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Doughty2020.Pdf (5.822Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Representations of the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ within the British media, 1973- 1997. Roseanna Doughty. PhD in History. The University of Edinburgh. 2019. ii iii Declaration of own work: I declare that the following thesis has been composed solely by myself and that it has not been submitted, in whole or in part, in any previous application for a degree. Except where stated otherwise by reference or acknowledgement, the work presented is entirely my own. Roseanna Doughty October 2019 iv v Abstract. This thesis investigates British media representations of the conflict in Northern Ireland between 1973 and 1997, and how these affected the lived experiences of the Irish in Britain over this period. The ‘Troubles’ dominated headlines from the outbreak of communal violence in 1968. As the main source of information on Northern Ireland for most British people, the press and broadcast media were central to how the conflict was reported on and understood in Britain. The British press and broadcast media offered multifaceted and detailed coverage of the conflict in Northern Ireland, contrary to the assumptions made by various scholars, and the belief of many Irish people living in Britain at the time. The prevailing view amongst the Irish in Britain was that the media merely regurgitated the official line, producing one-dimensional coverage of Northern Ireland. Irish political and community activists in Britain from the 1980s campaigned against the media’s allegedly oversimplified and biased reporting, which they believed played a significant role in the discrimination and harassment experienced by the Irish, especially as a result of the IRA bombing campaign in English cities. These activists were correct in maintaining that the media contributed to the hostile environment experienced by many Irish people living in Britain throughout the ‘Troubles’. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the press and broadcasting bodies failed to engage with the complexities of the conflict in Northern Ireland or indeed provide a critical view of the role of the British state. This thesis presents the findings of an in-depth analysis of a broad and representative range of newspapers and television current affairs programmes. Far from simply parroting the official line, the media resisted efforts by the state to dictate how the ‘Troubles’ were reported. The media provided far more nuanced, independent-minded and analytical coverage of the conflict than has been acknowledged. vi vii Lay Summary. This thesis investigates how the British media represented the conflict in Northern Ireland between 1973 and 1997, and the affect this had on Irish people living in Britain over this period. The ‘Troubles’ dominated headlines from the outbreak of violence in 1968. The majority of people in Britain were reliant on newspapers and television programmes for news and interpretations of the conflict, so the press and broadcast media were central to how events in Northern Ireland were understood elsewhere in the United Kingdom. The prevailing view amongst scholars of the ‘Troubles’ has been that the British media provided one- dimensional coverage of the conflict in Northern Ireland, which merely repeated the official line. This view emerged originally as a result of Irish community activists campaigning against media bias and anti-Irish prejudice in the 1980s. They argued that the British media distorted and suppressed news about Northern Ireland and believed that this led to the discrimination and harassment experienced by many Irish people in Britain. These views were absorbed into a collective narrative of the Irish experience of living in Britain during the ‘Troubles’, which in turn greatly influenced scholarly work on the media’s role in the conflict. This thesis however, demonstrates that the British media’s coverage of events in Northern Ireland were much more complex. By analysing a broad range of newspapers and television programmes, it shows that the print and broadcast media provided multifaceted and detailed coverage of the conflict in Northern Ireland, which engaged with a wide variety of perspectives. It recognises that Irish activists were correct in maintaining that the media contributed to the hostile environment experienced by many Irish people living in Britain throughout the ‘Troubles’, but argues that this did not mean that the press and broadcasting bodies failed to engage with the complexities of the conflict in Northern Ireland or to offer a critical view of the role of the British state. Far from simply regurgitating the official line, the media resisted efforts by the state to influence how the ‘Troubles’ were reported. The media provided far more nuanced, independent-minded and analytical coverage of the conflict than has previously been acknowledged. viii ix Acknowledgements. The writing of this thesis has been a long and often difficult journey. It has taken me on many exciting adventures, I have suffered countless mishaps and enjoyed some remarkable experiences. None of this would have been possible, however, but for the community around me and I would like to take this opportunity to thank friends, family and colleagues for their endless patience and support. I owe a debt to the staff and academic community at the University of Edinburgh. I would particularly like to thank my supervisors Enda Delaney and Wendy Ugolini. Their patience throughout this process has been boundless and I have really valued their advice and kindness. Being at Edinburgh has provided me access to an amazing research community. I have had many excellent opportunities to work with exceptional people, but none more so than Laura Harrison and Fraser Raeburn, with whom it was a pleasure to collaborate on Pubs and Publications. I can guarantee no reviewer’s comments will ever make me laugh as much as Fraser’s. I have also been especially fortunate to enjoy the support, and opportunities being a member of the Irish History Research Group brings and would like to thank all members past and present. I would like to make special mention of Tommy Dolan, James Bright and Rachael Thomas, with whom I set up and run the Writing the ‘Troubles’ network, a project I am immensely proud of. Studying at Edinburgh has also given me access to funds without which the PhD would have been impossible to complete. I am extremely grateful for having received the Simon Fennell, McMillan and Justin Arbuthnott Awards. I am also grateful to many other historians and archivists. Particular thanks go to Tony Murray, whose help and support I received at the Irish in Britain Archive and Steve in the basement of the British Film Institute, who went out of his way to help me. I would like to say a special word of thanks to Jeremy and Babs Hawes who have put me up in London, treated me like part of their family and made long, stressful archive trips not only possible but pleasurable. I will be forever grateful for their kindness. During this PhD I have made some superb friends and been reminded just how wonderful my old friends are. I am particularly thankful to Ben Rogers, who always has my back, Victor Cazares Lira, Jon Singerton, Ellen Ferrington-Michaelis, Alison John, Jake Connolly, Rosemary Terry and Ralph Churcher- all of whom have looked out for me, and forced me to have fun. I would also like to extend my thanks to the Edinburgh Brass Band, which has kept me sane with music and Talisker. Very special thanks, however, go to Anita Klingler whose friendship has been invaluable, to Clare Loughlin for her support especially of a La Barantine nature, to Alberto Esu who was a fantastic housemate, Lucia Michielin who has dealt with my ridiculous computer problems and Noni Bryson for repeat reminders that I will finish this PhD if by stubbornness alone. My family too has been a constant source of support and I would like to thank Joey and my Mum, who taught me to be strong, work hard and to always go after what I want. Most importantly, I would not have completed this PhD if it wasn’t for my Dad, Richard Doughty, and my friend Joe Curran. Both have read countless drafts, let me sound out ideas and worked through problems with the upmost patience. I am so incredibly grateful to them. x xi Contents. Declaration of Own Work. iii Abstract. v Lay Summary. vii Acknowledgements. ix Abbreviations. xiii List of Tables and Figures. xv Introduction. 1 Chapter One: Newspaper coverage of the early 1970s. 17 Chapter Two: Television coverage of the early 1970s. 39 Chapter Three: Newspaper coverage of the early 1980s. 71 Chapter Four: Television coverage of the early 1980s. 93 Chapter Five: The Irish in Britain during the 1970s and 1980s. 123 Chapter Six: Newspaper coverage of the mid-1990s. 149 Chapter Seven: Television coverage of the mid-1990s. 173 Chapter Eight: The Irish in Britain during the 1990s. 199 Conclusion. 211 Bibliography. 219 Appendix 1: Roseanna Doughty, ‘Seamus O’Fawkes and Other Characters: The British tabloid cartoon coverage of the IRA campaign in England’, 24, 3-4 (2018): 440-457.
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