NAT. NAT. HIST. BUL L. SIAM Soc. 40: 91-102 ，1992

REMARKABLE NEW CASES OF DRINKING HUMAN TEARS IN (: THY ATIRIDAE ， ，)

Hans Banzige r*

ABSTRACT

During During 110 night investigations of zoophilous Lepidoptera adults troubling various mammals ， 10 cases of lac 胎yphagous moths settling at human eyes were witnessed. Th e behaviour behaviour of 3 Chaeopsestis ludovicae Le C巴rf (Th yatirida 巴)， one Rhagastis o/i vacea Moore (Sphingidae) (Sphingidae) one and Togarishachia albislriga (Moore)(Notodontidae) attacking 血eauthor's eyes eyes is detaH 巴d. C. ludovicae was particularly obnoxious due to clawing of the ey 巴1id's conjunctiva. conjunctiva. R. olivacea drank lachrymation while hovering ，出 etip of 出e4 叩 1 long probos- cis cis causing little discomfo 目. is It argued 白at ，should pathogen transmission really occur ，then it it is more likely to be due to c1 awing 出an to proboscis action in C. ludovicae and in notodontids such such as Tarsolepis elephantorum Banziger and Togrishachia lacrimisaddicta (Banziger). Th e opposite opposite is thought to be 白 ecase in noctuids Lo bocraspis grise 抑saHampson 加 d Arcyophora spp. ，which do not c1 aw the conjunctiva. AII six lepidopterous families with species known to to take tears from are now implicated in human lac 防yphagy; however ，'only' 23 spp. have have so far been found to suck human te 釘 scompared to about 100 known from animals.

INTRODUCTION

Adults Adults of six lepidopterous families have been recorded to be lachryphagous ，viz. Pyralidae ，Geome 汀idae ，Noctuidae ，Notodontidae ，τ 'h yatiridae and Sphingidae (DE JOANNIS ， 1911; 1911; MARSHALL et al.， 1915; REID ， 1954; BUTTIKER & BEZUIDENHOUT ， 1974; BANZIGER ，1973 ，1987 ， 1988a). With the exception of a few Noctuidae in which females dominate dominate as tear drinkers ， in the vast majority of species only males take lachrymation. ， Hosts Hosts are mainly large mammals belonging to the Artiodactyla ，Perissodactyla ，and Proboscidea Proboscidea (COLLENETTE ， 1928; BUTTIKER & WHELLAN ， 1966; BANZIGER ， 1973; BUTTIKER ， 1973; RODGERS ， 1986). However ，man is also a host ， with reports of more or less less sporadic attacks by moths of four of these families (B AI'切 GER ，1966 ，1988b;BλNZIGER & BUTTIKER ， 1969). Th ere have been no cases of moths drinking human tears thus far for the the Th yatiridae 叩 d Sphingidae ，al 出ough such have been suspected. With the present study based on 110 night investigations on zoophilous moths carried carried out in N Th ailand from August 1988 until the end of 1991 ， species of all six lepidopterous lepidopterous families now implicated in taking lachrymation from man. The study in- cludes ， besides the new cases of Th yatiridae and Sphingidae ， also an interesting observa- tion tion involving a notodontid ，Togarishachia albistriga (Moore) ，a species not hitherto re- ported ported to settle at eyes.

*Dep t. ofEntomology ，Faculty of Agriculture ，Chiang Mai University ，Chiang Mai 50002 ，Th ailand.

91 91 92 HANS BANZIGER

In In addition to the five new cases of lachryphagy described in detail below ， five further further successful attacks on eyes were appreciated involving the pyralids Pionea aureo- lalis lalis Le derer and Pi. 必mastesalis (W alker) ，and 出 e notodontid Pydnella rosacea (Hampson) ， species species already known to settle at human eyes. In addition ，several times as many unsuc- cessful cessful attempts by various species were witnessed. Finally ，it must be pointed out 血atthe present present and previous reports do not yet include a significant number of Geome 住idae and Pyralidae Pyralidae encounterl 吋 by the author at human eyes between May 1971 佃 d August 1988 which which will be reported on in due course. Man is also visited by two further groups in addition to these te 釘 drinkers: (i) (i) those which do not take tears but lick perspiration and some other body fluids ，e.g. several several species of Mythimna (Noctuidae) ， and (ii) those which suck blood by piercing 出e skin skin like the rare Ca か'P tra spp. (BANzIGER ， 1989a). Lepidopterous Lepidopterous lachryphagy has potential medical and veterinary implications. So far ，however ， there is no proof that moths 加古 involved in 出e spread of eye diseases although although there is indication that this may occur under certain conditions in bovids (REID ， 1954; 1954; GUILBRIDE et al. ， 1959; BANZIGER ， 1973; NlCOLET & BUTTIKER ， 1975). Since several several dozen attacks on the author's eyes during more than two decades have never resulted resulted in any complications except occasionally a tempor 紅 y inflammation ， the risk of disease disease appears to be smal l. By letting himself be host to these moths ，a person may gain important important clues which would not be obtainable from observations of moths only on animal hosts. hosts.

OBSERVATIONS

THYATIRIDAE Chaeopsestis Chaeopsestis ludovicae Le Cerf Thi s is a sc 紅白 and unusual species until recently known only from the original description description based on a few specimens from N (LE CERF ， 1941). It has since been collected collected first by my colleagues Mr. P. Sukumalanand ， Dr. S. Ratanabhumma and Mrs. J. Visitpar 首ch ，subsequently by myself ， and by Danish (Karsholt ，Lomholdt & Nielsen) and Jap 組 ese (Moriuti ， Saito & Arita) expeditions to Th ailand. However ，its 佐ue identity was first first recognized by Y oshimoto who redescribed it in 1987. BANZIGER (1988b) gave an account account of its biology (biotope ，population fluctuation ，feeding behaviour ，hosts ，geographic distribution ， proboscis morphology). The species is unusual because of its golden wing coloration ， as well as its flight period which is restricted to 2-3 weeks in October /N ovem- ber. ber. Between 1982 and 1988 some 14 specimens we 問 seen taking lachrymation in nearly nearly 30 甜 empts on zebu (Bos ω urus indicus L.)， horse (Equus caballus L.)， mule ，and water water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis (L.)). In 12 attacks on the author six specimens imbibed perspiration perspiration from arm ，hand ，leg ， and took saliva from mouth and nasal mucus from nostrils ， but none settled at eyes. Th ere are only two genera of Thyatiridae with known lachryphagous species ，viz. the the monotypic Chaeopsestis Le Cerf and Neotogaria Matsumura which at present includes about about six species (YOSHIMOTO ， 1984). Li ke many taxa of the 官 lyatiridae ， Neotogaria is very very difficult to revise due mainly to the overall homogeneity of the genitalia. YOSHIMOTO REMARKABLE NEW CASES OF MOTHS DRINKING HUMAN TEARS 93

(in (in lit t.) and BANZIGER (1988b) commented that N. hoenei (Sick) ，1941 ，may be reduced to to N. anguligera (Hampson) ， 1893. In the mean time 1 have captured two specimens which 1 consider as separate from N. hoenei and provisionally assign to N. αnguligera. Both species species are lachryphagous ， the only two of the thus far known to be so.

Case Case 1. Doi Suthep ，NW flank ， 1150 m ，5 November 1989 ， 1900-1925 h; 19 ・C ，half moon. Wide clearing Surrounded by secondary and some primary fores t.

1 was observing zoophilous moths in a herd of zebu. One C. ludovicae took te 訂 S from from a zebu at 1840 h. Shortly afterwards a specimen flew onto my wrist where it suck perspiration perspiration for 10 rnin before it flew onto my naked leg and back onto the front of my head head where it continued to t北 e swea t. It flew off and back to my cheek ， climbed towards my right eye ，finally settling near its lower edge. Th e perception 1 now felt was more unpleasant unpleasant than that experienced with most other moths ， comparable to that of ap 紅 ticu- larly larly edgy grain of sand being rubbed between eye and lid. The source of the pain is revealed revealed in a flash photograph (Fig. 4) 1 took 1.5 min after the moth settled: the right fore t釘 sus was hooked onto the delicate conjunctiva of the lid near the eyeball (Fig. 5) ， while the the tear sucking proboscis applied to the eyeball caused less disturbance. Unfortunately the flash flash scared the moth away which did not retum.

Case Case 2. Doi Ang Kh ang ， 1450 m ，3 November 1990 ，1950 ・2015 h; 19 ・C ， full moon. Pasture Pasture near village. One C. ludovicae was flying among a group of grazing mules and horses when it it suddenly tumed its attention to me. The animals walked away while the moth was licking licking perspiration from my arms ， hand and clothes. Occasionally it took off to circle around around my head and throa t. 1 walked slowly away but the moth persistently followed me for for some 100 m ， sometimes settling ， then again flying off and after me. It finally settled below below my left eye to suck lachrymation. This moth also caused a very unpleasant feeling due due to its claws being hooked onto the sensitive inner section of the lid (Figs. 6 ，7). Substantial Substantial tear flow ensued. 1 closed the eye ，pressing the lids tightly together ， but the moth would not leave. 1 made 8 flash photographs without the moth flying away (generally flashes flashes cause this species to fall from the host although the moth tends to retum quickly if if not yet satiated). After 3 min 1 accidentally touched it with my camera ， causing the to to fly away before 1 was able to secure it in my ne t. Case Case 3. Near stable of other hamlet in the same region ，3 November 1990 ， 2220-2245 h; mist mist had formed. Secondary limestone vegetation nearby.

1 was studying another thyatirid ，Neotogm 旬。nguligera ， which 1 saw for the first time time take lachrymation from a mule ，when one C. /udovicae landed on my hand. During the the next 25 min it did not leave me except for short circling to find a new feeding position. Eventually Eventually it reached my right eye and started to suck my tears. Again 1 felt pain due to clawing clawing of the lid (Figs. 1-3) ， inducing copious tear secretion. Also in this case flash

photographs photographs did not dislodge the intruder. The moth frequently changed position of pro 国 boscis boscis and tarsi (as evidenced by s巴rial photographs) every time causing renewed irritation. Two min later ，after having indulged in this tear-letting for the second time that night ，1 could could not bear it any longer and caught the tormentor. 94 HANs BANZIGER

Table Table 1. Additional records of C. ludovicae settling on various parts of the author's body other 由加 the eyes (October 1988 November 1991).

Date Date Time Locality Details of behaviour

26.x.88 26.x.88 193 0- 1940 h Doi An g Kh ang se 凶ed on clothes and crawled over face 4 times ， sucking persistently at nos 佐ils 25.x.89 25.x.89 2030 h Doi Suthep settled on ear which was licked for quite some time 7.x i. 89 1940 h Doi Suthep 1組 ded briefly on my leg 31. x.90 2215-2245 h Doi An g Khang flew forth and back between author and horses; horses; circled 5 min around him ， landed 4 times on his naked leg and twice on face ， mostly crawl 泊g around 2.xi.90 2.xi.90 2025-2040 h Doi An g Kh ang brief attempted landiugs on au 出or; mostly mostly on mules 2155 h Doi An g Khang landed briefly on clothes ，紅 m and hand 2220 h Doi An g Kh ang circled around author briefly 3.x i. 90 2030 h Doi An g Khang settled to suck drled perspiration from hand by regurgita 出 g saliva 4.x i. 90 1945 h Doi An g Khang landed on clothes ，arm and hand suck- ing ing perspiration by regurgitating saliva

SPH 町 GIDAE Rhagastis Rhagastis olivacea Moore (Fig. 8) 百lis hawkmoth can often be seen at merc 町 y vapour lamps (MVL) in hilly areas in in N Th ailand but usually singly or in very few individuals. Th e genus Rhagastis has over a dozen species distributed from NW In dia to Japan down to Java ， but R. olivacea has not not been mentioned in faunistic s町 veys from Sumatra (DIEHL ，1980) ，Peninsular (BARLOW ，1982) ， or Bomeo (E Malaysia) (HOLLOWAY ， 1987). According to Kπ 'C H 別 G (in lit t.) it is essentially a Himalayan species with N 百lail 佃 d as its southeastemmost dis 凶- bution. bution. R. R. olivacea is still the only hawkmoth confrrmed to be lac 耐yphagous although S Am erican Xylophanes tersa L. (SHANNON ， 1928) is a likely candidate. To conclude from the the behaviour mentioned by BU 1TIKE R (1 973) ， the Af rican Nephele peneus (Cramer) 叩 d N. N. comma (Hopffer) are probably attracted to mammalian fluids left on the ground ，出釘e lineosa Walker and naga Moore in N 官 lailand (BANZIGER ，1988b) ， which which do not appe 釘 to take lachrymation.

Case 4. Doi Ang Kh ang ， 1450 m ， 25 August 1990 ， 1950 h; quarter moon mostly behind clouds. clouds. Same surroundings as case 2. After After some circling around four horses ， one R. olivacea hovered in front of the eye eye of one horse ， which was too restless to let 血e moth suck for any length of time. Th e REMARKABLE NEW CA SES OF MOTHS DRINKING HUMAN TEARS 95

Fig. I

Fi g. 2 Fig. 3

Fi gures 1-3. Chaeopsestis ludovicae drinking tears from the eye of the author who photographed himself (case 3). Fig. 2: Enlarged detail ; note proboscis with curved back tip appli ed to the groove between eyeball and lid. Fig. 3: Drawing showing the left claw hooked onto the sensitive conjunctiva of the lid. 96 1-! ANS B.iiNZIGE R

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

Fig. 7

Fi gures 4-7. Chaeopsestis /udovicae sucking lachrymation from the eye of th e author who photographed hi mse lf (enlarged detai ls) . Figs . 4-5 : Case I , the ri ght claw hooked onto th e conjunctiva . Figs . 6-7 : Case 2, left an right claws hoo ked onto th e conjuncti va. REMARKABLE NEW CASES OF MOTHS DR INK ING HUMAN TEARS 97

Figure 8. Hawkmoth R!Jagastis o!il'acea whi ch ca n take human tea rs while hovering in fron t of the eyes (case 4). Note 4-cm long proboscis.

Figure 9. Notodo ntid Togaris!Jac!Jia alhistriga, mentioned in case 5, in typi ca l res ting pos ition. 98 H ANS BiiNZIGER

moth started to fly around me. It was now dark and I could not see the moth (I had switched off the headlight as hawkmoths are very sensitive to li ght) but at times I could hear its wings vibrating while hovering around my head. When th e clouds cleared a bit I could discern a dark shadow balancing opposite my face. Then I fe lt the proboscis pen­ etrating between my lips, li ke a fine straw. After this it was introduced into my nose, causing almost unbearabl e ti ckJing. I had to close my nostrils wi th my fingers. The pro­ boscis was poked into my mouth but soon was back to my nose un til I reli eved it with my fingers. Then the shadow climbed higher and the proboscis was applied to my eye. I felt no pain , the perception being surpri singly mild, compared to a cool, smooth foreign body mov ing between the lower lid and the cornea. After about 10 sec the proboscis was down to nose and mouth before returning once more to the eye where I experi enced the same feeling. I then caught the moth by cauti ously lowering the wide net over my head and the moth . Additional cases of R.olivacea attacking man but not sucking from eyes (briefly menti oned, without detail s, in BANZIGER, 1988b). Doi Suthep, E flank, 1200 m, 20 September 1986, around du sk; tin y clearing in lu sh evergreen hill forest; no ungul ates present in area. Dr. G. Robinson and I were preparing for MYL coll ecting when he call ed me over. I saw one R. oli vacea circling around hi s head. The moth hovered 5 cm in front of hi s face for a few seconds as he shut his eyes, and then disappeared. Soon afterwards one R. olivacea was around my head. As it hovered opposite my face I fe lt something li ke a fine sti ck trying to penetrate between my lips, in several bursts. Then another specimen joined in . They now hovered a bit hi gher and their proboscides were ti ckling the in side of my nose, one in the left and the other in the ri ght nostril. It was unpleasant. After some I 0 sec I succeeded in capturing both of them.

NOTODONTfDAE Togarishachia [Poncetia] albistriga (Moore) (Fig. 9) A widely distributed species found from NE to , down to Sumatra and Java but not Borneo (WfLEMAN, 1914; KIRIAKOFF, 1968; BENDER & DIERL, 1977; HOLLOWAY & BENDER, 1985). , synonymy and behav iour have been treated by BANZJGER (l988b, 1989b). More recently SCHINTLME!STER (1992) has shown that Poncetia Kiri akoff, 1962, the genus used by most authors, must be repl aced by Togarishachia Matsumura, 1925. In the same paper, however, Pydna kanshireiensis Wileman, 19 14 and Stauropus sphingoides van Eecke, 1929 are not new synonyms of a!bistriga as they had already been synonymi zed (BANZIGER, 1988b). So far there is one record of four attacks by one indi vidual on the author's face where it briefly settled near nose and mouth, without reaching the eyes; a more recent record (unpublished) of a specimen which settled on the author' s hand ; and records of two individuals circling around elephants (Elephas maximus L.) (BANZIGER, 1988b, 1989b). In this genus of eight species, three had been previously conf i1med to be tear drinkers (loc. cit.) though not T. albistriga . T. siarnica (Banziger), just recentl y caught from the eyes of zebu, is a new addition (unpublished). Also, the range of the species is ex­ tended to Nakhorn Srithammarat (S Thail and) and that ofT. bhutanica (Banziger) further west to Central (unpublished). REMARKABLE NEW CASES OF MOTHS DRINKING HUMAN TEARS 99

Case Case 5. Site near km 14 of road Chiang Dao to Phrao ， 600 m ， 15 November 1989; 1830 h，20 ・C. Disturbed forest some distance away; no cattle or water buff a1 0 presen t.

Drs. Drs. D. Sands ， H. Fay ， and myself were checking fruit-piercing moths in a man- darin darin orchard. At 1810 ha Pi. aureolalis ， one of th 巴 most common visitors of human eyes ， settled settled on my hand. It then flew to my right eye where 1 let it suck lachrymation briefly before before collecting it. 20 min later ， in pitch dark night ，a much larger ，dusky ， at first uni- dentified dentified moth se 凶 ed on my face and then crawled up to my left eye. 1 did not let it suck for for long and hurried to capture it before it could escape. It tumed out to be T. albistriga ， found found for the first time at mammalian eyes. Unfortunately ， in rushing to capωre it 1 precluded 叩 opportunity to study its lachryphagous behaviour in detai l.

DISCUSSION

The notodontid T. albistriga is at present the only lepidopteran known to take tears tears only from man ， but it is likely to do so also on animals. There are three reports of T. T. albistriga taking human body fluids (once tears) ， but it has also been caught twice near ， though though not on ，elephan t. Furthermore ， as mentioned earlier ， four of the eight Togarisha- chia chia spp. known take lachrymation from animals. According According to observations at MVL by Schintlmeister (in lit t.)， most notodontids arrive arrive after midnight at lights. However ， in Togarishachia and some other lachryphagous notodontids notodontids (with the p釘 tial exception of T. lacrimisaddicta (Banziger)) the attacks on mammals typically occur early at night and for no longer than a couple of hours. T. siamica has has in fact been seen at eyes already at 1820 h，when it is not yet completely dark in N

Thailand Thailand in October. Generally ，lachryphagous species of other families appe 訂 near hosts later later and for much longer. Among the Lepidoptera the sphingids have the longest proboscides. They are strongly strongly sclerotized to give them stiffness. Th us the experience of R. olivacea ， one of the largest largest tear drinkers ， hovering in front of the face with a 4-cm long proboscis (Fig. 8) aimed aimed straight into the eye is somewhat trying. Th is con 汀asts sh 訂 ply with the very mild perception perception felt. Without photographic documentation it is not yet known how R. olivacea applies applies the proboscis onto the eye but 1 presume that it is ， as often in Lepidoptera ， in the 'flamingo' 'flamingo' position (cf. Figs. 2-7): the most distal part is recurved downwards so that its dorsal dorsal surface touches the eye. This allows gentle ，flexible and continuous contact inde- pendent pendent of movements of the hovering moth or the hos t. Furthermore ， the species' pro- boscis boscis has only very few ，tiny sensill i. Consequently the conjunctiva is not irritated as with many other tear drinkers. c. c. ludovicae and the other two thyatirids ， Neotogaria hoenei 加 d N. anguligera ， are are probably the most energetic fliers among lachryphagous moths when considering the speed speed of flight and the suddenness with which they can stop or change direction. Also ， they they are among the most persistent ones. C. ludovicae τs aggressive clawing of the sensitive eyelid eyelid region (cf. Figs ，2 ・7) stimulates release of tears but also may cause defensive reactions reactions by the hos t. These are matched by the moth's obstinacy to fly back again and 100 100 HANS BANZIGER

again ， often to the same eye. The species does not show the type of persistence T. lacrimisaddicta lacrimisaddicta exhibits ，namely to stick to the eyelid and endure the host's repulses; C. ludovicae ludovicae gives in ，escapes ， and retums (BλNZIGER ，1988b ， 1989b). Like Like some Tarsolepis spp. ， C. ludovicae mostly do not settle firmly at eyes ， but they they often continue to beat the wings (observed directly and evident on photographs in which which the distal p紅 t of the wings is blu 汀巴d) ，unlike most other lachryphagous species. 1 presume presume that the frequent falling-off-the-eye of C. ludovicae 加 d Tarsolepis spp. when hit by by photographic flash is due to the fact that they are half air-bome ， half settled. It has long been been observed that noctumal Lepidoptera ar 巴 much more sensitive to light when in flight than than when settled. Failing to fly off in cases 2 and 3 must be due to the moths' firm clinging clinging near the eye. To infer from the pattem of irritation inflicted by C. ludovicae (cf. Figs.l ，2) ， T. lω ac αJ tarsal tarsal clawi 泊ng ぱ0 f the tender conjunctiva of the eyelid 白th加 through 戸probosci おs action on the eyeball eyeball and lid. The latter type is assumed to occur in the noctuids Lobocraspis griseifusa Hampson and Arcyophora spp. ，behaviourally the most advanced moths in terms of lachryphagy. lachryphagy. Their proboscis is rather longer and has more pronounced protuberances (sens i1l i，bristles ， locking hooks). These noctuids settle in more squat fashion ，slightly further further away from the lid's sensitive conjunctiva which they do not claw. They are thus less vulnerable vulnerable to the host's lid movements and eye-lash brushing ， and the proboscis has a wider wider range of action. is It swept with characteristic movements back and forth across the eyeball ， as already noted by REID (1 954) ，evidently to induce increased lachrymation due to to protuberances which irritate to some exten t. L. grise 抑制's mouthparts can also i町itate the the soft parts of the lid ， as again demonstrated in experiments with man (B 必可 ZIGER ， 1973) when the moth sucks from closed eyes. Th is action occurs also naturally when L. griseifusa sucks sucks from dozing ruminants. It can introduce the proboscis between the hos t' s lids which irritates irritates the co 吋unctiva. The clawing of the tarsi and the rubbing of the proboscis which has has small protuberances ， can cause microscopic lesions to tissues ， both being more con- ducive ducive to successful pathogen transmission than simple contac t. The method of irritation of the host eye could be of some importance to pathogen transmission. transmission. For instance ， the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macros 伊hum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Thomas) can transmit well over 80 and 40 different plant viruses ，respectively ， via the mouthparts mouthparts (Kennedy et al. ， 1962) but not the tobacco mosaic virus (PIRONE ， 1972; BRADLEY & HARRIS ， 1972) which they can transmit only by clawing (BRADLEY & HARRIS ， 1972). Th is is evidently due to the very complex interaction between the aphid ， the virus and the plant. plant. The situation is certainly different with lachryphagous moths. Lachryphagy is a more recent recent and less advanced feeding habi t. The moth proboscis may cause fine ， long and shallow shallow scratches on the comea ， and to some extent on the eyelid of sleeping hosts. Th e proboscis proboscis may acquire and transfer pathogens mainly from and to the eye region only. Th e claws ，on the other hand ，come into contact with a wide a汀 ay of substrates besides the lid area ， and tend to cause pairs of wider ， deeper punctures in the lid only. In In general ，man has been viewed as an 'unnatura l' or exceptional host of lachryphagous. lachryphagous. The new results indicate that while man is not regularly or frequently visited ，attacks on him are not mere freak events either. Some 23 species (about 25% of the the so far known lachryphagous spp.) (BλNZIGER ， in prep.) have been found to settle at r ノ

REMARKABLE NEW CASES OF MO 百iS DR 町 K 町 G HUMAN TEARS 101

human eyes since this behavi 'O ur was first d'O cumented in 1965. Successful sucking has ccurred 'O ccurred 'O nce every 10-12 nights 'O n average (10 cases during 110 investigati 'O ns) a1 th 'O ugh 出is in c1 udes nights when n 'O 'O r very few z'O'O phil 'O us m 'O ths were present 'O n animals. Th e incidence incidence is higher in such fav 'O urable areas as sites ne 訂 f'O rest b 'O rders at l'O w t 'O mid elevati 'O ns where Pi. aureolalis (Le derer) ， Pi. damastesalis (Wa1k er) ， F. m かifica l. ぉ(Le derer) ， the the species m 'O st pr 'O ne t 'O settle 'O n man ，紅'e c'O mm 'O n， and at pr 'O piti 'O us times 'O f the year (changes (changes 'O f seas 'O n fr 'O m c 'O ld t 'O h'O t， t 'O rainy ，etc.). T. albistriga ， Pi. aureolalis ，Py. rosacea (Hamps 'O n) ， R. olivacea ，F. mi イ， icalis and a number 'O f 'O ther species have a1 s 'O successfully attacked attacked man in the absence 'O f anim a1 h'O sts ，sh 'O wing 白紙 the m 'O ths did n 'O t accidentally land land 'O n 出e 'wr 'O ng' h 'O st. C. ludovicae exhibited similar persistence in attemptingωland 'O n， as well as in 'O bstinately drinking te 釘 S 企om ，man as with animals. Th at it frequen t1 y lands lands and sucks fr 'O m places 'O ther 白佃出e eye in man is n'O t unusu a1; the same 'O ccurs a1 s 'O 'O n anim a1 s where it sucks fr 'O m n 'O se ， m 'O uth and even w 'O unds. Thus man sh 'O uld be c 'O nsidered as a 加 e albeit infrequent h 'O st.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Sincerest 出anks 訂 e due t'O Dr. W. Br 'O ckelman ，Mahid 'O l University ，Bangk 'O k，f 'O r improving improving the manuscript. D r. 1. Kitching ，British Museum (Na t. Hi 包st. よL 'O nd 'O n， Dr. A. Schintlmeister ，Dresden ， and Mr. H. Y 'O shim 'O t'O， T 'O ky 'O， 'O ffered va1 uable inf 'O rmati 'O n 'O n Sphingidae ， N 'O t'O d 'O ntidae and Th yatiridae ， respectively. Dr. G. R 'O bins 'O n ， British Mu- seum ，c 'O rage 'O usly resisted attacks by R. olivacea ， while Drs. D. P. A. Sands and H. Fay ， Ind 'O'O r'O'O pil1 y and Mareeba (Au 紺 alia) ，respectively ， induced me t'O釘 range the excursi 'O n during during which 1 had the pleasure 'O f tw 'O visits by m 'O ths. 1 am indebted a1 s 'O t 'O my depart- ment c'O lleagues ，especially Mr. P. Sukumalanand ， Dr. M. Titayawan and Dr. S. Buranapanichpan ，f 'O r their c'O ntinu 'O us suppo 目. Pri nce Bhisadej Raj 組問， R 'O yal Pr'O ject ， helped helped in 'O ffici a1 ma 悦 rs.

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