July 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19821
U.S. SPACE TV ADVANCES-NASA As for the Moon, TV has been there be the 85-foot dishes at Goldstone, Madrid, TWIN TV SPECTACULARS: APOLLO fore too, but Apollo 11 promises the first and Canberra. Those locations are nearly 11 MOON VISIT AND MARS WITH human presence there. equidistant around the Earth so that RESOLUTION FROM 900 FEET The really important keys to our recent at least one station maintains contact progress- with the moving spacecraft while the Earth turns on its axis. HON. JAMES G. FULTON Truszynski said- The deep space network operates 85- OF PENNSYLVANIA are the improvements in the spacecraft and foot antenna stations spanning the globe, the ground receiver. We have been able to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with sites a few miles away from those increase transmitter power in the spacecraft, of the MSFN at Goldstone, Madrid, and Wednesday, July 16, 1969 thereby raising the strength of the signal for its long journey back to Earth. On the Canberra, and others at Johannesburg, Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. . ground, we have better design of the large South Africa, and Woomera, Australia. Speaker, world television audiences will antenna and the microwave amplifier and re To help increase the amount of signal see a double space feature in the next ceivers that go with them, to provide much received, the tracking system now uses few weeks, thanks to coincidence and to higher sensitivity and lower noise level. the higher frequencies of the S-band- advanced communications technology, Thus, the weak signal from the Moon or 2.2 million kHz, or 2.2 billion cycles. planets can be clearly received. And of course, Coupled with higher power and larger The coincidence is that the probable the communications satellites-also produced timing of history's first human visit to by the space age--permit the world-wide dis antennas this has resulted in a huge in the Moon in Apollo occurs a few days tribution of these signals as they are received crease in the capacity t.o move data, · before two Mariner space probes carry back on Earth. which is important to TV, most impor unmanned TV cameras close to the sur tant to color TV. face of Mars. The power source in spacecraft in As portrayed by commercial TV, each Thus, shortly after the image of the evitably involves heavy weight; neverthe picture from the Moon will be made up less power has been increased in Apollo of numerous lines--more than 500 per American astronaut on the lunar surface over previous manned spacecraft; the fades from TV screens on Earth, those picture-each containing the elements lunar module fuel cells power a 20-watt that make up the image on the screen. screens may be revealing wholly new transmitter, where in 1966 Gemini had a details of the red planet, transmitted They are translated at the rate of 30 5-watt system. Mariners with 20 watts pictures per second-a speed too fast from 60 million miles a way. today have twice the power of 1965. At This twin TV spectacular, as seen by for the human eye to perceive at any that, 20 watts is only enough energy to thing but simple motion. Gerald N. Truszynski, the National Aero light a refrigerator light bulb. nautics and Space Administration's As Because of the greater communication Increased antenna capacity at both re distance to Mars, the Mariner data sociate Administrator for Tracking and ceiving and transmitting ends is signifi Data Acquisition, is made possible by transfer rate is far less. The highest cant too. Gemini had a nondirectional rate for Mariner 4, because of tech great advances in electronics through antenna where Apollo's coil-spring which streams of signals can be returned nological limitations, resulted in a trans shaped antenna concentrates the signal mission time to Earth of about 8 hours from the surface of the Moon and the into a thin 3-degree beam, making it 500 for each picture-far slower than the distant vicinity of Mars into tracking times more effective. telephoto copy machine. Today, Mariner centers and switching points on Earth, On the ground, the parabolic, or dish 6 and 7, with new transmission system thence by communications satellites into shaped antennas of NASA's tracking net and the DSN 210-foot Goldstone an the TV networks of countries through works, are comparable to the telescope, tenna, will deliver one picture in 5.5 out the globe. that is, they focus a widely dispersed elec minutes, 32 pictures in 3 hours. For Apollo 11, the 7-day period begin tronic signal into a very narrow one, and That rate compares with Apollo ll's ning July 17 will see a series of eight the resulting concentration serves to 9,900 pictures per 5.5 minutes, hence telecasts direct from the spacecraft on raise the power and intelligibility of the Mars will not appear as live TV on the its epic journey-as in Apollo 10 last signal received. home screen but rather as a series of May it will be all color TV except the The 30-foot diameter antennas are still images, each gradually filling in the one period when the astronauts step dn most useful for Earth orbit and :flight face of the TV tube. the Moon's surface: from 2: 12 to 4: 52 below 10,000 miles from Earth; the 85- Mariner 6 and 7 will snap pictures of a.m., e.d.t., July 21-current schedule. foot antennas track above that altitude. Mars at intervals of several hours, first Only black and white TV will be avail NASA's largest antenna, measuring 210 while approaching the planet, while able from the Moon itself because Apol feet across, ia important for TV trans passing around it, and then receding lo's lunar module lacks sufficient power mission from the Moon and from deep past it into solar orbit. The photos, all to meet the demands of high-priority space because it has 6.5 times the sensi black and white, will be stored on tape, data and systems and experiments on top tivity of the 85. The 210-foot dish will then transmitted to Earth on command. of the much higher power needs of color be required for future unmanned spi;tce Altogether the Mariner twins will return TV. :flights involving landings on Mars and 189 pictures of Earth but they will not The Mars telecast begins from Mariner Venus, probes near Jupiter and be duplicate views because Mariner 6 is on 6 at 12: 58 to 3: 21 a.m., July 30, and yond-hundreds of millions of miles course to pass the Mars equator again that day at 10:28 to 11:55 p.m., from Earth, even approaching the edge July 31-while Mariner 7 will fly over e.d.t. The two programs will produce a of the solar system. the South Pole-August 5. total of 50 pictures of the planet. NASA's deep space netwDrk-DSN Large volumes of information are Mariner 7 pictures will be transmitted has one 210-foJt antenna in operation flowing back to engineers, scientists and in three periods: 12:01 to 2:56 a.m., e.d.t., at Goldstone, Calif., and it is pressed flight controllers in the course of these August 3; again at 1: 20 to 4: 15 a.m. into service for Apollo flights. Apollo 11 flights. Gains made in the recent past August 4; and finally another 2-hour will be Unked to another 210 at Parkes, have resulted in effective, flexible control period at 11:20 p.m. same day. Mariner 7 Australia, on lease from the Government from just one center on Earth. Apollo will deliver 91 more photos of Mars. there, to bring in the TV signal. For the command is located at Mission Control The planet was televised before by greater demands of the future, NASA Center, in Houston, while Mariners are Mariner 4 in 1965, but engineers of the has contracted to build two more 210's commanded from Space Flight Opera National Aeronautics and Space Admin at the Madrid, Spain, and Canberra, tions Facility, in the Jet Propulsion Lab istration promise far higher quality than Australia, tracking stations. oratory-JPL-Pasadena, Calif. was possible 4 years ago. Best resolution All 15 U.S. and foreign stations of the NASA's Office of Tracking and Data from closeup will be about 900 feet, com manned space flight network-MSFN Acquisition directs these operations. pared with 2 miles in Mariner 4, and 100 will be work ~ ng full time on Apollo 11, JPL, which is operated for NASA by the miles by the best optical means from but the TV transmission will be chan CaJifornia Institute of Technology, op Earth. neled through the 210-foot antennas and erates and manages the deep space net- 19822 ' EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 16, 1.969 work for OTDA. Goddard Space Flight to keep patriotism at a high level-the still whereas the deeper truth is that His mercy Center, Greenbelt, Md., has the man fairly easy domination of the Mediterranean is the reward of righteousness toward Him! Oivilization by the Roman Empire-Peter Justice, in the ultimate senses, is not what a agement role for both the manned space realized were all a part of a web in which court deals out. It is what God deals out to fiight network and NASCOM, NASA's 3- people were trapped in the shallow belief the unrighteous! Mercy is not a clever law million-mile communications net, which that nothing would ever destroy the great yer and a loose judicial system, but God's links the flight operations together all name of Rome and bring it to the dust! response to a repentant man! about the globe. History, as we all know, wrote a different It is profoundly true that what we all need The deep space network, incidentally, conclusion-and looking back, the words and is mercy-and God's mercy always depends has continually tracked the two Mariners writings of Peter might have made the dif upon our commitment to be obedient to His since their launches last February 24 ference! "The ey_es of the Lord are over the Law and His Truth! What will bring renewed righteous, but His face is against those that greatness to us as a nation is not better and March 27; meanwhile, it continues do evil!" statutes, but a holy fear of God's justice! contact with four other flights in deep The parallels between Rome in the First And this is second. As a nation, we deeply space. Century and America in the 20th Century and desperately need a resurrection of faith may be more similar or more nearly identical in the ideals of the Gospel. Is that too obvi than we like to admit. Without any apolo ous, or too pious sounding? A thoughful SERMON OF REV. ROBERT E. LEE gies, our Services today have been planned young man said t.o me recently, "Faith is for to bring us to our knees before God, in re the birds!" Sometimes it seems to me that pentance and in re-commitment, as we face the birds may have more faith than many HON. HERMAN E. TALMADGE the deep issues of our corporate life in people. OF GEORGIA America today! In my mind, that is com What has happened to our conviction pletely consistent with the Gospel! If for about the dignity of all men? What has hap IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES some it seems too much like unquestioning pened to the virtues of courage, and sacrifice, Wednesday, July 16, 1969 patriotism, and the equating of the Christ and self-discipline? What has happened, as tian Faith with American democracy, then we asked last week, to the spirit of charity? Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, in a you will miss the point of it all! What has happened to our sense of obliga time which we all know only too well You, as a Christian congregation, and I, as tion to each other, upon which our nation is deeply troubled, it is rare indeed to a Christian minister, are not here to affirm was founded? What has happened, deep discover a man who proposes simple or to re-affirm political points of view! We within us, to our instinctive longing for solutions to our complex problems. Yet, are here to ask ourselves whether we are, and eternal meaning and eternal life? What has it is still true that simple, honest answers whether we want to be, a people under God, happened to us that makes us measure ev are sometimes the best. A very good ex or a people without God! The inescapable erything, pretty nearly everything, in terms question is what must happen to us if we are of economics? What has happened to us that ample was a sermon delivered by the to be truly a nation under God? has turned thousands and thousands of Reverend Robert E. Lee, pastor of At We might spend our whole time describing youth on the loose, barefooted, unbathed, lanta's Lutheran Church of the Redeem and bemoaning what has been happening. long-haired, hollow-eyed, and camouflaging er. Reverend Lee called for a recommit But we all know what has been and is hap their anger with trips and love-ins? ment to God's moral law, and to a sense pening-and a hundred different ways of Headed in the present direction, we are of personal responsibility to accompany defining and describing it will ultimately surely not headed for any deep and great personal freedom. end up at the same answer! renewal in our nation. The issue is not a Mr. President, I am sure we can all Viewed as a whole, we are becoming a na matter of going back to some imaginary old tion of pagans--0f raw secularists-of pleas days, but going forward in a new direction, profit by his message, and I ask unani ure-crazy individuals-and callous, unideal like Peter and James and John, in the Goapel mous consent that it be printed in the istic pragmatists! Millions and millions of for today, to follow the Master! The direc Extension of Remarks. unhappy, unfulfilled people, snatching pleas tion signs at the crossroads Where we are to There being no objection, the message ure and success and security on a "catch as day are clear! This way to hope! This way to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, catch can" basis-consciously or uncon no hope! as follows: sciously belittling and ridiculing and desert And that brings us to the third deep and ing the ideals, the standards, the institutions UNDER Gon--OR WITHOUT Gon? obvious need of our nation. We need a power and the faith that gave us hope and vision ful renewal of the sense Of personal re (Lutheran Church Qlf the Redeemer, Atlanta, and greatness in the past! There are those sponsibility. What we have been experienc Ga., Robert E. Lee, D.D., pastor, The Fifth who say it is too late to change the tide ing, particularly in the past few years, is an Sunday After Trinity (Independence Day and their shrill voices are drowning out angry demand by millions of people for Weekend), July 6, 1969) those who still have faith in what we have personal rights! A crack-pot woman doesn't Let us pray: In Thy Word, O God, Thou been-in what we ought t.o be-and in what, like prayer in our public schools, so we hast cautioned that the nation whose GOd is under GOd, we may still become I eliminate that. Ten million people don't the Lord shall be blessed. Remind us in this At least for these few moments, in the want to work, so we put them on welfare. brittle age that Thou dost not live only in splendor and freedom of worship, we can We arrest a known criminal and then tell the cool comfort of a church building, but and may have our say. There are three deep him how to beat the rap! in the press and traffic and anguish of our needs in America today, and unless the pres When you read the Gospel and think about d&ily human affairs. Amen. ent mood of life is reversed, we shall, like it, one of the unmistakable facts about it is Our text for this Festive Service of thanks the Roman Empire in which Peter lived, that it puts the responsibility for a man's giving and of re-commitment to the Christian ultimately destroy ourselves, and tourists of life, first of all, upon each man himself. To heritage of our nation is a familiar verse from the future centuries may swarm over our be sure, it calls men to concern for others, the 1st Epistle of Peter. It is the kind of ruins-intrigued by the fact that so rich but only because, first of all, we are called text that speaks to us both as individuals and powerful and great a nation couldn't as individuals, to stand before God! and as a nation. It is a stern warmng-and produce enough ,eople of faith and char I still remember that sentence in Life God knows we need it! acter to make its ideals work! Magazine, many years ago: "The eyes of the Lord are over the right The first deep and obvious need we face "We shall never achieve true greatness in eous, and His ears are open unto their pray today is the need for a rebirth of commit America until we get over the idea that what ers: but the face of the Lord is against them ment to law and order-God's moral law one man does or believes is not important to that do evil!" God's clear design for His world and uni all of us." When Peter wrote those words, the hand verse! The bitter truth is that we have talked You can reword it, in the light of 1969, writing was already on the wall for the Ro far too much in recent times about law and and put it this way: We shall never know man Empire. The seeds of decay had been order as a political commitment, rather than true greatness until every man, as an in planted and were sending up their still ten as a moral commitment, or a faith commit- dividual, feels and bears the weight and bur der shoots. But the fact that they still ment! · den of his own life-and his own ultimate seemed easy enough to stamp out and de Whenever there is a breakdown in civil destiny! stroy didn't fool Peter I He knew that the law and order, it is because there has al The words of Peter, in the Epistle for to weeds of moral and pol'itic·al and social decay ready been a breakdown in respect for moral day, pull it all together: were tougher than they appeared on first law and order! What made America great at "The eyes of the Lord are over the right glance. He also realized that the secret of its inception nearly two centuries ago was e ~ms ; but the face of the Lord is against personal and national greatness and right not it civil code, but its monl perspective. them that do evil!" eousness was faith and trust in God's will God's blessings upon us as a n;i.tion are not T::> be sure, in conclusion, there are no and God's revealed way for man! the fruit of obedienc.e to our st:i,.tutes and simple answers. The problems are complex The stentorian phrase of oratory in the laws, but of our obedience to His revealed but there is one basic decision-which must Roman Senate-the proud words inscribed in Truth. God's mercy never operates out of the be consciously made, deep in the soul of marble on the public bUJildings of Rome context of His law and justice! every man, and which, if it is not con the afiluent, comfort-seeking sooial order We seem, as a nation, to be all hung up sciously made, will be made by default! It which the prl vileged people of the Empire on the idea that God's mercy is the reward is this: Do we want our nation to be a enjoyed-the occasiona.J. wars which seemed of obedience to our civil code of laws; nation under God, or without God? The de- July 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19823 cision seems, in this perilous time, to hang groups have made ln the building of America. As for the winning of the West, the black in the balance ! This is terribly important for their pride, cowboy and the black frontiersman have been their self-image, their self-esteem. But it's almost totally ignored. Yet in the typical perhaps even more important for white peo trail crew of eight men that drove cattle up LET'S SET BLACK HISTORY ple to know. For if you believe that a man the Chisholm Trail, at least two were blacks. STRAIGHT has no history worth mentioning, it's easy to The black troopers of the Nin th and Tenth assume that he has no humanity worth de Cavalry composed one-fifth of all the fending. Let's face it: we have a major racial mounted troops Maigned to protect the HON. ELFORD A. CEDERBERG problem in this country-and the only way . frontier after the Civil War-but you'd OF MICHIGAN we'll finally eradicate it is through educa never know that from watching television I tion. Nothing else will destroy the stereotypes Some people don't think these omissions IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and myths that have been built up through are very important. Not long ago, a woman Wednesday, July 16, 1969 the years. teacher asked me scornfully, "What differ Q. What sort of myths? ence do black cowboys make?" They make Mr. CEDERBERG. Mr. Speaker, Wil A. The chief myth is the conviction that a great deal of difference. The cowboy is liam Loren Katz, author of last year's since the Negro's accomplishments don't ap the archetype of American folk hero. award-winning "Eyewitness: The Negro pear in the history books, he didn't have any. Youngsters identify with him instantly. The in American History," in an interview Most people are genuinely astonished when average horse opera is really a kind of moral that was presented in the Reader's Di they learn that blacks sailed with Columbus, ity play, with good guys and bad guys, and gest, recently stated that the most valid marched with Balboa and Pizarro and Cor right finally triumphing over wrong. You of the student demands on campuses to tes, fought side by side with white Americans should see the amazement and relief on day is the request that Negro history in all our wars. They're amazed when you black youngsters' faces when they learn that tell them about Phillis Wheatley, who their ancestors really had a part in all that. and culture be taught on a vastly ex learned English as a slave in Boston and Q. Does a whiff of this sort of knowledge panded scale. wrote poetry so successfully that Voltaire stimulate their interest in learning in Mr. Katz' answers to many of the praised her and George Washington asked general? · problems that the American educational her to come to see him. They never heard A. It certainly does. One day, in one of my system faces today are very valid and of Benjamin Banneker, a mathematician and classes, I wrote on the blackboard that be merit every American's attention. The surveyor who was appointed at the sugges tween 1870 and 1901 there were 22 Negroes answers that Mr. Katz gives show that tion of Thomas Jefferson to the three-man in Congress, including two Senators from commission that planned and laid out the Mississippi. Immediately, a black youngster we can innovate our present system in in the back row yelled out, "I don't believe respect to Negro culture and history city of Washington. Q. Why has the black oontribution been it!" When he finally went to the library and without a revolution on our college cam ignored by historians? Is it some kind of con found that I was right, he really came alive. puses and in our secondary and elemen spiracy? Once considered a non-reader, he wrote a tary school systems. A. Conspiracy is too harsh a word. But ten-page paper on the Negro in World War One of the unfortunate things today certainly there has been a tendency all along II, and another one on James Baldwin. is that most Americans are not aware of to treat the black man as if he were invisi Q. What specific teaching changes would the contributions that black individuals ble. Paul Revere's famous drawing of the you recommend? Boston Massacre shows a battle among A. What we really need, from the earliest and black groups have made to our coun grades up through college and even into the try. Americans should be aware of these whites, despite the faot that blacks were present and one l,eader, Crispus Attucks, a postgraduate level, is preparation for life in a contributions and strive to learn more Negro, was among the five Americans shot multi-racial society. For years, our elemen about the accomplishments of the Ne down. Little has been written about the 5000 tary-school textbooks have depicted only groes in the history of the United States. American Negroes who fought in the Revolu white middle- or upper-middle-class chil Mr. Speaker, I submit this article to tion, but they were in every important battle. dren. We need teaching materials that re my colleagues and to the body of the James Armistead, a slave, spied so success flect other aspects of American life, especially RECORD as an effort toward increasing fully for Lafayette that the Frenchman asked picture materials, because pictures convey the Virginia legislature to grant him his ideas to youngsters far better than words. our general awareness of the contribu At junior-high and high-school levels, we tions of our black citizens to the quality freedom-and it did. In 'the War of 1812, at least one out of every six men in the U.S. should start blending this material into of American life: Navy was a Negro. At the Battle of New courses on American history. Until this is LET'S SET BLACK HISTORY STRAIGHT Orleans, Andrew Jackson had two battalions done, it may be necessary to offer separate (An interview with William Loren Katz) of free Negroes, all volunteers. In the Civil courses on black history. The problem often War, more than 200,000 black troops fought is how to motivate the white teacher. The (NOTE.-William Loren Katz is author of old complaint that teaching materials aren't last yeaJ''s award-winning Eyewitness: The in the Union army and navy, and won 22 Medals of Honor. available is no longer valid: teachers' guides Negro in American History (Pitman), which are available; the homework has been done. the Negro Book Club has called "the best Q. How, then, did the image of the Negro as a proud fighting man disappear? What we must do now is make teachers history book in print on the American Ne realize how exciting and stimulating all this gro." He has served as consultant to the ed u - A. To justify the hideous ins ti tu ti on of slavery, slaveholders had to create the myth fresh new material can be. If it causes a few cation departments of New York and North sparks to fiy in a classroom, why so much Carolina, and to the Smithsonian Institution. of the docile, slow-witted black, incapable of self-improvement, even contented with his the better! It's a lot more constructive to He is general editor of the Arno Press-New have a confrontation in a classroom, with the York Times reprint series. The American lot. Nothing could be further from the truth. The slave fought for his freedom at every teacher as arbitrator, than to have it in the Negro: His History and Literature. For the streets. past 15 years he has taught American history chance he got. There were numerous cases in New York City and Hartsdale, N:Y., high of successful uprisings on slave ships, and Q. What about college level? schools.) Nat Turner's plantation revolt of 1831 was A. At college level we can begin to special Q. Mr. Katz, in recent months, campuses onry one of many. Yet the myth of docility ize. African history, until recently, has been all over the nation have been in an uproar has persisted. badly neglected. By the 15th century, for over student demands. One of the most ve Q. In what other areas has the truth been example, the kingdom of Songhay in West hement and persistent demands is that Ne dls,torted or suppressed? Africa has developed a banking system, a gro history and culture be taught on a vast A. There are many. If I had to single out school system and a complete code of laws. ly expanded scale. Do you think this is jus two, I think I'd choose the role of the black Its university at Timbuktu offered courses in tifiable? as an inventor, and then the part he played surgery, law and literature to scholars from A. I do. I think it's probably one of the in the winning of the West. Most people Europe and Asia as well as from Africa. most valid of the student protests. I hate to have heard of George Washington Carver, I think a course on the so-called Negro see it linked in people's minds with the more who devised scores of new uses for the lowly Renaissance in Harlem during the 1920s, unreasonable demands of extremists, because peanut. But who ever heard of Norbert Ril focusing on such black poets as Claude the need for black history is great through lleux, who in 1846 invented a vacuum pan McKay, Langston Hughes and Countee Cul out our educational system. that revolutionized the sugar-refining indus len, could be just as rewarding as, say, a Q. Why is it suddenly so important? try by speeding up the mechanical process course on the English Lake-District poets of A. It has always been important. When and making the sugar smooth and white? the 19th century. you teach partial history, everybody loses. It's Or of Elijah McCoy, who in 1872 invented · Q. Do you agree with those who say that high time to teach the new generation of the drip cup that feeds oil to the moving black history should be taught only by black youngsters to avoid the ignorance, distor parts of heavy machinery and who held more teachers? tions and falsehoods of the past. than 57 patents for other devices? How many A. No, I don't. The color of your skin has Q. In fairness to black citizens? know that Negroes are credited with invent nothing to do with your qualifications as a A. In fairness to all our citizens. Certainly ing such diverse items as ice cream, the golf teacher. black people should know about the con tee, potato chips, the player piano, the gaa Q. Why is this proposal made so often, tributions that black individuals and black mask and the first traffic light? Not many! then? OXV--1250-Part 15 19824 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 16, 1.96.9 A. Look at the situation from the black I call attention today to an event, like I've had no ulcers because I've had con point of view. If for generations you've been most great events, inauspicious when it fidence, faith and patience to carry me knocking on a door that won't open, you may occurred, that resulted in far-reaching through. If half-way up an obstacle I'd meet easily become convinced tha;t the keepers of a streak of bad luck, I kept right on going the door are your enelllies forever. Also, I developments in our State of West Vir 'till I was over the top. think there's a feeling among some blacks ginia and the rest of the Nation. that when whites and bl:acks get together in Today is the lOOth anniversary of the There were plenty of obstacles in the a joint effort the whites, sometimes more birth of Michael L. Benedum, surely one rough and tumble world of oil well drill articulate or better educated, tend to take of the unique men America has pro ing, but Mike was a master of persever over. It's a psychological thing. Understand duced. Mike Benedum, whom it was my ance, and it paid off handsomely. He able, but in my opinion wrong. privilege to know well, contributed much opened the .great oil fields of west Tex Q . Do you think that college students as, pioneered in Illinois, drilled in Colom should have a say in what courses are taught? to the industrial strength of the United A. Let me answer that question this way. States and other countries. In the proc bia and the Philippines, and was instru If I were a high-school principa..l or college ess he amassed an immense personal for mental in the development of the vast deain, and students came to me with a de tune which he regarded as entrusted to oil reserves in Rumania. mand for any legitimate body of knowledge, him only for safekeeping and which he Even when he was past the age of 80, I would find it hard to turn them d·own. used for the benefit of mankind. He was Mike Benedum personally directed the After all, the biggest problem that teachers a genius at his business, one of the most prospecting activities of his company in generally face is student apathy. If they're competitive in existence, yet he was a Canada and the Gulf of Mexico. On his already fired up with a hunger for knowledge, I'd be inclined to give three cheern and to gentle, philosophical man filled with 85th birthday he gave this formula for make it available. warm, human compassion. his continuing vigor: Q. In this whole ar·ea of black history, do Mike Benedum lived a long, active, and I have been asked how I keep g.oing at my you see any hopeful signs of progre,ss? useful life, filled with personal accom age. My formula is to keep busy so that the A. Certainly. Rep. James H. Scheuer, of plishments and with many valuable years go by unnoticed. To despise nothing New York, has introduced a bill to establish achievements in building a better world. except selfishness, meanness and corrup a national commission on Afro-American his Like so many of our truly great men, tion; fear nothing except cowa rdice, dis tory and culture. Many states, including loyalty and indifference; covet nothing that Southern ones, now reject textbooks that Mike Benedum's beginnings were hum is my neighbor's except his kindness of heart don't reflect our pluralistic society. Maga ble. He was born July 16, 1869, in the and his gentleness of spirit; think many, zines and other media are doing their pa•rt. little town of Bridgeport, W. Va., the son many times of my friends and, if possible, The most hopeful sign of all, I think, is the of a farmer. Life on the mountainous seldom of my enemies. way youngsters devour this information. And farms of West Virginia was difficult in So long as I can work and enjoy the kind why not? Lt's new, it's exciting-and it's those days, and young Mike's formal words of approval of my associates and the true. schooling lasted for only 10 years, and warm handclasp of the younger generatinn , Q . What can the average parent do to help? then only for 4 months a year, before he I see no reason why every day should not be A. He can t ake an interest in his childl'len's as much of a challenge to a man of 85 as it history books. If they're inadequate, he can had to devote full time to work. is to them. complain. If they're honest, he can read them At the age of 20, he left home and im As I see it, age is not a question of himself. He can be concerned about summer mediately encountered one of those years ... it is a state of mind. You are as reading lists. He can try to get good books strange quirks of fate that can suddenly young as your faith, and today I think I on black history into his public library. He and permanently change lives. RiCiinc- on have more faith in my fellow-man, in my can even donate such books himself. a train to Parkersburg, W. Va., he of country and in my God than I have ever It's really just a m atter of replacing ig fered his seat to an older person. The had. norance, and the prejudice that springs from ignorance, with knowledge. And what a paan man was impressed by this polite youth With this philosophy to guide him, less and satisfying way to help solve racial and in the course of conversation offered Mike Benedum remained active in busi conflict: read a book, digest its information, him a job. The man was John Worthing ness until 2 years before his death 10 absorb its meaning, relive history-and dis ton, then a supervisor for the South years ago, 5hortly after his 90th birth cuss it all with friends. Surely that's better Penn Oil Co., and this job started young day. than bricks or clubs in the streets! Benedum on a fantastic career that was Mike Benedum proved that the Amer Once, I remember, several youngsters to earn him the title of the "King of the ican dream can c1ome true for anyone stopped after class to discuss the topic that Wildcatters." with the initiative and energy to grasp we had been st udying. One of them, a white For more than 50 years Benedum student, observed that after all the years of the opportunities that exist in our coun neglect it might be easy to fall into the ranged about the world bringing in new try. How else could a poor farm boy from error of exaggerating black achievements or oil fields at a rapid rate, discovering the West Virginia hills gather in a for contributions. A black youngster standing be more oil reserves than have ever been tune while discovering great reserves of side him spoke up. "There's no need for found by a single individual. oil and gas to power the Nation's that," he said proudly. "The truth will do." It was not an easy task, but Benedum's economy? It's a phrase, I think, that might well be inexhaustible energy and his lusting for Although Mike Benedum made Pitts engraved over every cl:assroom door amd on the adventure of exploring the unknown every teaCiher's heart and mind. We need no burgh his home f.or most of his adult more; we should not settle for less. The truth depths of the earth urged him on life, he never forgot his West Virginia will do. throughout his exciting life. And, for a birthplace, and he came back very often. man who never played a hand of poker Just before his death he longed to jour and never placed a wager on a sports ney t::> Bridgeport for one more visit and, MICHAEL L. BENEDUM, OIL PIO event, Mike Benedum was one of the indeed, wondered if perhaps he should NEER AND PHILANTHROPIST, most avid gamblers. All of his career was never have left. He recognized that the BORN 100 YEARS AGO IN WEST a gamble. Sometimes he lost, but more nature of his business made it necessary VIRGINIA often he won in the game where the fJr him to 1ive in Pittsburgh, but he also stakes were high. recognized the needs of his native State, While the benefits of the game were a State he loved and whose people were HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH big, the losses were of the same magni "his own." OF WEST VIRGINIA tude, and Benedum suffered setbacks The great wildcatter's only son, Claude IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES that might have broken lesser men. One Worthington, died as a young man in such loss resulted from the only time 1917. But his name 'is widely known Wednesday, July 16, 1969 that he elected to play it safe in the busi thr ~ mrh the Claude Worthington Bene Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, Mem ness world. Shortly after making his c.um Foundation, which Mike Benedum bers of the Senate regularly call atten first fortune, his brother advised him e s t~ blished as the vehicle for distribut tion to the anniversaries of notable to abandon the oil business, s·o Benedum ing a sizable portion of his fortune. events. This is a worthwhile tradition. put his money into glass and ceramics. Th") foundation was the cro.wning The Nation and our citizens must re It was not long before he was broke and q chi ~ ve ~1ent of Mike Benedum··s life, a member their vast and varied heritage. hurried back immediately to the sticky, life based on giving, always doing more We need to know of the people who cre black oil which was his first love. than was expected of him without ex ated it as the building stones on which His own words best describe the at pectil"lg return. we live in the present and are construct titude that carried him through ad Mike Benedum chose his hometown of ing for the future. versity: Bridgeport as the recipient of substan- July 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARK,S 19825 tial portions of his philanthropy. He While I may seem to have been generous and with recognition of a responsibility to started by restoring the town's old ceme to these loved ones who are the blood of my distribute my estate in a way that will bring blood, I know from experience that I am in the greatest good to the greatest number. teries, then built a new Methodist church reality merely passing a responsibility to This decision was not made lightly or im and provided the town with a civic them. petuously. center. The book is not closed. The responsibility Conscious that in this Codicil to my Last But his. generosity was widespread. is merely lessened and divided. It is none Will and Testament, I am figuratively speak Many small colleges in West Virginia, the less fearful. I hope that these loved ing from the grave, and that the great book Pennsylvania, and other States have ones of mine will bear with me in this last of my account with the Creator has been benefited through grants from the foun word of counsel, as I again remind them of closed beyond change or amendment, I sub dation, and tens of thousands of young the obligation that goes with their material mit my soul to His tender mercy, and my heritage. I have unlimited confidence that memory to the generosity and compassion of people have been aided in obtaining a they will be faithful to this trust. my fellow man. college education by Benedum scholar As I have seen it, life is but a proving ships. ground where Providence tests the character This, then, was Mike Benedum, a man Equally important with personal suc and mettle of those He places upon the I believe was the embodiment of the cess in the life of Mike Benedum was e.3.rth. The whole course of mortal existence American ideals of enterprise and re the concern and compasison for his fel is a series of problems, sorrows and clifficul sponsibility. Ee saw his poor start as no low men. This prompted him to devote a ties. If that existence be rightly conducted, insurmountable handicap to success, and it becomes a progress towards the fulfill through his own strength and intelli substantial portion of his wealth to ment of human destiny. We must pass charitable and humanita,rian pursuits. through the darkness to reach the light. gence reached the pinnacle of success. The heart of Mike Benedum has touched Throughout my adult life, day by day and But he never lost. sight of the fact that unnumbered people, especially our youth. year by year, I have been instilled w1th the others were not so fortunate. He worked Mike Benedum ·has been dead for 10 conviction that wealth cannot be measured hard, but he generously shared the fruits years, but his work goes on as before in terms of money, stocks, bonds, broad acres of his labor with others. · through the foundation, now under the or by ownership of mine and mill. These This singular man will not soon be capable leadership of his nephew, Paul cannot bear testimony to the staple of real forgotten. excellence of man or woman. Those who use G. Benedum, Sr., as president. I am a materlal yardstick to appraise their wealth privileged to serve on the fou'ndation's and foolishly imagine themselves to be rich board with such devoted and able men are objects of pity. In their ignorance and URBAN RENEW AL PROJECT as Henry A. Bergstrom, John A. Byerly, misanthropic isolation, they suffer from David A. Johnson, James G. Harlow, and shrinkage of the soul. HON. WILLIAM D. FORD Byron B. Randolph. All of them are ded All of us aspire to a higher and 'better icated to the ideals of Mike Benedum life beyond this, but I feel that the indi OF MICHIGAN vidual who seeks to climb the ladder alone IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and to carrying out his wishes through will never find the way to Paradise. Only the foundation. those who sustain the faltering ones on the Wednesday, July 16, 1969 For many years one of Benedum's rungs above and extend a helping hand to Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speak close associates was Sam T. Mallison, the less fortunate on the rungs below, can er, the city of Dearborn Heights, in my a talented newspaperman and author approach the end with the strength of sub congressional district of Michigan, re who came out of West Virginia to work lime faith and oonfidence. cently received a $317,685 loan from the with the great wildcatter. Mallison be At the end of life each of us must face the great teacher that we call death. Stern, Department of Housing and Urban De lieved in Benedum and was fascinated cold and irresistible, it walks the earth in velopment to proceed with plans for an by his career. This intense interest re dread mystery and lays its hands upon all. ambitious urban renewal project. sulted in a book about Benedum and The wealth of empires cannot stay its ap Approval of this loan was the culmina other writings. In one moving little story, proach. As I near my rend•ezvous with this tion of several years' work by Dearborn Mallison tells of the last days of Mike common leveler of mankind, whioh takes Heights city officials~ working with my Benedum before his death in 1959. In it prince and pauper alike to the democracy office and with the Chicago regional of he includes a codicil Benedum had added of the grave, I do so with resignation to the will of God and with faith in His eternal fice of the Department of Housing and to his will and which I believe states Urban Development. succinctly and with feeling, in his own justice. Life has been sweet to me-sweet in the I take this opportunity to bring Dear words, the essence of the man and his loved ones that have been mine, sweet in born Heights' plans to the attention of character. the friends who have surrounded me, and my colleagues in the House to show them It reads: rewarding in the opportunities that have how one typical American city is utiliz The disposition of a not inconsiderable come my way. I could not leave this earth ing one of the many programs that Con estate is never an easy assignment. It has with any degree of happiness or satisfaction gress has authorized to help communi been a thorny and laborious problem for me if I f-elt that I had not tried to bring some because, recognizing my frailty and inade of these joys to those less fortunate than I ties solve their problems and plan for the quacy, I have not been able to lose sight have been. future. of the awesome responsibilfty involved. We know not where seed may sprout. In Dearborn Heights is a city of some 80,- If I could have looked upon my material the poorest and most unregarded child who 000 persons, with an area of 12.7 square goods as personal property, belonging to me seems to be abandoned to ignorance and miles. It is located in central Wayne alone, my task would have been immeasur evil, there may slumber virtue, intellect and County, adjacent to the city of Dear ably lighter. But I have never regarded my genius. It is our duty to sow and to nurture, born and a few miles south of Detroit. possessions in that light. Providence gives leaving it to others to harv•es·t the fruits of It is bisected by U.S. 24-Telegraph no fee simple title to such possessions. As I our efforts. have seen it, all of the elements of the earth While I am conscious that my love for Road-and I-94-the Detroit Industrial belong to the Creator of all things, and He the land th
I cotic Addicts to facllltate researcli in drug and communities, the medical and scientific REGISTRATION OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS addiction; and professions, law enforcement authorities and SEC. 405. Title V of the Public Health Serv "(7) make project grants to State or local other concerned groups and individuals in ice Act is amended by adding at the end agencies and other public or nonprofit agen coping w:lth the problems of drug abuse, thereof the following new section while at the same time encouraging ready cies or institutions for the establishment, "REGISTRATION OF RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS construction, staffing, operation, and main access to certain substances for scientific, tenance of regional centers for research in therapeutic, industrial, or other legitimate "SEC. 513. (a) No person may conduct any drug abuse and related problems, one of purposes, the Secretary shall- research project with any narcotic drug (as which centers shall be established as a Na (1) carry out the studies and investiga defined in section 4731 of the Internal Rev tional Addiction and Drug Abuse Research tions pertaining to narcotics and depressant enue Code of 1954) or with marihuana (as Center as part of the National Institute of and stimulant drugs as directed by section defined in section 201 (y) of the Federal Mental Health, and shall be located in close 302(a) of the Public Health Service Act; Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) unless such proximity to the central research facillties of (2) determine which substances should be research ls conducted by an establishment such Institute so as to avoid duplication of subject to control because of their ability currently registered by the Secretary under basic science laboratories and to allow for to produce physical or psychological depend this section. Registration under this section exchange of scientific information in col ence which could lead to abuse; shall be for one-year periods, and shall be laboration between researchers in these ( 3) place these substances in such classes renewable for like periods. and categories as he shall find necessary, "(b) (1) No establishment may be regis closely related areas. tered under this section except pursuant to Any information contained in the Na.tional ranked according to the extent of their abil ity to produce physical or psychological de-. application which shall set forth- Registry of Narcotic Addicts, established un " (A) the name of the applicant· der paragraph (6), shall be used only for pendence and their relative capabilities for abuse; "(B) his principal place of busi~ess· statistical and research purposes and no "(C) the number or other identifi~ation name or identifying characteristics of any (4) promulgate a list of all such substances classified or categorized as directed by para of any applicable Federal, State, or local person who ls listed in the Registry shall be license or registration, relating to narcotic divulged without the approval of the Secre graph (3); and ( 5) amend such list from time to time drugs or marihuana, currently held by the tary and the consent of the person concerned applicant including the number or other except to personnel who operate the Registry. by adding, deleting, or changing the classi fication or categorization of a substance as identification of any such Federal license or The Secretary may authorize persons en registration previously held by the applicant· gaged in research under this subsection on he shall find necess·ary in the light of new scientific knowledge. "(D) procedures for accountab111ty fo~ the use and effect of drugs to protect the drugs used in research projects of the appli privacy of individuals who are the subject (b) No substance may be included on such list unless it is a narcotic drug (as de cant and the methods to be used and the of such research by withholding from all safeguards to be instituted against diver persons not connected with the conduct of fined in section 4731 of the Internal Revenue sion of the drugs used in such projects to such research the names or other identifying Code) or is a depressant or stimulant drug determined under section 201 of the Federal nonmedical or nonscientific uses· and characteristics of such individuals. Persons "(E) any other information r~quired by so authorized to protect the privacy of such Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and not ex the Secretary by regulations. individuals may not be compelled in any empted under section 511 (f) of that Act. Federal, State, civil, criminal, administra (c) The initial list promulgated by the The Secretary may not register an estab tive, legislative, or other proceeding to iden Secretary shall not take effect until after lishment under this section unless he deter tify such individuals. such list has been published in the Federal mines that the applicant has established ade Register, and not less than thirty days shall quate procedures to provide for accountabil "(d) The following amounts are hereby ity for drugs used in research projects of the authorized to be appropriated: have passed thereafter. If within suoh thirty day period any person adversely affected by applicant and adequate methods to safe "(1) For carrying out the purposes of such listing shall require opportunity for a guard against diversions of such drugs to section 302(c) (1) through (6), $3,000,000 hearing, the Secretary shall provide for such nonmedical or nonscientific uses, in accord for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971; hearing, in conformity with the procedures ance with regulations issued by the Secre $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, prescribed in section 701 of the Federal Food, tary, with the concurrence of the Attorney 1972; $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending Drug, and Cosmetic Act, with judicial re- General. Such regulations shall permit the June 30, 1973; and $10,000,000 for the fiscal . view available in conformity wlith such sec conduct of double-blind studies year ending June 30, 1974. tion. After such list shall have become final, "(2) Each applicant registered under this "(2) For carrying out the purposes of any change in the category of any substance section shall, before any drugs are admin section 302(c) (7), $3,000,000 for the fiscal may be carried out by the Secretary only istered to human beings under a research year ending June 30, 1970; $10,000,000 for after similar notice, opportunity for a hear project of the applicant, submit to the Sec the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971; $25,- ing, and opportunity for judicial review in retary, in such form and containing such 000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, oonform1.ty with such section 701. information as the Secretary may require, a 1972; $20,000,000 for the fiscal year ending SEC. 403. Before making any of the deter research protocol, describing the research to June 30, 1973; $20,000,000 for the fiscal year minations required by section 402, the Sec be conducted, listing the investigators (each ending June 30, 1974; and $15,000,000 for the retary shall consider the advice of the Ad of whom must be registered under section establishment of the National Addiction and visory Committee on Narcotics and Danger 4722 or 4753 of the Internal Revenue Code Drug Abuse Research Center, to remain avail ous Drugs, establdshed by section 503 of this as applicable) and their qualifications t~ able until expended." Act, and shall consult with the Attorney engage in such research, and otherwise con TITLE IV-CONTROL OF DANGEROUS General. forming to the requirements of section 505(i) SUBSTANCES of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. CONTROL OF ILLEGAL TRANSACTIONS IN No such research protocol may provide for SEC. 401. (a) The Congress finds and de MARIHUANA the dispensing or administration of drugs clares that the importation, manufacture, SEC. 404. (a) Section 201 (v) (3) of the Fed to human beings except by persons licensed distribution, possession, and use of narcotic eral Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 -U.S.C. to dispense or administer such drugs under drugs and depressant and stimulant drugs 321(v) (3)) is amended (1) by striking out applicable State laws. for nonmedical and nonscientific purposes "and any other" and inserting in lieu there " ( c) ( 1) The Secretary may revoke or sus have a substantial and detrimental effect on of, "marihuana, and any"; and (2) by strik pend the registration of any establishment the health and general welfare of the Amer ing out ", and marihuana as defined in sec granted under this section if he finds (A) ican people, that the medical and scientific tion 4761, of the Internal Revenue Code of that the application for such registration use of such drugs are important elements of 1954 (26 U.S.C. 4731, 4761)" and inserting in contains any untrue statement of material the practice of medicine and of scientific re lieu thereof "of the Internal Revenue Code fact, (B) that research projects in such es search, and that adequate provision must be of 1954". tablishment are not being conducted in ac made to insure the availability of controlled (b) Section 201 of such Act is amended by cordance with approved procedures or meth drugs for such legitimate purposes. adding at the end thereof the following new ods relating to accountability for drugs or (b) The Congress further finds that there paragraph: safeguards against diversion of drugs used ls a need for a single comprehensdve code "(y) The term 'marihuana' means all parts in such project to nonmedical or nonscien which makes the necessary distinctions of the plant Cannabis sativa L., whether tific uses, or (C) research projects involving a.Illong narcotic drugs and depressant and growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin the dispensing or administration of drugs to stlmulant drugs with respect to the degree extracted from any part of such plant; and human beings are being conducted by per of control required and between their medi every compound, manufacture, salt, deriva sons not licensed under applicable State law cal and scientific use as against their abuse tive, mixture, or preparation of such plant; to dispense or administer drugs. for nonmedlcal and nonscientific purposes. its seeds, or resin; but shall not include the "(2) Regulations of the Secretary shall It is therefore the purpose of this title to mature stalks of such plant, fiber produced provide for notice and opportunity for a provide for the establishment of such a code, from such stalks, oil, or cake made from the hearing before revocation or suspension of by utilizing the medical and sClientific ex seeds of such plant any other compound, registration under this section, except that, pertise of the Secretary of Health, Education, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or upon a finding of imminent hazard to the and Welfare, and the particular competence preparation of such mature stalks (except public health, such registration may be sus and expertise of persons versed in the fields the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, pended or revoked prior to such hearing, but of mental health and pharmacology. or cake, or the sterilized seed of such plant opportunity for a hearing shall be granted SEC. 402. (a) In order to aid the States which is incapable of germination." immediately in such cases." July 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19831 AMENDMENTS RELATING TO DRUG RESEARCH IN (1) Section 4702(a) (1) is amended by which he is required to make under amend REGULATED ESTABLISHMENTS striking out "The Secretary or his delegate" ments made by this Act. This committee SEC. 406. (a) Section 4704(b) of the·Inter where it appears after subparagraph (B) and shall be known as the Advisory Committee on nal Revenue Code of 1954 is amended by inserting in lieu thereof "The Secretary of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. It shall be striking out the period at the end thereof and Health, Education, and Welfare, after con composed of not less than twelve persons of inserting in lieu thereof "; or", and by insert sultation with the Attorney General". diverse professional backgrounds, including ing immediately below paragraph (2) the (2) Sections 4702(a) (3) and 4702(a) (5) the fields of pharmacology, psychiatry, psy following new paragraph: are each amended by striking out "The Secre chology and other behavioral sciences, man "(3) RESEARCH.-To the dispensing or ad tary or his delegate" where it appears in ufacturing, and distribution, who, in the ministration of narcotic drugs in the course those sections and inserting in lieu thereof opinion of the Secretary, qualify as experts of a research project conducted by an estab "The Secretary of Health, Education, and on the subject of narcotic drugs or depres lishment currently registered under section Welfare, after consultation with the Attorney sant or stimulant drugs. 513 of the Public Health Service Act, if General". records of the drugs so dispensed or admin (3) Section 4705(c) (2) (C) is amended by istered are kept as required by this subpart." striking out "The Secretary or his delegate" (b) Section 4705(c) of the Internal Reve and inserting in lieu thereof "The Secretary nue Code of 1954 is amended by adding at of Health, Education, and Welfare, afteT con THE GREAT ADVENTURE the end thereof the following: sultation with the Attorney General". "(5) RESEARCH.-To the dispensing or ad (4) Sections4731(g) (1) and4731(g) (2) are ministration of narcotic drugs to any per each amended by striking out "The Secretary HON. JAMES G. FULTON son in the course of a research project con or his delegate (after considering the tech OF PENNSYLVANIA ducted by an establishment currently regis nical advice of the Secretary of Health, Edu IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tered issued under section 513 of the Public cation, and Welfare or his delegate, on the Health Service Act. Such registrant shall keep subject) " and inserting in lieu thereof in Wednesday, July 16, 1969 a record of all such drugs dispensed or ad each such section "The Secretary of Health, Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. ministered, showing the amount dispensed Education, and Welfare, after consultation or administered, the date, and the name and ·with the Attorney General". Speaker, under leave to extend my re address of the person to whom such drugs (b) Section 2 (b) of the Narcotic Drugs Im marks in the RECORD, I include the fol are dispensed or administered, except such port and Export Act is amended by striking lowing article from the July 21 issue of as may be dispensed or administered to a out "the board" and inserting in lieu thereof Newsweek: patient upon whom a physician, dentist, "the Secretary of Health, Education, and Wel THE GREAT ADVENTURE: VOYAGE TO THE MOON fare, after consultation with the Attorney veterinary surgeon, or other practitioner The odyssey is at hand, computed to the shall personally attend; and such record General". tiniest margin of error. All the ingenuity shall be kept for a period of two years from (c) ~ection lO(a) of the Opium Poppy of technology is marshalled, thousands of the date of dispensing or administering such Control Act of 1942 (21 U.S.C. 188) is contingencies have been calculated. But it drugs, subject to ·inspection, as provided 11> amended by striking out "The Secretary of remains for man, not the computer, to ven section 4773." the Treasury" and inserting in lieu thereof ture into the unknown. (c) Section 4721(5) of the Internal Reve "The Secretary of Health, Education, and Apollo 11 is, quite simply, man's greatest nue Code of 1954 is amended by striking out Welfare, after consultation with the Attor adventure-his first fiight to the surface of "research, instruction, or analysis" and in ney General". another body in the space that encompasses serting in lieu thereof "instruction or anal (d) The Narcotics Manufacturing Act of his familiar earth. And though much of the ysis, or for the purpose of research by an 1960 is amended as follows: count-down at Ca.pe Kennedy last weekend establishment currently registered under ( 1) The second sentence of section 5 (b) retraced the now-familiar steps for a mo section 513 of the Public Health Service Act,''. (21 U.S.C. 503) is amended by striking out mentous journey, there were new signs to (d) Section 4742(b) of the Internal Rev "The Secretary or his delegate" and inserting point up the majesty and portent of Apollo enue Code of 1954 is amended by adding at in lieu thereof "The Secretary of Health, Edu ll's mission. the end thereof the following: cation, and Welfare, after consultation with There was, first of all, the beauty and "(6) RESEARCH PROJECTS.-To a transfer the Attorney General". national pride reflected in the names se of marihuana to or by a person in the con (2) The second sentence of section 5 (d) is lected by the astronauts for their ships- duct of a research project conducted by an amended by striking out "The Secretary or Eagle, symoblic emblem of the United States, establishment currently registered under his delegate" and inserting in lieu thereof for the landing craft that is to carry Neil section 513 of the Public Health Service Act. "The Secretary of Health, Education, and A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin to the Such registrant shall keep a record of all such Welfare, after consultation with the Attor floor of the moon; Columbia, the shining marihuana used in such project, showing ney General." symbol of the nation, for the mother ship the amount used and the name and address (3) Section 6 (21 U.S.C. 504) is amended that Michael Collins wm pilot while his crew of the person using such marihuana, and by striking out "The Secretary or his dele mates explore the moon. As Armstrong, the such record shall be kept for a period of gate" the first and third time it appears and commander and the man scheduled to be two years from the date of such use, and first to set foot on the moon, recently noted: be subject to inspection as provided in sec inserting in lieu thereof "The Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, after con "The nam.es are representative of the fiight tion 4773." su!tation with the Attorney General". and of the nation's hopes." And there was (e) Section 4751(4) of the Internal Reve the quickening interest in the eight-day, nue Code of 1954 is amended by striking out (4) Section 7(b) (21 U.S.C. 505(b)) is amended by striking out "if the Secretary or 500,000-mile odyssey, as hundreds of thou "research, instruction, or analysis" and in sands of ordinary folk-plus former Presi serting in lieu thereof "instruction or anal his delegate" and inserting in lieu thereof "if the Secretary of Health, Education, and dent Lyndon B. Johnson, the representatives ysis, or for the purpose of research by of 60 foreign nations, and U.S. congressmen an establishment currently registered under Welfare, after consultation with the Attorney General". and senators-began descending on Florida section 513 of the Public Health Service to see the start of the journey. Beyond the Act,''. (5) P~ragraph (1) of Section 8(a) (21 Cape, hundreds of millions more were ex TITLE V-MISCELLANEOUS U.S.C. 506(a)) is amended by striking out pected to watch the launching via TV and "which will produce" and inserting in lieu TRANSFERS OF AUTHORITY communications satellites. thereof "which the Secretary of Health, Edu What they will see is some 160 seconds of SEC. 501. The functions, powers and duties cation, and Welfare, after consultation with of the Attorney General under Reorganiza powered fiight as the 363-foot-tall Apollo the Attorney General, determines w111 pro Saturn vehicle leaves Pad 39 at 9 :32 a.m., tion Plan Number 1 of 1968 to designate a duce". drug as a depressant or stimulant drug under EDT, Wednesday. (6) Section 11 (a) (21 U.S.C. 509) is But that lift, calculated to the second and section 201 (V) of the Federal Food, Drug, and amended by striking out "the Secretary or Cosmetic Act, and to make a finding that a the foot-pound, should be enough to thrust his delegate" and inserting in lieu thereof Armstrong, Aldren and Collins into the ranks drug or other substance is an opiate under "The Secretary of Health, Education, and section 4731 of the Internal Revenue Code of of man's pre-eminent explorers. And to Co Welfare, after consultation with the Attorney lumbus's Santa Maria, Lindbergh's Spirit of 1954, to determine the medical, scientific, and General". other legitimate needs of the United States St. Louis and Yuri Gagarin's Vostok, will be for the purpose of establishing manufactur (7) Section 11 (b) is amended by striking added the names of Eagle and Columbia. In ing quotas for narcotic drugs under section out "the Secretary or his delegate" the first less than twelve minutes after launch, the 509 of the Narcotics Manufacturing Act of time it appears in that section and insert Apollo 11 crew hope to be 115 miles in a 1960, and the amounts of narcotic drugs that ing in Ueu thereof "The Secretary of Health, temporary orbit, their three-segment ship should be imported or exported under sec Education, and Welfare, after consultation still attached to the Saturn 5's third stage. tions 173 and 182 of title 21 of the United with the Attorney General". A little less than three hours later, the States Code, are transferred to the Secretary. ADVISORY COMMITTEE third stage will be started up again and, in a nearly six-minute-long burn.of its 227,000- AMENDMENTS RELATING TO TRANSFERS OF SEC. 503. The Secretary of Health, Educa pound-thrust single engine, increase the AUTHORITY tion, and Welfare shall appoint a committee speed of the Apollo 11 ship from about 17 ,400 SEC. 502. (a) The Internal Revenue Code of of experts to advise him with respect to any mph to 24,200 mph and drive the spaceship 1954 is amended as follows: of the determinations pertaining to drugs ontsun heats them evenly. instrument panel to indicate that contact and four manned Apollo flights, long meet The silent minutes has been made; the crew is to shut down ings of the Lunar Surface Operations Plan Around 1:26 p.m., EDT, next Saturday, the the engine one second after the light flashes ning Group representing a dozen NASA offices Apollo 11 ship is to sweep behind the moon. and allow the craft to free-fall the final few and scores of doctors, suit designers, geolo For 34 minutes, officials at NASA's Mission feet to a comparatively smooth corner in the gists, lighting and photo experts, human Control Center in Houston have no way of Sea of Tranquillity. The landing jolt is not factors engineers-all these events and men knowing if the ship's 20,500-pound-thrust expected to be harder than what an airline had to coalese in the last few months to pro engine, in a six-minute burn, braked Apollo passenger feels when his jet lands. duce the Lunar Surface Operations Plan. For, 11 from a speed of 8,279 mph to 5,476 mph At about 4:19 p.m., Sunday, July 20, if after $24 billion had launched the astronauts and dropped it into lunar orbit with a everything has gone well up until then, Arm to the moon, what were they to do there? pericynthion (low point above the moon) of strong and Aldrin expect to be peering down And what could they feasibly do wi.th.in the on the grayish-tan surface of the moon ap 69 miles and an apocynthion of 195 miles. If physical limitations of man and his tech the engine-which has so far been success proximately 15 feet below them. And the nology? Tests revealed, for example, that an flight plan, a model of prudence, calls for astronaut was likely to burn up 1,600 British fully fired 34 times in previous Apollo the two men to prepare the ascent, or upper, flights-does not ignite, Apollo 11 will be stage of Eagle for take-off (see the following Thermal Units of eneTgy per hour on the traveling too fast for the moon's weak two pages for a detailed account of the moon moon. So one contractor developed a back gravitational field to hold it and will head stay). pack designed to keep an astronaut cool for back toward earth. That part of the Sea of Tranquillity where four hours, and NASA programed a maximum On Saturday evening, Aldrin and Collins Eagle is to come to rest may seem about as time of three hours for Extravehicular Activ are to cpen the hatch in the top of the cone exciting to viewers back on earth as a tele ity (EVA). Other human parameters, such as shaped Columbia, remove the docking mech vised view of the Sahara desert. The landing the size of an oxygen unit an astronaut could anism, and clear a 32-inch-diameter, 3-foot site, according to Navy Capt. Lee Scherer, conveniently carry, began to chisel down the long tunnel leading to Eagle. Aldrin is to the NASA director of the Lunar Exploration endless list of things man might like to do wriggle down the length of the tunnel and Office, was chosen because it appears to be on the moon. swing open Eagle's hatch. After a quick check empty of large craters and big boulders that What finally emerged from the deba.tes at that everything is in working order inside the could destroy a landing craft. Most of the NASA was a "time-line"-a schedule precise landing craft, Aldrin is to return to the craters in this area, Scherer thinks, are no to the split second that ·detailed time allot three-man cabin. bigge·r than 10 feet across. The surface of ments for everything from thre deployment of Four days out, the schedule calls for Aldrin the moon here is thought to be largely made sophisticated equipment on the lunar sur to re-enter Eagle, followed-an hour later up of fine-grained basalt, with the cohesive face to the spontaneous expression of joy by Armstrong. At 2: 12 p.m., EDT, Sunday, ness of wet beach sand. Like the footprints likely to be emitted by the astronauts once Armstrong and Aldrin will shove off from found by Robinson Crusoe, Armstrong and they realize that they, after all, are the first Collins. While Armstrong fires small thrust Aldrin are expected to leave the imprint of men on the moon. Apollo 11 's planned time ers to keep Eagle on an even keel, the guid their heavy thermal boots to a depth of line, subjec.t to the X-for unknown-facto!!:", ance computer will operate the 10,000-pound ¥.i-to-% inch in the virgin surface of the follows: braking engine. moon. Physicist Robert Jastrow, an adherent Sunday, July 20, 2:12 p.m., EDT: Lunar At 50,000 feet above the moon, Armstrong of the theory of a cold moon where geological Module (Eagle) separates from Command is to turn Eagle over-it will have been de activity has ceased, suggests the astronauts' Service Module (Columbia). Armstrong and scending until then on its back, with its two footprints might last a million years. Aldrin stand like motormen a.t the controls triangular windows looking out toward black The crewmen hope to return to earth with of the LM, firing the c:Lesoent rocket to begin space-for a good close-up view of the moon. 130 pounds of soil and rocks for 142 sci breaking Eagle's orbital speed from 3,500 At that point, Eagle will be about 276 miles entists and laboratories in the U.S. and mph. On final approach the craft tilts to the west of the landing site. abroad to analyze, in samples weighing from vertical and the crew f·OT the first time can It will take the four-legged, spidery-look 0.1 to 300 grams. The material, unaffected look out their windows to reconnoiter the ing craft just under twelve minutes to cover by weather, may provide clues to the origins planned landing site. Descent engine still those 276 miles and descend those final 50,000 of the universe. thrusting, speed dropping to a few feet per feet. A radar on the underside of Eagle's de Armstrong, Aldrin and Oollins have trained second. Eagle's four landl.ng pads-three scent stage will bounce signals off the moon, diligently for this mission, since being noti with 68-inoh probe extensions-touch moon and the ship's computer will calculate not fied last January that they had been as surface. only how far above the craters the LM is at signed to Apollo 11. Armstrong, the civil 4:19 p.m.: Touchdown: When the tip of any instant, but also how fast it is sinking. ian who is commander of the epochal journey, the first probe touches the lunar contact in Below 10,000 feet aLtitude, Armstrong will has driven the crew like a "czar," according dicators on the control panel light up blue. gradually begin to right his ship. By the time to observers around the Manned Spacecraft A seoond later the crew cuts descent engine. Eagle' passes through 7,600 feet altitude- Center in Houston. All three are extremely 4:19:01 pm.: Eagle settles onto surface as called the "high-gate" mark-the ship will competent, intelligent men, but there is lit probes break away. The astronauts will con have been tilted vertically enough so that tle of the camaraderie that the crew of Apol firm verbally with Houston wha.t .n.pollo Con the crewmen will be able to see the landing lo 9 and 10 exhibited. trol's instruments on earth have recorded. site almost 5 miles directly ahead. On the For the past several days, the three astro The crew's first action once they've landed windows in front of Armstrong and Aldrin nauts have been taking elaborate steps to will be to try to decide whether to leave. They are a 8eries of lines, like the marks on a avoid catching a last-minute cold. President will punch "V 37 E 12 E" into their computer, measuring cup and numbered from zero Nixon, whose signature the astronauts will the normal program for ascent. The com through 70. The computer, after calculating carry to the moon on a special plaque at puter will then prepare the ship for blast the coordinates of the landing site, then tached to a landing leg of Eagle, had planned off. Less than 60 seconds later the computer prints out a number; by looking through to have dinner with Armstrong and his crew will flash: Engine ready enable. Armstrong designated lines on the panes, the crewmen the night before the launch. But NASA's and Aldrin will then check out their instru will know where their craft is to settle down. Charles A. Berry, the astronauts' physician, ments. If they find something wrong, they At 500 feet, Armstrong will have Eagle al expressed his concern that the President or will punch the computer proceed button to most completely right side up and, like a some of his staff members might be carry rocket the ship off the moon and back to helicopter, beginning a steep-but slow ing germs. The President canceled out. He Columbia. If they feel, however, that all sys descent to the surface. At 78 feet altitude, still intends, however, to be aboard the re tems are working properly and the ship has Eagle will be sinking gently at a rate of 3 covery carrier in the Pacific July 24 when suffered no damage in landing, they will feet per second, and the two astronauts are Apollo 11 is scheduled to return to earth. punch "P-68" (the Landing Confirmation to give the landing area a very close inspec Although he will not be able to shake Program), automatically entering their ex tion for deep craters or large boulders that hands with the triumphant moonmen-they act position into the computer, shutting might tip their craft on landing. If they will be strictly quarantined against the re down the systems and putting the ship in spot any potential hazard, they will have mote possibility that they have taken back an idle state for a later departure. enough propellant left in the tanks of Eagle's unknown microorganisms to earth from the 6:23 p.m.: By now, the astronauts have descent stage at that point for about two lunar surface-Mr. Nixon nevertheless will be completed their laborious post-landing minutes of hovering flight in which to pick able to talk to Armstrong, Aldrin and Col checkout. Next, they are to eat reconsti out a smoother site and then maneuver the lins through a telephone to their sealed tuted freeze-dried food packages in their LM to it. NASA engineers say this is sufficient trailer. What he has to say may be of more pantry and rest for four hours (they may July 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19833 take a Seconal sleeping pill to dim their the moon feels. "He'll be building up his 4:29 a.m.: About twenty minutes after excitement). According to NASA officials, confidence,'' says Green. Aldrin's re~urn to the LM, Armstrong will. they are not likely to skip their rest period 2:26 a.m.: Armstrong will then pull out a follow, shedding his overshoes and wiping hi.s because they anticipate at least two grueling collapsed "contingency-sample" tool-a 25- feet on the rungs before entering the ship. hours 'moving about in a space suit that adds inch-long aluminum handle with a loop at They will have left behind the scientific 30 moon pounds-or 180 earth pounds-to the end to which the astronaut attaches a equipment, litter such as springs that were their burden. "Unless the controllers said Teflon bag. With this tool, Armstrong doesn't released and discarded bags, a plaque with 'Go out early,' I don't think they would pass have to bend over-his space suit wouldn't Richard Nixon's signature, the American flag, up that rest," says Richard J. Green, of allow him to do that anyhow-or even bend microfilmed messages from leaders of foreign NASA. his arms and legs more than slightly. He is nations on earth, and the footprints of the 10:58 p.m.: The astronauts eat once again to sorape together some lunar soil and rocks. first men on the moon. to build up energy. 2:38 a.m.: Aldrin leaves to join Armstrong. 4: 42 a.m. : By this time the hatch may 11: 58 p.m.: Armstrong and Aldrin begin While Aldrin is feeling his way around, Arm have been shut long enough for the oxygen putting on their Extravehicular Mobility strong will walk back toward MESA and pressure buildup to reach a point where the Units (EMU), which consist, essentially, of a mount the TV camera on a tripod. astronauts can discard their helmets-thus pressure suit, a thermal garment, a helmet, 2: 48 a.m.: Armstrong will take the bundle releasing the pressure inside the space suits. and a Portable Life Support System (PLSS) to a spot about 30 feet away and set up the They will then eat and sleep for a scheduled back pack containing the oxygen supply, camera: earthbound audiences may then four hours and 40 minutes. electrical power, communications gear ~nd have a fairly panoramic view of the astro 9:22 a.m.: Houston will awaken the astro a liquid cooling unit. The space suit is a 28- naut's activities from then on. The sun will nauts for their next task-breakfast and layered, white-colored network of synthetic be about 10 degrees above the eastern horizon then the countdown. fibers. The outer layer is made of a heat and the astronauts will have to be careful 1: 55 p.m.: They fire the ascent engine to resistant glass fabric layered w~th plastic not to point the camera toward it--just like leave that, despite its smooth, silky texture, is any tourist snapping pictures. If Houston 5 :32 p.m.: Columbia and Eagle dock in tough enough to insulate against an expect says the reception is poor, Armstrong may lunar orbit. ed moon temperature of 150 degree Fahren deploy an umbrella-like antenna 12 feet high Tuesday, July 22, 12: 57 a.m.: Armstrong heit. The helmet is a clear sphere, a plastic and with a 10-foot-diameter wire-mesh dish fires Columbia's engine, on the moon's far fishbowl of Lexan. There are two visors. The to improve the signal. side, for return to earth. outer one is tinted gold to shield infra-red 2: 51 a.m.: Aldrin is to go back to MESA, and ultraviolet light without appreciably al pull a lever, and set up the solar-wind col MEN FOR THE MOON tering the color of the moon. The inner one lector. Little more than a screen of alumi (NOTE.-To many outsiders-and to the is slightly tinted, to reduce interior fogging. num foil and easel, it unfolds like a home scoffers-the three men who are to embark The astronauts will also put on "lunar over movie screen. If it sticks, Aldrin will prob for the moon this week seem hard to tell shoes." ably abandon the experiment. apart: close-cropped, small-town, family Monday, July 21, 1:01 a.m.: The astro 3: 28 a.m.; The Early Apollo Scientific Ex men-three W ASP-ish peas in a space pod. nauts struggle within the confines of the periments Package (EASEP) is deployed by On closer inspection, however, the Apollo 11 LM to lmit up.-They .already have to adjust Aldrin. The major item in EASE is the Pas crewmen are distinct individuals. No one to a new world. The PLSS back pack (a sive Seismic Experiments Package (PSEP), need mistake them for the ma.n next door $250,000 unit) redistributes the total weight a seismograph fifteen to twenty times more they are much too intelligent and complex. of astironaut and equipment so that the sensitive than any so far used on earth. In a matter of days, these three Americans center of gravity is raised from "earth point" 3:31 a.m.: The PSEP is to be set up 70 feet are to become historical figures for all time around his wishbone are·a to "moon point" from the LM and to work properly, it must be and for all men. Here are thre~ candid por at chin level. Adjusting to lunar gravita lined up on the moon's east-west axis. To traits of the men of Apollo 11-and of their tion--one-sdxth of ea.rth's--can be hazardous. do this, Aldrin must deploy a spring-loaded views-on the eve of their adventure.) "If he bends forward slightly, he pitches for gnomon (a car-antenna-like unit) that will Civilian Neil A. Armstrong, 38, the Apollo ward," explains Angelo Micocci, a Bendix cast a shadow on the sundial contained in commander who is scheduled to be the first project engineer in Ann Arbor, Mich., where the PSEP baggage and indicate compass di man to walk on the moon, has been known the moon science experiments were built. rections. PSEP is so sensitive that NASA to smoke a cigar and enjoy himself at par hopes to record the astronaut's footsteps as "He can't squat either. If he d~ fall on his ties. But he can also be a diffident, tightly chest, he can do a push-up that will put he walks away from the experiment. Simul controlled individual whose intensity may him back on his feet." Originally, the back taneously, Armstrong will set up the Laser oome to the surface only in tne form of small pack was a sharp-cornered square box. Ranging Retro-Reflection Experiment gestures: nose-rubbing, blushing, 1'ar-pull "When they were square," says Micocci, "the (LRR) about 10 feet away. The astronauts ing, a slight stamme·ring. "He appears cold,'.' astronauts had an awful time rolling over." will only estimate-not pace off-distances says Dr. Chru-les A. Herry, chief of medical Now that the back pack edges are rounded, in deploying the equipment. In all they will operations at NASA's Manned Spacecraft "falling down is not a prime concern," says stay within a 70- by 10-foot area-about the Oenter, "but actually, he's bashful. When size of a modest home lot. you know Neil, you find that he can be a Micocci. "They've practiced." 3 :42 a.m.: Aldrin and Armstrong begin to 1: 58 a.m.: Gradual depressuriza tion of very warm individual." There are not, how fill NASA•s "sample-return containers," or, ever, many people who know Armstrong. Eagle begins to make its interior of equal as the astronauts call them, the "rock atmosphere with the airless moon and ena.ble Armstrong was born in Wapakoneta, Ohio, boxes." Each box is about 19 inches long 11Y2 the son of a state auditor. "We would do an crew to open hatch. inches wide, and 8 inches high-a single 2: 12 a.m.: Armstrong opens the forward audit, which would take about a year," Arm unit that has been hollowed out of an alu strong's father recalls, "and then move on." hatch and pauses on the exit platform: he minum block (a multisheeted box would hunches over and backs out of the LM require welding of the joints, the solder be By the time he entered high school, Neil slowly. On his way down, he pauses to pull a ing too heavy an addition for the weight Armstrong had lived in more than half a D-shaped ring of a lanyard that pops open conscious NASA). The astronauts will carry d·ozen different towns. the Modularized Equipment Storage Assem the boxes perhaps 100 feet from the LM His bedroom, his mother 'rememibers, was bly (MESA) ; this also exposes a TV camera. and-using an aluminum scoop resembling a stacked with books, magazines and drawings Ald-rtn photographs Armstrong with a steam shovel-jam as many samples in the of aircraft; model airplanes-which Neil Maurer 35-mm. movie camera. Arm!strong is boxes as possible (up to about 50 pounds). bought with money earned from after-school to take five minutes to execute a semi-slide Armstrong, however, may photograph some jobs and built with meticulous care-dan down the ladder-being wary of tearing the rocks, seal them in numbered plastic bags, gled from the oeiling. Among the non-tech suit. and photograph the area from which the rock nical books he recently read are "We," given 2: 17 a .m.: Armstrong touches left foot to was taken. Armstrong will fill one small alu to him by Charles Lindbergh, and early sci luiliar surface, keeping his right foot solidly minum can with loose dirt and one with rocks ence-fiction by Edgar Rice Burroughs. on an LM footpad and his arms wrapped and cap them to seal in lu:µar "atmosphere." Armstrong started taking flying lessons at around the landing gear to make sure that Aldrin starts back to the LM. the grassy Wapakoneta airfield when he was the moon crust isn't softer than NASA 4:18 a.m.: By now the astronauts will be 15. It cost him $9 for a one-hour lesson and thinks it is. Armstrong wlll then probably close to departure-and perhaps close to ex Neil carefully saved the money h~ earned look toward the horizon, which, on the haustion due to all the excitement and hard from a drugstore job to pay for the instruc moon, will only be a mile and a half away. work. Armstrong will hook the sample boxes tion. He received his private pilot's license Next, he will determme if he can move one at a time to the Lunar Equipment Con at 16 and proudly pedaled his bicycle home around freely-1md if he can retrace his veyor (LEC)-a pulley system with one end to tell his parents-he had yet to learn to stept; to the ladder. "The first priority,'' says attached to a hook on the ship's exterior drive a car. one official, "will be to see whether we can and the other to a hook on the sample box. A supe:rlor student, Armst.rong won a Naval get him back off the moon." Green fears that if the LEC is given too Air Cadet scholarship and in 1947 entered 2: 20 a.m.: Armstrong will lift his arms to much to pull, "it may act like an overloaded Purdue University to study aeronautical en see how high he can reach, take a few steps clothesline and bang against the steps." gineering. When the Korean War began, near the s:hip, and report to Houston--over Armstrong pulls, and Aldrin, waiting at the Armstrong was called to active duty at age the $100,000 PLSS gold-plated radio--how hatch lifts the boxes inside. 19. He fiew 78 combat missions in Korea and 19834 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 16, 1969 was forced to eject from one crippled plane up at Dad's place on the New Jersey shore, will team with Cronkite and the science and lost a wingtip of a second. eating corn on the cob, swimming and tak fiction writer Arthur Clarke to give CBS's Armstrong returned to Purdue and was ing it easy," along with his wife, Joan, and commentary an authoritative edge. graduated in 1955; one year later, he married children Michael, 13, Janice, 12 in August, CBS's largest New York studio houses a Janet Shearon, a sorority queen he had and Andrew, 11. projection screen plus nine film projectors met on campus. They are the parents of What will he feel when his landing craft that will create special effects and imagery to Eric, 12, and Mark, 6, and Armstrong's idea bumps down upon the moon? "I would hope," blend with live coverage. The synchromeshed of a good weekend is "to go scuba diving he said, without intonrution, "there will be projectors, controlled by a computer, can with my family." a normal amount of adrenalin flowing in me flash anything from words, charts and dia After graduation, Armstrong joined the that would help, rather than impede, the grams to simulations of docking m aneuvers National Advisory Committee for Aeronau mission." and star sightings on the screen. "We prob tics-NASA's predecessor-and flew the X-15 Air Force Lt. Col. Michael Collins, 38, ably won't project more than six or seven rocket plane. His initial reaction to the had been assigned to the flight of Apollo 8. images at once," says executive producer manned-spaceflight program, back in 1959, But a bone spur on his spine, near his neck, Robert Wussier. "We have to remember the was one of mild disdain. "We had spent years was pressing against nerves controlling his people with their 9-inch Sonys." developing the rocket 00.rplane concept and legs and the slight, muscular astronuat last TV poetry Mercury looked like a dark horse to us," summer suddenly found himself falling Armstrong said recently. "We tended to re down for no apparent reason. Given the CBS also has a package of space films gard the Mercury people as inexperienced in choice between long-range treatment or risky dating from a 1900 spoof to "2001," along truders in our business. I am frank to admit surgery that would eliminate the problem, with a parad'e of widely diverse guests, in I gave them too little credit." Collins unhesitatingly decided on the opera cluding Bob Hope, Sir Francis Chichester, In 1962, test pilot Armstrong applied for tion. It cost him his seat on Apollo 8. Arthur Miller and Marianne Moore. astronaut training and was accepted in the Typically, Collins accepted the situation ABC is matching Marianne Moore with seoond "class"-along with Frank Borman, with realism-and determination. When he James Dickey. It h as stockpiled special film, James A. McDivitt, the late Edward H. White finally shed the neck brace that he wore too, mostly for the time between 4 :30 p .m. on and five others. He drew the commander's during the three-month recuperrution, he Sunday and 12: 30 the next morning, when role for the Gemini 8 mission, with David R. worked hard to get back in shape, playing the astronauts will be sleeping or checking Scott as his co-pilot, in early 1966-the fil\Slt handball. equipment. The obvious worry at all the U.S. attempt to link two craft together in Collins is one of the best-liked astronauts. networks is dead time. ABC is readying space. No sooner had the two craft docked "If there was a contest for 'Everybody's Fa among other things-a new concerto in honor than the combination began to spin wildly. vorite Astronaut,' " says one close friend, of the landing by Duke Ellington, who will Armstrong brought the ship under control "Collins would win it going away and then also sing in public for the first time; a and made an emergency landing in the discreetly refuse the title." Still, Collins dis "philosophical" panel featuring Marshall Mc Pacific Ocean. likes the prospect of becoming a world hero. Luhan and Bill D. Moyers, and a children's Armstrong showed equal pilot ing skill las.t "There are two kinds of people in this world,'' panel, around which commentator Frank year when a jet-powered training craft in he says, "those who like publicity and those Reynolds and a group of 7- to 10-year-olds which he was practicing lunar landings sud who prefer to do without it. I prefer the will swap reactions and theories. denly skittered out of control. Sensing that latter." NBC has a secure thematic lock, at least, on its epic. "Our theme is 'a state of the the wingless craft was about to turn over, The son of the late Army Maj. Gen. James he ejected and parachuted to safety while earth'," says James Kitchell, NBC's execu L. Collins, Mike Collins was born in Rome, tive producer. "We're going to look at what's the vehicle Grashed and burned. Italy, and grew up on a succession of dif In the pa,st two months, Armstrong-who is going on in the world while two men sit on ferent Army bases. so he cherishes his fam the moon's surface." The familiar NBC faces, not particularly fond of physical training ily life with wife Patricia, daughters Kath and tends to pudginess-has managed to Chet Huntley, David Brinkley, Frank Mc leen, 10, and Ann, 7, and son Michael, 6. Gee and oompany, will be commenting, diet away 15 pounds to a "mission status" of "For anybody who lives out of a suitcase as ab.out 165 pounds. In his quiet, diffident backed up by scientific luminaries such as much as I do," he says, "it's fun to be at Harold C. Urey. way, he says of Apollo 11: "I think if his home." Space and TV were meant for each other torians are fair, they won't see this flight Collins, a '52 West Point graduate, is a like Lindbergh's. They'll recognize that the a marriage made in heaven-but the print nonsmoker who prefers Martinis and small men have not surrendered the story. "Cer landing is only one small part of a large dinner parties, usually with crew members. program." tainly there are some things that television When the men wind up in the kitchen talk can do that we can't,'' concedes Nick Wil Air Force Col. Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., 39, who ing about the state of the flighit prepara expects to be the second man to se·t foot liams, editor of The Los Angeles Times, "but tions, the wives fret about why the men we can do some things ourselves that tele prints on the moon, is better known by hlis don't spend more time talking to them. nickname of "Buzz." But, says a friend, vision can't." For most newspapers, that "Aldrin is the kind of guy who really Collins has made two spacewalks. Now meant an accent on quality rather than shouldn't have a gee-whiz nickname. He he will be in the mother ship. He says it quantity, on backgrounding rather than try should be called Edwin." does not bother him to come that close and ing to match TV's on-the-spot coverage. The Aldrin has the stony face of a police de not land-and those who know him believe Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post tective. His voice is flat, his speech laconic, him. will emphasize staff-written pieces, rather and his gaze penetrating. "If you didn't know MOON WATCHING than articles by guest experts. The Post also what he did, you wouldn't be at all interested "Walter Cronkite, more than anyone else, has developed a technique for shooting the in him," says a woman who knows him and sees us through these shots," Art Buchwald image of the first man on the moon oft' a TV his family. "He's a very forgettable man, but wryly remarked not long ago, "and we really screen for reJ»"'oduction on Monday morning's he's a nice man." Yet, Aldrin is the spiffiest count on him to get the Apollo capsules back page one. The New York Times is planning dresser of the tJ?.ree Apollo 11 crewmen--and safely to earth." three specials. The first one, the day after the most bejeweled. He wears a wedding band This time, with Apollo 11, Cronkite and lift-off, will run to more than 100 columns, on the ring finger of his right hand and a his colleagues have their hands fuller than and include essays by Wernher Von Braun Masonic ring on the liJttle finger, and his ever. Before the Apollo mission is over, it and the ubiquitous Arthur Clarke. The Times West Point class ring on his left hand. He will be encapsulated in millions of words and may also try for its first news color pictures. wears a tie clasp fashioned from pilot wings tape and film footage-the most watched and Payoff and dangling from it are the Greek symbols written about single event in history. Finally, book publishers hope to knit up of two engineering honor societies. The European TV networks expect 225 mil the loose ends left by the other media. Nor Aldrin's grade-school principal in Mont lion viewers during the Apollo mission. In man Mailer stands to make more than a mil clair, N.J., recalls that the astronaut had the United States, CBS, ABC and NBC con lion dollars doing just that, with a book for. an IQ score of 150. Aldrin was graduated fidently expect to attract 150 million televi Little, Brown (serialized in three parts by third in a class of 475 cadets from West sion vi·ewers in t:tie nation at 2 a.m. Monday, Life magazine, which is paying him $100,- Point in 1951, entered the Air Force (his July 21-when even Johnny Carson is over 000). father was also an Air Force colonel) and but when the astronauts hope to step out Mailer's book will not appear in com flew 66 combat missions in the Korean War. onto the moon. Each network revised and pleted form until 1970. At least half a dozen He earned a doctor of science degree from juggled plans almost hourly, hiding as much Apollo books are on the pad in Great Britain MIT as part of a special USAF program in from the competition as possible, right up alone awaiting publication. In the U.S. John 1963. His doctoral thesis dealt with orbital to launch time. Barbour's "Footprints on the Moon," an rendezvous-a feat he performed during the The high stakes involved-ABC, NBC and Associated Press production, ls already in flight of Gemini 12 in late 1966. W.hen the CBS are spending well over $1.5 million galleys-with the last chapter to come- radar failed, Aldrin-the co-pllot--htmself each-reflect in the network epics themselves. scheduled for serialization 1n 400 newspapers. worked out the computations. As a group, they are loose, ambitious catch The book should be on sale the last week 1n Aldrin keeps in shape with gymnastics alls, by turns ingenious and banal. CBS July--even before the astronauts get out of and pole-vaulting; he occasionally puffs on has both Lyndon Johnson and ex-astronaut their quarantine. About the same time, both a corncob pipe. His idea of relaxation, he Walter Schirra. Johnson will reminisce about Columbia Records-CBS and Time-Life Rec recently said, is "sitting around in the sun how the moon program developed. Schirra ords wlll produce multi-volume albums With
\ July 16, 1.969. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19835 the first sounds heard from the surface of ary member of the Polish American War Another .analogy thiait may be instructive is the moon. Veterans of Glen Cove. the use of computers in predlicting and re A magnificent effort--to match a magnifi Despite the onset of illness, he main porting electton results. These have been cent event. Or ls it? To some, these frantic used in presideDJtial elections since 1956 and books, TV extravaganzas, and record albums tained many of his community activities. in many locial oOIIlitests, alJ.owing steady evo- are mere drives for the fast buck. To others, Mr. Speaker, I am sure I express the 1utionary development. The task is well de they seem, taken as a whole, spirited and sentiments of many who knew and ad fined. Realistic testing is posslihle and is vigorous-a classic example of challenge mired Mr. Pomierski, and will miss him done. It is mown in advance exactly when bringing out new qualities in media that re sorely. .thie system will be required to act. spond to it. I would like to take the opportunity to Despite these faVOM.ble faiotors the eJec Blue cheese express my sympathies to his widow ttOlll systems often fail. In 1968 thie data Any good McLuhanite must be delighted, gatherilllg computer malfunctioned, delaying furthermore, by the lunar celebration, created Anna, his family, friends, and the com results by hours. One computer, booause of a by August Heckscher and the New York City munity of Glen Cove on their incalculable programming error, reported a tot-al vote ex Department of Parks for the night of July loss. ceeding 100 % . . 20. The city's "Moon Watch" in Central Park If such systems produ~ blunders, we must will feature huge screens showing live TV conclude that the Safeguard computer prob coverage, a synthetic aurora borealis created THE ABM'S QUESTIONABLE ably could not be made to work at all, since by artist Forrest Meyers, searchlights, a col the conditions for it are much less favorable: lage of films, inflatable sculpture, dancing, TECHNOLOGY 1. Thie ciomputing task is much more com "moon music," Mayor John Lindsay perhaps plex than those of the examples cited. reading poetry-and a blue-cheese picnic. HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER 2. The precise nature of the oompuiting Everyone at the "moon-in" is to wear white task cannot be defined. It cannot be known clothes. Indeed, when New Yorkers dress up OF NEW YORK whaJt kinds of electronic and other coulllter for an overnight in the park, the millennium IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES measu.res would be used, for example, or is here. As composer John Cage observes: Wednesday, July 16, 1969 whirut evaslve ma,ne.uviers the a.ttacker might "The moon landing will expand the media employ. The offense has more strategic op ,iust as it is expanding OW" minds-that is, Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, one of tLODJS th.run thre defenoo in any case, and the our sense of what we are capable of doing." the three major components of the Safe defensive l'eacttOillS have to be progirammed guard ABM system will be its com and tested weH in advainoe of an attack. puter-which is reported t6 be one of the 3. Realistic teSlttng is impossible since it K. L. POMIERSKI-A TRIBUTE TO A most complex computer systems ever would require nuclear explosiODIS in the ait DEDICATED LONG ISLAND LEAD mosphere. Only artificial test data could be devised. used. ER Recently, a group of over 200 profes 4. Evolutionary development is out of the sional computer technicians has raised questLon. The oomputer systems for elec HON. LESTER L. WOLFF some very important and pertinent ques tiOillS are used every four years or oftener tions regarding the feasibility of this and are improved on thie basis of experience. OF NEW YORK proposed computer system, including its The Safeguard computer would never get a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES development, testing, and operaition. second chance. · Wednesday, July 16, 1969 This ad hoc committee, headed by one It is important to reaJ.ize that the com puter would have virtually a.II of the deci Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, recently, K. of my very able constituents, Mr. Daniel ston-makl..ng power, because the wa;rning D. McCracken of Ossining, N.Y., includes Htefan Pomierski, a resident of Glen Cove time in a nuclear ·ruttack would be oo short- for more than 31 years died. A descend computer technicians employed by cur minutes at most----that presidentia.I or senior ant of Polish :nobility, Mr. Pomierski was rent or possible Safeguard contractors. military l'eview would be aJmost impossible. a significant influence in Polish Ameri Mr. Speaker, I believe the questions Our experience with the faillll"es of large can affairs. raised by these computer professionals computers (lliOt to mentLon those that send deserve the full and careful attention of out deprurtmenrt; store bills) makes us ex It is therefore with sadness that I Members of both Houses of the Congress tremely reluctant to plaice so much life-and would like to take leave and acknowledge and I am pleased to insert herewith, for death power in the control of ,a complex and the passing of my dear friend, a gentle untested machine. and dedicated individual who never for inclusion in the RECORD, the statement Worse, the ABM system could by itself ini got his heritage but could not have been of these technicians: · tiate a firing sequence without any attack any more devoted to this country and its COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS AGAINST-JUNE 14, taking place. This could happen through ideals. 1969 misinterpretation of radar signals from Born in Lubawa Poland, he had an ex Chairman: Daniel D. McCracken, Consult hrurmless objects, or because of macihine mal ant, 7 Justamere Drive, Ossining, New York. functLon or program.ming error. SiLnce the de tensive education in Germany, Poland, (914) 941-8899. fensive missiles themselves would carry nu and England. He spoke 11 languages Executive Committee: Paul Armer, Stan clear weapons, destruction of American fluently and had a good grasp of several ford University, Prof. Joseph Weizenbaum, cities might result, or the ootiQll might be more. M. I. T., Gregory P. Williams. misinterpreted by other nations as hostile. After arriving in New York as an im We, the undersigned members of the com Our grave doubts as to the technical feasi migrant, he studied real estate and gen puti.ng profession, wish to re<:ord our profes bility of the Safeguard computer system, sional judgment that there are grave doubts ooupled with our recognition Of the possible eral insurance. During World War I he consequences of system failure, lead us to the was a juniQr officer with the U.S. Ship as to the te<:hnical feasibllity of the com puter portion of the Safeguard Antiballistic view tha.t the project is a d:angerous mistake. ping Board of the U.S. Merchant Marine. Missile system. These doubts range from a Whatever other arguments may be brought From 1935 to 1940 he was senior area profound skepticism that the computing to bear, for or against Safeguard, our convic supervisor in the National Young Ad system could be maide to work, to a convic tion is that on technical grounds alone the ministration on Long Island. During tion that Lt could not. pl'oject does not deserve the support of the World War II he served in an adminis Although no proje<:t of precisely this na Congress. trative position with the United States ture hi:i.s ever been attempted before, the dif ABOUT THE COMMITTEE War Manpower Commission and in the ficulty may be understood in terms of a close Daniel D. McCracken is a consultant and analogy. Suppose the task were to design and writer, with ten books on computer program Korean War acted as Civil Defense di implement the computer portion of a na ming in prinit. He worked for General Electric rector of Glen Cove. tional air traffic control system, and that it from 1951 to 1958 in a variety of assignments Mr. Pomierski, throughout his life was were part of the design requirement that in computer programming and training, at a capable and devoted citizen who im at some unspecified instant the control of Hanford, Oincinnati, Phoenix, and New York. parted a devotion for America to others the air tr.attic of the entire nation would be He has been a national lecturer for the Asso who had the privilege of a similar transferred to the computer, without any ciation for Computing Machinery. Polish-American background. Mr. period of parallel operation, testing under Paul Armer entered computing in 1947 a;t Pomierski, I might add, was cofounder of actual operating conditions, or evolutionary the RAND Corporation. After serving there as development. This, by analogy, is what Safe associate head of the computer sciences de the "I Am An American Day"· and the guard would require. Our experience with partment until 1968, he moved to his present president emeritus of the American large-scale computer systems convinces us position, direotor of the computation center Order of General Pulaski, as well as be that such a pattern of development is highly at stanford University. He is pres·ident of the ing a former member of the Polish Na unlikely to lead to a successful computer American Federation of Infonnaition Process tional Home of Glen Cove and an honor- system. ing SoC'ieties (AFIPS). He was a oonsultant 19836 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ·July 16, 1969 to the Presidential Commission on Technol Calif., Stanford Univ.; Prof. Joseph Weizen Prof. Jack Minker, College Pa.rk, Md .. Uni11_ ogy, Automation and Economic Progress, and baum, Concord, Mass., MIT; Gregory P. Wil of Maryland; Rita G. Minker; Sharon B. has test'ified befo.re various Congrezsional liams, Phoenix, Ariz. Weinberg, New York, N.Y.; Lawrence H. committ ees. In 1959 h e was a member of the John W. Backus, San Francisco, Calif., IBM Levine, New York, N.Y.; Geraldine B. Zim team of US scientists who toured the USSR Corp.; Prof. Richard Bellman, Univ. Southern merman, New York, N.Y.; R. K. Brier, NPW to assess Soviet comput er capabilities. Calif.; R. W. Bemer, Phoenix, Ariz.; Howard York, N.Y. Joseph Weizenbaum is Professor of Electri Bromberg, San Francisco, Calif., Information J·oyce Toy, New York, N.Y.; Dr. Donald L. cal Engineering and Political Science at MIT. Management, Inc. Shell, Schenectady, N.Y., General Electric He is1 the inventor of several languages for Prof. Fernando Corbato, Cambridge, Mass., Co.; Prof. Fred Gruemberger, Woodland Hills, communicating with computers. He was a' MIT; Phillip H. Dorn, New York, N.Y., Union Calif., S an Fernando Valley State C.; Nicholas charter member of Project MAC, the first Carbide Corp.; Prof. William S. Dorn, Denver, V. Findler, Amherst, N.Y., State Univ. N.Y., majo.r computer time-sh a.ring project in the Colo., Univ. Denver; Prof. Robert M. F a.no, Buffalo. world. He was res:ponsible fOI software devel Cambridge, Mass., MIT. John S. Hale, Amherst, N.Y., St. Univ. N.Y., opment and software-hardware interface for Prof. E. A. Feigenbaum, Stanford, Calif., Buffalo; Gilbert R. Begglass, Amherst, N.Y., t he General E!eotric-Bank of America project Stanford Univ.; Prof. G. E. Forsythe, Stan SUNY Buffalo; P . J. Eberlein, Amherst, N.Y., that pioneered b 3.n k deposit accounting au ford, Calif., Stanford Univ.; Prof. Walter SUNY Buffalo; Joc N. Adams, Idaho F alls, t .)m :i,t!on. He helped design and build two of Hoffman, Detroit, Michigan, Wayne State Idaho, Computer Appl. and Studies. the ea.rliest comput ers, in t2e early fifties. Univ.; Prof. Harry D. Huskey, Santa Cruz, Norman B. Saunders, Weston, Mass., Cir Gregory P. Williams has also been in com Calif., Univ. of California. cuit Engineering; Calvin N. Mooers, Cam puting since t h e early fifties, beginning with Prof. Donald E. Knuth, Princeton, N.J., bridge, Mass., Rockford Research Inst.; Mrs. t he Army Ordnance Corps. Since 1954 he has Stanford Univ.; Prof. J.C. R. Licklider, Cam John W. Drake, Lexingt0
ADDRESS GIVEN BY THE PRESIDENT OF CHILE, ings that may absorb their energies and con lea's efforts and sacrifices and the foresight MR. EDUARDO FREI, AT THE OPENING SESSION stitute a true justification of their devotion. of those who look towards a real future for OF THE SPECIAL MEETING OF CECLA AT MIN Such programs should stem from significant the region that will keep our countries as ISTERIAL LEVEL, VINA DEL MAR, MAY 15, 1969 and irreversible political decisions. It is such living cohesive bodies and not as relics of the past or as perennially immature territories. Your Excellencies, Gentlemen: Nothing decision that we all hope will come from a Conference of this nature. There can be no The problem, however, lies in the fact that could give me greater pleasure than to greet peace, there can be no rationality, or logical Latin America in order to be fully inde on behalf of the Government and the people thought in vast masses tortured by poverty, pendent and not only in the political sense of Chile the representatives of the Gove.rn pain and ignorance, lacking faith and there of the term, must grow and develop; such ment and peoples most akin to our own; fore courage, determination to win through growth and development requires facing all from neighbouring lands and united to ouis to victory and the necessary willingness to developed countries, not only the United in a kinship of ancestry and spirit; united make sacrifices to achieve the desired result. States at the same level, without inhibitions, too by common interests, by past history coope;ating, negotiating, agreeing or dis and by the future history which we are Hence the importance of the conclusions we may jointly attain. senting in the course of international rela forming and all imbued by the desire of Concord between countries linked by all tions. All of this requires a united Latin demonstrating through practical action kinds of interests and memories, as is the American position. Latin America's identity. case of Latin American countries, is cre Thus the terms of understanding would This. meeting fits in with those we have ative in the political sense both at the na arise from negotiations with greater powers held during past years in this town and in tional and international levels. Latin Ameri and will no longer be as they have sometimes others. It is not a meeting that contradicts can consensus creates the legitimacy of com been through our own fault the result of a former ones or stands above them. It is mon postulates. Hence the fact that the unilateral decision adopted by such powers. rather their natul'al consequence though at agreements which you may reach in the fields For Latin America to attain the true iden the same time it constitutes obvious ad discussed by the Conference will constitute tity which it seeks, any cooperation received vancement in the definition of Latin Ameri a further and very decisive step towards a should be born of an agreement between the can interests, id.eals and objectives and the common charter which will link us more autonomous parties and not of a monologue means whereby to achieve them. strongly within our own Latin American re of one of them, no matter how brilliant, to The fact that this meeting should con lations and also in our relations with other which the other countries, "faute de mieux", cern our common rel a tion with the United countries. . adhere. states of America and that they, in turn, We have met to agree upon specific and Our Continent's historic destiny is at stake should not be present should not be men positive matters t'hat may lead to economic and will be won or lost in the forthcoming tioned explicitly. The foregoing conferences development, social progress and the exclu years. These are not simply empty words. to which I have referred, particularly the sion of violence and poverty. We have not met None of the existing groupings of countries Meeting of Presidents at Punta del Este and only to complain and to make a list of griev which have arisen from political, ideologioal the meeting of the ECOSOC in Vifi.a del ances against the powers that have been able or geographic reasons is either sufficiently Mar itself, logically indicated the need for to obtain a high degree of development. The broad or wealthy to enfold us exclusively. clarifying our own attitudes at a Latin oretical judgments no longer satisfy anyone; None of the existing organizations can fully American forum such as CECLA. The United on the other hand the establishment of ra represent what we are and freely accept what States of America so understood it too when tional terms for a satisfactory economic, fi we will become. the idea of this meeting WM first raised and nancial and trade relationships for Latin Our historic salvation as a whole and con this view was expressed by that country's America does indeed contain a moral value sequently the historic salvation of eaoh one highest representatives. This Conference as well as the obvious physical values; it of our countries, will only be poss.Ible through finally prepares the terms of our poS'ition for means more education for our people, greater a body of legitimately Latin American ob a direct di·alogue with the United States of possibilities of economic growth both at the jectives, measures and values. America. individual and collective levels, more health The Latin American system is the most Latin Amerioa must unite i:ts voice and for each and everyone of our inhabitants. faithful expression of the identity of our its action. Failure to do so would mean Let us then replace continuous recrimina objectives and inter.ests and of our commit the presence of a permanent element of dis tion by continuous and continuing diagnoses ments toward closer cooperation. It also ord.er and frustration which would increas undertaking the responsibility for our own expresses faithfully our common nature as ingly affect our life as nations and would Faith and indicating the paths that we must developing nations. cause disturbances throughout the interna follow. The birth of a continental system of rela tional community. Such united voice and Let us cease to blame other whose faults we tions with industrialized countries and par action are also essential for our independent already know. ticularly with the United States O'f America development not only from the economic Let us understand that progress will never promotes efforts towards economic and re standpoint but a.lso from that of human come through the assistance which may be gional integration but, so far, achievements growth. Failure to achieve this union would given us; rather it will come because we have been more spiritual than practical. Its imperil mankind because a Latin American are willing to defend our objectives and political strength stems from the fact that dispossessed of wealth and deprived of se know how to fight for them and how to seek its existence is a necessity; this meeting curity would surely find itself in the axiomat the necessary cooperation for their achieve proves that we are aware of such a need. ic position that "no one oonstitutes a great ment. The United States of North America and its er threat for he who holds riches or pow Let us not wait for others to tell us how people will easily understand the spirit of er than he who has nothing to lose". they are going to help us. Let us rather say these Latin American positions because their This continent is unde.r going a profound how we are going to advance and thus we great historic tradition is b-ased upon the crisis. Historic circumstances could hardly be will be able to undertake a useful dialogue same spirit of profound moral freedom in more difficult and at the same time more pas with proper dignity. Let us cease to look out the face of all mankind's realities. Their sionately interesting. External and domestic ward seeking a yardstick of our own action; constitution states as a first purpose for the pressures, advancing ideas and uncontain instead let us look inward courageously into existence of the United States of America able aspirations, a greater awareness in the our own hearts and minds. "the establishment of justice" in absolute masses, more knowledge, more inform-ation I believe that there are sufficient valid terms and with no exceptions. A country and greater stimulae, are all maturing and reasons for being dissatisfied with the terms that sets itself such a high moral objective increasing speedily in the midst of immense · in which the relations between Latin Amer and hence acknowledges man's most impor possibilities and dramatic contrasts. Rebel ica, the United States of America, and other tant critical faculty, that of dissent, must lion growth and what barely a few yea.rs ago great powers have developed. understand the spirit of justice which in was hardly more than a dream, today consti This is not only due to others; to a very spires us. tutes a moderate demand. decisive extent the responsibility for these In latter years new phenomena have arisen Such :forces cannot be merely squashed. terms lies with us because we have failed increasing the urgency of a new approach They should be guided towards the creation to define, state and defend our principles to the relationships between Latin America of a new awareness .• The displaicement of ir and rights with clarity, force and in a united and the United States of America. I have rational movements, in order to replace them manner. referred to some of these in the earlier part by strategies able to attain full independ Pray allow me now to state at length what of my statement; they are connected with ence and full development of all, offer the I regard to be our duties: Our first duty as the greater awareness which our peoples have men and women of this continent a voca nations and Latin American States consists acquired regarding domestic and world real tion that would vainly be sought were de in reaffirming our independence. Our lives ities and consequently, regarding our own struction and violence to be adopted as a as independent countries stems from the possibilities and potentials. In turn, this method and system. spirit of the men who cleared and farmed has generated uncontrollable pressures which Well worn words and gOOd intentions are the land, built cities, mingled their blood shorten the terms we had set ourselves for no longer the answer. The peoples demand with that of other races and created a code overcoming profound injustices and inequal ideas to guide them and actions which could of moral and human values which prevails ities. Amongst the phenomena mentioned justify their lives. Particularly the youth throughout the continent. others are connected with increasing world which populates this continent not know It is Latin America's duty to preserve this interdependence. Still others are linked with ing whether a real destiny awaits them heritage; it is not a duty incumbent upon the fact that the governments and their ex should receive direct proposals of undertak- the rest of the world. It wm be Latin Amer- perts and our thinkers and scholars have 19846 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 16, 1969 identified the factors of development far autonomy and freedom to seek their own to overcome past differences, defeat privi more clearly and precisely; amongst the lat development patterns. leges and look towards the future with the ter, external obstacles whose removal is be Developing countries' right to use their peaceful and determined attitude of he who yond our possibilities and desires if we con own human resources to prepare and carry knows how to thank the Almighty for the tinue to be divided and confused in thought, out such plans should be encouraged and wonderful tool He has given us to enhance are acquiring overwhelming importance. We granted priority. the dignity of every man in America. all know that in existing conditions which 7. The disparity between nations today lies prevail in international trade and in the essentially in the levels of concentration o:f transportation of our products to the major knowledge, in the access to knowledge and markets continue and present practices in the technological application thereof. which govern the transfer of financial and Latin America's liberation will become pos SANDOVAL IS DOING A GOOD JOB technological resources are maintained, un sible through new channels for the transfer AT SMALL BUSINESS ADMINIS derdevelopment will continue for many dec of technology so that know-how is no longer TRATION ades and the gap of wealth and power be tied to the properties of the countries pro tween the world of abundance and the world viding it because such a scheme syphons off of poverty will not be eliminated and per resources, maintains a dependency status HON. ED FOREMAN haps will not even be narrowed. and fails to giv·e birth to national and auton The cooperation of the United States of omous centers of knowledge and learning. OF NEW MEXICO America cannot ignore such very real and 8. The foregoing principles lead us to con IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tangible phenomena. Hence the approach clude that we face the need to set new bases Wednesday, July 16, 1969 towards cooperation which we uphold and for a new system of relations and it is in the which complements commitments . entered interest to both parties that there should Mr. FOREMAN. Mr. Speaker, the July into under the various systems of the past, be a mutual understanding of all these facts 15 issue of the Washington Post carried should stem from certain new principles in and realities in order that the change may be the extremely good news that the Small which is implicit a full understanding of effected in an atmosphere of harmony and Business Administration has reported the historic circumstances in which our con concord. tinent is living. The validity of this meeting and of the the largest annual volume of loans in its There are some principles in this connec agreements that will be reached is "revolu history. tion which I regard as basic: tionary" in the most profoundly moral sense This record was compiled despite the 1. It is essential to assert a Latin Ameri of the term. This meaning is one which the fact that the agency's direct loans were can personality having its own criteria and Un1ted States, of all countries in the world seriously curtailed late last year by a values; this is generating an increasing but appreciates, has practiced and can reiterate shortage of funds. Consequently, SBA healthy and justified continental ne.tional in its relations with Latin America both at was able to obtain a much greater share ism. The development Olf our own line of the moral and at the political levels. thoughts and the establishment of new pat A great thinker whose ideas continue to of participation by private banks. terns of political, economic, social and cul nourish spiritually the people of the United I should note also that SBA's minority tural organizations implies changes in exist States, Thoreau, in his work "Civil Disobe loans increased more than 200 percent ing structures which affect powerful dience," stated that "to act in accordance over the previous fiscal year. To be sure, domestic and foreign interests. These with a moral principle based upon what is some rather far-fetched predictions changes of Latin American "national" nature just and practicing justice alters the rela about the rate of increase were made last should be regarded as legitimate and tionships of things and is essentially revolu August, but pie-in-the-sky promises irreversible, tionary in that it breaks off all relations with 2. It is necessary to develop a policy of the previous state of affairs. come rather easily in an election year. oooperation with change. Aid cannot be used What we are now seeking is a change based Despite the mess he inherited, and the to maintain the status-quo and to strengthen upon justice. In our personal meeting here constant harping of some irresponsible retrogmde structures. The United States of and the moral confrontation with the United critics, Administrator Hilary Sandoval, Amerioa and the other countries which export States of America I perceive the prospect of Jr., has done an outstanding job during capital should clearly dl.stinguisih between fruitful economic agreements, bold financial his first few months in office. I have the interests of a nation and its government proposals, firm provisos to avoid the excesses personally witnessed the tremendous and the interests of some of their citizens. which great power or irritational violence These interests cannot be regarded as can cause. I perceive political understand talents of our new SBA Administrator, identical. ing amongst Latin Americans which will cre and I know he is the man the small 3. Latin America requires a major mo ate mutual competence without arising dis business community of this country bilization o:f domestic savings. Nevertheless, trust in countries of other continents. I per needs. a considerable flow of foreign capital is nec ceive each nation's liberation from ill judged Mr. Sandoval has been given a difficult essary. The terms in which such capital has political movements and irrational and disor task at a difficult time, but I believe the flowed has noit satisfied development's needs: ganized social pressures, and equally, I per following article indicates that President it is necessary to devise new formulae for ceive that each of our countries will become Nixon made a wise choice in selecting accepting foreign capital and to agree upon freed of the unjustified fears caused by the a common Latin American Code for such lack of permanent communication amongst him to head this important agency. investments. themselves. I perceive the liberation of eco The article follows: 4. The right of Latin American countries nomics and true freedom of thought. I can RECORD LOANS BY SBA to adopt decisions regarding the preserva also foresee new Latin American patriotism The Small Business Administration yester tion and utilization of their baisic resources nourished by adequate common measures day reported the largest annual volume of within the framework of postulates such as and by shared ideals, by the lack of suspicion loans in its history, including a large rise in a United Nations resolution on permanent and by the confidence in ourselves, in our loans to minority groups. sovereignty over natural resources cannot be children and in future generations that may According to the SBA's figures, it approved regarded as an aggression to anyone. Even proudly call themselves "Latin Americans". 14,234 loans worth more than $660 million from a juristic and historic standpoint the I am honoured to receive you in Chile. As during the year that ended June 30. The Latin American States inherited from the President of this Southern Republic and on · previous records were 13,835 loans (fiscal Spanish or Portuguese crown absolute au behalf of its people, I extend to you a cordial 1965) and a volume of $597.7 million (fiscal thority over the manner in which such welcome, a wish of the greatest success in 1968). wealth should be used for the common weal. your undertaking. Minority loans jumped from 1676, worth On the other hand, it must not be forgotten We are deeply touched by the fact that $29.9 million, in 1968, to 4120, worth $93.6 that this basic right of the Latin American Ministers of State and high authorities of the million, the SBA said. States to attend to their natural resources sister countries of Latin American should In the regular business loan program, two can lead to the rigid institutionalization of have chosen our homeland to hold so tran thirds of the loans were made by banks and situations which may become a form of eco scendental a meeting. Therefore, I consider it only guaranteed (up to 90 per cent) by the nomic aggression leading to irrational con my duty to state Chile's unceasing and un SBA. The comparable figure for 1968 was 39 flicts whose mere existence is d isadvanta yielding determination to fight for Latin per cent. geous for Latin America, the United Stat es or American unity and the harmonious develop In addition, another 28 per cent of the America and all other countries. ment of our countries. regular loans were shared by both the SBA 5. No type of economic cooperation may Since I took office as President, I have en and a bank, and only 6 per cent of the total carry the proviso that the country receiving thusiastically devoted a considerable part of represented direct loans. In 1968, 26 per cent aid must submit to a given political social my efforts to the creation of the circum were direct loans. or economic pattern stipulated by the coun stances necessary to make Bolivar's dream SBA officials have mixed feelings about try granting such cooperaition. come true. Some may have regarded my ef bank participation. In general, they favor 6. Development plans must respect, forts as absurd and exaggerated, others may the trend, but recognize that bank loans within a technical framework, priorities and have considered me naive. Nevertheless, I which have no restrictions on interest rates schemes of action devised by the interested am more than ever convinced of the splendid pose special problems for new minority busi countries themselves as an expression of their future that awaits our peoples if we are able nessmen. July 16, 1.969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19847 In the minority program, the borrower's the pulley as one of man's earliest devices to Club and that a copy of the same be sent to contribution (equity) to his business can be increase the force that could be applied to the widow and family of the late Congress reduced from the normal 50 per cent to as an object. The gear has been a basic element man William H. Bates. low as 15 per cent. But this raises the size of machinery from its earliest beginnings. WILLIAM D. WEEKS, of his loan and, consequently, his monthly Prestdent. repayments. Noting that most writers assume that ALBERT M. FORTIER, Jr., With bank loans, the monthly repayment the mechanical arts of Greece and Secretary. can grow even larger. As interest rates rise Rome were lost to the world and then generally, small businessmen are paying rediscovered, Mr. Dudley said: more, too. From January to March, the aver Several pieces of evidence indicate that age rate on SBA-guaranteed bank loans was they were never really lost. There are indi FREEDOM BECOMES ILLEGAL V 7.9 per cent, but by June, the average had cations that technical knowle SENATE-Thursday, July 17, 1969 The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon and Hawaii (Mr. INOUYE) be recognized for thought the two Parliamentarians were was called to order by the Vice President. not to exceed 15 minutes. on the list. The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob In addition to that, the joint leader L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following jection, it is so ordered. ship has asked the Parliamentarian for prayer: a memorandum on the question of the God of our fathers and our God, di Official Reporters. On the basis of previ rect us in all our doings with Thy most ORDER FOR TRANSACTION OF ous sessions, I should like to make a gracious favor, and further us with ROUTINE MORNING BUSINESS ON unanimous-consent request that the Of Thy continual help; that, in all our TUESDAY, JULY 22, 1969 ficial Reporters be authorized to be pres works begun, continued and ended in Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask ent to take notes. Thee, we may glorify Thy holy name, unanimous consent that, at the con The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob and finally by Thy mercy obtain ever clusion of the remarks of the distin jection, it is so ordered. lasting life. Amen. guished Senator from Hawaii