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Lepidoptera Pests of Sapodilla (Manilkara Zapota (L.) Van Royen) in South Florida, with Some Comments on Life History and Natural Control

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Lepidoptera Pests of Sapodilla (Manilkara Zapota (L.) Van Royen) in South Florida, with Some Comments on Life History and Natural Control University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 12-3-2019 Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control Jose I. Martinez Jonathan H. Crane Jeff Wasielewski Jacqueline Y. Miller Daniel Carrillo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. December 3 2019 INSECTA 26 urn:lsid:zoobank. A Journal of World Insect Systematics org:pub:9C545611-FC84-414F- UNDI M A162-74E4CCE63A00 0739 Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control Jose I. Martinez McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Jonathan H. Crane Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida Homestead, FL 33031, USA Jeff Wasielewski UF/IFAS Extension Miami-Dade County Parks, Recreation, and Open Spaces Department 18710 SW 288 Street Homestead, FL 33030, USA Jacqueline Y. Miller McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Daniel Carrillo Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida Homestead, FL 33031, USA Date of issue: December 3, 2019 CENTER FOR SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY, INC., Gainesville, FL Jose I. Martinez, Jonathan H. Crane, Jeff Wasielewski, Jacqueline Y. Miller and Daniel Carrillo Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control Insecta Mundi 0739: 1–26 ZooBank Registered: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C545611-FC84-414F-A162-74E4CCE63A00 Published in 2019 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P.O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non- marine arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, and natural history. Insecta Mundi will not consider works in the applied sciences (i.e. medical entomology, pest control research, etc.), and no longer publishes book reviews or editorials. Insecta Mundi publishes original research or discoveries in an inexpensive and timely manner, distributing them free via open access on the internet on the date of publication. Insecta Mundi is referenced or abstracted by several sources, including the Zoological Record and CAB Abstracts. Insecta Mundi is published irregularly throughout the year, with completed manuscripts assigned an individual number. Manuscripts must be peer reviewed prior to submission, after which they are reviewed by the editorial board to ensure quality. One author of each submitted manuscript must be a current member of the Center for Systematic Entomology. Guidelines and requirements for the preparation of manuscripts are available on the Insecta Mundi website at http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/insectamundi/ Chief Editor: David Plotkin, [email protected] Assistant Editor: Paul E. Skelley, [email protected] Head Layout Editor: Robert G. Forsyth Editorial Board: J. H. Frank, M. J. Paulsen, Michael C. Thomas Review Editors: Listed on the Insecta Mundi webpage Printed copies (ISSN 0749-6737) annually deposited in libraries CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia Museu de Zoologia, São Paulo, Brazil Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada The Natural History Museum, London, UK Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warsaw, Poland National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia Electronic copies (Online ISSN 1942-1354, CDROM ISSN 1942-1362) in PDF format Printed CD or DVD mailed to all members at end of year. Archived digitally by Portico. Florida Virtual Campus: http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/insectamundi University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/ Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-135240 Copyright held by the author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons, Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ Layout Editor for this article: Robert G. Forsyth 0739: 1–26 2019 Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control Jose I. Martinez McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA [email protected] Jonathan H. Crane Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida Homestead, FL 33031, USA [email protected] Jeff Wasielewski UF/IFAS Extension Miami-Dade County Parks, Recreation, and Open Spaces Department 18710 SW 288 Street Homestead, FL 33030, USA [email protected] Jacqueline Y. Miller McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611, USA [email protected] Daniel Carrillo Tropical Research and Education Center University of Florida Homestead, FL 33031, USA [email protected] Abstract. Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) is originally from the Neotropics, and has become one of the most important tropical crops in the last few decades. The major producers include India, Mexico, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Venezuela and Guatemala. It is also a minor crop in the United States, specifically South Florida. In 2015, it was reported that Florida growers suffered a loss of up to 80% of their production due to lepi- dopteran pests. We surveyed two sapodilla orchards weekly in South Florida for about six months. We collected 1,070 lepidopteran individuals (i.e., larvae, pupae and adults) belonging to seven families, nine genera and ten species. Phidotricha erigens Ragonot (30%), Banisia argutula Whalley (22%) and Holcocera crassicornella Dietz (13%) were the most frequently collected species. The most abundant months were April, May and June. Florida has records for ten of the sixteen species of lepidopterans associated with sapodilla in the Americas, four of which are newly reported host records. We also recorded one new record on loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) and another new record on ficus Ficus( sp.). Finally, we found a negative relationship between climate variables and the abundance of Lepidoptera species. Key words. Pest management, biocontrol, parasitoids, borers, tropical fruits. Introduction Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) is a desirable Neotropical fruit in the family Sapotaceae. It is indigenous to southern Mexico and Central America, and in 1802 it was introduced to some Carib- bean Islands and southern Florida (Morton 1987; Mickelbart 1996; Kamala et al. 2006; Balerdi et al. 2 • INSECTA MUNDI 0739, December 2019 MARTINEZ ET AL. 2008). It was also introduced to Asia through the Philippines during Spanish colonization, where it has become one of the most important agricultural crops on that continent (Morton 1987; Venkateswara et al. 2014). Currently, the highest production areas worldwide are in India and Mexico followed by Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Venezuela and Guatemala (Morton 1987; Mickelbart 1996; Balerdi et al. 2008). In the United States, this fruit is a specialty crop in southern Florida where the production has been increased markedly throughout the years (currently estimated at 300 acres). Many insects have been reported to attack sapodilla in Venezuela (Rubio-Espina et al. 1968), India (Butani, 1975) and Puerto Rico (Medina-Gaud et al. 1987). The most important insects associated with sapodilla are Lepidoptera due to the damage they cause to leaves, flowers and fruits. Lepidopteran pests on sapodilla have been reported in Brazil, China, USA, French West Indies, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines and Thailand (Clarke 1954; Bradley 1981; Ibrahim 1990; Witethom and Silawatchananai 1990; Soares-da Silva et al. 2003; Iruegas et al. 2002; Wu and Solovyev 2011; Peiris 2014). Thirty-four species of Lepidoptera have been reported to attack sapodilla, in addition to the four new host records mentioned in this work being Banisia myrsusalis Walker (Thyrididae), Eustalodes achrasella Bradley (Gelechiidae) and Nephopteryx eugraphella (Ragonot) (Pyralidae) the most common pests (Parvathi and Belavadi 1994; Patange et al. 1997; Soares-da Silva et al. 2003) (Table 1). During 2015, sapodilla growers from southern Florida
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