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Anthracnose of Grain Sorghum Caused by Colletotrichum Lineola Corda Hung Kwei Chen Iowa State College

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Anthracnose of Grain Sorghum Caused by Colletotrichum Lineola Corda Hung Kwei Chen Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1934 Anthracnose of grain sorghum caused by Colletotrichum lineola corda Hung Kwei Chen Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Chen, Hung Kwei, "Anthracnose of grain sorghum caused by Colletotrichum lineola corda " (1934). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13055. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13055 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the origina! or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI" AKTH-'JVCIIOSE OP GHJMII SONOMJLI CAUSED BY GOL.LETOTRICIIUK LI^^OM COHDA By Ilting KVTOI Chen A Thesis Subralttod to tho Graduate Faculty for tho Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major Subject - Plant Patliology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. gfl o^/iCdJor Y^ork Signature was redacted for privacy. •• • •• Head of fcla.Tor r.i:in9n V' •,••• • • • Signature was redacted for privacy. Doan of Oraduato colloge Iowa State College 1934 UMI Number: DP 12223 UMI* UMI Microform DP 12223 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 C 3' -2- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUGTIOH 4 Himwa OF LITERATURE 6 10 Hothod of Prooedux>e 10 STmptoms of the disease 12 Morphology of the Causal Organism 15 Conidia* conidiophoros and setae 15 Comparison of Golletotrlehum llneola with Other Species of Coiletotriohm obtoined fron grass Hosts 16 Biology of the Fatliogen 28 Study of the Mycellim 28 Growth on cultural media 28 Kffoot of temporature on growth 30 Effect of hydrogen-ion concentration on mycel­ ial growth of Gollototrichim llneola 34 Production of sclerotial bodies 55 Sporulation studies 37 Response of Golletotrlehum llneola on differ­ ent 'isulture^meHrSrTrTTTT...... 58 Effect of light and temperature 59 Effect of nutural light 41 Effect of artificial light 45 The production of spores in the laboratory ..... 57 Spore pustules and spore types 58 Spore germination 62 Methods 62 Production of goxn tubes and appressorla 64 Relation of oxygen 70 Effect of culture media 72 i^ffect of temperature 76 Effect of li^t 84 Effect of storage conditions 87 Effect of hydrogen-ion concentration of raediiua.. 96 Longevity of mycelium and conldla 100 Vlobllity of mycelium in culture 102 Viability of conldla 104 Overwintering of the fungus 110 Overwintering oxporlnent in 1927-1928 ........... 110 Overwintering experiment 1932-1935 Ill Overwintering in 1933-1934 114 T43T3 -3- Page Ability of the fungus to rdthstand low tempera­ tures 117 Helatlon of host to parasite 120 Hoot range of Colletotrlchum llneola 120 Seed Infection 126 Seedling bll^t 1S3 Color of lesions 147 Pathological histology 154 Infection of susceptible plants 157 Infection of resistant plants 160 iieslBtance of Holcus son^ttm to Colletotrichum llneola* 166 liothods 165 Reaction of variotios and head selections 166 Field test In 1932 166 Oreenhouae tost in 1933 166 Field test in 1933 168 Inheritance of rosistanoe to the anthracnose pathogen 171 Reaction of Fo plants 174 Keactlon of plants in the F3 generation •...*•.•• 177 Back crosses 101 SUMMARY 186 LITKHATURK CITED 190 ACKKOWLEDO&IKNT 198 VITA 199 KXi'LANATION OF PLATliS 200 -4- IITORODUCTIOH Grain aor^itim ia cultivated extensively in North and South Aitiorica, Al'rioa, Aala^ Auatrdlia and to aano extent in L\irope. It ia one of the most important ci^ua in northern China where it rurnlahoa forage fop oninals, food for man and imtoriala for the conatraction of fenoea and houaoa. The aocd la uaed oxten- aivoly In tho production of wine. Tl^o onltivation of aorghuri in China ia partially llndted by a mttnbGo? of dinoaaea, chief of which are leaf apot cauaod by Cercoapora app*^ loaf atripe cauaod by Soptorla portuaa Heald and Wolf, looae kernel ainut cauaod by Sphacelotheca cruenta (Kuelin) Pottor, covorod Icomel amut cauaod by aorfUii (Uc.) Clinton, head amut caused by Soroaporium reilianum (K!^) !.!CA1- pine, Phoma loaf apot cauaod by Phong ap., and anthracnoae cauaod by Collototriohum lineola Corda* Ihe aum total of lonaea cauaed by thoso diaoaaoa waa eatiinatod by Porter (SG) to be approxi­ mately equal to one-fourth of tho crop in 1025 and 1020* In CTiina whore tlie population ia denao, the problem of food aupply ia often acute, honoe loaaoa from crop diaoaaea are worthy of conaidoration* Anthrncnono ia one of tho mjor dinoaaca. It corsnonly occura on 100 porcont of the plants in tlio field. Total annual lo-ssoa cauaed by tho anthracnosc organiara aro not known, but in -6- 1926 the estimated loaa yaa seven percent* In 1926 a study of the anthracnose dlaenae was befjun at the University of MariJcinc by tiie department of plant pathology, aa an initial step in the investij.atlon of sorghum diseases in China. In 1931, an opportunity was afforded the writer to come to the Iowa S'cnte Collose for advanced study, a condition which made it posnihle to continue tlie earlier invonticnticna of sor­ ghum anthracnose. The followins POGOS contain a stimary of this study to date comprising (1) the biology of the catisal or- iianism, (2) host and poi'aslto rolntionshipa, and (5) resistance of the host to the parnsito. Thoso stiidies roprosont sone of the more important phases of the problem and thoy are reported in the following paj^es. RSVI3V OP LITSRATTinE Previous work with sorghum anthraonose has consisted largely of reix>rt3 of its prosenoe and damage in various parts of the world# Some inveatlcators have given descriptions of the char- actoriatic synptoms, or have described the causal organic* In tlie United States, tlio diaease ms recorded by i-'arlow and Seymoiir (25) based on KLlis' collection in 1880 in New Jor- aey and included in North Ar.orlcan Fnngi (l!o» 014) \mdor the narie Colletotrlchtan Itneola Corda. Colletotrtchum lineola was first described by Corda (18) on a laenbcr of the Tftnbelliforao fanlly» Later Snc-ardo (59) listed CoUetotrichtan lineola Corda Andropoj;oo nryllia L» Dulce (22) coRfjared C. lineola Corda vriLth Vornic-ijlarta derratitun I-Yles# and conclitded tlmt they wore probably identical* The cUaeaoe was Inter reported from Con- nocticut by Clinton (15) in 1903, altho^igh his nntorlal v.as se­ cured froci Kew Haven by J. B» Rorer in 1901 (Briosi and Cavara: I\inglil Paraoslti licaiccati No. 374). Anthracnoae was repon'ted fron Texas by Ileald and V/olf (34, 35) in 1911* They described the syraptoms and the causal organ­ ism on tlie loaf blades of AndropoMon aorphum (L.) Brot. It is of value to quote their statement (35, p* 53) with re^jord to the identification of the ca\isal organism, "Our apocimena are doubtfully referred to Colletotrichxan lineola* They are similar to many of the apecimona t^hlch Anorlcan mycoloolata have aa« sinned to thia apeclea# It accna, however, tliat C* llneola caa« and C* andrcpononla "Iran# have not been clearly differen­ tiated." Under the foot note on page 52 of their pi::blicatlon it waa thua atnted. "Dr. Zlmrennann, to whom dnplicatea of our apoclnfflna were aent^ reports that they are identical \idth £. andropof^onla ^.Iran. Ld/serton la of the opinion that llneola Cda., £• andropor.onia Ziirm., jC» cereale Kanna and £• falcatica Went Ray be identical." Heald and Wolf (35) alao deacrlbed the 3yii?)toina of tho caitnal fiuiGua of a leaf apot occurring on John- aon graaa and deaicnated the cauaal oroanlaa aa 0» llneola Cda. halenenae nov. var. They atated that their apeoimena at*rood vdth £• llneola Cda. in alze of a-oroa and aetae and with _C. andropof^'onla Zin:.m in aynptorantology. Stevena (65) reported and briefly described the diaeaae on norghinn Icavea in Hojrfch Carolina in 1911 and doaicnated tho dl- aeane aa Collototrlchoae canaed by jC. fclcatian r.'ont. Ed^jerton in 1021 reported a loaf apot on aorghtan cauaod by llneola in loTaiaiana. He conaldored it of con- aldei'ablo importance aa a leaf ai-ot und head blicht. Tlie per­ cent ace of affected planta in different flelda ranged from 1 to ICX) and tho loaa for tho state waa eatimated aa ono to five poroont. Prom tho Plant Dlaoaae Heportor Supplement In 1925 (p. r/2), under aorghum diaeaaea, tiio editor atafeeo: "Anthracnoae cauaed by Collototrlchian falcatum ?/cnt was re; orted from Iilsa- iaalppi by NGOI and Wallace as caxiaing a trace of damnfie." In x'ifrica f.lnsnonnann (77) reported and described the or­ ganism ca-!i3lng a spot dlnenae of Androponon sorpchton.
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