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Completely Assimilated Into the Romanian, Hungarian Or Serbian Communities of the Banat, According to Their

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Completely Assimilated Into the Romanian, Hungarian Or Serbian Communities of the Banat, According to Their ACADEMIAROMANA INSTITUTUL DE ISTORIE "N.IORGA" REVISTA ISTORICA Fondator N. lorga 14,,,77741., .' nteorwrpe . fr. - IL.L. & ; - d A I . II N9 NI IN it b." . zo ° .1' . 11141,1i , ,) ...0..;: 1 14,1110 ' -4 r '71 rt.:- jII 11#193104(111P.111111 --I r. -r47SNS,411;-*1...t.-.40-`;-:-' ..... Serie nouä, Tomul XIV, 2003 Nr. 3-4 mai - august www.dacoromanica.ro A-CADEMIA ROMANA INSTITUTUL DE ISTORIE N. IORGA" COLEGIUL DE REDACTIE CORNELIA BODEA (redactor §vf), IOAN SCURTU(redactor §'ef adjunct), NAGY PIENARU (redactor responsabil), VENERA ACHIM(redactor) REVISTA ISTORICA" apare de 6 ori pe an. La revue REVISTA ISTORICA" parait 6 fois l' an. REVISTA ISTORICA" is published in six issues per year. REDACTIA: NAGY PIENARU (redactor responsabil) VENERA ACHIM (redactor) IOANA VOIA (traducator) MIHAELA VLADULESCU (tehnoredactor) Manuscrisele, cdrtile si revistele pentru schimb, precum si orice corespondentd se vor trimite pe adresa redactiei revistei: REVISTA ISTORICA", B-dul Aviatorilor, nr. 1, 011851 - Bucuresti, Tel. 212.88.90 www.dacoromanica.ro REVISTA ISTORICA SERIE NOUA TOMUL XIV, NR. 34 Mai August 2003 SUMAR MINORITARII JOHANN BOHM, Die Gleichchaltung der deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumanien 1940 1944. 5 - 58 MAX DEMETER PEYFUSS, Aromanian Landlords in the Banat Around 1800 59 - 82 FLORIN ANGHEL, Polonii slovaci In Bucovina, 1937-1944. Manipularea identitAtii etnice In timpul crizelor politice 83 - 92 LUCIA TAFTA, Atitudinea Frantei in chestiunea cvreiased din Romania dintre anii 1868 1878.. 93- 108 MARIUS-LIVIU PETRE, Prezenta italienilor In Dobrogea (1878-1947) . 109- 114 DUNAREA FRONTIERA $1 ARTERA COMERCIALA DANIELA I3USA, Frontiera sudicA a Romanieievolutia unui traseu. 1878-1913..............115- 130 ILEANA CAZAN, Misiuni austriece de explorare si de cartografiere a cursului Dundrii si a spatiului romanesc, 1783-1791. 130- 146 ADRIAN TERTECEL, Congresul de pace ruso-otoman de la Bucuresti (noiembrie 1772 martie 1773) ..147- 158 AURORA ILIES, Comertul pe piata internd si vAmile (taxele) impuse sArii in Tara RornaneascA (sccolul al XV-lea Inceput de secol XIX). ..159- 173 NAGY PIENARU, Confruntare si diplomatie la Dundre. Tratatele de pace otomano- ungare Incheiate intre Bayezid 11i Matia Corvin ..175- 194 PUTERI MARITIME: VENETIA OVIDIU CRISTEA, $tireamarfa de lux". MArturii venetiene din primele decenii ale secolului al XVI-lea . 195- 209 SERBAN MARIN, Venetia si caderea unui imperiu. Reprezentarea momentului 1261 In cronistica venetiand . 211- 254 Revista istoricA", torn XIV, nr. 3 4, p. 1304, 2003 www.dacoromanica.ro PARTIDE POLITICE STUDII DOCUMENTARE .N13OLETA ItimESCU-GURA, Crearea Partidului Muncitoresc Roman . 255 - 290 EUGEN DEN1ZE, Partidul Muncitoresc Roman si problemele de urbanistica in anul 1952 291 -303 www.dacoromanica.ro REVISTA ISTORICA NEW SERIES TOME XIV, NOS 34 MayAugust 2003 SUMMARY MINORITIES JOHANN BOHM, Die Gleichchaltung der deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumanien 1940 1944 5 - 58 MAX DEMETER PEYFUSS, Aromanian Landlords in the Banat Around 1800 59 - 82 FLORIN ANGHEL, Poles and Slovakians in Bucovina, 1937-1944. Manipulation of Ethnic Identity During Political Crises 83 - 92 LUCIA TAFTA, France and the Jewish Question in Romania in 1868-1878 . 93- 108 MARIUS-LIVIU PETRE, The Presence of Italians in Dobroudja (1878-1947) . 109- 114 THE DANUBE BORDERLINE AND COMMERCIAL ARTERY DANIELA BU$A, The Tracing of the Southern Border of Romania. 1878-1913 . 115- 130 ILEANA CAZAN, Austrian Missions of Exploration and Cartographic Survey of the Lower Danube and the Romanian Space in 1783-1791 . 130- 146 ADRIAN TERTECEL, The Russian-Ottoman Peace Congress of Bucharest (November 1772March 1773) . 147- 158 AURORA 1L1E$, Home Trade and Salt Taxes in Wallachia (Fifteenth Early Nineteenth Centuries) . 159- 173 NAGY P1ENARU, Clashes and Diplomacy at the Danube. Ottoman-Hungarian Peace Treaties Signed by Bayezid II and Matthias Corvinus .175- 194 MARITIME POWERS: VENICE OVIDIU CRISTEA, InformationA "Luxury Commodity". Venetian Testimonies in the first Decades of the Sixteenth Century .195- 209 $ERBAN MARIN, Venice and the Fall of an Empire. The 1261 Year in Venetian Chronicles. 211- 254 Revista istorice, torn XIV, nr. 34, p. 1303, 2003 www.dacoromanica.ro POLITICAL PARTIES DOCUMENTARY STUDIES NICOLETA IONESCU-GURA, The Creation of the Romanian Workers' Party 255 - 290 EUGEN DENIZE, The Romanian Workers' Party and Urbanism Issues in 1952 291 -303 www.dacoromanica.ro MINORITARII DIE GLEICHSCHALTUNG DER DEUTSCHEN VOLKSGRUPPE IN RUMANIEN 1940-1944 JOHANN BOHM Bevor man sich mit der politischen Entwicklung der Deutschen in Rurnänien in den dreiBiger Jahren und dann insbesondere mit der Zeit von 1940 bis zum 23. August 1944 auseinandersetzt, muss man sich die Frage stellen, warum diese Deutschen dem Nationalsozialismus erlagen. Dass sie, vereinfacht gesagt, auf fanatische jugendliche Nationalsozialisten hereinfielen, dass sie sich unter ihr Joch beugen lieBen undnoch beschamendersich wohl noch lange hätten beugen lassen, wenn nicht von auBen durch die totale militarische Niederlage die Befreiung von deren Joch gekommen ware. Die Antwort auf diese schicksalsschwere Frage, die nilchtern denkende Menschen undnichtzuletztauchgeradesolche,diediesenDeutschen wohlmeinend gegenilberstanden, immer wieder gestellt haben, wirdwie wohl immer bei historischen Ereignissen verschiedene Faktoren zu berticksichtigen haben und kann daher nur durch eine differenzierte Betrachtung gefunden werden. In meinen bisherigen Veroffentlichungen' habe ich versucht, eine Antwort darauf zu geben, die ich aber noch erweitern, erganzen und vertiefen werde. Bei meinen umfangreichen Nachforschungen habe ich einen offenbaren Tatbestand ermitteln können, der auf das Phänomen des nationalsozialistischen Siegeslaufes und die relativ lange Dauer des nationalsozialistischen Einflusses und Herrschaft und auf das Zusammenwirken von Propaganda und Terror zurückfiihrt. Während meines Quellenstudiums gewann ich die Erkenntnis, dass weder die Propaganda, noch der versteckte Terror es hätte schaffen konnen, die Deutschen in RumänienfiirdenNationalsozialismuszu gewinnen. Aber engverzahnt miteinander betörten sie die deutsche Bevolkerung, indem sie immer wieder auf die verfehlte und minderheitenfeindlichen Politik der rumänischen Regierung und auf dieUmarmungspolitikderaltenliberal-unddemokratischeingestellten Volksfiihrungmit den rumänischen Politikernhinwiesen. So entstandein IJohann Bohm: Das Nationalsozialistische Deutschland und die Deutsche Volksgruppe in Rumänien 1936-1944. Frankfurt aM Main; Bern; New York: Peter Lang, 1985, 264 Seiten; ders.: Die Deutschen in Rumanien und die Weimarer Republik 1919-1933. Ippesheim: AGK-Verlag 1993, 299 Seiten; ders.: Die Deutschen in Rumanien und das Dritte Reich 1933-1940. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang 1999, 411 Seiten; ders.: Die Gleichschaltung der Deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumanien und das ,Dritte Reich' 1941-1944. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Wien: Peter Lang 2003, 522 Seiten, u.a. Revista istoricr, torn XIV, nr. 34, p. 558, 2003 www.dacoromanica.ro 6 Johann Bairn 2 pervertierter, in der Wurzel vergifteter Idealismus", dem mancher sonst brave Deutsche anheimfiel. Man kann heute von einer infernalisch-wirksamen Verschmelzung von lähmendem Terror und verführerischer Propaganda sprechen, die es, zusammen mit jenem pervertierten Idealismus, einigermaBen verstandlich machen, dass die NSDR2, dann die NEDR3 sowie die radikal-nazistische (DVR)4 und zuletzt die NSDAP der Deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumanien" (NSDAP der DVgR)5, die Deutschen in Rumanien in ungeheurer Kraftanspannung bis zum 23. August 1944 fill- sich ausbeuten konnten. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass es mit rauschartigen Illusionen begann, welche die Propaganda eines Fritz Fabritius, Alfred Bonfert und dann Andreas Schmidt erzeugt hatten. Und wahrend gleichzeitig an die Ste lle der Illusion bei den Nazipropagandisten immer mehr die Liige" trat, erfolgte die Erniichterung bei den einzelnen Deutschen in Rumänien zu sehr verschiedenen Zeitpunkten. Bei einigen trat sie erst ein, nachdem im Verlaufe des Krieges die militarischen Erfolge in ihr Gegenteil umzuschlagen begonnen hatten. Bei manchen waren die Illusionen selbst am 23. August 1944, dem Tag, als Rumänien die Waffen niederlegte und einen Waffenstillstand mit den Alliierten in die Wege leitete, noch nicht verflogen. Offensichtlich bedeutete die Grundung der NSDR durch Fritz Fabritius einen tiefen Einschnitt in die politische Entwicklung der Siebenburger Sachsen, die ihr kritisches Denken einschläferte. Bis dahin gab es kaum eine Unterdruckung Andersdenkender. Erst nach der Grundung der NSDR konnte jene infernalisch- wirksame Verschmelzung von Brutalität und verfiihrerischer Propaganda einsetzen, das fill- die Zeit danach bezeichnend war, wobei, wie gesagt, die Verfiihrung noch viele Jahrekraftig weiterwirkte und ihrenHohepunkt unterdem Volksgruppenführer Andreas Schmidt nach 1940 erreichte. Im auBerlich-handgreiflichen Sinne konnte bis 1940 ein terroristischer Zwang von den Nationalsozialisten im Gebiet der Deutschen in Rumänien nicht 2 Nationalsozialistische Selbsthilfebewegung der Deutschen in Rumanien" (NSDR), gegrandet am 21.-22.05.1932 durch Fritz Fabritius. Wegen ihrer verstarkten nationalsozialistischen Propaganda in den Reihen der deutschen Bevolkerung in Rumanien wurde sie von der rumanischen Regierung am 29. November 1933 verboten. Ausfuhrlich darner bei Johann Bohm: Die Deutschen in Rumanien und die Weimarer Republik 1919-1933, a. a. 0., S. 187-209.
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