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Zeatin Biosynthesis from N6-(A2-Isopentenyl)Adenine in Actinidia and Other Woody Plants (Cytokinin/Phytohormones/Adenine Derivatives/Chemotaxonomy) JOHN W

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Zeatin Biosynthesis from N6-(A2-Isopentenyl)Adenine in Actinidia and Other Woody Plants (Cytokinin/Phytohormones/Adenine Derivatives/Chemotaxonomy) JOHN W Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 83, pp. 972-975, February 1986 Botany Zeatin biosynthesis from N6-(A2-isopentenyl)adenine in Actinidia and other woody plants (cytokinin/phytohormones/adenine derivatives/chemotaxonomy) JOHN W. EINSET Arnold Arboretum, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Communicated by Folke Skoog, September 30, 1985 ABSTRACT Tissue cultures of Actinidia kolomikta can be version of i6Ade to io6Ade in Actinidia, which suggest that maintained as callus through repeated passages on a nutrient i6Ade hydroxylation may be, in fact, the natural process of medium devoid ofcytokinin but containing inorganic nutrients, io6Ade biosynthesis in this species. I have measured the sucrose, and other basal organics plus auxin. Under these internal concentrations of i6Ade and io6Ade in autonomous conditions, actively growing callus contained 2 and 0.5 nmol of tissue cultures and compared these values with the apparent the cytokinins zeatin [io Ade; 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2- Km for i6Ade hydroxylation. In addition, I demonstrate that enylamino)purine] and N6-(A2-isopentenyl)adenine (i6Ade), re- the hydroxylation is 02-requiring and specific for i6Ade over spectively, per gram (fresh weight). When tissues were trans- the 9-ribonucleoside N6-(A2-isopentenyl)adenosine (i6A). ferred from cytokininless medium to 30 uM i6Ade, endogenous In spite of the evidence for i6Ade as a precursor of io6Ade io6Ade increased linearly to 160 nmol/g (fresh weight) during in plants, including the results in this paper, there are several 8 hr, and i6Ade increased to 5 nmol/g (fresh weight) in 2 hr and reports of experiments involving i6Ade or i6A feeds in which then declined. The apparent Km for i6Ade in A. kolomikta and io6Ade and ribosylzeatin (io6A) levels were unaffected (10) or Actinidia chinensis X Actinidia arguta callus and in tissue slices in which io6Ade and io6A either were not detected as of A. arguta stems was 12 ,uM. In addition, the reaction(s) metabolic products (11) or were detected as only minor converting i6Ade to io6Ade was 02-requiring and specific for metabolites (12). Because of this, I also screened a total of30 i6Ade versus N6-(A2-isopentenyl)adenosine (i6A). When A. different woody plant species for their abilities to accumulate kolomikta callus was fed 30 MM i6A, io6Ade increased and io6Ade in feeding experiments with i6Ade, finding that io6Ade reached a concentration corresponding to 6 nmol/g (fresh accumulates in only certain defined systematic groupings; weight) in 8 hr. Ribosylzeatin (io A) did not increase. Under N2 this suggests that different mechanisms for io6Ade biosyn- during i6A feeds, i6A accumulated rather than being metabo- thesis may exist among plants. lized to i6Ade, suggesting that i6A normally may be metabolized via i6AMP and i6Ade to io6Ade. A survey of30 species ofwoody MATERIALS AND METHODS plants in 20 families of dicotyledonous angiosperms indicated that the ability to accumulate io6Ade (>10 nmol/g) in 24-hr The methodology for demonstrating the conversion of i6Ade feeds with 30 MM i6Ade was restricted to certain systematic to io6Ade in Actinidia has been reported (9). Basically, it groups -.g., order Ericales, families Oleaceae and Rubia- involved incubation of tissue slices on agar medium consist- ceae. This suggests that plants may differ in their pathways for ing of basal inorganic (13) and organic (14) nutrients plus io6Ade biosynthesis and that cytokinin biochemistry has po- i6Ade, followed by fixation of tissues in 2.5 vol of cold 95% tential as a taxonomic character above the species and genus ethanol per g (fresh weight). After overnight incubation in the levels. cold, the mixture was homogenized, filtered through paper, and the filtrate was concentrated by evaporation in vacuo. Zeatin [io6Ade; 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino)- Then, after resuspending the residue in 10% ethanol, the purine], which was the first cytokinin to be identified from extract was analyzed for cytokinin content by using HPLC as plants (1, 2), has been found in a broad spectrum of described below. angiosperm species and in gymnosperm species as well. It is In screening woody species for their abilities to accumulate also the most potent naturally occurring cytokinin in several io6Ade during i6Ade feeds, tissue slices of growing stems or bioassays (3). Thus, based on both its distribution and autonomous tissue cultures were incubated with 30 ,uM i6Ade biological activity, either io6Ade or a closely related metab- for 24 hr and then fixed and extracted. Extracts were olite is a prime candidate as the active form of cytokinin in analyzed by HPLC using a Varian 5000 instrument with a plants. 1-ml injector loop and a C18 Micropak MCH-5 column (30 cm Although the biosynthetic pathway(s) producing io6Ade is x 4 mm). The column was developed with a linear methanol unknown, both Letham and Palni (4) and Chen (5) have gradient from 15% to 100% for 85 min, followed by a gradient proposed schemes involving hydroxylation ofNM-(A2-isopent- from 100% to 15% for 30 min. HPLC profiles from i6Ade fed enyl)adenine (i6Ade) and its mononucleotide (i6AMP). More- and nonfed tissues were then evaluated for evidence of over, hydroxylation of i6Ade or related isopentenyl cyto- io6Ade accumulation in feeding experiments. The presence of kinins has been reported in at least five different systems; an absorbance peak in the region corresponding to io6Ade the fungus Rhizopogon (6, 7), immature corn kernels (7), and equivalent to >10 nmol/g (fresh weight) was taken as microsomes from tobacco tissue cultures (5), microsomes tentative evidence for io6Ade accumulation. In each case from cauliflower florets (8), and several different tissues from indicated, the tentative identification of io6Ade was con- Actinidia (9). This paper reports further details of the con- firmed by collecting the presumed peak and showing that its The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge Abbreviations: io6Ade, zeatin; i6Ade, N6-(A2-isopentenyl)adenine; payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" io6A, ribosylzeatin; i6A, N6-(A&2-isopentenyl)adenosine; i6AMP, N6- in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. (A2-isopentenyl)adenine mononucleotide. 972 Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 Botany: Einset Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 973 RESULTS i6Ade Metabolism in Actinidia. Autonomous tissue cultures of Actinidia kolomikta started from growing stem segments rapidly accumulated io6Ade on a medium supplemented with 30 ,M i6Ade. io6Ade increased linearly from a basal concen- tration of 2 to 160 nmol/g (fresh weight) in 8 hr (Fig. 1). After 100 _ 72 hr, the level of io6Ade reached nearly 500 nmol/g (fresh weight; data not shown). By contrast, internal i6Ade levels increased during only the initial 2 hr of incubation on i6Ade medium and then they declined. Presumably, i6Ade levels ~50 obtained during feeds reflected influx into the tissue minus o 0 metabolism. In fact, when tissues were incubated for 2 hr in 30 ,M i6Ade and then transferred to cytokininless medium (dashed line in Fig. 1), i6Ade levels decreased precipitously, indicating that i6Ade is rapidly metabolized. Under these same transfer conditions, io6Ade content remained relatively level-i.e., once formed in feeding experiments, io6Ade is not 5 Ade~ appreciably metabolized. To determine the apparent Km of i6Ade in the conversion of i6Ade to io6Ade in Actinidia, tissue slices were incubated on different concentrations of i6Ade, and the linear rates of 0 ~~ ~ ~~A- - --- - --- io6Ade accumulation were determined. Fig. 2 shows a 0 2 4 6 8 Lineweaver-Burk plot of io6Ade formation in A. kolomikta Time, hr callus. The apparent Km, calculated from the x intercept, corresponds to 12 AM. Thus, the Km for A. kolomikta is in the FIG. 1. Effect of i6Ade feeds on io6Ade and i6Ade levels in callus range of the endogenous i6Ade level. Callus of Actinidia of A. kolomikta. Tissue slices from 3- to 4-week cultures were transferred to nutrient medium supplemented with 30 ,uM i6Ade. A, chinensis x Actinidia arguta and tissue slices from stems of Cytokinin concentrations in tissues incubated with i6Ade for 2 hr and A. arguta also had a Km for i6Ade of 12 ,M (data not shown). then transferred to cytokininless medium. Data are from a single i6A Metabolism. Fig. 3, which summarizes feeding exper- experiment; the feeding experiment was conducted on three separate iments with 30 ,M i6A, shows that i6A levels increased occasions with similar results. rapidly during the initial 2 hr, declined, and then reached a relatively constant level of 10 nmol/g (fresh weight) by 3 hr. UV spectrum was identical to that of standard io6Ade. By contrast, io6Ade increased slowly and linearly during the Species meeting these criteria are indicated as positive (+). incubation period, reaching approximately 6 nmol/g (fresh Species that did not produce a significant io6Ade peak are weight) by 8 hr. Levels of i6Ade and io6A remained low and indicated as negative (-). undetectable, respectively. 0 y = 0.26x + 0.02 Km = 12 ,tM 1-4 1/S FIG. 2. Lineweaver-Burk plot for io6Ade accumulation in A. kolomikta fed i6Ade. Tissue slices were incubated for 8 hr on nutrient medium supplemented with different i6Ade concentrations and then analyzed for io6Ade accumulation. S, substrate in M-1; v = velocity in nmol'g-1. Downloaded by guest on September 27, 2021 974 Botany: Einset Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) Table 1. Cytokinin contents of A. kolomikta callus incubated with 30 IAM i6A in air or in a N2 atmosphere Levels in callus, Hours of nmol/g (wet weight) incubation Atmosphere i6Ade i6A io6Ade 0 Air 0.5 ± 0.2 ND 2.1 ± 0.5 - ~~~~00 0 U 1 Air 0.7 ± 0.1 5.2 ± 1.0 2.4 ± 0.4 1 N2 1.3 ± 0.4 12.4 ± 2.3 2.5 ± 0.2 E 2 Air 0.7 ± 0.2 15.2 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.4 2 N2 0.6 ± 0.1 38.6 ± 5.1 2.3 ± 0.2 - C Each point represents the mean of four independent determina- tions ± SEM.
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