The Acropolis Restoration News

13 ñ December 2013

View of the south wing of the Propylaia and the temple of Athena Nike from the N. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013

V. Eleftheriou, 2012-2013, The progress of the restoration works on the Acropolis E. Karakitsou, Z. Konteas, Empolia and poloi from the Acropolis monuments E. Aggelakopoulou, Design and evaluation of restoration mortars for the Acropolis monuments E. P. Sioumpara, E. Salavoura, The Reuse of Values: from gathering to systematizing and to the Project of the Scattered Architectural Members of the Acropolis M. Katsianis, Current challenges in documenting the restoration works on the Acropolis of Athens E. Petropoulou, News from the Acropolis 2012-2013, The progress of the restoration works on the Acropolis

The most significant event of the past year mobility scheme stemming from law Parthenon was included in the preceding for the Acropolis Restoration Service (YS- 4172/2013. Thus the Service lost two good issue of “The Acropolis Restoration News”. MA) was certainly the organising of the colleagues, draughtsmen, G. Trichakis and Carried out during the past year were 6th International Meeting for the restora- A. Anagnostou. At the same time, two of works of structural restoration of the ar- tion of the Acropolis monuments. the older colleagues, T. Skari, draughts- chitectural members showing problems. woman and P. Psaltis, draughtsman, re- The re-setting of architectural members at Eleven years after the 5th International tired at the end of 2013. the two corners of the west side is sched- Meeting, at which the anastelosis pro- uled to start at the beginning of next year, grammes for the Acropolis monuments Voluntary work was offered to the Service when the works of structural restoration of were presented analytically both from the during the past year by the architect Dr T. the 2nd from north and southwest column point of view of the development of theo- Tanoulas, the archaeologist C. Hatziaslani capitals will have been completed. Consid- retical questions and from that of report- and the draughtswoman K. Matala. Re- erable time was needed for research on the ing the works accomplished, the new search programmes and matters pertaining structural restoration of the 2nd from Meeting was organised on a completely dif- to the circuit wall and the rock itself were north column capital of the west side. The ferent basis. A determin- solution ultimately ap- ing factor, for one thing, proved by the Committee was its duration, which for the Conservation of the was limited to two days, Acropolis Monuments was for reasons deriving from to strengthen the column the general financial sit- capital in situ with titani- uation of the country. As um reinforcement. Filling a result, the number of the missing west part of speakers was limited and the southwest column the themes were present- capital –amounting to 1/4 ed by those in charge of of the whole– with mar- different Sections of the ble proved likewise to be works, while the pro- time-consuming. The tas- grammes planned for the ks of working and joining future were presented by the marble filling, apply- the President of the Com- ing grout in the cracks, mittee for the Conserva- working the outer surface Dismantling the NW column capital of the Parthenon. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2012 tion of the Acropolis Mo- for configuration of the numents (ESMA). The problem of a limit- monitored by the Director Emerita and echinus and the formal rendering of the an- ed amount of time in relation to the great Special Expert, M. Ioannidou. nulets of the member required both spe- number of subjects and works that had cialist personnel and considerable time. been carried out since the previous Meet- On the Parthenon the works proceeded in ac- ing, was met by two supplementary ac- cordance with the approved programme. Copies of seven metopes and two pedi- tions: a poster exhibition to present the The Head of the work is the architect R. mental sculptures were cast in April 2013 studies, research programmes and special Christodoulopoulou. The scholarly staff of to replace the originals, which were dis- subjects of concern, and a digital publica- the work comprises the architects V. Ma- mantled from the west side of the monu- tion to report on the ten years’ work of the nidaki, A. Papandropoulos and K. Skaris, the ment and are now exhibited in the Muse- Service. This digital report is a large vol- civil engineers A. Vrouva, Z. Konteas, E. um. Three weeks after being cast, the ume of 900 pages, richly illustrated, and Tavouktsi, E. Sourtzi and L. Palaiologos, and copies were placed in cisterns where they tirelessly prepared since the beginning of the archaeologists E. Karakitsou and Dr E. remained for two months so as to complete 2013 by eighteen architects and civil en- Mimidou. The architect L. Lambrinou was the maturation process. The making of the gineers, thirteen archaeologists, seven on leave this year with a study permit. Head- copies was undertaken by the experienced conservators, six draughtsmen, one pho- ing the team of marble technicians were G. YSMA cast-makers, A. Baibas, Th. Kagior- tographer, the rest of the personnel of the Angelopoulos and S. Kardamis. gis, G. Liakopoulos, and G. Argyris, super- Documentation Office and the administra- vised by D. Michalopoulou and the mem- tive staff of the Service. An extensive report on the problems and ber of ESMA, Prof V. Rigopoulou. The YSMA was of course affected by the study for restoration of the west side of the The spring of 2013 saw the revising of M. 3

Korres’ study for the restoration of the flutes on the 9th column of the Parthenon Parthenon’s west wall by the architect L. north side, the north colonnade, which was Lambrinou and the civil engineer V. Pa- restored during the period 2002-2009, has pavasileiou, and its approval by the ESMA. now been fully rendered. The carving of the The restoration of the lintel above the door- final surface of the flutes in the filled-in ar- way of the Opisthonaos, which N. Balanos eas of the drums of six restored columns had made of reinforced concrete, remains had still to be done after the work of that for the Service in a future programme. The period was finished. The carving of the study analyses the means of removing Bal- flutes, a work requiring the utmost accuracy, anos’ construction, the structural restora- was undertaken by the most specialised mar- tion of the four plinths of the lintel, the ble technicians of the Parthenon team. restoration of the two overlying courses of the wall with fillings and the addition of The carving of the flutes of the fillings and new members as well as the organising of drums of new marble in the north column the worksite. The present programme in- of the the pronaos porch was initiated in cludes the structural restoration of the two July 2013. Anastelosis of the colonnade middle plinths of the lintel, ancient frag- was completed in 2004. The initial deci- ments of which were removed from their sion –to render the fillings and drums of positions by N. Balanos and remain in the Carving the flutes in the NE corner of the new marble in a truncated form without Parthenon cella. The marble blocks re- Pronaos. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2013 fluting– proved from the aesthetic stand- quired have already been found and the which has survived, and their resetting. point inferior to the architectural magnifi- forming of the fillings of these plinths is to Structural restoration of the first course in- cence of the monument. After resubmitting be entrusted to an external partner. volves 20 ancient and 9 new blocks. A- the matter to the Central Archaeological mong the programmed works completed, Council (KAS), the proposal of L. Lambri- The restoration of the orthostates and the the toichobate bedding restored and 9 nou and the writer for carving the flutes by first course of the cella north wall contin- missing corners of the slabs were filled in hand was approved. ued during the past year, in accordance with marble or mortar. Twelve ancient with the approved study by N. Toganidis blocks of the outer orthostate layer were re- In the Propylaia, work continued in the and K. Matala. The intervention includes stored and 4 of these were set in place. At south wing of the monument. The Head of the restoration of the bedding of the toi- the same time work was started on the the project is the civil engineer, D. Mi- chobate, structural restoration of 15 of the restoration of 5 blocks of the first row of the chalopoulou. The scholarly team includes total of 17 blocks of the exterior layer, the north wall, for which 3 fillings of new mar- the architect Dr K. Karanasos, the civil en- making of new orthostates blocks for the ble had to be formed. gineer V. Papavasileiou and the archaeolo- interior course, only one ancient block of With the completion of the cutting of the gists E. Petropoulou and Dr C. Koutsadelis. Head of the marble technicians is G. Desypris.

The south wing had been restored in the past, during the years 1946-1954 and 1957-1960 by A. Orlandos, an interven- tion that remained half-finished. The ap- proved study by T. Tanoulas calls for the re- setting of 53 identified architectural mem- bers, of which 42 are on the ground and 9 had been wrongly set from the time when the Frankish Tower was constructed. Two members are to be made entirely of new marble. In 2012 the equipping of the worksite was completed in preparation for Trial setting of the orthostates blocks of the north wall of the Parthenon cella. the intervention. Dismantling of the archi- Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2013 tectural members was launched in Septem- ber 2012 and completed in March 2013. A total of 14 architectural members were dis- mantled. Nine had been wrongly placed and 5 were in situ. Their state of preserva- tion necessitated their restoration on the ground. The removal of the architectural members from the southeast corner of the south wing revealed the corner, partly cut off, of the original construction in the area of its contact with the Mycenaean wall. Two blocks of the frieze and four architrave blocks –two from the north colonnade and two from the west façade– were dismantled as well. They had been restored earlier by Orlandos. This was preceded by an ex- amination of the adequacy of the Stikas - Orlandos intervention in terms of static efficiency, since the architrave blocks would bear a greater load after the new interven- Dismantling the south architrave block of the west façade of the Propylaia south wing. Photo K. Karanasos, 2013 tion. The method of the earlier interven- the central building in order to be struc- By the end of the year the supply of 120 m3 tion was considered inadequate and a s- turally restored and conserved on the of Pentelic marble for the requirements of tudy for structural restoration was under- ground. This intervention provides an op- work on the Parthenon and the Propylaia taken by V. Papavasileiou, in accordance portunity to reset 3 authentic blocks of the was depleted. A final stage has been with the methodology followed in the north wall on the monument. It is planned reached in the process of awarding to an ex- Acropolis works. Resetting began in June in addition to reset 4 preserved drums ternal partner the mechanical cutting of a 2013 and to date, 7 architectural mem- from the colonnade of the west façade of limited number of fillings and new archi- bers have taken their final positions. the Propylaia and one of new marble. A- tectural members, which are too large to be part from its rescue aspect, the interven- handled in the worksite. The study for restoration of the northwest tion will assure the protection of ancient corner of the Propylaia by K. Karanasos material by incorporating it in the monu- and M. Ioannidou was approved by the A series of interventions were carried out in ment. Central Archaeological Council at the end the basement of the temple of Athena Nike, of 2012. Its application is to begin early in 2015. The main problem lies in the capi- tal of the column at the northwest corner of the central building, which has a pene- trating crack in the east side. The marble block from which the column capital had been carved had an inherent flaw that was countered already in antiquity by means of three iron clamps in the upper surface of the abacus. The southernmost of these clamps has pulled off, and the northern- most has rusted and swollen, causing the marble to break and a fragment to detach. Structural damage is evident also in the outer block and backer of the architrave of the north façade, as well as in blocks of the frieze. In accordance with the study, a to- tal of 11 architectural members are to be Joining fragments of a block from the south wall of the Propylaia south wing. dismantled from the northwest corner of Photo K. Karanasos, 2013 5

In the temple of Athena Nike, with the con- servator A. Tsimereki in charge, conserva- tion of the east colonnade was completed and interventions continued on the inner sides of both the south and the west walls.

In the Erechtheion, with the conservator M. Frantzi in charge, the systematic con- servation of 27 blocks of the inner side of the west wall was completed and work is continuing on 4 more blocks. The old mor- tar has been replaced in the coffered ceil- ing of the south porch, improving it aes- thetically. The remnants of ancient iron clamps preserved in the south and west walls have been recorded and, together Dionysos quarries: choosing bulk marble for the restoration of the Acropolis monuments. with this, research proceeds on how best to Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2013 preserve them. where the poros temple is preserved, in or- In the Propylaia, with the conservator K. All the conservation interventions on all der to confront the structural problems Frantzikinaki in charge, rescue conserva- the monuments continued to be document- connected with the aging of building ma- tion interventions were carried out prior to ed and entered in the YSMA database; an terials of the period 1935-1940, and to im- lowering the architectural members of the overall study of sealing and filling mortars prove conditions for protecting the archae- south wing, and systematic conservation of used in the surface conservation of the ological remains while making them ac- 31 architectural members was completed. monuments from 1991 to date was sub- cessible to visitors. A doorway was there- Systematic interventions were likewise car- mitted by the conservation team. fore opened toward the hall where the al- ried out on resting surfaces and surfaces tars are preserved and a wooden crossway subject to thrust on members in situ that In the field of research, special photogra- was constructed for visitors to the area. The will be inaccessible after the works of phy was conducted on the visible and in the old insufficient lighting and electrical in- anastelosis. Conservation work on the 3rd, infrared electromagnetic spectrum in order stallation was redesigned and replaced. 4th and 5th drums of the north column of to determine the presence of ancient colour The architect K. Mamaloungas supervised the west façade was completed. (Egyptian blue) on the coffered ceiling of the work.

The works of surface conservation of the monuments continued during the past year with the chemical engineer Dr E. Aggelakopoulou as Head. New mixtures of mortar for sealing and for filling were de- signed, the physiochemical properties of which are being evaluated. In the Parthe- non, with the conservator A. Panou in charge, support was given to the disman- tling of the northwest corner and conser- vation interventions were carried out on 45 of the architectural members that had been lowered. In addition, conservation work on the hidden sides of 7 members of the north orthostate were completed and the joints of the marble fillings in the drums of the 4th, 5th, 6th and 9th columns of the north side Wooden crossway for access of visitors to the basement of the temple of Athena Nike (left) and were sealed. the poros temple, after completing works of enhancement (right). Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 the south porch of the Erechtheion, on the the of scattered architectural members as- northwest sima of the Parthenon and on sisted the 1st Ephorate of Prehistoric and blocks of the west frieze exhibited in the Classical Antiquities in the transport of 78 Acropolis Museum. In addition, trial shots inscriptions to the old Acropolis Museum. were made in infrared wave lengths of the Twenty-six inscriptions had been moved Erechtheion coffered ceiling and the Par- there sporadically in the past and the re- thenon northwest sima in an effort to in- maining 63 are to be moved in the imme- vestigate new evidence related to poly- diate future. chromy. Fragments of poros architectural members were joined in collaboration with Conservation and consolidation of the the Office of inventorying, documentation Acropolis circuit walls have been included and classification of scattered architectural in the programming of the works of the ES- members. MA and the YSMA from the very beginning. In previous years work was focused on doc- The Office of inventorying, documentation Mending a poros architectural member in the umenting the form, on research on the and classification of scattered architectural laboratory. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 pathology and on monitoring the state of members, headed by the archaeologist Dr Acropolis Museum under the guidance of preservation of the walls, using the most E. Sioumpara and with the archaeologist the specialised marble technician L. contemporary technology. A problem in the Dr E. Salavoura, continued with the inven- Zacharopoulos. Likewise in process is the south wall that became evident in February tory and classification of material from the restoration of an archaic Parthenon 2012, launched a series of actions both for Arrephorion stone-pile. In the framework triglyph (AE 21432), which is practically the restoration of the span between the 6th of the programme for joining the poros ar- restored in its complete original form. The and 7th buttresses, in the area of the Thra- chitectural members, the joining of small triglyph, with ten fragments belonging to syllos Monument, and for the drawing up of fragments without reinforcements was it, had been mended with inappropriate an overall study for confronting the prob- completed with the mending of 33 of a to- materials. The fragments were dismantled lems of the fortification walls and the drain- tal of 54 members. The mending with mor- from the cement base, to which they had ing of rain-water from the entire surface of tar recommended by the Technical Univer- been anchored, underwent conservation the Acropolis; the work is to be included in sity of Crete is proceeding in a laboratory and fillings were made of fossiliferous car- the next intervention programme of the YS- established in the northeast hall of the old bonated material from Piraeus. The team of MA. The problem in the area between the

View of the south circuit wall of the Acropolis from the S. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2013 7

6th and 7th buttresses, i.e. stones falling The study of R. Christodoulopoulou, G. dition, the NTUA undertook research on from the wall, is connected both with ear- Christakopoulos and E. Alexandraki was the properties of titanium and on the resis- lier interventions in the area and with rain- prepared by the 1st Ephorate of Prehistoric tance of the white cement pulp used for water accumulating on the Acropolis sur- and Classical Antiquities in December joining architectural members. After a draft face around the old Museum. A 2 m protec- 2011 and the work was awarded in Febru- tender the Geodynamics Institute of the Na- tive barrier has been placed at a span of 10 ary 2013 after an underbid draft tender. tional Observatory of Athens undertook de- m. below the affected area and a study on The work comprised repairs to the dam- velopment of the accelerographic network how to resolve the problem has been un- aged pathway for disabled going from the as well as modernisation of the existing sys- dertaken by the architect A. Hatzipapa. I- elevator at the north side of the archaeo- tem and utilisation of its databases. dentified in the study are the areas from logical area to the elevator of the old Muse- which stones have fallen or spaces exist um at the location of the WC’s for disabled, In the framework of research, documenta- threatening new falls, a result of Ottoman installed on the occasion of the 2004 tion and dissemination of the work of the reinforcing with rubble and mortar. It is Olympic Games. Crumbling parts or YSMA, undertaken by the Documentation proposed to reset stones that have been re- whole sections of the pathway were re- Office headed by the archaeologist Dr E. moved and to set new stones in the empty moved where necessary, new reinforced Lembidaki, the habitual routine was con- spaces. Scheduled in addition is the use of paving was introduced, the composition of tinued. This comprises the entering of da- ta into the archive and database of the Ser- vice from the anastelosis interventions (on the Parthenon, Propylaia, temple of Athena Nike) and from the conservation works. The work in the main office of the YSMA archive is supported by the archaeologists Dr M. Katsianis and Dr A. Sophou in addi- tion to G. Alexopoulos, technical engineer, in charge of the information website. The Office continued upgrading of the YSMA database –a project to be completed very soon– the digital recording of the library, the plans/drawings and audio-visual mate- rial of the works as well as the digitisation of conventional documentary material (films super 8 mm). Photographic docu- mentation of the anastelosis was continued by the photographer T. Souvlakis and the documentary filming was awarded to an The pathway for the disabled west of the Erechtheion, after its repair. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2013 outside collaborator, K. Arvanitakis, who stainless steel or titanium reinforcements which was decided among various samples undertook the work after an underbid draft where necessary, surface conservation of submitted, and 350 stainless steel ortho- tender. Promotion of the works for the gen- the poros stones, removal of crumbling states were made and set in place. eral public was continued as well. This mortar and the deep-sealing of joints with comprised the management of the YSMA compatible new mortar. The proposals in- In the framework of research on materials website with improvement and expansion clude measures for coping with the damp- and methods of application: a) the Poly- of the application for virtual exploration of ness by means of a new system for draining technic School of the University of Patras the Acropolis rock. Publication of “The the space between the old Acropolis Muse- carried out experimental research on the Acropolis Restoration News” in Greek and um and the fortification wall as well as the mechanical characteristics of ancient and in English is prepared by the archaeologist worksite necessary for the task. new marble, b) the Technical University of E. Petropoulou who also takes the minutes Crete did research on the composition of a of the ESMA meetings. The current YSMA programme also in- mortar for joining poros, c) The National cludes repair of the existing pathways for Technical University of Athens (NTUA) A more extensive report on the publica- the visitors and renewal of the roping in analysed the historical mortars from the tions of the Documentation Office is pre- the archaeological area of the Acropolis. circuit walls and the Propylaia and d) in ad- sented elsewhere in the present issue of “The Acropolis Restoration News”. The Documentation Office also organised the p- resentation at the Acropolis Museum of the two-volume book by A. Papanikolaou “The restoration of the Erechtheion (1979- 1987): Final report on the Work” (in Greek with selected texts in English), in addition to assuming the greater part of or- ganising the 6th International Meeting for the restoration of the Acropolis monu- ments.

The programme for photogrammetric plotting is also included in the framework of the documentation of the work. This is headed by rural and surveying engineer D. Guided tour of the Parthenon interior for participants in the 6th International Meeting for the Mavromati, who completed in 2012-2013 restoration of the Acropolis monuments. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 the photomosaic of the west lintel and view of the west end of the entablature of the of Athena Nike at a scale of 1:100 and it stantial during the past year in the partic- Parthenon south side. She also supervised was incorporated with the imaging of ularly demanding task of managing the lo- the “Study of topographic and photogram- 2009, carried out in the context of the gistics and monitoring the community ap- metric documentation at the Acropolis of work “Study for the development of GIS at propriations that fund the works. Impor- Athens”, producing ground plans of the the Acropolis of Athens”. The rural and tant too was the contribution of the Secre- corners of the west side of the Parthenon surveying engineer, Dr I. Kalisperakis, con- tariat, led by Ch. Papanikolaou and the Of- before and after the dismantling of the tinued the scanning of chosen architectur- fice for the Management of Materials, blocks, at a scale of 1:20 and a plan and al members of the Parthenon. where A. Anagnostou was in charge. view of the entablature of the Parthenon north side, likewise at a scale of 1:20. In In November 2012 the building at 13 Having consumed half the time allotted for the Propylaia the four interior views of the Polygnotou street, known as the “Koletti the present programme, with the expendi- south wing, before initiation of the works, House”, was granted to the Acropolis ture of 60% of the funding, and with the were presented at a scale of 1:25. Pho- Restoration Service, which intends to re- plan to start immediately on resetting the togrammetric imaging was made also of store it and to use it for housing the architectural members on the west side of the wider area of the Propylaia and temple Archive. the Parthenon and continue intensively with resetting the architectural members at the south wing of the Propylaia, the course The Information and Education Depart- of the work to date is considered satisfac- ment of YSMA continued its activities, tory, according to the schedule approved. which are reported in another article of the Even so, the span of time until the end of present bulletin. The scholarly team of the 2015, when the anastelosis programmes Department comprises the archaeologists now under way are expected to be finished, E. Kaimara, Head of the department, A. is limited. Good organisation and effec- Leonti and S. Paraschou. tiveness are required if the aims of the Ser- vice are to be accomplished. The Electromechanical Section supporting the YSMA, led by the electrical engineer D. Zois, provided the necessary assistance during the past year in all the worksites with monitoring and inspection of the electromechanical installations. Vasiliki Eleftheriou NW sima with lion head: three-dimensional model with texture. 3d scanning A. Valani. The contribution of the YSMA Accounting Architect Photo texture I. Kalispetrakis, 2013 Office, headed by P. Katsimichas, was sub- Director of the YSMA Empolia and poloi from the Acropolis monuments

In classical times, column drums were verified on the Acropolis monuments. Ju- connected to each other by a system of ly 11, August 8 and September 17, 2002 wooden components, one polos and two saw the discovery of the wooden compo- empolia. Under the entry “empolion” in nents that joined the column capitals of the “Lexikon of Ancient Architectural the Opisthonaos, O.KK.5 and O.KK.6, Terms” by A. Orlandos and I. Travlos, it is with the underlying drums, O.K.5.12 and explained that the empolion was placed in O.K.6.11 respectively, and those of the the centre of the circular surface of the col- drum O.K.5.12 with the underlying umn drum and that it held the polos. O.K.5.11. A few parts of the empolion ap- From the end of the archaic and through- peared in the dismantling of the 6th drum out the classical period, these poloi and of the 11th column of the north colon- empolia were made of wood: the poloi of nade on 4 July 2002. Finally, on 5 July wild olive or cornel (dogwood), the em- 2012, while the NW column capital of the polia of coniferous trees. colonnade was being dismantled, parts of the empolion and polos were discovered, The empolia and poloi examined come likewise in fragmentary condition. from the Acropolis monuments. There is, moreover, precise information about Evidence for the precise finding places of those found in the Parthenon and the the wooden components found earlier (of Propylaia during the past three decades. which 13 empolia and 9 poloi are pre- They were discovered with the disman- served today) is not strong. According to tling of the capitals and drums, as re- the catalogued information in the inven- quired by the restoration works. On June tory of the Acropolis Museum, empolia 13, 1990 while the 7th column capital of “20210” and “20211” come from the the east wing was being dismantled, the The empolia “2”, “20210” and “20211”. Parthenon, but the monument from which Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 polos-empolion system came to light; it the others came is unknown. In reference was in a crushed condition. On August the entormion of the drum, in order to to his activity in the east portico of the 21, 1992 the dismantling of the column stabilize the wooden empolion, a practice Propylaia, in his report “The Anastelosis capital of the 5th column of the south that has been observed in situations of the Acropolis Monuments, Propylaia, colonnade revealed the two empolia and where the empolion was not well adjusted Erechtheion, Parthenon”, N. Balanos one polos, all intact. On June 21 and 26, when initially set in the mortice. Until mentions finding many wooden empolia 2001 the wooden components of the three then, however, this practice had not been in the centres of the columns. He notes lowest drums of the 6th column of the Pronaos were recovered in fragments. Ac- cording to the observations of the archi- tect L. Lambrinou, lead sheets measuring approximately 12.5x12.5 cm were found in the 2nd drum of the 6th column of the Pronaos. They were folded in two and mounted on the west and south sides of

Empolion and polos “18121”. Photo Z. Konteas, 2013 Empolion and polos “18121”. Drawing by A. Papandropoulos Empolion and polos “18122”. Photo T. Souvlakis, Z. Konteas, 2013 that a great number had been displaced as forms four trapezoidal faces, the lateral members to open at an angle, without si- a result of the 1686 explosion. The empo- surfaces. The circular-section hole that multaneous stressing of the polos. During lion and polos “18122”, which were re- forms the cylindrical mortice holding the closing of the joint, the inclination of the moved from the 6th drum of the 4th col- polos, is opened in the large base of the lateral surfaces guides the two members umn in the east portico can be recognized truncated pyramid, the hole surface. Op- into a position so that their centres coin- on pl. 9‰ of his text. posite to this is the small base of the pyra- cide as accurately as possible, thus re- mid, the solid face. turning the column to its original form. On the basis of the above and given the variation in their preserved condition, The edges of the empolia, except for those The empolia show only small deviations due probably to the type of conservation bordering the hole surface, are obliquely from their geometric characteristics and applied at different times, we assume that bevelled, probably to facilitate setting. physical properties. The average length of the wooden components “1” to “11” come The edges of the solid face are obliquely the end of the hole surface is 113 mm, from the Parthenon, and the components bevelled uniformly lengthwise, whereas whereas the theoretical –ignoring the “18121” to “18125” from the Propylaia. on those bordering the boundary between oblique– value of the average edge of the the lateral faces, the bevelling is asym- solid face is 101 mm. The average height Empolia metrical, fading out at the hole surface or is 75 mm. The average diameter of the The empolia are truncated pyramids –ap- slightly earlier. Thus the vertices of the hole is 55 mm. The average density was proximately square– for which the ratio of empolion in the hole surface constitute estimated at 550 kg/m3 –with values from the size of the bases, of the horizontal su- points, whereas on the solid face the form 430 kg/m3 to 670 kg/m3– which is very faces is close to the unit. Their side surface of the vertices is more complicated, since satisfactory, especially for coniferous it is determined by the junction of the bev- wood. elling. Cutting the wood from the trunk has been The inclination of the lateral surfaces is done without exception in such a way that a very significant feature of the empolia, the grain of the wood is oriented along one since it is used while founding the co- of the two horizontal axes of the empolia, lumns to set the overlying members (drums or capital) with precision, guid- ing the centring in relation to the under- lying drum. In case of earthquake, more- over, polos functions as a dowel, signifi- cantly limiting the relative horizontal dis- placement between the two members, as seen in the consolidated shape of the pair Rocking of a column. The inclination of the “18122”, shown above. It is likewise sig- side surfaces of the empolion Ê, allows the nificant that when the columns are rock- opening of the horizontal joint at an angle of ı without loading the polos, (since ı < Ê). ing, the inclination of the lateral surfaces Drawing Z. Konteas allows the horizontal joint between the Empolion “10”. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 11

while the position of the centre of the knots as possible. This is evident not only On most of the poloi one base is not en- trunk, the pith, is usually beyond the lev- in their limited number but also from the tirely level, but has a low disk-shaped el of the hole surface and the hollows of fact that characteristic irregularities of the swelling in the centre, around which are the growth rings are therefore turned to- growth rings are evident at the ends of the concentric circles, traces left from the cut- ward it. As a result of the first, the two empolia, showing that a knot was avoided ting of the base. This indicates that down side surfaces are longitudinal sections by cutting the wood appropriately. to a depth corresponding to the diameter (mainly tangential and exceptionally ra- of the disk, the wood was cut on a lathe. dial), while the other two are transverse The traces of red colour observable on the There are no traces of concentric circles sections allowing a clear reading of the surfaces of the empolia are most likely inside the disk. Quite the opposite, in growth rings in the wood. Apart from the pigment, and specifically miltos, from the some cases traces of linear cutting are vis- fact that it is both ergonomical and eco- process of leveling the surface of the ible, showing that a small cutting tool, nomical for the material, this choice has drums. The possibility that it comes from probably a saw, was used to cut the surface the advantage of assuring, along one axis a fungal attack should be excluded. in the area corresponding to the disk. This would explain why the disk projects The position of the pith was graphically above the rest of the surface; the height of estimated from the direction of the radial the projection corresponds to the thick- cracks and it was possible to determine ness of the cutting tool. the minimum number of growth rings of the trunk and thus the minimum age of In the centre of the disk surface on quite a the tree. Minimum ages were estimated few of the poloi, a trace of a point can be from 75 to 275 years, although the lower seen, further confirming the use of a lathe. values are of no special significance, since The fact that not all the poloi have such a they could simply indicate an origin close point trace suggests that more than one to the centre. polos would be produced from a piece of wood of larger dimensions. Poloi The poloi are cylindrical with ratio of Variations in the measurements are small. height to base diameter close to 2. The The average diameter is 51 mm, the aver- edges of the cylinder are obliquely bevel- age height 108 mm. The ratio of height to led, probably to facilitate its insertion in- diameter is 2.1. There is greater variation to the empolion and possibly to avoid in the density. Densities were estimated stress concentrations as well. At mid- ranging from 450 to 910 kg/m3, with an height in every case there is a horizontal average value of 680 kg/m3. groove (the simeia) that runs around the entire circumference and was evidently Wood originating in the trunk (or possibly used in monitoring the depth of the hole in a large branch) is always taken from the in the empolion. The perfection of the centre, so that the main axis of the polos work unquestionably indicates the use of coincides in practice with the pith. The ex- a turning lathe for forming the cylinder, istence of small knots is only natural since grooving the simeia and likewise for the the wood is juvenile core. It appears, how- Empolia “2” and “4”. oblique bevelling. ever, that –as with the empolia– the wood Graphic estimation of the minimum number of growth rings of the trunk. Photo T. Souvlakis, Drawing Z. Konteas the greatest possible “resistance” (strength and stiffness) of the empolion, if the polos is subjected to shearing stress.

An even more careful choice of wood was observed in the attempt to include as few Polos “9”. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 has been carefully chosen since at the lim- its of the height the characteristic irregu- larities in the growth rings are evident, in- dicating the existence of a knot that was removed in the cutting.

There is no sense in measuring the growth rings since all poloi are limited to the cen- Polos “18123”. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 tre of the trunk, thus the age of the tree in the Praktika of the Academy of Athens Research Foundation (NAGREF), the em- cannot be determined. about research on astrometeorological pe- polia were of cypress wood (Cupressus The publication of I. Mariopoulos in 1937 riods is of considerable interest. He re- Sempervirens) and the polos of maple ports that he examined ten wooden con- (Acer Sp.). necting systems from column drums, thus thirty wooden components. They were in excellent condition and had been Elena Karakitsou found in the columns of the Parthenon. Archaeologist These formed a valuable scholarly archive Zannis Konteas for determining the changes in the rings Civil Engineer of trees that come from Greece in general, while the evidence was that they had Parthenon Restoration Project probably come from Attica. Photographic Base of polos “18121”: the forming of a disk and traces of concentric circles left by the material in the publication shows that the cutting are visible. reference is to the empolia “20210” and Photo Z. Konteas, 2013 “20211”. The researcher concluded that both empolia belonged to the same tree, which was estimated as 200 years old.

In this same article it is reported that a microscopic examination was made by I. H. Politis, the results of which are report- ed in the Praktika of the Academy of A- thens 1945. According to the sampling, the empolia came from cypress wood and Base of polos “18124”: similar to above, but the polos from cornus. The author clearly the area of the disk is sunken due to the fact states that the pieces are empolia and po- Empolia “20210” (below) and “20211” that the shrinkage of the pith area is greater los from the Parthenon, without giving (above). As is evident, they come from the compared to the rest of the polos. same tree. Photo Z. Konteas, 2013 Photo Z. Konteas, 2013 any further information or photographs. Observing today the remaining wooden elements, it seems probable that the em- polion in question is “18123” (which we suspect comes from the Propylaia), in which the cutting is visible in one side surface.

The empolia and polos of the 5th column capital of the south wing of the Parthenon were examined microscopically in 2000. Base of polos “18123”: traces of linear cut- ting within the disk are visible. Photo Z. According to the results of the research Konteas, 2013 carried out by the National Agricultural Empolion “18123”. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 Design and evaluation of restoration mortars for the Acropolis monuments

Introduction impaired and its original properties are mortars for the Acropolis may be As is well known, the Acropolis monu- downgraded through a combination of described as follows: ments are built with the dry-masonry various types of damage, such as exten- ñ Compressive strength, Fc=6-10MPa system, without mortar between their sive cracking, peeling, fracturing, surface (smaller value than that of the damaged structural elements. One of the basic crumbling (sugaring) etc. marble, sufficient strength and durability, principles that inform the contemporary easily removable if necessary). interventions is respect for and repetition The mechanical strength of the mortars ñ Flexural strength, Ff>1.2MPa (satisfac- of the ancient method of construction. must therefore be much less than that of tory strength). Even so, the use of mortar is necessary in the damaged Pentelic marble, so that in ñ Dynamic modulus of elasticity, order to confront the various forms of the case of failure, it will be the restora- Ed<12.000MPa (and as little as possible damage seen in the monuments in their tion material that fails rather than the so long as resistance strength re-quire- present condition. authentic material. ments are met).

In the context of the works of the Surface Yet the strength must be high enough to Apart from the mechanical strengths, Conservation Section, restoration mortar assure the coherence, the satisfactory physical characteristics that must be eval- is employed for sealing joints of small joining and the durability of the interven- uated and be compatible with the adja- width (breaks in the marble pieces, joint of the surface that results from joining an authentic marble piece and a new filling, and so on), for filling in large spaces (mortises, large pieces of architectural members that have come apart, etc.) and for joining small fragments and scaling. In the case of scaling or peeling in partic- ular, usually a paste is employed that is made of the material (binder with water) without aggregates, so that the joint to be mended is minimal and the original mea- surements of the joined stones are not altered.

Because of the progress that has been made in the field of conservation materi- als, it was considered worthwhile to con- duct a series of trials for the purpose of Pilot application of mortars in the Propylaia. Photo K. Frantzikinaki, 2013 improving the restoration mortars. tion over time. The ability to absorb cent authentic material and conservation Criteria for evaluating vibrations and minor deformations, that material, are those of the microstructure. restoration mortars assure good compatibility of the mortar With the term microstructure we refer to The restoration mortars come into direct with the authentic structural material the structure of the materials on a micro- contact with the authentic Pentelic mar- and thus its preservation, are charac- scopic scale (proportion of empty space- ble and their composition must therefore terised by the modulus of elasticity val- pores that constitutes the porosity of the be based on the principle of physico- ues, which must be sufficiently low. material, size and form of the pores, way chemical and mechanical compatibility in which they are interconnected, etc.), with the adjacent building material, so On the basis of the above criteria and tak- which affects the physical and mechani- that the preservation of the authentic ing into consideration the bibliographical cal properties of the material (mechanical structural material is assured. data of the international scientific com- strength, modulus of elasticity, hygro- munity for the mechanical characteristics metric behaviour, etc.). In terms of the The original mechanical strength of the of sealing and filling mortars, the desired microstructure and assuming that the cri- authentic Pentelic marble is greatly mechanical properties of the restoration teria for mechanical strength are met, the Binder percentage Aggregates percentage (%p.w.) (%p.w.)

* Added also to this specific composition : CaCO3: 0.25% p.w. (for carbonisation acceleration), crude Sienna: 1.6%p.w., Baked obra: 0.65%p.w. for colour harmonization w/b (water/binder): ratio of the added water (gr) to binder (gr) C: white cement, Aalborg white cement L: lime hydrate in powder form, CaO Hellas MK: metakaolin (Al2O3 2SiO2), Argical-M1000, Imerys Group. EM: Lava Antica NHL 3.5-Z: hydraulic lime, Chaux Blanche NHL3.5-Z, Lafarge NHL 2: hydraulic lime, Calce Albazzana, BASF C.C. Sq: Quartz sand Sc: Calcareous sand

Mix design of restoration mortars: compositions 1-6 refer to sealing mortars and compositions 7-9 to filling mortars mortars must show a high percentage of white cement including quartz sand with either hydraulic lime of varying hydrau- porosity (~30%) and a pore radius aver- a grain size distribution in the range of licity, or else hydrate lime/metakaolin in age (>0.2Ìm), so as to assure a satisfacto- 0-1mm. Another six compositions were different proportions of mixture. The ry absorption of retained water and produced at the same time, with a binder, sand used in these syntheses was mainly humidity from the damaged marble or from the joints, as well as its swift evapo- ration from their mass. Water accumula- tion in the authentic structural material accelerates deterioration, mainly because of the action of microstress from the change in volume of hygroscopic salts, depending on the conditions of relative humidity and temperature and because of the growth of micro-organisms.

Materials and techniques A total of nine compositions of restoration mortars were produced, six of which were sealing mortars and three filling mortars. For the sealing mortars, the composition that has been used to date on the Acropo- lis monuments was produced (Composi- Pilot application of sealing mortars. Composition A1: hydraulic lime mortar and composition B1: tion 1) with binder of hydrate lime and lime hydrate/metakaolin mortar. Photo K. Frantzikinaki, 2013 15

selected mortar compositions over a peri- od of 12 months.

Results and discussion of the results Mechanical strenght Shown in a diagram are the results of the compressive strength of the six composi- tions of sealing mortar prepared, as they were evaluated over a span of 24 months. The compositions that appear to meet the criteria are those of hydraulic lime NHL3.5-Z (CBz.Sc1, CBz.Sq1) with a final compressive strength over 12 months of aging equal to 8.53MPa and 8.70MPa. From the final strength values it appears Compressive strength of the sealing mortars that the different nature of the aggregates calcareous (0-1mm), given its chemical evaluating the transmission velocity of (calcareous or quartz sand) does not homogeneity with the building material the ultrasonic waves (Vu.s., m/s) and affect the mechanical strength of the mor- of the monuments, Pentelic marble. For modulus of elasticity (Ed, MPa) over a tars. the filling mortars, the composition was period of 12 months in selected composi- produced and evaluated for filling mortar tions of mortar. The rate of transmission The composition Sfr.LC.Sq1, with ceme- used in conservation with white cement, of the ultrasonic waves on the material is nt/hydrate lime that is already in use, as natural pozzolan (earth of Milos island), related to the apparent density of the well as the composition of hydraulic lime and quartz sand (0-2mm) (Composition material and its elastic constants of the type NHL2 (Alba.Sc1), showed low 7). Produced also were two compositions (dynamic modulus of elasticity, shear values of compressive strength equal to with hydraulic lime and calcareous sand modulus). The dynamic elasticity modu- 3.59MPa and 4.77MPa over 12 months of of two different particle measurements, 0- lus is the measure of rigidity of the mate- aging, respectively. In the case of the use 2mm and 0-4 mm, in order to evaluate rial and it equates with the ratio of the of metakaolin as a pozzolanic additive, it the effect of a small change in the grain tendency to deformation, when subjected is observed that in the case of the compo- size of aggregates on the final characteris- to tests of free or enforced vibrations. sition LMK10.Sc1, where metakaolin was tics of the mortar. A diagram shows the ñ Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP, used in a ratio of 10% p.w., the compres- design of the sealing and filling mortars Fisons, Porosimeter 2000) for evaluating sive strength was very high, equalling with the mixing ratios of the different the characteristics of microstructure in 20.23Mpa over 12 months of aging. This ingredients (% p.w.), and the ratio of water to binder.

After production, the fresh mortar was cast in prismatic moulds measuring 4x4x16cm in order to evaluate the mechanical strength and the modulus of elasticity. The following techniques were employed for evaluating the mortars: ñ Tests of mechanical strength to deter- mine the compressive and flexural strength of the mortars over periods of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. ñ The Ultrasonic technique (CNS Farnell- Pundit 6, frequency of terminals: 54 KHz) which is a non-destructive tech- nique for monitoring the materials, for Compressive strength of the filling mortars specific compressive strength is judged to be too high for use in contact with dam- aged Pentelic marble. If the metakaolin of the mortar had a ratio of 5% p.w. (LMK5.Sc1), the compressive strength declined to 7.34MPa over 6 months of maturation, thus meeting the criterion for compressive strength (6-10MPa). It is observed, moreover, that with the use of a different amount of metakaolin mortars can be designed with a broad range of mechanical strength. *dapp.: apparent density (g/cm3) As far as flexural strength is concerned, Vu.s.:ultrasonic transmission rate (m/s) the values follow the same trend as do Ed: dynamic modulus of elasticity (MPa) those for compressive strength. The com- positions that fulfill the criterion of flex- Velocity of ultrasound transmission and dynamic modulus of elasticity ural strength >1.2MPa, are those contain- strength of the mortar with white cement show satisfactory strength from the first ing hydraulic lime NHL3.5-Z (CBz.Sc1, (Pl.CEM.Sq2) is very high, with a final month of aging. The use of aggregates CBz.Sq1) and those with the mixture compressive strength Fc=43.60MPa, and with a greater granulometric gradation lime hydrate-metakaolin (LMK10.Sc1, flexural strength of Ff=6.84MPa, over 24 increases minimally the final strength LMK5.Sc1). The mortar syntheses with months of aging. The specific strengths and mainly the flexural strength. hydrate lime-cement (Sfr.LC.Sq1) and are too high for both the adjacent authen- with hydraulic lime NHL2 (Alba.Sc1), on tic marble, which may be crumbling and Modulus of elasticity the other hand, show low flexural fractured, and for the sealing mortar, The results of the ultrasound tests show strength values (<1MPa). which will be set over the filling mortar that the transmission velocity of the so as to seal the final joints. The mortars ultrasonic waves follows the same tenden- For the filling mortars, the mechanical with hydraulic lime (CBz.Sc2, CBz.Sc4) cy as for mechanical resistance, a tenden- cy to be expected given that the rate of transmission is connected with the apparent density and the microstructure of the material, characteristics that also determine the mechanical srength. Thus the value of the ultrasonic and the appar- ent density is recorded as greater for the filling mortar with white cement (Pl.CEM.Sq2) while the sealing mortar with white cement and lime hydrate (Sfr.LC.Sq1) is recorded as lower. As for the dynamic modulus of elasticity, the filling mortar with white cement (Pl.CEM.Sq2) presents a very high rate (29,592MPa) whereas all the other com- positions meet the criterion that has been set for Ed<12,000MPa. Research is under way, while evaluation of the lime hydrate- metakaolin composition (at a ratio of 5% p.w.) over a 12-month aging period is outstanding. Pilot application of mortars in the Propylaia. Photo K. Frantzikinaki, 2013 17

Mercury intrusion porosimetry mea- surements From the results of the mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements it is evident that the three compositions of sealing mortar (Sfr.LC.Sq1, LMK10.Sc1, CBz.Sc1), generally speaking, presented satisfactory values for microstructure with relatively high porosity values (24-29%) and total specific volume (120-159mm3/g). The mortar with white cement that is already employed in the filling mortar, showed a very low porosity value (~11%) and total specific volume (~48mm3/g), values not compatible with those of the damaged Pentelic marble to which it would be adjacent after the intervention. Evalua- tion of the composition hydrate lime- Pilot application of filling mortars. Composition of hydraulic lime. Photo E. Aggelakopoulou, 2013 metakaolin (ratio of 5% p.w.) over 12 months maturation is outstanding. CBz.Sq1) and hydrate lime-meta-kaolin: Acknowlegments 20%-5% p.w. (LMK5.Sc1), meet the The preparation and evaluation of the mechanical Conclusions physico-mechanical criteria and can be properties of the mortars was carried out in the ñ The type of sand (quartz or calcareous) used in the conservation interventions of laboratory of the Directorate for Technical was not observed to have any effect on the the Acropolis monuments. Small-scale Research on Anastelosis of the Hellenic Ministry mechanical characteristics of the mortar. pilot applications have already been car- of Culture and Sports and at the mortar laborato- Thus a calcareous sand, which is chemi- ried out on the monuments with the mor- ry of the cement industry TITAN S.A., at the fac- cally and aesthetically compatible with tars under discussion so as to evaluate tory of Kamari in Boeotia. The ultrasound veloci- Pentelic marble, can be used. their behaviour on a real-time scale. ty measurements and the mercury intrusion ñ The use of aggregates of greater grain porosimetry measurements were performed at size distribution increases by a small per- the National Technical University of Athens centage the final strength and especially (NTUA), in the laboratory of the Section Materi- the flexural strength. Eleni Aggelakopoulou als Science and Techniques of the Chemical Engi- ñ Mortar with white cement must be Dr Chemical Engineer neering School. avoided as a filling mortar because of its Head of the Technical Office for the physico-mechanical incompatibility. Acropolis Monuments’ ñ Mortar compositions that will be used Surface Conservation as filling and sealing mortars should have the same binder with a calcareous aggre- gate of different grain size distribution. The grain size range of 0-1mm is to be used in sealing mortars and the range of 0-2mm or 0-4mm in the filling mortars, depending on the size of the space to be filled. The aggregates will thus form the suitable skeleton of the mortar volume so TCV: Total specific volume of mercury (mm3/g) as to avoid micro-cracks and failures dur- Á: apparent density (g/cm3) ing shrinkage. P%: total porosity (%) As: Specific surface (m2/g) ñ Mortars that have been prepared with- rav: average pore radius (Ìm) out the addition of cement, with hydraulic lime NHL3.5-Z (CBz.Sc1, Microstructure characteristics (Mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements) The Reuse of Values: from gathering to systematizing and to the Project of the Scattered Architectural Members of the Acropolis

The time-honoured history of the Athenian sage of time follow the events themselves of the west side of the Parthenon. When the Acropolis, before and after its Periclean the modern Greek State. cistern was demolished, inscriptions were grandeur, is captured in the best possible recovered from its walls comprising pse- way by the thousands of marble fragments In May 1827, with the siege of the phismata, sculpture fragments and the in- that surround the classical monuments. Fortress of Athens at an end, the Acropo- scribed bases of statues. The antiquities While these have been freed of their sub- lis was the picture of a tremendous pile of were transferred at that time (1858) to the sequent historical mantles, the myriads of ruins. The houses of what was to then the Turkish powder storeroom east of the scattered stones that form an inseparable Ottoman settlement had been destroyed Erechtheion which in turn was also to be part of the landscape and leave their mark and only the ancient monuments still demolished during the great excavation of on the experience of the visitor to the ar- stood upright. From the ashes of the af- 1885-1890. Many ancient marble pieces, chaeological site of the Acropolis, they are termath of the Greek revolution and in moreover, gathered by K. Pittakis for pro- the last witnesses of the age-long history of the scattered stones on the rock, the sys- tection on the rock, were incorporated in- the Sacred Rock and at the same time part tematic efforts of individual leading fig- to a wall near the south side of the rock of the history of the capital of Greece. ures of Archaeology stand out, such as which was to be dismantled in 1888 by P. Kyriakos Pittakis, and pioneers of re- Kavvadias. They were at that time trans- In the scattered architectural members of search, such as the general Ephor of An- ferred to the then new Museum, on the the Acropolis the cen- tower that was later turies are garnered called the Belvedere through a distance of and in the outdoor only a few metres: in space between them. a few seconds only the eye passes over the After the antiquities poros bases for metal were cleaned, more- tripods of the early over, two collections 7th c. B.C., for many emerged: one in the the first monumental central part of the Pro- sculptural works, over pylaia and the other in the inscribed marble the Pinakotheke, cre- base of the great bron- ating, in Pittakis’ wo- ze Troyan horse in the rds, “antiquity within area of the Brauro- antiquities”. For pro- nion, Strongylion’s tection against easy work dedicated by thievery, many small Chairedemos from the pieces were placed in deme of Koile at the The Erechtheion with the stone piles from the W. In the background right the house that held special cases with the first archaeological collection. J. H. Stilling 1853 end of 5th c. B.C., over wooden frames, mou- the members from the pulpit of the tiquities Ludwig Ross who, together with nted together with mortar and iron nails; Panaghia Atheniotissa with the transfor- the Bavarian architect Leo von Klenze, these ended up in the Acropolis Museum. mation of the Parthenon into a church and sought the promotion and restoration of on to the characteristic crowns from the the Acropolis monuments. In 1833, K. Pit- Together with collection and protection of monuments of the Ottoman cemetery on takis begins to collect systematically many the scattered material during the first years the east slope of the Areopagus. valuable antiquities from the areas around after the Greek War of Independence, a re- the Acropolis, some lying out in the open, verse movement was taking place that Added to all that unalloyed acropolitical some already sheltered under ancient mon- bears witness to the contradictions in the historical evidence thousands of scattered uments, and still others in more recent Greek process of coming into being. It stones were collected on the rock just after buildings. Thus the first archaeological concerned the removal of numerous pieces the founding of the Greek State in order to collection was formed, initially in the me- of building material from the demolished protect them from the gale of reconstruc- diaeval tholos that covered the Pina- Ottoman buildings that inevitably includ- tion of the then-new capital, or are prod- kotheke of the Propylaia (1833) and in the ed ancient members as well. In 1835, the ucts of subsequent excavations, small or mosque of the Parthenon (1836/7) and lat- General Ephorate of Antiquities tendered large. Their adventures through the pas- er on in the cistern that existed in front of a series of public auctions of building ma- 19

Acropolis were used for building the Ar- cataloguing of the scattered members, their sakeion Megaron. This does not diminish identification and their restoration to their the overall work of the above-mentioned specific original position on the monu- archaeologists and the rest of their accom- ments. Despite the fact that only after many plishments, given the circumstances. decades was this principle tÔ be realized, it Rather it reflects the climate of a time when is most significant that the great anastelosis the engineers were hunting for whatever programmes provided the foundation for supplies of building material could be systematic management first of the future found, mainly for the construction of pub- of the classical monuments and subse- lic buildings. This effort also functioned quently of all the scattered stones of the most likely as an early form of conscious Acropolis, even though incorrect settings of recycling of “useless” material. Its system- members on the monuments or the re- atic recording in the history archive of the placement of missing parts with ancient Archaeological Service shows, for yet an- material of various and haphazard origin Ancient and Byzantine sculpture and archi- tectural members built into the nearby circuit other time, the great value of documenta- were tolerated. Thus a great percentage of wall of the Acropolis. A. Kokkou 2009, fig. 70 tion, through which information is pre- the authentic material was set again in the UPenn Museum, Philadelphia served that facilitates the understanding of monuments, saving it from further damage. terial from the Acropolis rock and its envi- events. rons. The original idea came from Ludwig During the Second World War, and partic- Ross and Leo von Klenze and it was carried With the beginning of the 20th c. and un- ularly during the Civil War, the scattered out by K. Pittakis. Some 2,400 horse-loads til the Second World War, the scattered members, together with the monuments from the area outside the gate and 1,600 members follow the course of works on the themselves, were converted into protective loads of material from within were auc- Acropolis, when the anastelosis of Nikolaos shields for armed soldiers, while pho- tioned. Balanos was dominant. In the 1st Interna- tographs of this time show others reposing tional Meeting in Athens, April 1905, be- beneath the gaze of the archaic pedimental Much of this was sold to private individu- tween the polemical disagreement on the figures in the Acropolis Museum. als in order either to use it as building ma- principles and limits of anastelosis inter- terial or to resell it. The case of Manolis Af- ventions, a more general consensus e- After the war, the Acropolis enters a new cy- thonides, a Phanariote comrade-in-arms of merged on the resetting of scattered mate- cle of life. As Ephor and Director of the Alexander Ypsilantes is characteristic. He rial on the monuments being restored, Acropolis Museum, Ioannis Meliades ex- arrived in Athens in 1832 and built his while at the same time the need was un- tended the Museum and exhibited the house of material from the auction de- derscored for scholastic study, survey and Acropolis masterpieces in an exceptional scribed above in the area that is now Plateia Klafthmonos. Otto also stayed there for a short time and today the building forms part of the Museum of the City of Athens (Vourou-Afthonides residence). Such buil- ding material is very probably what was used for the Piraeus Road and for the con- struction of the Ottoman barracks in the site of Hadrian’s Library. One thousand two hundred fifty poros blocks (ˆÚ›·) and probably another 1,400 marle blocks (·ÁÁˆÓ¿ÚÈ·) were needed for the building of the military hospital by Lieutenant W. von Weiler. Between January 1836 and April 1837 a large amount of material was made available without auction, for con- structing the royal palace, now the Parlia- ment. Similarly, in 1849 “left-over stones” of the The Pinakotheke with the temporary exhibition of antiquities. E. Bréton 1868, p 46 way. At the same time he inaugurated new bers have been separated from the rest of storage areas for the sculpture and architec- the material, the numbers speaking for tural members. Only a small number of the themselves. It was therefore considered ab- scattered stone finds of the Acropolis could solutely imperative to enter the data into be accomodated in the underground store- the digital indexing and documentation room, mainly the fragile poros pieces that management system of the YSMA, which preserve in good condition their painted assures speed in finding the information, decoration. Most of the scattered finds con- organization and classification of the evi- tinued to lie piled up in the open air. The dence, and analysis as well as immediate sculpture will be moved to the new Sculp- access to the content. ture storeroom, east of the Museum, and on shelves south of the Museum where the col- The archive of the scattered members of lection “Cour Anglaise” was created. the YSMA database has been organised on The Acropolis during the events of the De- the basis of the same principles as those Assiduous documentation with analytical cember uprising: the architectural members followed in a conventional archive. For used as a rampart by armed men. descriptions, drawings and photographs, M. Tiverios, Praktika of the Academy of each member, which is represented by its and the arrangement of thousands of frag- Athens 2013, p. 192 own inventory number, information is giv- ments and complete scattered architectural from the walls during the decade of the en that is relevant to its material, date, members have been a basic priority of the 1980’s, or the old National Printing House measurements, description and character- ESMA ever since its formation. The work in which 128 fragments were located, dis- istics of the member, its origin (for those began with the first entries in 1977. The mantled and transferred to the Acropolis which can be attributed to specific monu- initial aim was to support the works of where they were recorded, with 27 of them ments), how the surface has been worked, anastelosis which were resumed at that attributable to the Parthenon. identification if possible or joining with time, by identifying the architectural mem- other members and especially its location bers so that the authentic material could be The thousands of scattered members on the rock (whether in a numbered stone- used in the classical monuments being re- recorded are divided into groups and pile, transferred to the Acropolis Museum stored. Up to now this purpose has been arranged in newly organised piles accord- or in an YSMA worksite for use in anastelo- fully justified and indeed the identifications ing to categories and date, given the lack of sis). Each member is accompanied by pho- lead to the recognition of fragments from available closed storage space on the rock. tographic documentation, while further many well-known Athenian monuments, A basic disadvantage, however, of the characteristics are correlated with draw- inside and outside the Acropolis. The frag- methodology is the difficulty, at times im- ings and bibliography. ments are then handed over to the corre- possibility, of access to the recorded mate- sponding work-sites for further evaluation. rial in the stone-piles. From June 2011 to date, data has been en- At the same time, however, categories of tered into the digital database correspond- material have now surfaced into scientific To date some 24,000 members have been ing to some 8,000 members. Information focus that had disappeared in the shadow recorded and over 10,000 shapeless mem- can be accessed on the basis of search cri- of Periclean light, such as the Frankish ar- chitectural members of the Acropolis, grave markers from the Ottoman cemetery or marble and poros members of the archaic constructions of the Acropolis, demonstrat- ing anew the diachronic and variant activi- ty on and around the Sacred Rock. Even the most delicately carved traces of games on scattered stones is of value for making new copies in marble for educational purposes. Public buildings with ancient material built into their very core were re-examined, such as the Arsakeion, where 482 were recorded Children playing in the north porch of the Erechtheion with a new marble copy of the game and 47 acropolitical stones were removed found in one of the scattered-members piles. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 21

teria, simple or composite. With a simple tence. The transferal of the exhibition and years of work and pioneer archival doc- search it is possible at any time to find a large portion of the antiquities from the umentation, and with the recent digiti- where each recorded member is located on storerooms of the old Museum to the gal- zation and electronical entry into the the rock, at a work-site or in the Museum. leries and storerooms of the new Museum, database, the scattered stones of the Apart from single members, it is possible left behind 1,200 m2 and a section of the Acropolis await a final place to be pro- to search for wider categories of members storeroom space of the old Museum free. tected and exhibited, just as modern ar- and to combine the search with criteria The 1st Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classi- chaeology demands. Priority is for the chronologically (for example archaic si- cal Antiquities had already transferred the most fragile, such as the poros architec- mas, Ionic capitals, Roman sarcophagi, sculpture collection from the shelves south tural members, followed by the marble early Christian screens, Ottoman grave of the Museum (Cour Anglaise) to the so- membra disjecta, as they have been columns), to search members on the basis called Sculpture storeroom, in order to termed and classified up to now, still in of origin, the monument to which they be- avoid their further deterioration from the the open air. Their protection and pro- long, or the material of which they are soot of the Athenian atmosphere. Trans- motion is now the greatest challenge and made. ferred to the same space was also the pot- perhaps the last port in their voyage tery from the storeroom next to the through the centuries, within and out- Today the Work of Scattered Architectural Member of the Acropolis has completed the separation and recording of the marble members, of practically all the stone-piles of the rock. This has led to greater empha- sis during the last years on the programme for recording and arranging the poros scat- tered architectural members, thus also pro- motion of the archaic buildings of the Acropolis sanctuary of the 6th c. B.C. The recording and assiduous study of the spe- cific material, for yet another time in the last 130 years, and with many unanswered questions about the historical topography of the sanctuary during the 6th c. B.C., yielded to begin with many new identifica- tions of fragments that belong together, to- taling 117, and new interpretations in ref- erence to the earliest buildings of the Acrop- Interior of the small Belvedere storeroom with the poros architectural members. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 olis. The first results, especially for the first monumental, stone Doric peripteral temple Belvedere tower, thus freeing 27 m2 of side the sanctuary of the Sacred Rock, an of Athens with its impressive pedimental closed space, where 564 well-preserved anchorage that will share in and con- compositions of lions devouring a bull, were poros architectural members have been sto- tribute decisively to the overall promo- announced at the 6th International Meet- red on new shelves and with a new system tion of the archaeological site of the ing of the ESMA and YSMA in October, of organization. The next priority was the Acropolis. 2013. transfer of the inscribed stones from the ar- chaeological site to closed exhibition areas Yet each voyage has its port of destina- in the old Acropolis Museum. One hun- tion, and in this case it is the successful dred thirty five of the 167 moveable in- Elisavet P. Sioumpara fulfillment of the programme as a whole. scribed stones have already been moved Dr Archaeologist, And while the scholarly aspect of the and the last phase of the transfer is under Head of the Project work never ceases, the “measurable” part way. of Scattered Architectural Members of the work leads to an end, and herein of the Acropolis lies the greater challenge. In the recent past, the use of the freed sto- Eleni Salavoura With the functioning of the new Acropolis rage space has given rise to questions Dr Archaeologist Museum, new situations came into exis- about its further designation. After many Documentation Office Current challenges in documenting the restoration works on the Acropolis of Athens

The digital management of the documenta- tural member and to examine the relevant Currently the system is undergoing the lat- tion from the restoration works of the record. In addition to information related est upgrade focusing on a number of issues, Acropolis monuments was initiated over 25 to its position within the monument or to such as the addition of user auditing mech- years ago. The maintenance and gradual conservation and restoration interventions, anisms to increase data security and facili- expansion of the necessary technological all relevant documents are included (pho- tate statistical monitoring of the database infrastructure in this period contributed to tographs, drawings, texts). These can be usage, the enhancement of the graphical the effective management of a growing vol- selected in order to access their respective user interface for content access using ume of information. Nevertheless, as digi- records from the corresponding archives three-dimensional models of the monu- tal technology progresses rapidly, new containing descriptive information. Search ments, the improvement of the system challenges must be addressed principally mechanisms allow further investigation of transaction speed through programming with respect to the emergence of new data the database through complex query for- interventions and, finally, the development types and the guarantee of their long-term mulation (e.g. identify all photographs of a web interface for remote access to data- preservation. The Documentation Office of depicting the repositioning of entablature base records. Despite these regular and vi- YSMA, in an attempt to confront these pieces on the north colonnade of the tal improvements, after 25 years of system- challenges, formulates the essential course Parthenon). atic data entry and subsequent software of action in this direction. upgrades, the demands on the functionali- With respect to the size of the database, ty of the system still continue to grow. The database of YSMA content volume grows at a geometric rate, During this period the main computerized as the documentation is intensified through The new digital data system for the documentation of the works, the use of digital recording media (laptops, The situation becomes even more pressing the electronic database of YSMA, went digital cameras, laser scanners). The pho- given the new circumstances that have through three major upgrades and many tographic archive constitutes by far the arisen over the last decade in respect to minor improvements that have been pre- largest part of the database, including more adopting digital modes for documenting sented in previous communications. In its than 110,000 records. Next follows the the restoration works. The spread of digi- current form, the database is organised drawings archive (11,000), while in the tal technology during this period led to the around the archive of the architectural process of the restoration works new en- intensification of documentation and con- members, the structure of which repro- tries are still created in the archive of ar- tributed to the gradual replacement of con- duces the architecture of ancient Greek ar- chitectural members (10,900). ventional documentation production pro- ticulated buildings by implementing a hi- erarchical partitioning system of the mon- ument from the whole (e.g. Parthenon) to horizontal subdivisions (e.g. wing), build- ing components (e.g. colonnade), architec- tural elements (e.g. column) and, finally, individual architectural blocks (e.g. drum A.K.2.2). The architectural members archive is connected to the archives of re- lated documents (photographs, drawings, texts), which record information (e.g. drawing type, photographer, date of cre- ation) about each object. A similar link ex- ists between the scattered architectural material archive and the aforementioned archives of related documents. All archives receive coded values and restrictions from controlled vocabularies that can be further extended by the users.

The interface uses the hierarchical division of monuments as a navigation tool to access Access to a database record through the monument division diagram and display of relevant monument sections or a selected architec- documents from the archives of photographs and drawings 23

cedures. For example, the use of digital cameras has facilitated direct, cheap and extensive photographic documentation of the works, at the same time contributing to a sharp increase in digital data volume. In addition, optional recording of the same activities using a camcorder or other portable devices means that the volume of data aggravates all procedures in their pro- cessing, storage and retrieval within the existing infrastructure.

These problems are even more serious in connection with digital spatial data, as their production through successive processing stages complicates their integration into the main electronic data archive for the restora- tion interventions. For example, in the last Successive extensions of the database structure of YSMA decade, the technology of computer assist- ed design (CAD) tends gradually to replace Apart from this large-scale project, YSMA Overall, these new digital data types pose manual drawing. CAD models require par- regularly employs photogrammetric docu- very different issues concerning their man- ticular diligence with respect to storage and mentation techniques. Geometric docu- agement and their connection with the preservation, given the volume and com- mentation is carried out in sections of the main documentation data archive of the plexity of the information contained. A monuments, before and after the restora- restoration works. A key factor in the suc- CAD model stores graphics in two or three tion works, to record current structural cessful functioning of every digital data dimensions, arranges information into dif- condition (structural damages, changes in archive is the accessibility and usability of ferent layers and may include external da- the geometry), to plot visible archaeologi- its collections regardless of potential ta, such as scanned drawings often used as cal features and to assess the accuracy of changes in technology. It is then under- background for digitization. The archiving the intervention during and after comple- stood that preserving the content of a dig- of CAD files is fundamental, as their infor- tion. Similarly, case-specific laser scan- ital archive is a demanding task that re- mation can be updated or integrated with- ning is performed on a smaller scale de- quires constant upgrading of the informa- in other models. pending on the requirements of the works. tion carriers of both physical storage media The products of this process can be used in and relevant software. Between 2007 and 2008, under the “In- the studies for the restoration of monu- formation Society” programme, a project ments, e.g. to simulate micro-sliding ef- Aligning digital management proce- for the geometric registration and the de- fects in the drums of the columns on the dures with present requirements In this context, the challenge is shifted from velopment of Geographic Information Sys- Parthenon. establishing a functional digital archive to tems (GIS) applications for the Acropolis ensuring the long term preservation of dig- of Athens led to the production of a large In both cases, the production process in- ital content. The obvious answer to the volume of digital spatial data and still more volves several separate processing stages problem and at the same time a great op- digital derivatives. The photogrammetric resulting in large data volumes in various portunity, as many experts on the subject mapping of the Acropolis relief and the cir- formats, each of which may be used to ex- constantly stress, is associated with the cuit wall produced a series of high resolu- tract further by-products. Consequently, reuse and dissemination of digital archives tion orthophotos. The same project in- the archiving of each finalized model re- within broadly accessible data collections. cluded the three-dimensional scanning of quires the storage of all intermediate out- It follows that by giving a greater emphasis the Erechtheion, the restoration of which puts and their documentation with appro- to the creation of compatible digital datasets had been completed, as well as of the cir- priate complementary information, called and their documentation with appropriate cuit wall and the physical rock below, con- metadata, in order to be able to reproduce metadata structures, the potential for fur- tributing to accurate three-dimensional and control the entire manufacturing ther exploitation and diffusion of the infor- textured models. process for future reference. mation they include is greatly enlarged. In combination with the continuous up- database is expanded to incorporate audio- and testing of mechanisms for the auto- grading of the main information system, visual material in video format and CAD mated mass extraction of records from the digital management must be expanded to models within the system. Likewise, pho- main database. other categories of documents so as to as- togrammetric surveying and laser scan- semble separate (yet interrelated) digital ning products may be organized as distinct At the same time issues related to the pro- data collections suitable for dissemination. data collections by adopting appropriate vision of multilingual support should be Steps in this direction have already been metadata and developing tools for their ef- investigated. Most content held in the core taken by the Acropolis Restoration Service. fective management. This will allow their of the digital infrastructure of YSMA is cur- For example, the set of geospatial informa- seamless future integration within broader rently only in Greek and the prospect of its tion generated under the development of cultural heritage digital repositories, such dissemination presupposes the translation GIS applications was combined and it has as Europeana, the official European culture of at least basic information fields. To this been made publicly available on the inter- resources online collection portal. end, controlled vocabulary lists should be net, immediately after the completion of the associated initially with existing thesauri project. At the project’s webpage, the visitor In this context, recorded datasets associat- of ancient architecture terminology and be can zoom into the orthophoto map of the ed with completed restoration projects translated. As a next step, the potential for Acropolis, select and the mass automated examine parts of the translation of data- walls, interactively base records using explore a simplified relevant software so- version of the three- lutions should be ex- dimensional model plored, so as to limit of the Erechtheion manual content edit- and browse videos of ing. the full model of the Erechtheion and the Accordingly, in an ef- digital reconstruction fort to promote the process of the Cary- collection of the au- atids. diovisual material held by YSMA, the The orthophoto map pilot dissemination of the Acropolis re- of indicative recent lief and the photo- and archival footage mosaics of the cir- from the restoration cuit wall have also works on the Youtube been used in the re- video-sharing plat- cently developed web form has recently application “Virtual been approved. Vi- Examples of digital spatial data types tour of the Acropolis deos will be orga- monuments”, which includes a range of could be directly promoted. For example, nized by theme and they will be comple- 360Æ panoramic images at various loca- parts of the content from the main database mented with explanatory information as tions onsite and is supplemented with that have already been made available well as brief viewing statistics. In view of high-resolution photos for viewing signifi- through the complementary CD-ROM of the possibilities for video-sharing on vari- cant details on the monuments. The ground the publication of the Erechtheion restora- ous social network media (e.g. Facebook, plan view of the Acropolis was incorporat- tion can be integrated in an online reposi- Twitter) the dissemination of the audiovi- ed as an interactive map that allows the tory. This work can provide an opportunity sual material from the restoration works is user to orient and navigate to individual to examine the compatibility of our record- expected eventually to reach a broader au- viewpoints, while selected views of the ing with available international documenta- dience. walls support high resolution zooming ca- tion standards that facilitate the exchange of pabilities. information between digital systems, such Finally, the holdings of the Library of the as the Dublin-Core or CIDOC-CRM. More- Documentation Office can be used for set- At the same time, the structure of the main over, it will contribute to the development ting up a digital library for the restoration 25

works. As a first step, the publications of YSMA (~100), internal reports (~2000), reprints (~500), books and periodical vol- umes (~1,700), and worksite logbooks (~250) have been catalogued in a simple database application. Selected reports (>1100) have been digitized and attached to the respective database record, while all new productions by the members of staff are being deposited in digital form. The de- sign of the database allows data export to common reference management applica- tions (e.g. Endnote) or data file types com- patible with the MARC 21 bibliographic standard used by most digital libraries. The collection can be connected at any point to the online Greek Academic Li- braries Catalogue (Zephyr) allowing its Using the ground orthophoto map of the Acropolis in the virtual tour application to navigate to content to be searchable on the internet or selected viewpoints comprise an autonomous online repository management practices. Finally, with a * This article is an edited version of a presentation providing access to selected parts of the view to ensuring the desired reversibility of delivered at the Seminar on Information Systems in material. Part of the archive collection of interventions for the protection and pro- Archaeology and Cultural Heritage organised un- YSMA associated with educational re- motion of cultural heritage monuments, der the research project NARNIA (New Archaeo- sources about the restoration projects is al- concern for documenting these interven- logical Research Network for Integrating Ap- ready managed and distributed through an tions should be complemented with simi- proaches to Ancient Material Culture), University online repository platform provided by the lar attention to the dissemination of the of Paris West, Nanterre (France), 27-29 May 2013. National Documentation Centre. recorded information. In the new digital world this practice comprises the utmost Conclusions method for ensuring long-term preserva- The long-term efficiency and sustainabili- tion of an archive’s contents. ty of digital systems for documenting and archiving activities related to the protec- Markos Katsianis tion and enhancement of cultural heritage Dr Archaeologist monuments depend on a number of factors. Documentation Office Of foremost importance are the functional assessment of the information system used and the continuous monitoring of its per- formance, so as to identify opportunities for improvement especially with a view to ensuring information accessibility and ex- change. Meanwhile, at the operational level, the relevant software and hardware up- grades should be scheduled at regular in- tervals, in order to keep track of advances in digital technology and avoid costly re- engineering solutions and data migration. Established recording procedures should also be continuously monitored in order to detect changes associated with digital technology (e.g. new data types, software or devices) and timely update archival The repository of educational resources for the Acropolis restoration News from the Acropolis

For yet another year the YSMA responded USA Embassy and the British Council. In draw the robot and to receive his prize. to the undiminishing interest of the pub- addition it participated in the 6th Inter- The application ends with the unit “Learn lic –general and specialised– in the national Meeting for the restoration of the More”, which comprises the Library of Acropolis restoration works. The effort of Acropolis monuments. Glafka for those who are interested in the Service to contribute to informing the The Department’s digital educational ap- more information. During the period Feb- public led to the organisation of a series of plications were expanded with the new ruary-December 2013 the application activities, programmes and events that application “The Glafka Project” for chil- had 8,272 visitors. are described below. Not only this, but the dren over age 12 (http://www.ysma.gr/ Other digital applications were visited as YSMA scientific personnel willingly re- theglafkaproject/). It consists of a mul- follows: “The Parthenon Frieze” (www. sponded to invitations from elsewhere. ti-level digital game with Glafka, a flying parthenonfrieze.gr) recorded 81,686 owl robot, as the star. The purpose of the visitors and the application about the god- Educational activities application is for children to learn about dess Athena (www.acropolis-athena.gr) During the second half of 2012 and in the restoration works on the Acropolis noted 23,745 visitors. The “Repository of 2013, the Information and Education De- monuments. They are presented in five educational material about the Acropolis” partment of the YSMA carried out educa- thematic units: a) The Journey (damages (http://repository.acropolis-educa- tional activities for educators, pupils and and causes of the interventions), b) The tion.gr) was also completed, in collabora- for the general public. Help (types of interventions), c) the Crew tion with the National Documentation To be precise, 188 educational programmes (the people who carry out the works of Centre (EKT) of the National Hellenic Re- were conducted with 3,859 pupils attend- anastelosis), d) The Action (restoration search Foundation (EIE). The repository ing from 100 schools and 14 anniversary works on each monument separately), incorporates all the material of the Depart- programmes were attended by 380 chil- and e) In the Future (machines and new ment so as to assist educators to enrich dren. The Department’s museum kits for technologies that are being used in the their school lessons or their visits to the ar- schools were used by 14,364 pupils from anastelosis of the Acropolis monuments). chaeological site and the Acropolis Muse- 255 schools all over Greece. The educa- Each unit includes the preparation, the um. During March-December 2013, the tional folder “Acropolis and Anastelosis” brief presentation of the subject and the repository was visited by 16,582 users. was published in English. The museum testing-game. When the child has won Digital plans of lessons for educators and kits designed for families (family packs), through the five trials, he participates in exploration leaflets for the pupils were also were used in the Acropolis Museum by the final stage of his mission, which is to made available. The purpose of these plans 5,456 families (3,840 from Greece and 1,616 from abroad), that is to say, some 16,368 children. Seminars were held for 1,024 people, comprising educators and students from Greece and abroad, who were given educational material as well. The Department participated in two one- day seminars of the ICOM-CECA (Inter- national Council of Museums - Commit- tee for Education and Cultural Action) on the subject “Printed and digital educa- tional publications for promoting cultural heritage” and “Educational activities for special social groups”, a one-day seminar on the subject of “Digital knowledge and open technologies: bridges to research, e- ducation, culture” organised by the EKT- EIE, a one-day seminar on the subject “The Educational Museum: innovations and technologies that transform the edu- cational programmes of the museums”, Education programme “Periods of crisis and acme in ancient Athens: reflections on the Acropolis”. organised by the Benaki Museum, the Photo S. Paraschou, 2012 27

is to facilitate the educator in organising the ESMA, Prof. Emeritus Ch. Bouras, and conducting a lesson about the Acropo- spoke on “The new programmes for the lis. Included also are instructions for ar- work on the Acropolis”, R. Christo- ranging the theme in three stages: before doulopoulou spoke on “Theoretical and the visit, in the course of the visit and after methodological issues arising from the the visit. The leaflets for the pupils can be restoration programmes of the Parthenon”. used in the archaeological site to reinforce She was followed by D. Michalopoulou the experience of their visit. who spoke on “The restoration work on GLAFKA programme, an internet game about the Propylaia”, E. Aggelakopoulou with a the restoration of the Acropolis monuments The ESMA/YSMA report on “Conservation interventions on International Meeting way by those carrying out the work. In the the surface of the Acropolis monuments”, There is no doubt that the most signifi- afternoon of the first day, two comprehen- and Prof. M. Korres, who contributed a re- cant event of the past year was the 6th In- sive reports were given, entitled “The port on “The Acropolis circuit wall”. The ternational Meeting on “The restoration restoration work on the Acropolis monu- afternoon of the same day was dedicated to works on the Acropolis”, which was held ments, 2000-2010” (by M. Ioannidou) documentation of the works, display of the on October 4th and 5th, 2013. The Meet- and “The current restoration work on the archaeological material, and education. E. ing was organised by the ESMA and the Acropolis monuments” (by V. Eleftheri- Lembidaki spoke on the subject of “The YSMA in collaboration with the 1st ou). In addition, Ch. Vlassopoulou re- documentation of the restoration projects Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical An- ported “From the work of the 1st Ephor- at the Acropolis and its digital manage- tiquities and the Special Service for the ate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui- ment”, D. Mavromati on “Topographic and Sector of Culture. It took place in the Au- ties relating to the Acropolis monuments, photogrammetric documentation at the ditorium of the Acropolis Museum. The 2003-2011” and Prof. D. Pandermalis Acropolis of Athens”, E. Sioumpara gave a Meeting revolved around two thematic spoke on “The architectural sculptures of report on “The archaic Acropolis based on axes: first, the theoretical concern about the Acropolis in the New Museum”. The the poros architectural members – propos- the restoration of the monuments and sec- first day closed with a film by K. Arvani- als for the display of the material” and E. ond, the discoveries of recent research takis about the anastelosis works on the Kaimara reported on “Acropolis restora- and the special problems of technology Acropolis, which was produced on the oc- tion for kids... on site and online”. The re- and applications. casion of the Meeting and elicited very ports were followed by a lively discussion Included in the Meeting’s programme favourable comments from the delegates. in which the proceedings of the Meeting was a visit to the archaeological site and The morning of the second day of the Meet- were summarised and the opinions of the the work-sites of the monuments, giving ing was devoted to the new programmes delegates about the future of the works and the delegates the opportunity of being in- and to the special issues that have been the archaeological site were offered. In an- formed about the results of the interven- confronted, with presentations by those other area, along with the conduct of the tions and about the programmes under carrying out the works. The President of Meeting, there was a poster exhibition pre- senting special topics of the anastelosis and photogrammetric surveys produced by the YSMA. The delegates received a digital publica- tion (double DVD) containing a volume entitled “Interventions on the Acropolis monuments 2000-2012: the completed programmes», containing final reports on the works accomplished, and three vol- umes of studies for the restoration of the Acropolis monuments.

Awards It was a special honour during the past

Guiding the participants of the 6th International Meeting for the restoration of the Acropolis year that the Acropolis works were award- monuments in the Propylaia. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 ed two prizes for cultural heritage by Eu- ropa Nostra: the Committee for the Con- servation of the Acropolis Monuments was awarded the Grand Prix in category 3 (Dedicated Service) for the total of its work and “the 37 years of dedicated ser- vice in planning and guiding the conser- vation of one of the most iconic sites of Eu- ropean culture”. The anastelosis of the Propylaia, moreover, won the award in cat- egory 1 (Conservation) as a work “en- hancing the inherent formal and social values of an iconic monument”. The Propylaia project also received the public choice award, since the work proved to be Poster exhibition in the Acropolis Museum, held on the occasion of the 6th International the most popular in an online poll on a Eu- Meeting for the restoration of the Acropolis monuments. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 ropean level. The Europa Nostra awards Publications and appendices for the purpose of integrat- were announced and awarded on June 16, One of the basic principles of the ESMA ing the intervention into the theoretical 2013, in a moving ceremony that took that has been followed faithfully since the and historical/scientific framework of the place in the theatre of Herodes Atticus, Acropolis works began is publication of the period. The publication is accompanied by which was full to overflowing. The awards results of the interventions. Greeted in this a DVD with a special application providing were received on behalf of the ESMA by its spirit were two very significant YSMA pub- access to all of the photographic and graph- President, Prof. Emeritus, Ch. Bouras and lications that circulated recently. The first ic documentary material. for the Propylaia by the former head of the is the exceedingly important book of the The presentation of the work on the project, Dr T. Tanoulas. The world of late A. Papanikolaou “The restoration of Erechtheion was also of symbolic impor- anastelosis was present to honour the con- the Erechtheion (1979-1987): Final re- tance, since it was the first final report of tribution of those who work intensively port on the Work” (in Greek with selected an anastelosis work on the Acropolis. It and responsibly for the protection of the texts in English), which was published in took place in the amphitheatre of the Acropolis monuments. December 2012 under the scholarly super- Acropolis Museum on 10 April, 2013. vision of F. Mallouchou-Tufano and Ch. The event was greeted by the General Sec- We must mention also the most significant Bouras. It is a two-volume work compris- retary of the Ministry of Culture, Dr L. distinction of a man whose name is insep- ing mainly the final report of the work as Mendoni. The speakers were the Director arably tied to the Acropolis works. On 8 prepared by A. Papanikolaou, accompa- of the YSMA V. Eleftheriou, the President November 2013, Prof. M. Korres was nied by an introductory note, a time-frame of the ESMA Prof. Ch. Bouras, Dr K. Zam- awarded the “International Feltrinelli Prize” for his entire contribution to the fields of Archaeology and Restoration. The award is the utmost distinction and it is giv- en by the Academia Nazionale dei Lincei of Rome for major contributions to art, histo- ry, literature, philosophy, medicine and mathematics. It is awarded once every five years for each specialty and it is accompa- nied by a monetary prize. M. Korres has de- voted a great part of his life to the study and anastelosis of the Acropolis monuments and to the Parthenon in particular. His contri- bution to the works of the Acropolis con- tinues unabated today, through his ener- From the presentation of the book “The restoration of the Erechtheion (1979-1987): Final getic participation in the Committee for the report on the Work”. Visible (from the right): K. Zambas, Ch. Bouras and F. Mallouchou-Tufano. Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 29

pas civil engineer responsible for the mote the monument and its influence on work of restoration of the Erechtheion architecture and art, but also to expedite and a close colleague of A. Papanikolaou, a revised image of modern Greece in Cen- and Prof. F. Mallouchou-Tufano. The pre- tral America. sentation was held in a most moving at- mosphere, with references to the special Lectures – Publications difficulties of the project, with comments During the year just past, the scholarly on the personality of the author himself staff of the YSMA took part in scholarly di- and with occasional anecdotes from daily alogue, presenting the progress of the life on the Acropolis rock. works of anastelosis and the results of re- search. In addition to the 6th Internation- Especially important was the digital pub- al Meeting, which provided the YSMA lication on the occasion of the 6th Inter- with the opportunity for an overall pre- national Meeting which, as mentioned sentation of the work, the YSMA scholar- above, has been distributed to the partic- ly personnel took part in Greek and for- ipants in a double DVD. The publication eign events with reports, lectures and pub- includes the volume entitled “Interven- lications. tions on the Acropolis monuments (2000- Awarding of the Europa Nostra prize to the The YSMA Director, V. Eleftheriou, togeth- ESMA President, Prof Ch. Bouras. Visible at 2012): completed projects” (in Greek the right is the the Europa Nostra President P. er with D. Mavromati, collaborated in an with abstracts in English), published un- Domingo and the E.E. deputy A. Vasiliou. International Symposium entitled “2nd In- der the scholarly supervision of Ch. Photo Studio Panoulis ternational Symposium on Cultural Her- Bouras and V. Eleftheriou, which com- ried out by the archaeologist E. Karaki- itage, Conservation and Digitization”, prises 35 articles summarising the results tsou, and Ôverall custody of the exhibition which took place in Beijing on 18-19 Oc- of a decade of systematic works of ana- was in the hands of A. Apostolakis, ar- tober 2012, with a report entitled “The stelosis on the Acropolis monuments. chaeologist and member of the adminis- Acropolis of Athens, the restoration project Moreover it includes the “Studies for the trative board of the Greek Community. and contemporary technology”. They also restoration of the Acropolis monuments” While the exhibition was enthusiastically delivered a report entitled “Methods of (in Greek with abstracts in English), pub- received by the public, the purpose of the documentation using contemporary tech- lished under the scholarly supervision of Greek Community was not only to pro- nology. Application and evaluation of the the same, which consists of three volumes of studies approved by the KAS. With these publications, which were edited by the YSMA Documentation Office, the o- riginal aim of the ESMA for publication is fulfilled, while the quality of the inter- ventions is open to the judgment of the scholarly community.

Exhibitions In July 2013 the exhibition with the theme “Parthenon-Architecture and Art” was inaugurated at the National Museum of Architecture at the “Pallazo de Bellas Artes” of Mexico. It was organised by the Greek community of Mexico. The YSMA, responding willingly to the request of the From the presentation of the book by A. Papanikolaou in the Acropolis Museum. Visible in the first Community cooperated with the Board of row (from the right): D. Pantermalis, President of the Administrative Board of the Acropolis Greek community by providing material Museum, L. Mendoni, General Secretary of the Ministry of Culture and Sports, V. Eleftheriou, Director of the YSMA, M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, General Director of the GDAPK, M. Ioannidou, from its Archive. Collection, choice and Director Emerita, K. Liakopoulou-Papanikolaou. In the second row (from the right): the children annotation on behalf of the YSMA was car- of A. Papanikolaou, Konstantinos and Kleoniki-Elena. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 monuments of the Athenian Acropolis” at methodology of interventions on the mon- nou, G. Verri, S. Soteropoulou and H. the 3rd Panhellenic Symposium on Ana- uments” and “Research and contemporary Brekoulaki presented a report on “The stelosis of the Society for Research and Pro- technology in the anastelosis of the Acro- revelation of the decorative pattern of the motion of the Scientific Anastelosis of polis monuments”. coffered ceiling of the Maidens’ porch in Monuments (ETEPAM), held in Athens on the Erechtheion”. The head of the Office, 1-3 November 2012. The architect L. Lam- F. Mallouchou-Tufano lectured on the E. Aggelakopoulou with the antiquities brinou likewise participated in this Sym- subject of “Documentation requirements conservators A. Panou and I. Kotsifakos posium with a report on the subject “East in restoration projects: the case of the took part in the Round Table with a report porch of the Parthenon or Pronaos: inter- Acropolis of Athens” by invitation from on the “Technical investigation of the vention choices and implementation”. On the seminar “Information Systems for Ar- polychromy of the NW raking sima of the 14 December 2012, V. Eleftheriou and D. chaeology and Cultural Heritage” of the Parthenon”. Mavromati gave a lecture on “The work of network of excellence NARNIA, that was M. Ioannidou participated in a one-day the YSMA and the contribution of the rur- held in Paris at the Université Paris X seminar entitled “Seismic protection of al and surveying engineer to the geometric (Nanterre), 27-29 May 2013. At this monuments”, which was organized by the documentation of the monuments”, to stu- same event, M. Katsianis gave a lecture Organisation for Antiseismic Planning dents at the School of Rural and Surveying about “Information technology in the and Protection (OASP) and the European Engineering of the National Technical Uni- documentation of the Acropolis restora- Center on Prevention and Forecasting of versity of Athens, in the framework of the tion project”. Earthquakes, on December 2, 2013. Her lesson “The Surveying of Monuments”.

On 23-24 November 2012, an international symposium was held in Agrigentum, Sicily, on the subject of the anastelosis of ancient monuments (Giornate Gregoriane 2012: Il restauro dei monumenti antichi. Problemi strutturali: esperienze e propettive). On be- half of the YSMA the following reports were presented: V. Eleftheriou (The recent inter- vention programs on the monuments of the Athenian Acropolis), K. Karanasos (Criteri di reintegrazioni strutturale nel restauro dei monumenti dell’ Acropoli de Athene. Prob- lemi metodologici-scelte progettuali) and A. Exhibition on the subject of the “Parthenon: Architecture and Art” in the National Museum of Vrouva (Calculating reinforcement for frag- Architecture of Mexico. Photo A. Apostolakis, 2013 mented architectural members. A three-di- E. Lembidaki contributed to the volume report was on "Seismic actions of the mentional approach). K. Karanasos had in “£¶»¶⁄„ˆ`, 24 studies for the teacher Acropolis monuments. Scientific and addition given a lecture shortly before this, Petros Themelis from his students and his technical choices during the restoration on 5 November 2012, on the subject of the colleagues”, Athens 2013, with an article interventions". restoration works on the Acropolis monu- entitled “The cult of Athena Nike on the ments in a seminar at the Italian School of Acropolis of Athens. From Athena the The year closed with the lecture of E. Archaeology that was held in the framework Nike to the Wingless Nike”. Sioumpara on the “Archaic Acropolis. of the 6th Travelling Master of the Academia New research and results”. The lecture, in Adrianea di Architettura e Archaeologia of Members of the Office of the Surface Con- the series of lectures of the Society of the Rome. servation took part with their reports in Acropolis Friends (EFA), was given on 13 the 5th International Round Table for December 2013 in the Auditorium of the M. Ioannidou participated in the postgrad- Greek and Roman sculptural and archi- Acropolis Museum. uate programme of the University of A- tectural polychromy, which was held in thens entitled “Museum Studies” with two the Acropolis Museum Auditorium on 7- Evi Petropoulou lectures on 28 April and 5 May 2013. The 8 November 2013. G. Frantzi and A. Archaeologist lectures were entitled “Principles and Maridaki together with E. Papaconstanti- Documentation Office

News Letter of the Acropolis Restoration Service of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports

Editor: Acropolis Restoration Service

Editing and Production: E. Petropoulou

Layout: Intraway

English Translation: M. Caskey, Ph.D. `Group photograph of the Parthenon personel on the occasion of the 6th International Meeting for the restoration of the Acropolis monuments. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 The restoration and conservation works of the Acropolis Monuments as well as the present issue are executed under the scientific supervsion of the Commitee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments and are jointly financed by the Greek State and the European Union.

The YSMA personnel: group photograph during visit to the Acropolis Museum on the occasion of the 6th International Meeting for the restoration of the Acropolis monuments. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013

The Acropolis Restoration Service 10 Polygnotou Street GR-10555 Athens Tel/fax: (30)210 3243 427/3251 620 e-mail: [email protected] www.ysma.gr

Group photograph of the Propylaia personel on the occasion of the 6th International Meeting ©YSMA, 2013 for the restoration of the Acropolis monuments. Photo M. Toufeklis, 2013 ISSN: 1790-2665