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JFQ 11 ▼JFQ FORUM Become Customer-Oriented Purveyors of Narrow NOTES Capabilities Rather Than Combat-Oriented Or- 1 Ganizations with a Broad Focus and an Under- U.S

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Warfare today is a thing of swift movement—of rapid concentrations. It requires the building up of enormous fire power against successive objectives with breathtaking speed. It is not a game for the unimaginative plodder. ...the truly great leader overcomes all difficulties, and campaigns and battles are nothing but a long series of difficulties to be overcome. — General George C. Marshall Fort Benning, Georgia September 18, 1941 Inaugural Issue JFQ CONTENTS A Word from the Chairman 4 by Colin L. Powell Introducing the Inaugural Issue 6 by the Editor-in-Chief JFQ FORUM JFQ Inaugural Issue The Services and Joint Warfare: 7 Four Views from the Top Projecting Strategic Land Combat Power 8 by Gordon R. Sullivan The Wave of the Future 13 by Frank B. Kelso II Complementary Capabilities from the Sea 17 by Carl E. Mundy, Jr. Ideas Count by Merrill A. McPeak JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY 22 JFQ Reforming Joint Doctrine Coalition Warfare What’s Ahead for the Armed Forces? by David E. Jeremiah Joint Warfare— Views from the Top 25 United Nations Peacekeeping The Limits of Jointness The Gulf War Service Redundancy: Waste or Hidden Capability? Revisited Joint Air Summer Operations 93 by Stephen Peter Rosen Inaugural Issue 36 Service Redundancy— Waste or Capability? A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL ABOUT THE COVER Reforming Joint Doctrine The cover shows USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, 40 by Robert A. Doughty passing through the Suez Canal during Opera- tion Desert Shield, a U.S. Navy photo by Frank A. Marquart. Photo credits for insets, from top United Nations Peacekeeping: Ends versus Means to bottom, are Schulzinger and Lombard (for 48 by William H. Lewis and John O.B. Sewall Lockheed), DOD, and the U.S. Army. 2 JFQ / Summer 1993 SUMMER 1993 / NUMBER 1 Principles for Coalition Warfare 58 by Robert W. RisCassi Joint Force Quarterly A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Editor-in-Chief Alvin H. Bernstein Executive Editor Patrick M. Cronin OUT OF JOINT Managing Editor Robert A. Silano The Limits of Jointness Associate Editors 72 by Seth Cropsey Martin J. Peters, Jr. Calvin B. Kelley Production Manager George C. Maerz A New Mission for Photo Editor 80 Atlantic Command Chris H. Reynard by Paul David Miller Editorial Assistant Florence P. Williams Unity of Control: Joint Air Operations in the Gulf Joint Force Quarterly is published by the 88 by James A. Winnefeld and Dana J. Johnson Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, to promote understanding of the integrated employ- Operation Weserübung and the Origins of ment of land, sea, air, space, and special 100 Joint Warfare operations forces. The journal focuses on joint doctrine, coalition warfare, con- by Richard D. Hooker, Jr., and tingency planning, combat operations Christopher Coglianese conducted by the unified commands, and joint force development. The editors invite articles and other THE JOINT WORLD contributions on joint warfighting, in- terservice issues that support jointness, 112 Professional Notes: and topics of common interest to the Armed Forces. Please direct manuscripts, Doctrine, Education, and letters, and other communications to: Documentation Managing Editor Joint Force Quarterly ATTN: NDU–NSS–JFQ OFF THE SHELF National Defense University Washington, D.C. 20319–6000 118 Revisiting the Gulf War: Commercial Telephone: (202) 475–1013 A Review Essay Defense Switched Network: 335–1013 by Harry G. Summers, Jr. FAX: (202) 475–1012/ DSN 335–1012 Opinions, conclusions, and recommen- dations expressed or implied within are 123 The Military Cost of Discrimination: A Review Essay those of the contributors and do not by Alan L. Gropman necessarily reflect the views of the De- partment of Defense or any other 125 On the Other Side of the Interwar Years: A Book Review agency of the Federal Government. Por- tions of this journal are protected by by Brian R. Sullivan copyright and may not be reproduced or extracted without the permission of the 127 Books Noted copyright proprietors. An acknowledg- ment to Joint Force Quarterly should be made whenever material is quoted from POSTSCRIPT or based on its contents. This publication has been approved by 128 A Note To Readers and Future Contributors the Secretary of Defense. ISSN 1070–0692 Summer 1993 / JFQ 3 Joint Force Quarterly A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL Publisher GEN Colin L. Powell, USA Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Advisory Committee LTG Paul G. Cerjan, USA National Defense University Members of the Advisory Committee Maj Gen John C. Fryer, Jr., USAF National War College BG Randolph W. House, USA U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Col Valentino L. Lendaro, USMC Marine Corps War College VADM R.C. Macke, USN The Joint Staff Col Andrew Nichols Pratt, USMC Marine Corps Command and Staff College Maj Gen Peter D. Robinson, USAF Air War College Brig Gen Monroe S. Sams, Jr., USAF Armed Forces Staff College RADM Jerome F. Smith, Jr., USN Industrial College of the Armed Forces MG William A. Stofft, USA U.S. Army War College RADM Joseph C. Strasser, USN Naval War College Col John A. Warden III, USAF Air Command and Staff College BrigGen Michael J. Williams, USMC The Joint Staff Chairman of the Editorial Board Alvin H. Bernstein National Defense University Members of the Editorial Board Richard K. Betts Columbia University Eliot A. Cohen The Johns Hopkins University COL Robert A. Doughty, USA U.S. Military Academy LtCol Robert C. Figlock, USMC Marine Corps War College Aaron L. Friedberg Princeton University COL Robert A. Gimbert, USA U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Alan L. Gropman Industrial College of the Armed Forces COL Peter F. Herrly, USA National War College Col Douglas N. Hime, USAF Naval War College William T. Hodson Information Resources Management College we train as a team, COL Richard L. Irby, Jr., USA Courtesy of the U.S. Army Art Collection U.S. Army War College fight as a team, Col George R. Jackson, USAF Portrait of the Chairman Armed Forces Staff College by SFC Peter G. Varisano, USA. Mark H. Jacobsen and win as a team Marine Corps Command and Staff College Thomas L. McNaugher The Brookings Institution John J. Mearsheimer University of Chicago Col Philip S. Meilinger, USAF Air Command and Staff College LTG William E. Odom, USA (Ret.) Hudson Institute Stephen Peter Rosen Harvard University James H. Toner Air War College LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.) Harvard University LTG C.A.H. Waller, USA (Ret.) RKK, Limited 4 JFQ / Summer 1993 jointness, a goal that we have been seeking since America took up arms in December 1941 at a time when warfare was clearly un- dergoing a dramatic change. Today we have achieved that goal; today all men and A Word from women in uniform, each service, and every one of our great civilian employees under- stand that we must fight as a team. Our soldiers know that they are the best the Chairman on the battlefield; our sailors know that they are the best at sea; our airmen know that they are the finest in the skies; our Marines he world is a very different place know that no one better ever hit the beach. today than it was when I assumed But every one of these men and women also my duties as Chairman of the Joint knows that they play on a team. They are of Chiefs of Staff in October 1989. In the team and for the team; “one for all and the intervening years, walls have all for one,” as Alexandre Dumas put it in Tcome down, empires have crumbled, new The Three Musketeers. We train as a team, nations have been born, and more people fight as a team, and win as a team. have sought freedom than at any other pe- JFQ: Joint Force Quarterly—or simply riod in history. Many of them have found it, JFQ—is the most recent addition to this ef- some are still reaching, and others have a fort. Its purpose is to spread the word about long way to go. But I believe the momentum our team, to provide for a free give-and-take that freedom and democracy have gained is of ideas among a wide range of people from an unstoppable force. every corner of the military. We want the Much of that momentum was generated pages of JFQ to be filled with the latest word by the dedication and devotion to duty of on joint issues—from warfighting to educa- millions of Americans—together with their tion, from training to logistics. We want the steadfast allies—who refused to surrender to discussion of these joint issues to get a thor- the scourge of communism and so, finally, ough airing, to stir debate and counter-argu- brought about its defeat, both strategically ment, to stimulate the thinking of American and morally. Foremost among those proud men and women serving on land, at sea, and Americans are the members of the U.S. in the air. We want JFQ to be the voice of the Armed Forces. Their service has helped cre- joint warfighter. ate the new era of hope and promise that we Don’t read the pages that follow if you are now entering. are looking for the establishment point of Their service also has made possible the view or the conventional wisdom. Pick up kind of military that we have as a Nation. JFQ for controversy, debate, new ideas, and Today’s Armed Forces are the finest in the fresh insights—for the cool yet lively inter- world. Hard work, lessons learned from past play among some of the finest minds com- mistakes, matchless training, and first-class mitted to the profession of arms.
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  • Forcible Entry and the German Invasion of Norway, 1940

    Forcible Entry and the German Invasion of Norway, 1940

    FORCIBLE ENTRY AND THE GERMAN INVASION OF NORWAY, 1940 A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ARTS AND SCIENCES Strategy by MICHAEL W. RICHARDSON, MAJ, USA B.S., University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 1989 B.S., University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, 1989 M.S.B.A., Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 1996 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2001 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. i MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: MAJ Michael W. Richardson Thesis Title: Forcible Entry and the German Invasion of Norway, 1940 Approved by: _______________________________________, Thesis Committee Chairman Marvin L. Meek, M.S., M.M.A.S. _______________________________________, Member Justin L.C. Eldridge, M.A., M.S.S.I. _______________________________________, Member Christopher R. Gabel, Ph.D. Accepted this 1st day of June 2001 by: _______________________________________, Director, Graduate Degree Programs Philip J. Brookes, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) 1 i 1 i 1 ABSTRACT FORCIBLE ENTRY AND THE GERMAN INVASION OF NORWAY, 1940, by MAJ Michael W. Richardson, 106 pages. The air-sea-land forcible entry of Norway in 1940 utilized German operational innovation and boldness to secure victory. The Germans clearly met, and understood, the conditions that were necessary to achieve victory.