federal service. talks. Ambassador Vance also spoke respond t.o oha.nge. He and his colleagues in the Treasury's briefly at the Whiite House bill signing. Here is just one example of how those Office of Public Debt Analysis had a tough needs have grown: In 1946, one year after job to do before we could even begin to get a Mr. Speaker, the President's remarks the end of the war, consumer ciredit Truth-In-Lending Bill. The lenders had about the Paris talks and also those by amounted to $8 billion. argued that any bill was unworkable because Mr. Vance are included in the transcript Thls year the figure will be not $8 billion, of the variety of credit transactions involved. of the proceedings in the East Room last but well over $100 billion. They said the requirements were just too Wedne.sday in connection with the sign Yet all during those 22 yoo,rs of grea.t complicated to be calculated with accuracy. ing of the Consumer Credit Protection growth, our laws did not grow. They have Well, Mr. Kroll and his associates did not Act. Under unanimous consent, I submit not oha.nged at all to meet these new de buy those arguments. They put heads to mands. gether and ca.me up with a set of interes,t the White House release of the full text rate tables and schedules that make disclo of President's Johnson's remarks and The old aa-gument was that telling a man exactly how much interest he would be called sure of the many varieties of credit trans those of Ambassador Vance, as follows: upon t.o pay would confuse him. actions relatively simple. They cracked this REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT AND AMBASSADOR Well, today we know better. We know that tough, impossible, big, technical problem that CYRUS VANCE UPON SIGNING S. 5, THE our consumers should be aible to shop for had stalled a Truth-In-Lending Bill for years. TRUTH-IN-LENDING BILL, THE EAST ROOM, credit as knowledge.ably as they shop for These few men, these quiet, effective men, THE WHITE HOUSE, MAY 29, 1968 groceries or merchandise. whom the Government is built on-men and The PRESIDENT. Mr. Vice President, Mem When our parents have to borrow for their women like them-are called bureaucrats bers of the Cabinet, Members of the Con children's education or to pay medical bills, sometimes in the heat of debate in the Con gress, my beloved friend Senator Douglas, they should be told not just how much a gress. I call them real patriots. They were Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentle month they will be paying, but the total debt working backstage and they proved that this men: that they are pledging themselves to sign bill could be made to work. These men, and I ask your indulgence for being late. We up for. thousands like them, are living proof of how had a rather extended briefing on a subject When a housewife opens a charge account our Government works for the people. that means more to all of us than any other at a department store, she will not have to We owe this bill and other good bills to subject, and that is how we can get peace compute how much 1¥:z percent a month our career civil servants who are always in the world. comes to. She will be told that the annual working behind the scenes to better our lives rate is 18 percent, and exactly how much of and usually doing the things for which we I have been talking to Mr. Vance since take the credit. before 8:00 o'clock this morning, reviewing her total bill goes to finance charges. I am proud today to speak for not only all the developments of the past two weeks. When a man takes out a personal loan .to our consumers and for all of our people in He is preparing to return to Paris. He has pay for a new car, the finance company won't recognizing our debt and paying our thanks been briefing our Cabinet and evaluating for be able to say simply "$5 down and $25 a to the public servants who go unheralded, us the developments there. month." The buyer must be told how many unknown, and unsung, and who make our I assume it is not ina:i,,proprtate here to months he will be paying, how much of his prosperity and our security better by their observe that back last August we searched money pays interest and other carrying careers. our minds and our hearts and our principles charges. But I want to r.gain pay my compliments and laid down a program which was subse If a man falls int.o debt, he will not be and salute the selflessness of Miss Betty Fur quently announced in San Antonio that we punished by unreasonable garnishment of ness, who came here to undertake consumer were hopeful would lead to the peace table. his salary. He will not be deprived of food for leadership and who has not only undertaken That program was rejected. outright and his family or money for his rent. He wm not it, she has provided plenty of it. we searcihed many other avenues and many be fired out of hand. Thank you very much. other conferences. If a householder or a small businessman This is unusual, and I don't want to take On March Sls,t, I reached a decision that falls prey to loan sharks, his body and his much more of your time, but we do have if we would take the unusual step of exer property will be protected from extortionists another man who has given eight or nine cising great restraint on our own part by by stiff Federal penalties. years of his life to Federal service in many eliminating our offensive efforts over 90 per As President, I know of no single piece of capacities-in the legislative branch of the cent of the population in North Vietnam legislation which is of more pressing or more Government, in the military branch of the and 78 percent of the territory, if we did personal concern to more of our consumers Government, in the diplomatic branch o! that unilaterally, without expecting any than this bill. This bill is truly a triumph for the Government-and he is one of the great thing from them or asking anything from truth. · public servants of our time. I want him to 15864 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 take the next few minutes of your time on enterprise to achieve a solution of Ainerica•s New Rochelle said the telegram about the the thing that is most in your heart-peace crisis." deaths was dated April 30. in the world. Cy Vance. "Handouts are demeaning," said the CORE Cpl. Wilson was a graduate of Dobbs Ferry Ambassador VANCE. Mr. President, Ladies proposal. "They do violence to a man, strip High School and attended C. W. Post Col and Gentlemen: him of dignity, and breed in him a hatred lege for a year before enlisting in the Ma As a result of the speech of March 31st, of the total system." CORE's answer is a rines in September 1966. He arrived in Viet and the actions announced therein, we are community development program to "draw nam March 3, 1967, after completion of train now at the confe·rence table in Paris. funds from many sources and promote self ing at Parris Island, S.C. and Camp Lejeune, It took us a month to get to the confer generating growth with the aim in time of N.C. ence table. How long it will take us to achieve ending reliance upon the taxpayer." He was the third Dobbs Ferry man to die a just and honorable peace at the conference We strongly believe that this proposal will in Vietnam. table, we do not know. most quickly and effectively begin to lift the The road ahead, I believe, will probably Negro out of many of his problems. Further be long and difficult. However, we will per more, it demonstrates a faith in our system severe in our search for a just and honor and a desire to solve problems within the LETTER FROM A CONSTITUENT able peace so that peace and prosperity may framework of a system which has worked in be brought to Southeast Asia and to the the past. He wants a piece of "the action," REVIEW OF EVENTS AND SOME world. for which we cannot blame !lim. SOUND ADVICE Thank you, Mr. President. Many negroes, such as those leading CORE, desire to work for the benefits of our eco nomic way of life. A strong, free and com HON. 0. C. FISHER petitive economic system has worked wonders OF TEXAS GREEN POWER in this country .. it can work wonders for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Negro .. it has made the United States the envy of every other nation in the Monday, June 3, 1968 HON. WILLIAM A. STEIGER world ... and it is economic freedom that Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, it often OF WISCONSIN must be a part of human freedom. happens that folks back home can view The economic advancement as indicated IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES by the income statistics we cited, can apply the spectrum of events with amazing Monday, June 3, 1968 to all segments of our population provided clarity and understanding. An instance they demonstrate a confidence and a willing of that kind is contained in a remark Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin. Mr. ness to help strengthen and preserve the free ably intuitive letter written to me by Speaker, during the last few months enterprise system. Mrs. Dorothy Capps Anderson, of Del much has been said about black power Not the "Black Power" of violence, but Rio, Tex. and more emphasis is being given to "Black Economic Power," will help to solve our racial inequities. The letter follows: "black economic power," or as I prefer to Hon. 0. c. FISHER, call it, "green power." House of Representatives, An excellent editorial on this subject Washington, D.C. was recently aired by radio station DEAR Sm: As an average citizen, I feel WHBL in Sheboygan, Wis. L. CPL. ROBERT C. WILSON, U.S. MA there is very Iittle that I can do concerning In order to share this editorial with RINE CORPS, KILLED 'IN VIETNAM current events but I must say that some one my colleagues, it is included here as part needs to be heard. Indifference among Ainer icans to the present problem is alarming. of my remarks: HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER The greatest enemy of Ainerica is inside BLACK ECONOMIC POWER OF NEW YORK America engaged in un-Ainerican activities. In this period of discontent, the pessimists IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Statistics shout to high heaven about in our society seem to be most vocal. They crimes and riots on our streets, the criminal seem obsessed with finding the faults and Monday, June 3, 1968 code and Courts are coddling the criminal. weaknesses of the nation upon which they Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, it is my Encouragement to subversion is unparalleled blame all our problems, including the racial in our history. If we do not move against situation. sad duty to report that one of my con this wave of destruction from within-and We believe it is necessary to call to the at stituents, L. Cpl. Robert C. Wilson, U.S. soon, it may be too late--too late to stop tention of the fault-finders certain facts and Marine Corps, of Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., has the Communist menace inside Ainerica. figures that explain much of the strength died in Vietnam. Leaders of mobs and movements may deny of this nation. I wish to commend the courage of this any Communist influence or affiliation but In the area of economics, the income trend young man and to honor his memory by their actions betray them. When we see some is a dramatic case in point. Consider the fact inserting herewith, for inclusion in the thing which looks like a mule, has ears like that a generation ago, only five percent of one, has the shape of one--it is a mule. When America's families had annual incomes of RECORD, the following article: men act and talk like Communists-they $5,000 or more; by 1967, more than 50 per [From the White Plains (N.Y.) Reporter are helping the Communist cause. cent had incomes of $5,000 or higher. Dispatch, May 24, 1968] In a concern for the state of the "welfare" Between 1959 and 1967, the number of VIET DEATH OF MARINE Is CONFIRMED we have endangered the welfare of the States. families below the $5,000 mark decreased by DOBBS FERRY.-The Marine Corps has con No country in the world ever rewarded as four million; in the same period, families of firmed the death of a young man who has many of its people for unemployment born of $10,000 or better doubled from 17 percent been missing in Vietnam and presumed dead laziness and the realization that the federal of the total to 45 percent. for several months. government would feed them. No nation has As for the future, Fortune Magazine esti ever paid so many for the practice of 11- mates that by 1975 the percentage of fami The family of Lance Cpl. Robert C. Wilson, 21, of 117 Bellair Drive, received confirma legi timacy-the more births the more beans lies with annual incomes of more than and beef by a government check. The princi $10,000 will be above 50 percent. tion that the youth was killed Jan. 8 in a crash of a large transport helicopter near ple "If a man does not work, neither let It should be emphasized that the trend ap him eat" cannot continue to be ignored with plies to all income groups. DaNang. Cpl. Wilson was one of six children of Mr. out penalty. The government has not solved How is this possible? Why has this en the problem, it has subsidized the problems couraging trend occurred? The answer can and Mrs. Robert G. Wilson. At the time of the crash, Cpl. Wilson was of the poor. Those who will work, those who be found in the soundness of our free enter will show initiative, are being asked to take prise economy. Despite the restrictions and assigned to delivering personal effects to wounded men and was en route to Da Nang more and more of the load as the number handicaps placed upon it by government dur of the irresponsible multiplies. It is difficult ing the last 30 years, our economic way of Hospital when the helicopter, with 45 aboard, crashed into a mountain peak. Before that to motivate men to work when they feel they life has provided these dramatic income in can always look to the government. creases. assignment, he had seen combat action. The advocates of civil disobedience are en The success of our economic system, relates On Feb. 27 his family received word that directly to the problems facing minority he was missing and presumed dead. dangering the security of the very country groups in our country today. His family received word today that their under whose protection they are allowed to In recent weeks, at least one major Negro son was dead. act. Disobedience to any of our laws is not organization has come to the realization that Mrs. Wilson said she received a telegram, "civil" and no cause is so worthy as to war the future of the Negro, just as the White, delivered by two officers of the Marine Corps rant some members of society picking out is tied directly to economic factors. That unit in New Rochelle stating that a search the laws they dislike and disobeying them. group is the Congress of Racial Equality, of the wreckage was made by military and The thief does not like laws against stealing better known as CORE. civilian experts and all aboard the helicopter and the murderer does not like the law In a six-page proposal, CORE said, "We were now assumed dead. against murder. This does not make the seek to harness the creative energy of private A spok,esman at the Marine Corps unit in robber righteous or the killer kind. Each one June 3, 1.968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 15865 becoming a law unto himself and doing what a Xeroxed copy of the --- document have drafting of a memorandum for his attorney is right in his own eyes will make actions been matched with a complete copy for as the basts or his la test appeal in a battle of early day American vigilantes look like identification purposes. for reinstatement as the state department's child's play. chief security officer. The demonstrator who shouts "police bru The next paragraph of each of the That struggle for vindication now is in its tality" would be very quick to report his four above-cited charges reads: fifth year and seems fated to continue for stolen car to the police. The marcher who The act of cutting the classification in additional years. Rep. John N. Erlenborn criticizes police, would be the first to com dicators from a document "mutilates" that [R., Ill.] today voiced a suspicion widely plain if his march were not police protected. document within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. held in Congress that "Otepka's troubles will The right to debate gives no one the right 2071. Exhibit D is a statement from Messrs. continue at least a year until we get a new to disturb. The right of dissent should not Shea, Belisle and Rosetti, attesting to the President and a new secretary of state next be perverted to mean the right to destroy. fact that they have identified these clippings year." People are using our freedom as a cloak to as having come from the classified docu Otepka's troubles actually began more cover their sins of subversion. The slogan "po ment referred to above. than seven years ago, in December, 1960, lice brutality'• is being taught to mob mem when he was summoned to a private meet bers so they can gain the sympathy of the It would appear from the wording of ing with two members of the incoming Ken public against law enforcement officials in a charges that the State Department had nedy cabinet. They were Secretary of State movement to destroy law and order in Amer a pretty good case against Otepka. But designate Dean Rusk and Attorney General ica. what happened? Just before Otepka's designate Robert F. Kennedy. Hostilities The Communist party is using the poor brewed at that conference, when Otepka re hearing before State got underway, that sisted pressures to relax security regulations, and protestors to divide our country. Never agency dropped these charges against since the days of the Civil war, has our Na continue to this day. Otepka. For some reason the possibility LINES IN FACE tion's people been so divided. We all need of perhaps convicting Otepka of a Fed to stand up and be counted or lie down and The intervening years have put some lines be run over by the ruthless rulers of other eral offense, which calls for a fine of in Otepka's face and some gray in his hair. lands. $2,000 and a jail sentence of up to 3 Heavy legal expenses have plunged him into If at any time, we can do anything for years or both, somehow lost its urgency. debt. But he has no thought of quitting a you, please let us know. Otepka denied that he had anything to struggle against federal harassment which Yours very truly, do with the mutilation of documents and some have compared to the circumstances of MRS. W.W. ANDERSON. welcomed the opportunity to cross the infamous Dreyfus case which shook examine at least 11 persons at the hear France at the turn of the century. Twelve years passed before Dreyfus won exonera ings. After State dropped these charges, tion. WHO MUTILATED THE Otepka's opportunity to question these Some friends of Otepka have urged him to DOCUMENTS? people was eliminated. accept the partial victory he won last De Later, when Otepka appealed the State cember when Rusk vacated the original order Department decision to the Civil Service dismissing him from office, entered in HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK Commission, he requested that the muti November, 1963, and substituted a demotion OF OHIO lation charges be reviewed by the Com in grade, a reprimand and an order barring him from security duties. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mission and the above-mentioned people Otepka conceded that he sometimes had Monday, June 3, 1968 be made to appear in connection with thought of giving up. His legal costs thus far the mutilations. The Commission denied have totaled $26,000, most of them supplied Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, on his request, and the actual perpetuators thru contributions to the American Defense Sunday, June 2, the Chicago Tribune's of the offense have still not been appre funds headed by James M. Stewart, 391 N. veteran newsman Willard Edwards, dealt hended. Walnut st., Wood Dale, Ill. But Otepka has at length with the case of Otto F. Otepka, Perhaps it is not too late to catch the been obliged to borrow $7,000 from a relative. the State Department security officer The demotion is costing him $6,160 a year in culprits. The statute of limitations on income and he is at present on a leave-with whom the State Department tried un offenses under 18 U.S.C. 2071 is a period successfully to dismiss for giving infor out-pay basis. of 5 years. As the wording in the charges "I CAN'T QUIT" mation to a Senate investigating sub mentions the date of June 18, 1963, as committee. Otepka seeks to be exoner "But I can't quit," he said. "Thousands of being the date when the mutilated docu people have supported me and contributed ated of the charges brought by State ments were retrieved from the burn bags, to my fight. I would be betraying them and and returned to his former position in the 5-year period has not as yet expired. both Congress and all government employees the Office of Security. For those who have Of course, State's strategy is clear. if I gave up. There's just one issue involved not had the opportunity to follow this They are stalling until the statute of the right of federal workers to give infor celebrated case closely, the Edwards' ar mation to congress when they see wrongdoing ticle provides a capsule treatment of this limitations runs out, thus preventing in their departments." long and complex case. prosecution of the actual violators. They He had just finished a study of the latest For those who have followed Otepka's are doing the very same thing with re finding against him and found it full of battle with State, the seemingly impos gard to the perjury charges connected errors and omissions. This was the ruling of with the case, which charges also have James Masterson, chief, appeals examining sible attempt to wring any vestige of office, Civil Service commission, rejecting justice from this agency is all too famil a statute of limitation of 5 years. I intend to inquire of State what has Otepka's petition for vacation of Rusk's iar. The mutilation of documents aspect demotion and reprimand order. of the Otepka case is a good case in been done to apprehend those responsible Otepka and his attorney, Roger Robb, who point. for this violation of a Federal statute. has just won a $75,000 libel judgment for It will be remembered that State If Otepka is guilty, he should not be Barry Goldwater, will file a formal appeal originally charged Otepka with 13 spe allowed to go free. In the same vein, if from Masterson's findings to the board of cific counts, charges 4 through 11 having the State Department clique is guilty, appeals and review of the Civil Service com they should be made to face the charges. mission. to do with the declassification and mu CITES 2 MEN tilation of documents. Charges 5, 7, 9, One thing is clear: if these violations and 11 begin with this statement: are not cleared up shortly, the American "Why has the commission shied away from people must make the Otepka case a investigating the strange immunity to prose You have been responsible for the mutila cution of John F. Reilly and David Belisle, tion of a classified document in violation campaign issue in this presidential elec two of the principal instigators of wrongful of 18 U.S.C. 2071. tion year. actions against me?" asked Otepka. I include the article entitled, "Otepka Reilly and Belisle, director and deputy Then, in each of the charges, the State Presses Fight To Regain State Depart director of the office of security, state depart Department identifies each document ment Post," by Willard Edwards, in the ment, were exposed as principals in the and precedes in each charge with this RECORD at this point: vendetta against Otepka. Reilly, forced to statement: resign for having testified falsely, was quickly 0TEPKA PRESSES FIGHT To REGAIN STATE employed by the Federal Communications Specifically: On June 18, 1963, a Xeroxed DEPARTMENT POST copy of the tops and bottoms of the pages commission at a high salary. Belisle was of the aforementioned document was re (By Willard Edwards) transferred to a high post in the American trieved from your burn bag. This burn bag WASHINGTON, June 1--0tto F. Otepka embassy in Bonn. The justice department was obtained from the Mail Room in ac looked up with a smile from the swarm of ignored suggestions by the Senate internal cordance with the procedure outlined above. legal papers and books he was perusing. security subcommittee that their conduct be These tops and bottoms which were cut from He was engaged in a familiar practice, the examined. 15866 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS June 3, 1968 In their appeal, otepka and bis lawyer will enced security officer were lost to the United where in South Vietnam but the Army bas strongly attack Ma.sterson's finding tha.t a States government on the basis of alleged not released the details of his death. Presidential directive takes precedence over technical violations growing out of his co He is survived by his father, a brother, an a.ct of Oongress. otepka contended be was operation with this subcommittee." Edmund K. Purwin, of Baltimore, and a sis within bis rights in furnishing information On Jan. 6, 1968, the same subcommittee ter, Mrs. Marie Martin, who recently returned to the Senaite suboommittee under a law officially labeled Otepka as "a dedicated and to Poland. guairanteeing "the right of employes to fur loyal patriot who has suffered extraordinary, Specialist Styers, a Baltimore native, was nish information to eitheT house of Con calculated harassment because he attempted called up from the reserves and arrived in gress or to a oommittee or membeT thereof." conscientiously to carry out the national se Vietnam 8eptember 13, 1967. Masterson decreed thait an OTder by President curity program." This verdict was based on His mother said he was an artilleryman Truman in 1!}48, forbidding employes to give an inquiry lasting four years which required stationed with Battery A, 3rd Battallon, 13th Congress information abo1t1t the loyalty of a million words of testimony. Artillery Brigade. government workers' overrode the law. She said he was burned over 60 per cent of LINKS TO RUSK his body on May 9 and died of an infection VIETNAM WAR CLAIMS FOUR FROM May 26 at Brooks General Hospital, San oteplta is resigned to the foot that be wm MARYLAND never be restored to duty as a security officer Antonio, Texas. as long as Rusk rema4ns in office. "He wrote that he'd like to have some soft "The secretary of state might have ignored drinks and that Vietnam was an unpleasant my caise if I had given information to the HON. CLARENCE D. LONG place," Mrs. Saunders said. Senate subcommittee on persons in whom he OF MARYLAND Besides his mother, Specialist Styers is sur had no special interest," be sa.id. "But that IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES vived by two half-brothers, Spec. 4 Thomas informaition did involve good friends of bis Saunders, with the Army in Germany, and and he was undoubtedly incensed that the Monday, June 3, 1968 Philip M. Saunders, of the home address; documents I produced, ma.king a liar out of Mr. LONG of Maryland. Mr. Speaker, and a grandfather, David Styers, of Berkely Reilly, contained adverse information on Pvt. William R. Bissell, Sgt, Antoni B. Springs, W. Va. these good friends." Purwin, Sp4c. Reid T. Stylers, and Sp4c. A 15-YEAR VETERAN otepka had served the government since Benjamin N. Goldberg, four fine young Specialist Goldberg, a native of New York 1936 and was deputy director, office of secu who came to Baltimore in 1935, was a veteran rity, in 1960 when there was a change of ad men from Maryland, were killed re cently in Vietnam. I wish to commend of 15 years in the Army. ministration. His efficiency raitings bad been He was killed by hostile fire May 15. He had uniformly high and compUmentary a.nd the their bravery and honor their memory, been in Vietnam since January 12 with the late secreta.ry of State John Foster Dulles by including the following article in the 1st Division. gave him a meritorious service awa.rd for RECORD: "outstanding performance." Specialist Goldberg was a veteran of the VIET w AR CLAIMS FOUR FROM STATE-MONT Korean War and had been frequently PEAK OF CAREER GOMERY MARINE, THREE GI'S FROM CITY ARE decorated during his military career. He was at the peak of bis career when KILLED Besides his sister, he is survived by two summoned to the fa.tefll!l meeting with Rusk A Montgomery county marine and two other sisters, Miss Lilliam Goldberg, of Balti and Robert Kennedy in December, 1960. They Baltimore soldiers have been killed in Viet more and Mrs. Ida Haven, of Albuquerque, waDlted him to ease the security requirements nam, and another Baltimore soldier bas died N.W., and a brother, Sam, of Baltimore. for a number of prospective state department in a Texas military hospital of burns received Services will be held at 2 P.M. tomorrow at aippointments. He insisted upon full field in Vietnamese action, the Department of De the Levinson funeral establishment, 6010 investigations by the Federal Bureau of In fense has announced. Reisterstown road. vestiga,tion in the case of all appointments The Maryland servicemen were: to the l"ank of assistant secretary or higher. Marine Pvt. William R. Bissell, 19, son of One of those temporarily barred by Otepka's Mrs. Dorothy M. Bissell, of 6507 Seventy DISILLUSION AND THE ELECTORAL stand was 'Walt W. Rostow, now special as eighth street, Cabin John, Md. COLLEGE sistant to President Johnson on national Army Sgt. Antoni B. Purwin, 22, son of security affairs. Alexander Purwin, of 26 South Durham By early 1962, Otepka had become aware street. that Rusk had granted 152 security "waivers" Spec. 4 Reid T. Styers, 24, son of Mrs. Anna HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL to high-ranking department personnel, com S. Saunders, of 5326 Wright avenue. OF ILLINOIS pared to five such waivers during eight years Spec. 4 Benjamin N. Goldberg, 37, brother IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the Eisenhower administration. He strenu of Mrs. Florence Coplan, of 2423 Lightfoot ously objected to these and other security drive. Monday, June 3, 1968 decisions. Private Bissell, a native of Cabin John, was Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, it is my On Jan. 20, 1962, his office was abolished a graduate of the Walt Whitman High School, and he was downgraded to chief of the pleasure to call the attention of the in Bethesda, Md. While there, he was a mem House to the second of what may be a evaluation division. Early in 1963, his tele ber of the school's baseball team. phone was tapped, he was put under surveil Employed at Decatur Press, in Bethesda, series of editorials appearing in the lance, locked out of his office, and placed in he also served with the Cabin John Volunteer Peoria Journal Star discussing the seri isolation. On Nov. 5, 1963, he was fired for Fire Company and in 1966 was awarded a ous shortcomings of our electoral college conduct unbecoming a state department offi trophy as being one of the "top men" in the system and the great need for revamp cer. company. ing the system. The latest editorial, ''Dis APPEALS FOR HEARING Enlisting in the Marine Corps in August, illusion and Electoral College," appeared · Otepka appealed for a hearing before the be took his basic training at Parris Island, in the May 23 edition of the Peoria Jour state department panel set up for that pur S.C. and advanced training at Camp Lejeune, pose but more than four years passed before N.C. Attached to the 1st Marine Division, he nal Star and I include it at this point in be got it. Ten of the 13 charges against him shipped out from San Francisco January 27 the RECORD: then were dropped but after a long and ex with a rifle platoon of the 27th Marine regi DISILLUSION AND ELECTORAL COLLEGE haustive hearing, conducted in secret over ment, according to his mother. (By c. L. Dancey) Otepka's protests, he was found guilty of Private Bissell was killed May 22, in the having dellvered "two memoranda and an Da Nang area, his mother said. Death was at Ohances are that a lot of young people who investigative report" to the Senate subcom tributed to hostile rifle fl.re. are now out enthusiastically working their heads off for various presidential candidates mittee. NATIVE OF POLAND No attention was paid to Otepka's de in the primaries are going to be shocked, dis fense-that he had delivered this evidence Besides his mother he ls survived by his illusioned, and bitter when the conventions only when called upon to prove that be had father, Walter J. Bissell, of 6 Throne road, meet. not lied in sharply disputing statements Cabin John, and two sisters, Miss Carolyn Their reaction then is apt to be that it 1s made by his superiors. On Dec. 9, 1967, Rusk Bissell and Miss Judy Holt Bissell. a dirty, crooked, and evil system for selecting set aside Otepka's discharge but directed that Sergeant Purwin, a native of Poland, came a. ca.ndldate, when the big state political he be "severally reprimanded," reduced in to the United States in 1961 and attended the chieftains sit down and figure it out for them grade, and forever barred from security Patterson Park High School. He also attended selves---and the actual primary voting re duties. This ls the decision, upheld by a Civil a night school which specializes in English sults are a.pt to become, once a.gain, some Service commission examiner after another instruction. thing of a joke. secret hearing, which Otepka is now seeking He enlisted in the ·Army three years ago If they examine the system closer, however, to reverse. and trained at Fort Bragg, N.C. as a para they'll find it isn't that bad. It has its merits. On Oct. 31, 1963, just before Otepka was trooper. He left for South Vietnam with the The people who really make the key de fl.red, the full Senate internal security sub 82d Airborne Di vision. clsions at the convention will be interested committee formally advised Rusk that "we SEVERE BURNS in results. Their motives will be to pick the would consider it a great tragedy if the serv The family was notified by the Army that best candidate With the best chance to win. ices of this exceptionally able and experi- Sergeant Purwin was killed May 13 some- They wlll look at primary votes, and they June 4, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 15867 will look at political polls, but from long that makes some districts much more impor Because they have long been using the experience they will not stop there. tant than others. special advantages of this cheating system They will analyze them far beyond the That is the unequal element that is dirty, for their other "causes" which center pre mere total results. They will look at circum dishonest and evil. cisely where the dice are loaded by the Elec stances, splits, and choices. They will study But that is not their fault. That is a fact toral College-in the big cities of states with them in the light of probable events to come of life that they have to deal with. big totals. and probable reactions. The fact of life is the Electoral College sys They can exploit the fact that if a big city Then, they will try to pick a man who can tem. provides a slight tilt in its big state, it be win in a general election in the fall. It makes hairline victory in key big states comes more important than twice its num That is not the same thing as trying to more important than "decisive" support in ber of voters not so strategically located for pick a man who can win in a party election others, regardless of the numbers. Electoral College purposes I in the spring. It grossly distorts the value of voters in a There is an evil for which there is no The requirements, the voting segments more shocking violation of the "one-man excuse. and the circumstances are different, much one-vote" principle than those the Supreme It ought to be attacked. different! Court has "corrected." It ought to be fixed. So, it isn't such a stupid system after all. The Supreme Court cannot correct this And where, oh where, are all our saintly Indeed, a straight primary in the spring one. might be less effective for the parties and for reformers on this one? the people of the U.S. It might be more It requires a Constitutional Amendment. And where, for goodness sakes, are all the stupid, beoause the conditions of a primary The time has long come when all our eager state legislators, congressmen, and senators are far different than those which involve "crusaders" took up that massive distortion representing all of us in all the districts being the whole electorate-and spring develop of democracy and the "cause" of getting it rooked by the Electoral College system? ments are not always the same as fall. Dur fixed. All downstate and suburban legislators, ability of popularity depending on its base is But most of them are strangely silent on for starters, right here in Illinois I important. this obvious and basic evil. And who could oppose reform if it were And they will look at where the tilt is Why? pushed?
HOUSE, OF REPRESE'NTATIVES-Tuesday, June 4, 1968
The House met at 12 o'clock noon. authorizing the printing of additional copies clear: I am for this conference report. I The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, of a veterans' benefits calculator; am supporting i:t completely as it is. I H. Oon. Res. 614. Concurrent resolution urge the House to support it completely D.D., offered the following prayer: to provide for the printing of 1,000 addition al copies of anticrime program hearings; and as itis. Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit The legislative road has been a long ye like men, be strong.-1 Corinthians H. Con. Res. 702. Ooncurrelllt resolution authorizing certain printing for the Com one because this measure covers both 16: 13. mittee on Veterans' Affairs. taxes and expenditures-matters of vital O Thou whose light follows us all our concern to this House and matters on ways, amid the tumult of these trying The message also announced that the which differences of opinion always exist. times we bow a moment at the altar of Senate agrees to the amendments of the But the lengthy legislative consideration faith and freedom to listen to Thy still, House to bills of the Senate of the fol has given this body and all concerned the small voice which speaks forever to our lowing titles: oPPortunity to express and weigh these human hearts. s. 1681. An act to amend the Federal Vot various views. The issues and all the pos Give to us a real consciousness of Thy ing Assistance Act of 1955 (69 Stat. 584); s. 2178. An act for the relief of Dennis W. sible answers have been fully explored presence as we live through these hours and debated. that in doing Thy will, in serving our Radtke; and S. 2884. An act to amend the Federal Vot The conference report embodies the country, and in ministering to our peo ing Assistance Act of 1955 so as to recom solutions that have been forged through ple we may have abounding courage, mend to the several States that its absentee this lengthy consideration. Naturally abundant wisdom, and abiding faith. registration and voting procedures be extend each of us will not see his views fully re Upon all Members of Congress who ed to all citizens temporarily residing abroad. flected in that report. Some of us may carry heavy burdens through these de The message also announced that the want less expenditure control, some cisive and disturbing days grant a Senate had passed a bill of the following more. Some may want a lower surcharge; double measure of Thy strengthening title, in which the concurrence of the some may want tax reform measures as spirit. As we determine our decisions and House is requested: a part of this bill. But I submit that these as we make our moves may we keep our s. 3504. An act to amend section 11 of an are no longer the issues. minds clear and our hearts clean. By the act approved August 4, 1950, entitled "An The one clear issue now before us is Power of Thy spirit may we meet great act relating to the policing of the buildings whether we are resolved to move de needs with grea,t deeds, and match lofty and grounds of the Library of Congress." cisively to protect the economic and professions with lively practices. Thus :financial stability of the United States. may we march forward to a better city, a We are no longer debating the means better nation, and a better world. THE CONFERENCE REPORT ON THE and methods of achieving that protec In the Master's name we pray. Amen. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE tion. We have had those debates. Out of CONTROL ACT OF 1968 them has come this conference report with its solutions of how best to assure THE JOURNAL Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan imous consent to address the House for 1 that protection. Under our legislative The J oumal of the proceedings of yes minute and to revise and extend my procedures and traditions, the only prac terday was read and approved. remarks. tical way to move now and to move de The SPEAKER. Is there objection to cisively is to approve that report. the request. of the gentleman from So I repeat, realistically the only ivt:ESSAGE FROM THE SENATE Oklahoma? issue now before us is the goal itself the fiscal responsibility of the United A message from the Senate by Mr. There was no objection. Arrington, one of its clerks, announced Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, next week States. the House, and through us the Nation, Under these circumstances, a f allure that the Senate had passed without to support the conference report is amendment a joint and concurrent reso faces a crucial vote on the conference re port on the Revenue and Expenditure unthinkable. lutions of the House of the following For failure of that report would titles: Control Act of 1968. The legislative road that has brought us to this final crucial mean-for the Nation: H.J. Res. 1224. Joint resolution to author To bring the risk of financial and ize the President to reappoint as Chairman vote hM been a long one. But we a.re now of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for an additional at the Point where we must face the final economic chaos to the United States; term of 1 year, the officer serving in that question-Will the House supp0rt the To reject responsibility in the man position on April 1, 1968; conference report on this bill? agement of our fiscal affairs and to sub H. Con. Res. 44. Concurrent resolution My position on this final question is stitute instead a swollen budget deficit