Museum Architecture As Spatial-Storytelling - a Case Study of the Ionic Frieze in Two Parthenon Galleries
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Medium, Mediation and Interpretation: Museum Architecture as Spatial-Storytelling - A Case Study of the Ionic Frieze in Two Parthenon Galleries Fangqing Lu, BArch, MArch, Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2012 Abstract In order to convey the meanings contained within artefacts, museums commonly communicate with the general public primarily through the mediation of an audiovisual interpretative framework. In addition to audiovisual mediation, this thesis demonstrates the idea that museum architecture itself can make a significant contribution to various meanings communicated by artefacts. Drawn from a comparative case-study of the detailed interpretive frameworks of two museums, the thesis investigates the extent to which museum architecture itself should be considered as a medium of spatial-storytelling, providing a rich sensory context for the process of mediation and interpretation. This idea contributes towards a more meaningful embodied experience to the general public in order to support the process of ‘self-learning’, as well as passing on intangible culture through both tangible and intangible media. Through an initial survey and conceptual mapping of 130 museums around the world, two examples were selected effectively that offered a unique opportunity for comparative study as they are effectively exhibiting the ‘same’ material in different ways - the Ionic Frieze at the Parthenon Galleries in the British Museum and the recently opened New Acropolis Museum in Athens. Besides this survey of museums, other research methods included a literature review, interviews architectural analysis and observation of visitor behaviour, as the key data collection tools employed in this research, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of museum architecture as a medium. The thesis concludes that museum architecture offers an engaging environment for communicating meanings through ‘self-learning’, not only in terms of audiovisual techniques, but also through a careful organised embodied experience of an entire space. Moreover, museum architecture provides the artefacts a meaningful physical context in which they can ‘speak’. Culture, as an intangible medium, is recorded in the i tangible media of artefacts, and buildings, while also being carried forward into an unknown future. ii Acknowledgements Dedicated to My Mother and My Father First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere and deep gratitude to my mother and my father, for their eternal love, support and encouragement. I would like to extend my grateful thanks to my supervisors Dr. Jonathan Hale, Dr. Laura Hanks and Dr. Qi Wang, for their insightful supervision, valuable feedback, constant patience and help throughout the development of the research project and the completion of this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Darren Deane, the internal examiner of my first and second year reviews, for his critical and helpful suggestions on my research study. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Didem Ekici and Mr. Stephen Greenberg for agreeing to be my examiners. Last but not least, I would like to thank Ms. Evelyn Vouza, archaeologist of the Parthenon Gallery in the New Acropolis Museum, Athens, for her generosity in sharing her knowledge, and kindness in helping me during my case studies in Athens in October 2010 and August 2011. iii List of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii List of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................. x Glossary .................................................................................................................... xviii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Hypothesis of the Research ......................................................................................... 1 Key Ideas of the Research ........................................................................................... 2 Methodology of the Research ...................................................................................... 8 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................... 10 Part One Theory ........................................................................................................ 13 Chapter One Literature Review .................................................................. 13 1.1 Structural Linguistics ............................................................................... 13 1.2 Philosophical Hermeneutics ..................................................................... 17 1.2.1 The notion of ‘life-world’ ........................................................................ 17 1.2.2 Hermeneutics ........................................................................................... 19 1.3 Narrative Theory ...................................................................................... 23 1.3.1 Definition of Narrative ............................................................................. 23 1.3.2 Representation of Narrative ..................................................................... 24 1.3.3 Storytelling-Interpretation: Medium of Action and Medium of Representation ....................................................................................................... 25 1.3.4 Narrative and Time .................................................................................. 27 1.4 The Idea of Context .................................................................................. 28 iv Chapter Two Museum the Medium: Storytelling as Methodology Being Applied in Museum Architecture ......................................................................... 38 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 38 2.2 Storytelling in Museum Architecture: A Historical Overview ................ 39 2.2.1 Museum Collecting Artefacts as Self-learning Environment .................. 39 2.2.2 Storytelling as an Abstract Oral Usage .................................................... 44 2.2.3 Storytelling as a Physical Context ........................................................... 46 2.2.4 Storytelling as a Method .......................................................................... 49 2.3 Medium - Audiovisual Texts ................................................................... 52 2.3.1 Text and Artefact...................................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Methodology of Storytelling in Museum - Shift from Written-Text-Interpretation to Verbal-Storytelling ............................................... 55 2.3.3 Medium of Verbal-Storytelling - Audiovisual Texts ............................... 56 2.4 Medium - Meaningful Artefacts............................................................... 57 2.4.1 Functional Meanings ................................................................................ 59 2.4.2 Metaphorical Meanings ............................................................................ 60 2.4.3 Narrative Meanings .................................................................................. 66 2.4.4 Material Meaning ..................................................................................... 71 2.5 Medium - Museum Architecture: Spatial-Storytelling? ........................... 72 2.5.1 Intangible Medium - Space ...................................................................... 73 2.5.2 Tangible Medium - Material .................................................................... 77 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 79 Chapter Three The Ionic Frieze on the Parthenon Temple as Spatial-Storytelling ................................................................................................... 82 3.1 Weaving the Frieze .................................................................................. 82 3.1.1 Weaving Architecture; From Branches to Stone ..................................... 82 v 3.1.2 Frieze in Classical Architecture ............................................................... 84 3.1.3 Weaving the Panathenaia Peplos: The Frieze as Textile-Storytelling Device in Ancient Greece ...................................................................................... 87 3.2 Weaving the Panathenaia: Ionic Frieze on the Parthenon Temple as Spatial-Storytelling .................................................................................................... 91 3.2.1 The Parthenon Temple from a Historic View .......................................... 92 3.2.2 Medium of Spatial-Storytelling.............................................................. 102 3.2.3 Weaving the Culture: Significance of Spatial-Storytelling .................... 114 Part Two Practice ................................................................................................... 117 Chapter Four The Parthenon