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La Naturaleza Del Cuerpo Y La Salud En El Mundo Andino Mujica Bermúdez, Luis

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La Naturaleza Del Cuerpo Y La Salud En El Mundo Andino Mujica Bermúdez, Luis La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino Mujica Bermúdez, Luis. Ukunchik: la naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino / Luis Mujica Bermúdez; prólogos de Augusto Castro, Timothy M. Thomson. – Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTE- PUCP) : Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas (UNAJMA), 2019. xx p. : il., graf., mapas ; [17x24cm.]. Quechuas - Lenguaje y lenguas / Quechuas - Salud e higiene / Quechuas - Vida social y costumbres / Quechuas – Identidad étnica / Quechuas – Perú / Imagen corporal / Antropología lingüística / Antropología médica / Salud rural – Perú / Indios de América del Sur - Perú - Región de los Andes ISBN: 978-9972-674-27-3 Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N° 2019-16745 © Luis Mujica Bermúdez De esta edición © Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTE-PUCP) Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Perú Teléfono: (51-1) 626-2000 anexo 3060 | Correo electrónico: [email protected] Sitio web: http://inte.pucp.edu.pe/ © Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas (UNAJMA) Jr. Juan Francisco Ramos N° 380. Andahuaylas - Apurímac Teléfono: (51-083) 42-2176 | Correo electrónico: [email protected] Sitio web: http://unajma.edu.pe/ Primera edición: noviembre 2019 Tiraje: 500 ejemplares Coordinación editorial: María Isabel Merino Gómez Imagen de la carátula: Robert Conde Tomaylla Dibujos del capítulo 7: Máximo Eduardo Luna Rodríguez Corrección de estil : Rosario Bernardini (castellano) Revisión del quechua y edición de los capítulos 6 y 7: Gavina Córdova Diseño y Diagramación: Impresión Arte Perú S.A.C. Impreso en Talleres de Impresión Arte Perú S.A.C. Jr. General Orbegoso 249, Breña. T: 999 698 361 E-mail: [email protected] Está permitida la reproducción parcial o total de este libro, siempre y cuando se indique la fuente. Impreso en el Perú. Mama Carmenpaq, mama Rosapaq: Iskayninku, runapa ukunpi tukuy ima kaqta, llampu sunqunkuwan yachaykachiwasqankurayku. Yupaychaykichik. Para mama Carmen y mama Rosa: dos mujeres que me han enseñado lo que es el “cuerpo” del ser humano, con su sabiduría y sencillez. Gracias. «El quechua será inmortal…» José María Arguedas «Dentro de mi corazón hay otro corazón que sueña, creo que ese es mi verdadero corazón» Luis Hernández Ukunchik La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino 7 Índice Prólogo de Augusto Castro 11 Prólogo de Timothy M. Thomson 13 Presentación 17 CAPÍTULO 1 RUNAPA RIQSIYNINKUNA: LOS CONOCIMIENTOS COMUNALES 29 Introducción 29 1.1 Illa: conocimientos como datos y códigos 32 1.2 Riqsiykuna: conocimientos contextualizados. Pertenencia y representación 35 1.3 Rimaykuna: lenguaje especializado y preciso 40 1.4 Imaymana: los conocimientos son diversos y multidimensionales 45 1.5 Runapa yachayninkuna: los conocimientos como bienes comunales 51 1.6 A modo de conclusión 53 CAPÍTULO 2 ÑUQANCHIK: UN NOSOTROS DIVERSO 57 Introducción 57 2.1 Imaymana runakuna: gente diversa 59 2.1.1 Imaymana o ñawray: la diversidad en el quechua 59 2.1.2 Ñuqayku: un runa particular 62 2.1.3 Ñuqanchik: un runa plural 65 2.2 Runapa mitankuna o el ser humano y sus dimensiones 66 2.2.1 Runa como diversas identidades 67 2.2.2 Dimensiones individuales del runa 69 2.2.3 Dimensiones colectivas del runa 71 2.3 Imaymana supaykuna: potencias y energías humanas 74 2.3.1 Samay: aliento vital 78 2.3.2 Supay: energía 80 2.3.3 Nuna / animu: poder 84 2.4 Conclusiones 88 8 Ukunchik La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino CAPÍTULO 3 UNQUYKUNA: LAS ENFERMEDADES 91 Introducción 91 3.1 Los males y las enfermedades esbozan el cuerpo 92 3.1.1 La enfermedad en la tradición médica 92 3.1.2 La enfermedad en la tradición antropológica 95 3.1.3 La enfermedad entre algunos pobladores andinos 98 3.2 El origen de las enfermedades del cuerpo 106 3.2.1 Puriq unquy / ratay: enfermedades de paso / contagio 108 3.2.2 Ñati y sillki / aspiy y suysuy: indisposición y disloque/ reacomodar 109 3.2.3 Mancharisqa / paway y lluqsiy: susto / saltar y salir 111 3.2.4 Pacha hapiy y waspiy: naturaleza que atrapa y emanación 114 3.3 Los síntomas de las debilidades o enfermedades 118 3.3.1 Sasi, umpu, iqu, sukya: ayuno, malestar, debilidad, fragilidad 119 3.3.2 Llaki, puti : aflicción, pena 121 3.3.3 Nanay: dolor 124 3.3.4 Ñakariy: padecer 125 3.4 Conclusiones 127 CAPÍTULO 4 RUNA UKUNCHIK: EL CUERPO HUMANO 129 Introducción 129 4.1 Hawa: externalidad e identidades 132 4.1.1 Uya: el rostro y sus identidades 133 4.1.2 Ruraq makikuna: los haceres 136 4.1.3 Puriq chakikuna: cambios y movimientos 139 4.2 Uku: las partes internas 141 4.2.1 Uma: los conocimientos y el pensamiento 141 4.2.2 Wasa: la fuerza y la resistencia 143 4.2.3 Wiqaw: los riñones y los músculos 146 4.3 Chawpi: la parte central de uku 147 4.3.1 Sunqu: el campo de las sensibilidades 148 4.3.2 Wiksa: el estómago y el vientre 150 4.3.3 Qari kay-warmi kay: las sexualidades y el género 153 4.4 Uku-uku: las interioridades del runa 157 4.4.1 Munay: la voluntad y las decisiones 158 4.4.2 Yuyay: la memoria y los olvidos 160 4.4.3 Ukusunqu: la conciencia, último rincón 162 4.5 Conclusiones 165 Ukunchik La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino 9 CAPÍTULO 5 HAMPIQKUNA, HAMPIYKUNA: CURADORES Y PROCEDIMIENTOS 169 Introducción 169 5.1 Hampiqkuna: los médicos o curadores 170 5.1.1 Hampiq: médico o curador 171 5.1.2 Runa ukupi chiki / waqlliy riqsiy: conocimiento del mal en el cuerpo 173 5.1.3 Qura uywamanta yachaykuna: información sobre la naturaleza 179 5.2 Hampiykuna: procedimientos terapéuticos 182 5.2.1 Unquy qati : orientación en el tratamiento o curación 182 5.2.2 Imayna hampina: las relaciones en el tratamiento 187 5.2.3 Allichaypaq: el protocolo 189 5.3 Reflexiones finales 191 CAPÍTULO 6 UKU MITAKUNA: PARTES DEL CUERPO 195 Introducción 195 6.1 Runapa ñawpaqnin: parte externa anterior 200 6.2 Runapa qipan: parte externa posterior 202 6.3 Uma: cabeza 204 6.4 Rikra, maki: torso, mano 206 6.5 Chaka, chaki: pierna, pie 208 6.6 Saqru: esqueleto 210 6.7 Uma putu: cráneo 212 6.8 Simi, kiru: boca, dientes 214 6.9 Sama, sunqu: sistema respiratorio, circulatorio 216 6.10 Aqalli: sistema digestivo 218 6.11 Warmi – qari kay: sistema reproductor femenino-masculino 220 CAPÍTULO 7 CASTELLANO-QICHWA SIMI TAQI: VOCABULARIO CASTELLANO-QUECHUA 223 Introducción 223 7.1 Partes de la anatomía y de los sistemas del cuerpo humano 226 7.1.1 Partes de la cabeza 226 7.1.2 Partes de las extremidades superiores 227 7.1.3 Partes de las extremidades inferiores 228 7.1.4 Partes del cuello y el tronco 228 7.1.5 Partes del sistema óseo 229 7.1.6 Partes del sistema digestivo 230 10 Ukunchik La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino 7.1.7 Partes del sistema respiratorio y circulatorio 231 7.1.8 Partes del sistema reproductor y excretor 231 7.2 Principios existenciales 232 7.3 Males y enfermedades 23 7.3.1 General 233 7.3.2 Males del cuerpo externo 233 7.3.3 Males del cuerpo interno 234 7.3.4 Males del mundo interior 236 7.3.5 Males existenciales 238 7.4 Cualidades y características del cuerpo 240 7.4.1 Los sentidos del ser humano 240 7.4.2 Rasgos del cuerpo 240 7.5 Funcionamiento del cuerpo 241 7.5.1 Ciclo vital y desarrollo humano 241 7.5.2 Acciones fisiológicas del cuerpo 241 7.5.3 Secreciones del cuerpo 242 7.5.4 Agentes de las enfermedades 243 7.6 Acciones del ser humano 243 7.6.1 Acciones individuales 243 7.6.2 Acciones en relación a otros 245 7.6.3 Indicaciones y acciones terapéuticas 246 7.6.4 Instrumentos terapéuticos 247 EPÍLOGO HAMPIQKUNAPAQ, ¿PITAQ KANI? ¿QUIÉN SOY PARA LOS MÉDICOS? 249 Primera parte 250 Segunda parte 253 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 259 Ukunchik La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino 11 Prólogo de Augusto Castro Nuevamente tenemos la satisfacción de presentar un trabajo de Luis Mujica Bermúdez. El primero fue Pachamama Kawsan, Hacia una ecología Andina. Ahora tenemos ante nosotros el libro Ukunchik, La naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino. El primer trabajo planteó una contribución muy importante en el orden del conocimiento de la problemática ambiental y de la naturaleza en las provincias mencionadas, y significó también un acercamiento profundo y sistemático a la manera en que las poblaciones quechuas piensan y sistematizan los desafíos del territorio y la naturaleza. Con Ukunchik el autor ingresa en un nuevo tema, relacionado con el cuerpo y con la salud en el mundo andino. Está muy claro que la relación entre cuerpo y naturaleza es un tópico central del actual debate entre sociedad y ambiente, y también de los debates entre individuo y sociedad. Podemos afirmar que la naturaleza está expresada en individuos y que estos se manifiestan en cuerpos. La noción del cuerpo es, en buena cuenta, el terreno para discutir la relación del individuo con la naturaleza y viceversa. En un momento de crisis ambiental, de empobrecimiento y contaminación del territorio, y de gases de efecto invernadero no parece que sea ajeno el mirar la dimensión particular de los individuos y pensar en la salud del cuerpo.
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