Les Cérémonies Radiophoniques Du Troisième Reich

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Les Cérémonies Radiophoniques Du Troisième Reich Les cérémonies radiophoniques du Troisième Reich Dissertation im Cotutelle-Verfahren an der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Stuttgart und an der École doctorale „Milieux, cultures et sociétés du passé et du présent“ der Universität Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) bzw. eines Doctorat en Lettres et sciences humaines Vorgelegt von Muriel Favre aus Rillieux-La-Pape (Rhône) Prüfungskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Christian Delporte (Universität Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines) Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Hirschfeld (Universität Stuttgart) Prof. Dr. Henry Rousso (Institut d’histoire du temps présent, Centre national de la recherche scientifique) Mitberichter: Prof. Dr. Edgar Lersch (Universität Halle/Saale) Prof. Dr. Annette Becker (Universität Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense) Ort und Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Nanterre, 18. Januar 2012 Historisches Institut der Universität Stuttgart und Centre de recherche d’Histoire des Arts et des Représentations der Universität Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense 2012 A ma mère Merci à tous ceux qui m’ont accompagnée ou qui m’ont aidée à un moment ou à un autre de mon parcours. Résumé L’historiographie du nazisme a bien mis en évidence l’importance accordée aux fêtes collectives entre 1933 et 1945. Rares sont toutefois les études à avoir signalé que ces fêtes étaient retransmises en direct sur les ondes. Le présent travail reprend donc l’analyse en la centrant sur le rôle de la radio. Les retransmissions étaient relayées par l’ensemble des stations et suivies dans le cadre d’écoutes collectives. De ces deux aspects, on peut déduire que les fêtes publiques étaient non seulement destinées aux spectateurs sur place, mais aussi et surtout au plus grand nombre possible d’auditeurs. D. Dayan et E. Katz désignent du terme de « cérémonies télévisées » les grands événements diffusés en direct à la télévision. Sur ce modèle, on peut qualifier les fêtes du IIIe Reich de cérémonies radiophoniques. I. Kershaw a montré en quoi Hitler avait exercé un pouvoir de nature charismatique. Ce type de pouvoir suppose que le chef et ses partisans entretiennent des rapports personnels. Cela n’était pas le cas dans la réalité. Les cérémonies radiophoniques contribuèrent cependant à créer l’illusion qu’il pouvait en être ainsi. Le pouvoir charismatique oblige le chef à apporter régulièrement la preuve de sa légitimité. En ce qu’elles rendaient visible le soutien populaire dont jouissait Hitler, les cérémonies radiophoniques furent un moyen de parvenir à ce but. Pour ces deux raisons, le dispositif peut être considéré comme une composante essentielle de la structure du pouvoir sous le IIIe Reich. Les cérémonies radiophoniques conduisirent enfin les Allemands à faire l’expérience de la « communauté du peuple » et à s’engager ainsi en faveur d’un projet fondamental du nazisme. Summary Radio Events. Media Celebrations during the Third Reich Several studies since 1945 have elaborated the constitutive character of ceremonial acts for Hitler’s state. However the fact that the most important of these were live radio broadcasts has so far received little consideration. The aim of the present work is to remedy this omission and to analyze National Socialist celebrations regarding their relation to radio. The broadcasts were accepted by all stations and heard during community listening sessions. Thus one may conclude that the celebrations were not only to be experienced by the spectators present but by the population as a whole. From the beginning they were conceived as media celebrations. D. Dayan and E. Katz have coined the term “media events” for important, national or even worldwide events broadcasted live. Following this usage the National Socialist celebrations are called radio events in this work. I. Kershaw has shown to which extent Hitler’s role has been charismatic. This kind of domination presumes a personal relationship between the leader and the led. Although this was not actually practical during the Third Reich, the radio arrangement made it possible for the Germans to feel the “Führer” was speaking to them directly. Further radio events allowed those in power to display the unity of the people and the “Führer” and thereby to prove Hitler’s legitimacy. For both reasons one can claim that radio events were an important instrument to secure power. Radio events offered more than just an occasion to make the Volksgemeinschaft tangible. They contributed to the fact that the Volksgemeinschaft was experienced and understood not as an empty propaganda term, but rather as a political project worth supporting. Mots-clefs Médias Communication Radio Propagande Nazisme Troisième Reich Joseph Goebbels Fête Événement médiatique Cérémonie radiophonique Écoutes collectives Domination charismatique « Communauté du peuple » Archives sonores Narratologie Key Words Media Mass Communications Radio Propaganda National Socialism Third Reich Joseph Goebbels Celebration Media Event Radio Event Community Listening Sessions Charismatic Domination “People’s Community” Sound Archives Narratology Laboratoires où la thèse a été préparée Institut d’histoire du temps présent - IHTP 59/61 rue Pouchet 75849 Paris cedex 17 France Centre de recherches d’Histoire de l’Art et d’Histoire des Représentations - C.H.A.H.R. Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense 200, avenue de la République 92000 Nanterre France Rundfunkereignisse. Mediale Festveranstaltungen im Dritten Reich Mehrere Studien haben seit 1945 den konstitutiven Charakter zeremonieller Akte für den Staat Hitlers herausgearbeitet. In Konkurrenz zum Kirchenjahr und nach dem Vorbild der Französischen Revolution legten die Nationalsozialisten nach der „Machtergreifung“ einen neuen Feierkalender fest, der das gesamte Jahr mit seinen Veranstaltungen strukturierte. An jedem 30. Januar – allerdings erst ab 1936 – wurde der „Tag der Machtergreifung“ gefeiert, in dessen Zentrum die Wiederholung des Fackelzugs durch die Straßen Berlins, den Goebbels gleich nach der Ernennung Hitlers zum Reichskanzler inszeniert hatte, stand. Es folgten am 24. Februar der Feiertag zur Erinnerung an die Verkündung des 25-Punkte-Programms der NSDAP im Jahre 1920 („Verkündung des Parteiprogramms“) sowie im Februar bzw. März der „Heldengedenktag“ und die zur „Verpflichtung der Jugend“ stilisierte Aufnahme der 14- jährigen in die Hitler-Jugend und den Bund Deutscher Mädel. An jedem 20. April ab 1934 wurde nach dem Vorbild des „Kaisergeburtstags“ der „Führergeburtstag“ gefeiert, dem sich der 1. Mai als „Tag der nationalen Arbeit“, der Muttertag und die Sommersonnenwende anschlossen. Im September fand in Nürnberg der Reichsparteitag der NSDAP, Anfang Oktober auf dem westfälischen Bückeberg der Erntedanktag statt. Am 9. November wurde der sechzehn Männer, die 1923 vor der Münchner Feldherrnhalle in Folge von Hitlers Putschversuch erschossen worden waren, sowie aller „Gefallenen der Bewegung“ gedacht. Das nationalsozialistische Feierjahr wurde im Dezember mit der Wintersonnenwende und dem Weihnachtsfest abgeschlossen. Nimmt man die Feiern politischer Art in den Blick, so stellt man fest, dass die meisten von ihnen live im Rundfunk übertragen wurden. Eine Ausnahme bilden lediglich der 24. Februar, die „Verpflichtung der Jugend“ im März und der 30. Januar. Die ersten zwei fanden im Rundfunk keinen Widerhall, der letzte wies kein bestimmtes kommunikatives Szenario auf. Für den Zeitraum 1933–1939 beträgt das Ergebnis bei punktuellen Ereignissen sogar 100 Prozent: Alle Feiern, ob Staatsakte (der „Tag von Potsdam“ am 21. März 1933, das Staatsbegräbnis für den verstorbenen Reichspräsidenten Paul von Hindenburg am 7. August 1934, Mussolinis Staatsbesuch in Deutschland vom 25. bis 29. September 1937) oder Festtage zum Abschluss einer Wahlkampagne („Tag der erwachenden Nation“ am 4. März 1933, „Deutscher Volkstag für Ehre, Freiheit und Frieden“ am 28. März 1936, „Tag des Großdeutschen Reiches“ am 9. April 1938), konnten am Lautsprecher verfolgt werden. Ebenso verhält es sich mit den vier Staatsbegräbnissen, an denen Hitler während des Zweiten Weltkriegs teilnahm. Im Äther übertragen wurden am 11. November 1939 das Staatsbegräbnis für die Opfer des Attentats auf Hitler vom 8. November, am 21. November 1941 dasjenige für Ernst Udet, am 28. November 1941 das Staatsbegräbnis für Werner Mölders und am 1. Juli 1944 dasjenige für Eduard Dietl. Erstaunlicherweise hat sich die historische Forschung für diesen Aspekt bisher kaum interessiert. In ihren jeweiligen Abhandlungen über „Magie und Manipulation. Ideologischer Kult und politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus“ (1971) und „Die Nationalisierung der Massen. Politische Symbolik und Massenbewegungen von den Befreiungskriegen bis zum Dritten Reich“ (1975) unterlassen es Klaus Vondung und George L. Mosse beide, den Rundfunk mit zu berücksichtigen. In Fritz Schellacks Studie über „Nationalfeiertage in Deutschland von 1871 bis 1945“ (1990) und Sabine Behrenbecks Untersuchung der „nationalsozialistischen Mythen, Riten und Rituale von 1923 bis 1945“ (1996) wird die Rolle des Mediums ebenfalls nur wenig beachtet. Eine Vorarbeit bildet allein Karlheinz Schmeers Buch über „Die Regie des öffentlichen Lebens im Dritten Reich“ (1956), in dem nicht nur die Kundgebungen, sondern auch deren mediale Vermittlung analysiert werden. Schmeer vertritt die anregende These, die simultane Übertragung im Rundfunk habe alle Hörer sowie auch das Publikum vor Ort zu einer einzigen Erlebnisgemeinschaft zusammengeschlossen.
Recommended publications
  • Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany
    Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany Maja Adena, Ruben Enikolopov, Maria Petrova, Veronica Santarosa, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya* May 10, 2014 How far can the media protect or undermine democratic institutions in unconsolidated democracies, and how persuasive can they be in ensuring public support for dictator’s policies? We study this question in the context of Germany between 1929 and 1939. Radio slowed down the growth of political support for the Nazis, when Weimar government introduced pro-government political news in 1929, denying access to the radio for the Nazis up till January 1933. This effect was reversed in 5 weeks after the transfer of control over the radio to the Nazis following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor. After full consolidation of power, radio propaganda helped the Nazis to enroll new party members and encouraged denunciations of Jews and other open expressions of anti-Semitism. The effect of Nazi radio propaganda varied depending on the listeners’ predispositions toward the message. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high and had a negative effect on the support for Nazi messages in places with historically low anti-Semitism. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! * Maja Adena is from Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Ruben Enikolopov is from Barcelona Institute for Political Economy and Governance, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona GSE, and the New Economic School, Moscow. Maria Petrova is from Barcelona Institute for Political Economy and Governance, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona GSE, and the New Economic School. Veronica Santarosa is from the Law School of the University of Michigan. Ekaterina Zhuravskaya is from Paris School of Economics (EHESS) and the New Economic School.
    [Show full text]
  • The Destruction of Convoy PQ.17
    The Destruction of Convoy PQ.17 DAVID IRVING Simon and Schuster: New York This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2002 i Report errors ii This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2002 Report errors Jacket design of the original Cas This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2002 iii Report errors ssell & Co. edition, London, This is the original text of The Destruction of Convoy PQ. as first published in . In order to comply with an order made in the Queen’s Bench division of the High Court in , after the libel action brought by Captain John Broome, a number of passages have been blanked out. In 1981 a revised and updated edition was published by William Kimber Ltd. incorporating the minor changes required by Broome’s solicitors. First published in Great Britain by Cassell & Co. Limited Copyright © David Irving , Electronic edition © Focal Point Publications All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. This electronic Internet edition is made avaiolable for leisure reading and research purposes only, and any commercial exploitation of the work without the written consent of the copyright owners will be prosecuted. iv This PDF version: © Focal Point Publications 2002 Report errors INTRODUCTION All books have something which their authors most wish to bring to their readers’ attention. Some authors are successful in this,
    [Show full text]
  • Switching Gestalts on Gestalt Psychology: on the Relation Between Science and Philosophy
    Switching Gestalts on Gestalt Psychology: On the Relation between Science and Philosophy Jordi Cat Indiana University The distinction between science and philosophy plays a central role in meth- odological, programmatic and institutional debates. Discussions of disciplin- ary identities typically focus on boundaries or else on genealogies, yielding models of demarcation and models of dynamics. Considerations of a disci- pline’s self-image, often based on history, often plays an important role in the values, projects and practices of its members. Recent focus on the dynamics of scientiªc change supplements Kuhnian neat model with a role for philoso- phy and yields a model of the evolution of philosophy of science. This view il- luminates important aspects of science and itself contributes to philosophy of science. This interactive model is general yet based on exclusive attention to physics. In this paper and two sequels, I focus on the human sciences and ar- gue that their role in the history of philosophy of science is just as important and it also involves a close involvement of the history of philosophy. The focus is on Gestalt psychology and it points to some lessons for philosophy of science. But, unlike the discussion of natural sciences, the discussion here brings out more complication than explication, and skews certain kinds of generaliza- tions. 1. How Do Science and Philosophy Relate to Each Other? a) As Nietzsche put it in the Genealogy of Morals: “Only that which has no history can be deªned.” This notion should make us wary of Heideggerian etymology, conceptual analysis and even Michael Friedman’s relativized, dialectical, post-Kuhnian Hegelianism alike.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio and the Rise of Nazi in Pre-War Germany*
    Radio and the rise of Nazi in pre-war Germany* Maja Adena, Ruben Enikolopov, Maria Petrova, Veronica Santarosa, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya1 March 22 2012 How far can media undermine democratic institutions and how persuasive can it be in assuring public support for dictator policies? We study this question in the context of Germany between 1929 and 1939. Using quasi-random geographical variation in radio availability, we show that radio had a significant negative effect on the Nazi vote share between 1930 and 1933, when political news had an anti-Nazi slant. This negative effect was fully undone in just one month after Nazi got control over the radio in 1933 and initiated heavy radio propaganda. Radio also helped the Nazi to enroll new party members and encouraged denunciations of Jews and other open expressions of anti-Semitism after Nazi fully consolidated power. Nazi radio propaganda was most effective when combined with other propaganda tools, such as Hitler’s speeches, and when the message was more aligned with listeners’ prior as measured by historical anti-Semitism. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! * We are grateful to Jürgen W. Falter, Nico Voigtländer, Hans-Joachim Voth, and Bundesarchive for sharing their data. We thank Ben Olken for providing the software for ITM calculation. We also thank Anton Babkin, Natalia Chernova, Ivan Korolev, and Gleb Romanyuk for excellent research assistance. 1 Maja Adena is from Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Ruben Enikolopov is from the Institute for Advanced Study and the New Economic School, Moscow. Maria Petrova is from Princeton University and the New Economic School. Veronica Santarosa is from the Law School of the University of Michigan.
    [Show full text]
  • Smith, Walter B. Papers.Pdf
    Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum Audiovisual Department Walter Bedell Smith: Papers 66-299--66-402-567; 68-459--68-464; 70-38; 70-45; 70-102--70-104; 70-185-1--70-185-48; 70-280-1--70-280-342 66-299-1 Color Guard at a convocation in honor of Walter Bedell Smith at the University of South Carolina on October 20, 1953, in Columbia, South Carolina. Copyright: unknown. One 5x7 B&W print. 66-299-2 A convocation in honor of Walter Bedell Smith at the University of South Carolina on October 20, 1953, in Columbia, South Carolina. L to R: Major General John A. Dabney, Commanding General, Fort Jackson; Lt. General A. R. Bolling, Commanding General, the 3rd Army; Captain W.L. Anderson, commanding officer of the Naval ROTC; General Smith, Colonel H.C. Mewshaw, commanding officer of the South Carolina Military District; University President Donald S. Russell; Brigadier General C.M. McQuarris, assistant post commander at Fort Jackson; Colonel Raymond F. Wisehart, commanding officer, Air Force ROTC; and Carter Burgess, assistant to the University president. Copyright: unknown. One 5x7 B&W print. 66-299-3 A convocation in honor of Walter Bedell Smith at the University of South Carolina on October 20, 1953, in Columbia, South Carolina. L to R: General Smith, Dr. Orin F. Crow, dean of the University faculty; University President Donald S. Russell; and Dr. L.E. Brubaker, Chaplain of the University. Copyright: unknown. One 5x7 B&W print. 66-299-4 A convocation in honor of Walter Bedell Smith at the University of South Carolina on October 20, 1953, in Columbia, South Carolina.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Open Learning World: 50 Years. UNESCO Institute for Education
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 473 660 CE 084 399 AUTHOR Elfert, Maren, Ed. TITLE Towards an Open Learning World: 50 Years. UNESCO Institute for Education. INSTITUTION United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. PUB DATE 2002-00-00 NOTE 107p.; Photographs may not reproduce well. Translation to English by Peter Sutton. AVAILABLE FROM UNESCO Publishing, Commercial Services, 7, place de Fontenoy, F 75352 Paris (free; available in English, French and German). E-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/index.shtml. For full text: http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/pdf/50yearseng.pdf. For full text (French): http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/pdf/50yearsfre.pdf. For full text (German): http://www.unesco.org/ education/uie/pdf/50yearsger.pdf. PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Access to Education; Adult Basic Education; Adult Education; *Adult Learning; Chronicles; Culturally Relevant Education; Delivery Systems; Developing Nations; Educational Development; Educational Environment; Educational Facilities; Educational Finance; *Educational History; Federal Government; Foreign Countries; Government School Relationship; Informal Education; Intergenerational Programs; International Cooperation; *International Educational Exchange; *International Organizations; *International Programs; Lifelong Learning; Literacy; Literacy Education; Nonformal Education; Open Education; Organizational Change; Partnerships
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Bredow Institute.De Internet: Bank: Account No
    2007/2008 Translation into English: Anja Welle and Stan Jones ([email protected]) Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg Heimhuder Str. 21 20148 Hamburg Germany Annex: Warburgstraße 8-10 20354 Hamburg Germany Tel.: (+49 40) 450 217-0 Tel.: (+49 40) 450 217-12 Publishing House Tel.: (+49 40) 450 217-12450 217-22 Library Tel.: (+49 40) 450 217-12450 217-41 Editors Fax: (+49 40) 450 217-77 Fax Warburgstraße: (+49 40) 450 217-99 Email: info@Hans Bredow Institute.de Internet: www.hans-bredow-institut.de Bank: Account no. 173922000 with HSH Nordbank Bank id code 210 500 00 Local tax office- Hamburg Central – taxation code 17/408/01380 – VAT DE 118 71 7458 July 2008 THE YEAR’S RESEARCH 2007/2008 In its research for the year 2007/008, the Institute of public communication, as well as setting out once again enjoyed the privilege of engaging with the problems addressed by research for the discus- many of the socially relevant questions in public sion on media politics. communication. The goal of using research activi- The main project of the Research Centre for ties to present insights, reflections and construc- the History of Broadcasting in Northern Germany tive options to a public interested in them was (FGRN), established jointly by the NDR (North realised across a range of different areas. German Broadcasting), the Hans Bredow Institute, In this way, large sections of the Institute par- the University of Hamburg and the WDR (West ticipated in an evaluation of the entire system for German Broadcasting) in 2000, which was de- the protection of minors from harmful media in voted to the history of the Northwest German Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Forging the Weapon: the Origins of SHAPE
    “Forging the weapon” the origins oF shape La genèse du shape An exhibition celebrating Une exposition qui aura lieu à l’occasion the first public disclosure de la première mise en lecture publique of SHAPE historical documents. de documents historiques du SHAPE. Official launch & cocktail reception Ouverture officielle & réception 7 December 2012 at 11.45 7 décembre 2012 à 11h45 NATO HQ Press Hall Hall de presse de l’OTAN 1705-12 NATO Graphics & Printing www.nato.int/archives/SHAPE The short film ALLIANCE FOR PEACE (1953) and rare film footage chronicling the historical events related to the creation of SHAPE Le court-métrage ALLIANCE FOR PEACE (1953) et des séquences rares qui relatent les événements historiques concernant la genèse de SHAPE. Forging the weapon The origins of SHAPE The NATO Archives and the SHAPE Historical Office would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of SHAPE Records and Registry, the NATO AIM Printing and Graphics Design team, the NATO PDD video editors, the Imperial War Museum, and the archives of the National Geographic Society, all of whom contributed invaluable assistance and material for this exhibition. Les Archives de l’OTAN et le Bureau historique du SHAPE tiennent à expriment toute leur reconnaissance aux Archives et au Bureau d’ordre du SHAPE, à l’équipe Impression et travaux graphiques de l’AIM de l’OTAN, aux monteurs vidéo de la PDD de l’OTAN, à l’Imperial War Museum et au service des archives de la National Geographic Society, pour leur précieuse assistance ainsi que pour le matériel mis à disposition aux fins de cette exposition.
    [Show full text]
  • SHAPE Staff Organisation, 1951-1956
    NATO UNCLASSIFIED 1 June 2017 Evolution of the SHAPE Staff Structure, 1951-Present This paper describes the different ways that the staff of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe has been organized, beginning with the original structure of 1951 and continuing through all major reorganizations to the new structure that took effect on 1 August 2010. All of the most senior positions – such as SACEUR and his Deputies – are shown, as are the heads of the various staff divisions. Explanation of Symbols and Acronyms The rank of each post is symbolized by the number of stars worn at that rank. Brigadier General, Commodore, Rear Admiral-Lower Half [U.S.] Major General, Rear Admiral Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral General, Admiral General of the Army, Field Marshal1 The nation selected to fill a particular post at SHAPE is shown by its standard three-letter designation code. Nation codes used in this paper are as follows. BEL Belgium CAN Canada DEU Germany DNK Denmark ESP Spain FRA France GRC Greece GBR United Kingdom ITA Italy NLD Netherlands NOR Norway POL Poland TUR Turkey USA United States 1 There were never any five-star naval positions at SHAPE. The only five-star officers who served at SHAPE were General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, the first SACEUR, and Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, the first DSACEUR. 1 NATO UNCLASSIFIED NATO UNCLASSIFIED The following acronyms are used in this paper, either in the text or on the charts. ACE Allied Command Europe ACOS Assistant Chief of Staff ADEF Air Defence ADP Automated
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on German Army Identification
    c rx . zt'fa. "r' w FOREWORD THIS HANDBOOK was prepared at the Military Intelligence Training Center, Camp Ritchie, Maryland, and is designed to provide a ready reference manual for intelligence person- nel in combat operations. The need for such a manual was so pressing that some errors and omissions are anticipated in the current edition. Any suggestions as to additions, or errors noted, should be reported directly to the Comman- dant, Military Intelligence Training Center, for correction in later editions. 513748 -- 43---1 HANDBOOK ON GERMAN ARMY IDENTIFICATION Left to right: Soldier (noncommissioned officer candidate-note silver cord across outer edge of shoulder strap), air force captain (belongs to staff, probably Air Ministry), SS Obergruppenfiihrer Josef Diet- rich (commander SS Division Adolf Hitler and chief of SS Oberabschnitt Ost), Hitler, Reichsfihrer SS Heinrich Himmler (head of the SS and German police). WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, APRIL 9, 1943. HANDBOOK ON GERMAN ARMY IDENTIFICATION SECTION I. General. Paragraph Identification of German military and semi- military organizations --- ______ 1 II. German Order of Battle. Definition--___------------------------_ 2 Purpose and scope --- __ ___---- ----- 3 III. The German Army (Das Deutsche Heer). Uniforms and equipment-------_------- 4 German Army identifications of specialists - - 5 Colors of arms of service (Waffenfarbe) ___- _ _ 6 Enlisted men (Mannschaften)__ _____ 7 Noncommissioned officers (Unteroffiziere) .-- 8 Officers (Offiziere)--------------.--------- 9 German identification
    [Show full text]
  • In Re Yamashita
    IN RE YAMASHITA Alston Shepherd Kirk i SCHOUB \a S3a4a IN RE YAMASHITA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Union Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Theology by Alston Shepherd Kirk May 1974 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY Those of us who know war Other than through the medium Of the printed page; Those of us who have seen the thing At close range; Who have looked deep into its bloodshot eyes Behind the bayonet; Who have heard its belching roar In the guns that flamed Their message of death On a hundred fronts, Have learned to hate it With an intense and bitter hatred. Only the soldier knows That war is more than hell. It is a thousand hells In simultaneous erruption. 1 John A. Hayes, An Old Ku£Jiy Bayonet (McDonough, Georgia: Press of the Deep South, 1951), pp. 2-3. We have met the enemy and he is us. Pogo TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. ' 1" II. IN THE MATTER OF YAMASHITA 14 III. A DEFINITION OF CHRISTIAN ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE 53 IV. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY AS RELATIONSHIP 81 He failed his duty to his . country ...... 88 He failed his duty to his . enemy 91 He failed his duty ... to mankind 94 APPENDIX 1. PRINCIPLES OF' NUREMBERG 98 2. BILL OF PARTICULARS 101 Supplemental Bill of Particulars 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 122 IV PREFACE This paper has had its genesis, not simply in research, but rather in the practical experiences and serious questions raised by an attempt to carry out a ministry within the institutional framework of the Armed Forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents a Fresh Outlook on Gestalt Theory (Is Needed)
    Cultural historical gestalt theory and beyond: A new history (and theory) of the ‘informal personal network’ of intellectuals is needed Anton Yasnitsky Contents A fresh outlook on gestalt theory (is needed) .......................................................................................... 1 The “Berlin School” versus the “Berlin Circle” .......................................................................................... 2 The core and the periphery of the Gestalt network ................................................................................. 7 Terminological and conceptual framework: social construction of the theory ....................................... 9 References .............................................................................................................................................. 11 A fresh outlook on gestalt theory (is needed) There are a great many good books and scholarly papers of gestalt psychology and about it. And yet, a fresh account of gestalt theory/psychology as an informal personal network is needed. One might disagree, given the diversity and the amount of published research on this topic available these days. Still, I would argue this very argument can also be used to the contrary effect: we still do not have a single study performed from a consistent methodological standpoint that would capitalize on the diversity of the available exciting—yet fragmented and isolated—studies that would eventually close the gap between the historiographies of different kinds such as “social”,
    [Show full text]