MS Ritgerð Markaðsfræði Og Alþjóðaviðskipti Grænmetishyggja

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MS Ritgerð Markaðsfræði Og Alþjóðaviðskipti Grænmetishyggja MS ritgerð Markaðsfræði og alþjóðaviðskipti Grænmetishyggja Viðhorf og háttsemi Íslendinga er varðar neyslu grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins Reynir Már Ásgeirsson Leiðbeinandi: Auður Hermannsdóttir aðjúnkt Viðskiptafræðideild Október 2014 Grænmetishyggja Viðhorf og háttsemi Íslendinga er varðar neyslu grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins Reynir Már Ásgeirsson Lokaverkefni til MS-gráðu í viðskiptafræði Leiðbeinandi: Auður Hermannsdóttir aðjúnkt Viðskiptafræðideild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Október 2014 Grænmetishyggja: Viðhorf og hegðun Íslendinga er varðar neyslu grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins Ritgerð þessi er 30 eininga lokaverkefni til MS-prófs við Viðskiptafræðideild, Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands. © 2014 Reynir Már Ásgeirsson Ritgerðina má ekki afrita nema með leyfi höfundar. Prentun: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, 2014 3 Formáli Hvort sem það stafar af nauðsyninni einni, því sem bærist hið innra, í undirdjúpunum, eða er sambland af þessu tvennu þá hefur maðurinn á þroskaferli sínum reynt margt og fetað marga ólíka stigu. Þrá hans eftir þroska, svo og þroskaleysi hans á ýmsum sviðum, hefur sett mark sitt á þá vegferð. Vegferð sem hann fær ekki skorast undan, ekki frekar en annað sem lifir, vex og dafnar. Alls, allt frá algjöru skeytingarleysi náttúrunnar í sínu einfaldasta og líflausasta formi til takmarkarlausrar og fullkominnar dyggðar hins góða, hefur maðurinn óskað sér til handa. Sjálfur fangar hann það ferli veruleikans sem — frá fyrsta sjálfsmyndarsmiðnum til dögunar mannsins — hefur þróast í átt til meðvitundar og skilnings. Nú, þegar haustið læðist yfir fold og byggð og breytinga verður vart í umhverfinu, laufin skipta um lit og verða gul og rauð, þá um stund staldrar maðurinn við líkt og ferðalangurinn sem lítur yfir farinn veg. Kunnuglegir en löngu gleymdir tónar kalla fram hugsanir og tilfinningar er varða sjálfan manninn og tilveruna. Maðurinn stendur á tímamótum og fram undan bíða hans nýjar áskoranir og með þeim vonandi fyrirheit um nýtt og betra hlutverk, nýtt og betra líf. Hvers er þörf? Þessi einfalda en þýðingarmikla spurning var meðal annars kveikjan að ritsmíð sem fjallar um hvorutveggja í senn, grænmetishyggju og markaðsfræði. Ekki verður hægt miklu lengur að fylgjast með, bæði aðgerðalaus og í hljóði, þeim vaxandi vanda sem stafar af kjötneyslu eða þeim voðaverkum sem fylgja slíku neysluformi. Ritsmíðin sem hér fer á eftir er 30 eininga lokaverkefni til meistaranáms í markaðsfræði og alþjóðaviðskiptum við Háskóla Íslands. Leiðbeinanda mínum, Auði Hermannsdóttur, þakka ég hjartanlega fyrir ómetanlegt framlag og endalausa þolinmæði. Guðlaugu Konráðsdóttur þakka ég kærlega fyrir ítarlegan og vandaðan prófarkalestur. Einnig vil ég þakka foreldrum mínum sérstaklega. Föður mínum, Ásgeiri Reynissyni, fyrir yfirlestur ritgerðarinnar og góðar ábendingar um hvað betur mætti fara og móður minni, Brynhildi Sigmundsdóttur, fyrir dyggan stuðning og hjálpsemi. 4 Útdráttur Á meðan tækninýjungar á sviði iðnaðar, upplýsinga og samgangna eru sífellt að ryðja sér til rúms og frelsi einstaklingsins er í hávegum haft þá hefur á sama tíma ábyrgðarsvið neytandans vaxið jafnt og þétt. Hugtök eins og neysluhyggja og neyslumenning berast okkur til eyrna daglega og minna okkur um leið á þetta tiltölulega nýtilkomna en mikilvæga hlutverk neytandans í okkar mjög svo nútímavædda samfélagi. Ritgerðin fjallar um viðhorf og hegðun Íslendinga hvað varðar neyslu grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins. Sá fræðilegi rammi sem rannsóknin byggir á er kenning prófessors Icek Azjen, kenningin um skipulagða hegðun, sem setur fókusinn á vægi innri þátta líkt og skoðana hvers og eins til að útskýra eða gera grein fyrir neysluhegðun. Af þessum sökum verður jafnframt mögulegt að meta gildi kenningarinnar í tengslum við valið rannsóknarefni. Spurningalisti var sendur á nemendur Háskóla Íslands með svokölluðum háskólapósti, það er tölvupósti. Af þeim 9001 nemanda sem barst pósturinn svöruðu 395, það er 4,4% aðspurðra, spurningalistanum að stórum hluta eða í heild. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar gáfu sterklega til kynna að þeir þrír lykilþættir kenningarinnar, það er viðhorf, huglægt mat á venjum og skynjuð stjórnun hegðunar, hefðu að samanlögðu töluvert útskýringarvægi þegar kom að ásetningi til að neyta grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins. Viðhorf hafði þó mun meira vægi í því að spá fyrir um ásetning en skynjuð stjórnun hegðunar og huglægt mat á venjum gerðu. Niðurstöðurnar eru í góðu samræmi við þær fyrri rannsóknir sem fengist hafa við að kanna notagildi kenningarinnar sem og þau fræði sem kenningin byggir á. Hið almenna viðhorf til þess að neyta grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins minnst fjórum sinnum í viku var næst því að kallast mætti hlutlaust, þó aðeins skekkt í átt til jákvæðni. Um það bil þriðjungur þátttakenda neytir grænmetisfæðis sem aðalmáltíðar dagsins sjaldnar en einu sinni í mánuði að jafnaði. Aftur á móti borða um 10% þátttakenda grænmetisfæði sem aðalmáltíð dagsins fjórum sinnum eða oftar í viku að jafnaði. 5 Abstract While technical innovations in areas such as industry, information and transport are continually forging their way into existence and individual freedom is in high regard then at the same time the consumer range of responsibilities has been growing steadily. Concepts like consumerism and consumer culture are not unfamiliar in our most daily talks, reminding us about this relatively new but important role of the consumer in so called modernized society. The subject of this thesis is attitudes and behavior of Icelanders regarding consumption of vegetarian dish as the main course of the day. The theoretical framework which the research builds upon is a theory by professor Icek Ajzen, “the theory of planned behavior”, which puts the focus on the importance of inner factors such as individual opinions for explaining consumer behavior. For this reason it becomes possible as well to evaluate the theory’s application regarding the research topic. A questionnaire was sent out to students at the University of Iceland with a so-called university-mail, i.e. E-mail. Of those 9001 students that received the E-mail 395 or about 4,4% answered the whole or most part of the list. The research results strongly suggest that the theory’s three main motivational factors, i.e. attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, have combined significant predictive value in explaining the intention of consuming vegetarian dish as the main course of the day. Attitude toward the behavior had considerably greater significance in the prediction of intention than subjective norm and perceived behavioral control did. The results are in good accordance both with previous studies that have been conducted on the theory’s application as well as with the theory’s theoretical foundation. The general view on consuming vegetarian dish as the main course of the day at least four times a week was closest to what might be called neutral, though a bit leaning towards positivity. About one third of the participants consumed vegetarian dish as the main course of the day less than once per month on regular basis. On the other hand about 10% of the partakers consumed vegetarian dish as the main course of the day four times or more in a week on regular basis. 6 Efnisyfirlit Myndaskrá .............................................................................................................. 9 Töfluskrá ............................................................................................................... 10 1 Inngangur ......................................................................................................... 11 2 Markaðsfræðin: Vísindalegt inntak ritgerðarinnar ............................................ 17 2.1 Markaðurinn: Suðupottur ólíkra stefna, hugmynda og gildismats ................. 22 3 Grænmetishyggja ............................................................................................. 25 3.1 Pýþagórismi og klassísk fornöld ..................................................................... 26 3.2 Grænmetishyggja á tímum endurreisnarinnar ............................................... 28 3.3 Grænmetishyggja á 17. og 18. öld .................................................................. 31 3.4 Grænmetishyggja á 19. öld ............................................................................. 34 3.5 Grænmetishyggja á 20. og 21. öldinni ............................................................ 37 4 Fræðilegur rammi ............................................................................................. 46 4.1 Kenningin um skipulagða hegðun .................................................................. 46 4.1.1 Hegðun ............................................................................................... 48 4.1.2 Ásetningur .......................................................................................... 48 4.1.3 Viðhorf til hegðunar og hugmyndir um hegðun ................................. 49 4.1.4 Huglægt mat á venjum og hugmyndir um venjur ............................... 51 4.1.5 Skynjuð stjórnun hegðunar og hugmyndir um stjórnun hegðunar ..... 51 5 Aðferð .............................................................................................................. 53 5.1 Mælitæki ........................................................................................................ 53 5.2 Þátttakendur .................................................................................................. 58 5.3 Framkvæmd
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