ENTOMON 1995 VOL. 20 NO. 2: 25-33.

Biodiversity in the Western Ghats - A Study with Reference to (: Heterocera) in the Silent Valley National Park, India)

George Mathew and V. K. Rahamathulla Division of a Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi 680 653, Trichur, Kerala

Received on April 30, 1993

Abstract: species diversity with reference to moths was studied in representative forest habitats (viz., disturbed but well regenerating and relatively undisturbed) in the Silent Valley National Park, Preliminary data suggested rich species diversity in well regenerating forests (3.42 & 1.9)as compared to those subject to disturbances like incidence of fire (0.43). Maximum number of moths collected belonged to the families Pyralidae, , Geometridae and Arctiidae. Some families like Lasiocampidae Bombycidae and Gelechidae were only poorly represented. In general, the fauna bearsa close resemblanceto that of Sri Lanka although it is characterised by the presence of several endemic species having affinities with the Malayan elements. Altogether 318 species of moths belonging to 19 families were recorded in this study.

Key words: Lepidoptera, Heterocera, biodiversity, fauna, moths, Silent Valley National Park

INTRODUCTION Western Ghats and forms the core area of the The tropical rain forests resulting from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Fig. 1). It is situated about 60 million years of evolution, are by far on a plateau about 1000 m above mean sea the most stable and sensitive ecosystems as level and covers an area of 9000 ha. Because of compared to the temperate forests which are of climatic, edaphic and altitudinal gradients, the comparatively recent origin. Because of its forests of Silent Valley exhibits considerable complex nature, any disturbance in the habitat variations in the floristic composition, physiog- is likely to affect the delicate balance existing nomy etc. Four types of vegetations are en- between its various components. Man-induced countered viz.,(a) west-coast tropical evergreen changes leading to modifications in the land, forests (b) substropical broad-leaved hill forests, water, flora and fauna are among the major (c) montane wet temperate forests and (d) factors which upset this balance. As a result of grasslands. disturbances in the biome, many species partic- Our knowledge on the insect fauna of Indian ularly the , become extinct. Since most forests is largely based on earlier studies by of the tropical rainforests are located in under- pioneer workers like Hampson, (1896-1898) developed or developing countries, lack of Although a series of revisionary studies have adequate scientific expertise is a major con- been subsequently carried out from different straint in undertaking ecological studies in order geographical regions, no exhaustive survey has to develop sound management strategies. As a so far been carried out specifically from the result, the disappearance of many species re- various forests. This is particularly true with main undocumented even before establishing regard to the Western Ghat region which is their economic importance. Therefore there is noted for its richness in biodiversity. an urgent need to study the fauna in these Among insects, the moths belonging to regions (Wells et al., 1983). Lepidoptera are economically very important as The Silent Valley National Park is a typical the primary herbivores in the forest ecosystem. humid tropical rain forest in the Kerala part of They are diverse in their habits and are adapted 26 GEORGE MATHEW AND V.K. RAHMATHULLA BIODIVERSITY IN SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK 27 to a variety of conditions. Being highly sensi- where P, is the proportion of the 'ith' species in tive to changes in the environment, they are the community, 'S' is the total number of spe- easily affected by even relatively minor pertur- cies and In is the log with base "e" (natural bations in the habitat so much so they have logarithm) Pielou, 1975). been considered as indicators of environmental Inorder to assess' the overall similarity of quality (Kosenberg et al., 1986). different localities with respect to species diversity, the index of similarity (IS) was also MATERIALS AND METHODS worked out. A modified version of Jaccard's The moths were collected by using a modi- formula as suggested by Sorenson (1948) was tied Pennsylvanian-type light trap operated by used. According to this. a 6 V battery, with an automatic switching 2C X 100 device to facilitate self operation of the trap in the index of similarity (IS) =

(A + B) the deep forests at specified timings (Fig 2). An 8 watt UV tube was used in the trap for illumi- nation. The trap was set up on a stand, about where c = number of common species in two 'releves'. 1.2 m in height, on the ground in small forest A = total number of species in a Plot and clearings and the trap was operated overnight = total number of species in another Plot. on all days (from 6 PM to 6 AM on the next B day). RESULTS Insect diversity: In order to study the faunal Altogether 318 species of moths belonging diversity, regular sampling was carried out in to 19 families could be collected and identified four locations - 2 areas at Campsite and one (Appendix). The families Geometridae, Noctu- each at Poochappara and Neelikkal within the idae and Pyralidae contained maximum number Sanctuary. The insects collected on each night of species recorded in this study. were sorted out into species and their numbers recorded. The first locality (Campsite, 1st area) Species diversity: The number of insects represented a well regenerating forest which collected from the various Plots are given in was subject to logging operations in the past. Table 1. The highest number of insects col- The second area at the Campsite was similar to lected was from Plot 1 and lowest from Plot 4 the first but was subject to fire in the past . The with the species diversity index ranging-from third and fourth localities represented relatively 3.42 in Plot 1 to 0.43 in Plots 3 and 4 (Table undisturbed forest types. At each location 2). Although Plot 2 was adjacent to Plot 1, it monthly sampling was carried out for 5 succes- registered a low value as compared to Plot I sive days, serially from plot I to plot 4, for a and this was attributed to the incidence of fire period of 5 months. In addition to this, occa- in the former in the previous years. However, sional sampling of fauna was carried out during with regard to Plots 3 and 4 where the struc- visits to the other parts of the sanctuary. tural quality of flora was far superior compared The insects collected in this study were to the other Plots, the values obtained were identified by reference to literature or by refer- quite low. The extact reasons for the low ring to the International Institute of Entomol- diversity in these Plots are not certain. Probably ogy, London. the influence of seasons (viz. full moon, new moon etc.) or the inappropriateness of sampling Data analysis: For calculating the diversity sites in these areas could have affected the trap index for the various localities, Shannon-weiner catches. The influence of the above factors on formula was used: trap catches could not be evaluated in this study

S since collections were made only for a short 1 Diversity index (H ) = -ZP,In (P,) period of 5 months from January to May 1989. i 28 GEORGE MATHEW AND V. K. RAHMATHULLA

Table 1. Number and percentage of species in each family collected from the study Plots (% given in brackets)

-- ~ Families Plot I Plot II Plot 111 Plot IV Total .-- -- .------Pyralidae 21 (25.30) 26 (32.13) 12 (30.00) 85 -~%;; (13.25) I4 (17 28) l l (27.50) 57 Geometridae 11 Drepanidae 1 (1.20) Epiplemidae 2 (2.41) 1 (1.23) 1 (2.50) 4 1 (1.23) 1 (2.50) 2 Lymantriidae 4 (3.25) 8 (9.64) 1 (1.23) 3 (7.50) 16 Arctiidae 22 (17.88) 15 (18.07) 11 (13.58) 9 (22.50) 57 Noctuidae 36 (29.27) 23 (27.73) 24 (29.63) 3 (7.50) 86 Sphingidae 9 (7.32) 1 (1.20) I (1.23) I I Lasiocampidae 2 (1.63) 1 (1.20) 1 (1.23) 4 Saturnidae 3 (2.44) 3 I (1.23) 1 -Cossid Total nuniber of species 123 83 8 1 40

In order to judge whether the insects collected sentation of certain families in the various Plots in the samplings fully represented the moth was interesting. The family Saturniidae was fauna, a collector's curve was prepared by represented only in Plot I and Cossidae in Plot plotting the number of insects collected upto 3. The distribution of some of these families the i-th period (i=l, 2, 3, 4, 5 month; pielou, might prove to be of importance in that their 1974, p. 288). The curves (Fig.3) were found to occurrence could probably be associated with rise continuously in all the localities indicating specialities in the floral composition in a that the sampling was not sufficient and that particular habitat. further collections are necessary for getting a more complete estimate of the faunal diversity Table 3. Similarity index values for the four localities of these areas. studied

Table 2. Species diversity index for the four plots sampled Similarity indes values

Plot NO. NO. of No. of No. of Species diver- and Locality families species individuals sity index

Plot 1 8 123 580 3.42 Plot 2 9 83 319 1.9 Plot 3 10 81 327 0.43 4 Faunal affinities and endemism in the fauna: Plot 7 40 180 0.4 - The faunal similarity of the four Plots was Family diversity: The relative abundance of studied and the indices of similarity are given the various groups of moths was another aspect in Table 3. The Plots I, 2 and 3 and more of studied. Maximum number of families was less same value, compared to that obtained for recorded in Plot 3 (10; Poochappara) followed Plot 4 which was low. The resason for this is by Plot 2 (9; Campsite). Least number recorded not known but could be due to differences in was for plot 4 (7; Neelikkal). In all the four the floral composition. Further studies are Plots, the families Pyralidae, Noctuidae, Geo- needed to ascertain this aspect. metridae and Arctiidae were the dominant groups (Fig. 4). Certain families like Sphin- DISCUSSION gidae,Lasiocampidae, Saturnidae and Cossidae The study has indicated that the Heterocera were very scarce in the trap catches. The repre- of Silent Valley is rich and diversitied. Altho- MOTH BIODIVESITY IN SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK 29

Plot I1

120- 1 1 0 -~ I00 - 90 - m 80- . 0 U,- 70- *' 60- 0 6 50- 40-

No. of insects No. of insects

'lot 111 Plot IV

100

90

80

7 0 V1 0 '2 60 50 rc4 - 0 6 40 z 30

20

1 0

0 0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 No. of insects No. of insects

Fig. 3. Collector's curve for Plots I. 11, 111 and IV. 30 GEORGE MATHEW AND V. K. RAHMATHULLA

ugh collections could be made only for a short isolation. Holloway (1 974) and Larsen (1 988) period of 5-6 months in a year (due to are of the opinion that Indian fauna is one inaccessability to this area during the rainy largely formed as a result of displacement by seasons as a result of landslides, tree fall, etc.) invaders from other regions of the Oriental altogether 318 species of moths have been region, after its separation from Gondwanaland recorded. The findings of this study indicate and merger with Asia. Most of the endemic that, well regenerating forests are rich in spe- species in the Western Ghats had their origin cies diversity (3.42). The adverse effect of elsewhere in the Oriental region and are still disturbance on fauna was also shown by the surviving in isolated habitats. The moths Loepa drastic reduction in the diversity index in fire sikkima, Trabala ganesha, Oxyambulyx subo- affected forest patch (1.9). However, the fact cellata, Theretrcr nessus, Macroglossum aquila, that further samplings are necessary, is indi- Tarsolepis rufobrunnea malayana, Phalera cated by the collector's curve, which shows an sundana, Cyana perornata, Eliema tetragona, upward rise. The species diversity indices Oeonisiis entella, Spilosoma anada, Tridrepana obtained for the various localities therefore do fulvata etc., (Barlow, 1982) are some of the not actually indicate the exact status of diver- species having Malayan affinities recorded from sity and the values obtained here are of an the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. A small fraction indicative nature only. of insects are having Palaearctic (Borbacha sp., Eumelia rosalia, Ozarba punctifera, Rhodogastria sp., Euproctis bipunctapex), Australian (Maceda mansueta, Pyrausta Phoenicealis, Crocidolomia sp.), and Ethiopian (Pingasa ruginaria, Britta sp., Sauris sp.) affinities.

Fig. 4. Propagation of various major taxonomic groups in four sampling sites (PYR-Pyalidae; GEOM- Geometridae; SPH-Sphingidae; LYM-Lymantriidae; ARCT-Arctiidae; NOCT-Noctuidae;SAT-Saturnidae).

The fauna of Silent Valley bears a close resemblance to that of Sri Lanka, although the latter is characterised by the occurrence of several endemic genera and disjunct species groups which do not have any relatives in S. India (Larsen, 1987). The low land evergreen forests of Silent Valley have a good representa- Fig. 2. Butterflyoperated light trap used for moth sampling. tion of South Indian species although the forest patches at higher altitudes as well as the sholas Man induced disturbances are among the contain several species which bear a close main factors that affect the sustenance of many resemblance to that of Sundaland although they natural communities. Although extinction of have developed into distinct races over years of species is supposed to create diversity due to MOTH BIODIVERSITY IN SILENT VALLEY NATIONAL PARK 31 diversification and adaptation of the surviving diversity. ones, destruction of species is unlikely to generate very much diversity in the rainforests Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr. S. Chand because of its complex structure (Turner, 1984). Basha (Director)and Dr. K. S. S Nair (Scientist-in-chwge) for their encouragement and keen interest in this study. Dr. The occurrence of a rich and diversified fauna K. Jayaraman and MS. P. Rugmini (Statistics Division) in some parts of Nilgiri Biosphere region was kindly assisted in the analysis and interpretation of data. largely attributed to the conservation of forests Most of the insects listed here were identified by Dr. J. D. in this region (Larsen, 1987, 1988). Conserva- Holloway (International Institute of Entomology, London). tion of the natural habitats is very essential for The cooperation renderebly Mr. P. N. Unnikrishnan and Mr. T. Sabu (erstwhile Wildlife Preservation Officer and the existence of many species of lepidopterans. Ast. WildlifePreservation Officer respectively) of Silent The survival of a large number of endemic Valley National Park,is also gratefully acknowledged. This species in the Silent Valley area warrants fre- studywas sponsored hy the Department of Environment, quent monitoring of the ecological processes New Delhi. besides adoption of appropriate conservation strategies in order to safeguard its rich genetic

REFERENCES

BARLOW , H. S. (1982) An introduction to the moths of South East Asia. E. W. Classey Ltd.. 305 pp. HAMPSON, G.F ( 1892-1896) The moths of India, London. 4 vols. HOLLOWAY, J.D. (1974) In: Mani, Ecology and Biogeography in India. Junk. den Haag. LARSEN, TORBEN. B . (1987) The Butterflies of thc Nilgiri mountains of South lndia (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 84 (1): 26-54;84 (2): 291-316; 84(3): 560-584. LARSEN.T ORBEN B (19x8) The Butterflies of the Nilgiri mountains of South lndia (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85(1):26-43. PIELOU,E.C. ( 1974) Population and Community Ecology Principles and Methods Gerdon. and Breach Science Publ. New York. PIELOU, E. C. (1975) Ecological diversity John Wile and Sons. ROSENBERG, DAVID, DANKS,H.V. AND LEHMKUKI, DENNIS. M.C.(1986) importance of insects in Environmental Impact Assessment. Environmental Management, I0 (5) pp. 773-783. SORENSON.T (1948) A method for establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of the species content. Eet Kong.Danske Vidensk, Selsk Biol. Skr. (Copenhagen) 5 (4) : 1- 33. TURNER,JOHN.R.G.(1984) Extinction as creative force: The butterflies of the Tropical Rainforest : The Leads Symposium, pp.` 195-204. WELLS. SUSAN,M. ROBERT M. PYLE MARK N. COLLINS (1983) The IUCN invertebrate red data hook. IUCN, Switzerland, 632 pp.

Appendix - List of moths collected from Silent Valley National Park

D. plutusalis Walker Hyalabathra miniosalis Guenee Paradomima distorta Moore Borvodes asialis Guenee Sylepta lunalis Guenee S,quadrimaculatis Kollar S. derogata Fabricius S.tibialis (Moore) S. balteata Fabricius ostentalis Hubner GEORGE MATHEW AND V. K. RAHMATHULLA

Anmr.\c horu hrluruhs Walker Proc hr~plrjlc~ruguru Fabric~ua Neuc hrm crb~nrrrrruCrmier 8orruc.hurru iwrirguru Walker Purrrrrs mur~nuruFdbricius Antrrry!:i~druJivisu Walker Condriu illec r~rWalker Arrhis~ru.sci.\.\rulr.s Moore P murgrnuru Hampson Anlrm~gode.~culrinru Walker Ac.hueu /crnorrr Fubriciua Ceqnru u.\tulu Hampson I? vcnunuwlrs Guenee Perelru ap. of medcrr~luriu Enherrr c ~IlurnuCrarner C:rcy/xms in.solirurcr Walker G1)phrxlra srolulis Guenee Herrich-Scfurflrr group- Ccrllr~l/r.\/rr:rrrvrr1uri.s Wdker 7irgrudc.s lin,~ro.\u.sMoschler G. rrywlb Walker Hypochmsi.~frsfivcrriu Fahriciua Prrrc~nurrr1111~rrn~r Guenee SrrrohWrs sp. G. hrvrrrulu Gwnee H. ~~ur~hiurruWalker Ilypmo \ihcrN~rc/crBelhune- Otprdc ap. G. cucsulu Walker H. sp. 0 UIISI~UC~U~IUWillkrr Baker Arcliidae G. hic obr Swimon Suhurru co~murculuruMoore Purcit.rumcr lurrmurjio Warren Amrrru r.&n.\u Walker G. idrc.u Saunders S. sp. nr. rrrndrluriu 1:abricius Eurru, lIrn,rdu Fclde~ Argrncr syrrqqu Cr;rn~er Phhc~urniutyrr.c Crarner S. mciruw Wit. Murid~rmtrrr\urtu Wirlker A usneu Drury Evlulrru ~lrjirrulishderer Semiorlri.vcr sp. prob noru Lohundu /u.\cruiu Walker Prrir-ullru sp of ric~inrFabricius E. &jurnutuL.s W.ilker Walker Njt rrrrlu jiri.\ru H;rrnpson complex Nuu\u~r~rp, I rlwc ruru Fabt lcrua Srmiorhi.\u rriunguluru Harripaon Hlorincr Irrt rc/ru I>alrrran Erlcmu rumidcr Walker N jirrrn~~uli.\Guenee S trrruginuru Moore B. sp nr Ii~lrcnc~.\~Moore E, sp. ? ohli~crcrnuWalker LucinrJr, nrbonuli.\ Guenee S nrwnduriu Walker Lqrhop/c~rcrrllttcidrr Walker Dlc~niurrrrcrgonu Walker L'mr rd:+~l,oru pncrphoru S clucrndrrrriu Moore tl:rde~rnrcr sp. '1 pruno.srr Moore ? Erlemu sp. Hampsor~ Semrorhi.ru sp Rhw~hir~ur rr~~rlrneu Harnpson Erlemcr ap. Puchyzunru lic:rr.\r.\ulis Wdker Ouruptenx murjiinutu Hampson Hrirhu Isrc tcilis Walker Muc of:r.\u sp. " nubrc ub Moore t? cyumhWalker Thrni~ptepi1 roc oplercSButler P.~cuilr~jivrrr~nuperv:,rw Walker Niljiirrc~olu.\icc~runu Hsmpson Eurrcrimu nurr Iurrulr\ Walker Mrrrrr~.\regunt..\uhre.\.\ellcrle Eu.\rrurro n~irrjiincrnrWalker Sic.r.iu rcrprubirni.\ Walker Muru~urc,srukrh.s Geyer Walker 0wrl)u ap ? Irutrr'/rjit)r:i Walker Cycgrrrrio.su (iurrrr~- F11dr.s /ulvrd:rr.iuli\ (Hubner) Ilet~r:rrlcjicrnesp. Mcrlrurrhcr vrri ro Moor[- Menevrlle hulw ufru1r.s Walker Morhui hrr sp. ? paradarica Cirrjinrhrr \rmrpc~rcrtuWillkrr A.\uru melumrlu.~H;rmpson Pyruusru phornterulic Hubner Guenee Anirmi\ \uhulrfcru Guenee A. sp. ? oh.\nbw Mom Epbr.srw cuurellu (Walkr) Lrmrrgrupfur sp ? .\rmpIiciurru A. >jilrr~cr Butler A urr rruirr Mcwrc Nephrrprrqx uuni.syuumrllu Wal kcr 'finolirr\ yrrc~tlrimurrrlcctrr, A rrrhric-o.suMoore H;unp@n Ahruius ap. of ptrliuriu Swinhoe Walker A.srrrcr sp. Epdcr:~o lurerrtru1r.s Walker LYouf' Nolu r irrjiule\rr Moore Errsou sp of h~puncruruWiilker &h.cprlu kucanrurellu A. .~>/I'uIuSwP. Mu.\ulru hrnrcrc rrlri~uMoore complex Ragom A, ap, near lurizonuru Hampaon Jun.sendrs nrebno.sprlu Glrenee Sptlr~.\omusp. ? monu Swinhoe &ti& zinckwllu Trerwhke Scurdumru reLrilineu Warren Susunrrgu ap ? renc~hrrrscrMoore S. unrtnclrr Kwpke Eun~phrw' suhon~elluMeyrick Plur:~de.\ap'? discijieru Butler Myrhrmtru :rrrvrlrneu Harnpaon Sprlosomo sp. CsMnetridoc Plurndc,.s ap. M. revo:\o Moore Pcrr~jinrunrufherunu Moore ap. Ay?.gisu Sp. EcIIpt:~lxru.~riI~piculi,s M. virruru H;~mpson Purirplu.\ri,s humpsrrni Swri~hoe Facellrnu plugiutu Walker Hanipson M~hm~trusp. Lrnryrcr sp. E chn~mrurruWalker E. rlr.s.\ccru Moore Tirucub plujiruru Walker Pcrrrrr~nu.splendcr~.\ Butler Gusrruc-omr punnrr.ruriu Moore Oenrrsprlu c~uudruriuGucnec Athcti.~rr~rnrlr\ Moore Crn.x rrutuili$~uWiiILer Cnr)-mr~up~yri Butler Vlrornernts purlrru Walker Ccrndrrcr rllrc to Walker Ev~.WUbp. Hypcrph) ru cjunr~.\r.\iir.ru V brplugruru Moore Odcmrode\ crlrrircr Ciuenee Ocor~islisrnrellu Cramer Hampwn Archcrrol;ulhr,~c.ri.sruro Warren Psrurlrrrh$rnw huh:! Huhner Cvunrr hrrrrrcu Walker Ouiurru hjlwphunes Hampwn PULhdrs lurerpe.\ Felder Xenrr~ruc~lrru:rlhrdr.rc u Moore C, nu1:rym.si.i Harnpson Luriclnu psmrrwru Walker Ilemrrhru ap, grurnmcu Mudurrcc (= I'lujirder~ro)sp Cyunu .\p. L sp? suhrusw Walker Hi~rnpson ?Iqmc rrrrcr Harnpwn Rhodu~usrriuastvrus Drury Bvzvru sp. ? .supprr.suriu Crrnrihurnu induclurru Guenee 1)igunw murr /iullr Guerrn Asoru pbnu Walker Guencc C. rrlregrunoru Hampson Ccrrru enrlophcrr I Impson A.\nru 11r:rductu Butler Ckoru .sp. ulunur~uVuren Nercrrnicr curnijrons Butler Ericeru sp '! in;lngul;lta Guenee Nyctemrru coleru Cra~ncr Ckoru y, Julcululu Fletcher Pin#cr.\u ruginurtu Guenee Rhevulu nr:w\iulr\ Wirlker N. udvrr.sulu Shallev Clroru .sp. P chbrcr Cramer Surcrlnr pu.srrrl!/rrrc Wulker N. huulu.\ Boisduval Mrnophru ' tnoua Suro Eunreliu rir.suhu Sloll Hydril1~xk.ssp. prtrb ~rilgi,-irrli.\ Errchnrmicr polvnrrnu Linn. Eury~uphriu.sp. Suuri.s ap. Hmpson S~nromr.\rhorucic.un Moore. bp. Elpho ap Thyu.s ho~w.\ruHuhr~cr Lymantriidae Esrmpis sp. I' hnru Swu~hue PoI~nr.\rusunutuluvu Walker Rhytiu hyprrnrnr.\~ru(Stoll.) Cispirr r hurmu Swinhor Ecrmprs hhurmirru Walker Xunrhorhoe ~noluruFleder Elygou nrrrrrrt~rr(Lmni~eus) Lytncmrriu \p, probably Kunuru Ecfnrpr.~indi.mrm~ru Hampson CuUidulidae 0thrri.s Jullonicr (Clerck) Collenette E. ? hrwrmiuriu Guerw Cleo\rris curumirrrs Hubner Epi.ipurr.s lirururtr (Firbl-rcius) L. fodcrru Moore E. Lurnulu.u, Walker Uranidne Turgullu lrrdrtrrrx (Walker) Arou sp. of plunu Walker corn- MnkLtuw sp. Psurdumicronru sp. Enhus c-upri~rurlgrr.\ plex Hypwcis pull& Harnpson Epiplenidne E. hirrc~jil~lrhrruDrury Rrhu sp. H. sp. nr. drnrcgrruru Warran El~rplenw?tnozu Butler E. ephrspc~rr.\ Enlm)cris hipuncruprx Hiunpson ?Hyponucis sp. Dirudrs unit-uudu Dudgeon Ane sp. E. jrcrtrrnu Moore. Scopvlu sp. ? nr. pulverosu D. leucocrru Hampson Spcdupreru nluurrrru Boisdual E. percnogustor Collenete Pmw D. threlutu Gucnee Muuriliu sp. E. srrnisignutu Walker Scupulu sp. Epiplem ulhih Humpson Hypospilu h:rliniri&s Guenee Lurliu? colon Hampson Timsp. ? nrlroni Rwt Noci~fidnc Bwunu urni.sr.srulis Wirlker Cispiu churmu Swinhoe MOTH BlODIVERSlTY IN SILENT VAI.I.LEY NATIONAL PARK

Nolork,~~riduc P~~lir~.stuurcr~~usgriard Humpson Sphingidne /'II~I~~.\ILIIIIII/~II\,qri.scu Hampbon Bombycidae Ai.hrmnriu luche.\r.\ libricius EI~.\IJ/~II5 ru/011ru1111ru Pr~~icill~rrusp. prob. upicul~s A. stw. Webl~. N;lliamurs Walker Mrxunolon bp. Plurlcrrr pn~cuur W;~Iker Tortricidae 0qunlhuIy.x bp. Uuduscr 1to11~1~\Walker Nrni~rnitshiuprwricu Meyrick Agrius sp. Crrurrr hp 0lethrrurr.v purugrunvnu Ilipl~orionborrhuviue Fahricius Sl~lrrrrr~q~rtalrv Wi~lker Meyrick Thrrrrru hp, cosrunru Moore 1,isiaccwlinae Lusii~xnurhurnornv~~~ir Meyrick Muc~mglr~,s.\un~uquilu Biosduval Mrrc..\o ur~cn~rlerrrWnlkrr Ductyli~gly~~huhurnu~nicu RhugusrL .sp ? castorwalker Crrisrrr ,pr~frh~r~rHering (Meyrick) Awsrnrryx .shervillii Boiduval St 0/11~1orlt,.\ap proh. veno\u Urlru frrrugu1i.s Hubner Ilrrsr ~onvoluviL~nn. Walker Busrru indicirlnr Walker 78jluc~1l~riltrpuurr~.srrnu Meyrick