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Manilkara Zapota.Pdf Family: Sapotaceae Taxon: Manilkara zapota Synonym: Achradelpha mammosa O. F. Cook Common Name: Chicle Achras mammosa L. Naseberry Achras zapota L. (basionym) Sapodilla Achras zapotilla (Jacq.) Nutt. Sapote Calocarpum mammosum Pierre Zapotillo Lucuma mammosa C. F. Gaertn. Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg Manilkara zapotilla (Jacq.) Gilly Pouteria mammosa Cronquist Sapota zapotilla (Jacq.) Coville Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 9 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 3/20/2012 Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae) Page 1 of 9 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 9 Print Date: 3/20/2012 Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 1987. Morton, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - [Is the species highly domesticated? No. Assessment is mainly for wild type Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota). J.F. Morton, Miami, plants] "The sapodilla is believed native to Yucatan and possibly other nearby FL parts of southern Mexico, as well as northern Belize and Northeastern http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sapo Guatemala. In this region there were once 100,000,000 trees. The species is dilla.html found in forests throughout Central America where it has apparently been cultivated since ancient times. It was introduced long ago throughout tropical America and the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Florida Keys and the southern part of the Florida mainland. Early in colonial times, it was carried to the Philippines and later was adopted everywhere in the Old World tropics. It reached Ceylon in 1802." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1968. Woodson, Jr.; R.E./Schery, [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Mexico (as far north R.W./Blackwell, Jr., W.H.. Flora of Panama. Part as San Luis Potosi and Nayarit) to northern South America and from southern VIII. Family 154. Sapotaceae. Annals of the Florida through the West Indies; probably native only from Mexico to Costa Rica." Missouri Botanical Garden. 55(2): 145-169. 202 1968. Woodson, Jr.; R.E./Schery, [Quality of climate match data 2-High] "Mexico (as far north as San Luis Potosi R.W./Blackwell, Jr., W.H.. Flora of Panama. Part and Nayarit) to northern South America and from southern Florida through the VIII. Family 154. Sapotaceae. Annals of the West Indies; probably native only from Mexico to Costa Rica." Missouri Botanical Garden. 55(2): 145-169. 203 1999. Jensen, M.. Trees Commonly Cultivated in [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Ecology: Adaptable Southeast Asia: An Illustrated Field Guide. 2nd species, found up to 2,500 m altitude. Survives light frost, long drought, strong Edition. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the winds and salt spray. However, does best at lower altitudes on rich, well drained Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand sandy loams." 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Potentially] "- Altitude range: CAB International, Wallingford, UK 0 - 600 m - Mean annual rainfall: 750 - 2700 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; bimodal - Dry season duration: 0 - 6 months - Mean annual temperature: 23 - 31ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 30 - 35ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 22 - 24ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: -3 - 0ºC" 203 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kindt, R./Jamnadass, [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "M. zapota is a species R./Simons, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree of the lowland rainforest. Trees grow well in a wide range of climatic conditions reference and selection guide version 4.0. World from wet tropics to dry cool subtropical areas. But they prefer a moist hot climate Agroforestry Centre, similar to that found at medium to low elevations in tropical areas, such as in (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/) coastal regions. Fruiting is not adversely affected by heavy rainfall, but high temperatures (42-43 deg. C) are harmful. Trees prefer full sunshine and are fairly hardy and resistant to wind damage when mature. Young trees are frost tender and may be killed at freezing point or below, whereas mature trees can withstand short periods of temperatures of about -3 deg. C." 204 1968. Woodson, Jr.; R.E./Schery, [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] R.W./Blackwell, Jr., W.H.. Flora of Panama. Part "Mexico (as far north as San Luis Potosi and Nayarit) to northern South America VIII. Family 154. Sapotaceae. Annals of the and from southern Florida through the West Indies; probably native only from Missouri Botanical Garden. 55(2): 145-169. Mexico to Costa Rica." 205 1999. Jensen, M.. Trees Commonly Cultivated in [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Southeast Asia: An Illustrated Field Guide. 2nd range? Yes] "Distribution: Originates in Central America, Mexico and West Indies. Edition. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Now widespread all over Southeast Asia." Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "It was originally distributed in Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, but is now widely cultivated to a greater or lesser extent in tropical lowlands world-wide." …"It is an important fruit tree all over South-East Asia grown in home gardens, orchards and plantations." … "Today, M. zapota is still grown for chicle in countries such as Mexico, Venezuela and Guatemala (Mickelbart, 1996). The prospects for M. zapota are good, as trees are productive enough to be grown in orchards. Research into pollen viability, nursery practices (shortening the nursery period, flowering times), and the compatibility of cultivars would all help to increase commercial prospects (Verheij and Coronel, 1991)." 205 2008. Langeland, K.A./Burks, K.C. (eds.). [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in range? Yes] "Cultivated across Southeast Asia and throughout the Old World Florida's Natural Areas. UF/IFAS Distribution, tropics including Asia, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, Gainesville, FL http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book.htm and South Africa (Balerdi and Crane 2000).
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