July 16, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 19821 U.S. SPACE TV ADVANCES-NASA As for the Moon, TV has been there be­ the 85-foot dishes at Goldstone, Madrid, TWIN TV SPECTACULARS: APOLLO fore too, but Apollo 11 promises the first and Canberra. Those locations are nearly 11 MOON VISIT AND MARS WITH human presence there. equidistant around the Earth so that RESOLUTION FROM 900 FEET The really important keys to our recent at least one station maintains contact progress- with the moving spacecraft while the Earth turns on its axis. HON. JAMES G. FULTON Truszynski said- The deep space network operates 85- OF PENNSYLVANIA are the improvements in the spacecraft and foot antenna stations spanning the globe, the ground receiver. We have been able to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES with sites a few miles away from those increase transmitter power in the spacecraft, of the MSFN at Goldstone, Madrid, and Wednesday, July 16, 1969 thereby raising the strength of the signal for its long journey back to Earth. On the Canberra, and others at Johannesburg, Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. ground, we have better design of the large South Africa, and Woomera, Australia. Speaker, world television audiences will antenna and the microwave amplifier and re­ To help increase the amount of signal see a double space feature in the next ceivers that go with them, to provide much received, the tracking system now uses few weeks, thanks to coincidence and to higher sensitivity and lower noise level. the higher frequencies of the S-band- advanced communications technology, Thus, the weak signal from the Moon or 2.2 million kHz, or 2.2 billion cycles. planets can be clearly received. And of course, Coupled with higher power and larger The coincidence is that the probable the communications satellites-also produced timing of history's first human visit to by the space age--permit the world-wide dis­ antennas this has resulted in a huge in­ the Moon in Apollo occurs a few days tribution of these signals as they are received crease in the capacity t.o move data, · before two Mariner space probes carry back on Earth. which is important to TV, most impor­ unmanned TV cameras close to the sur­ tant to color TV. face of Mars. The power source in spacecraft in­ As portrayed by commercial TV, each Thus, shortly after the image of the evitably involves heavy weight; neverthe­ picture from the Moon will be made up less power has been increased in Apollo of numerous lines--more than 500 per American astronaut on the lunar surface over previous manned spacecraft; the fades from TV screens on Earth, those picture-each containing the elements lunar module fuel cells power a 20-watt that make up the image on the screen. screens may be revealing wholly new transmitter, where in 1966 Gemini had a details of the red planet, transmitted They are translated at the rate of 30 5-watt system. Mariners with 20 watts pictures per second-a speed too fast from 60 million miles a way. today have twice the power of 1965. At This twin TV spectacular, as seen by for the human eye to perceive at any­ that, 20 watts is only enough energy to thing but simple motion. Gerald N. Truszynski, the National Aero­ light a refrigerator light bulb. nautics and Space Administration's As­ Because of the greater communication Increased antenna capacity at both re­ distance to Mars, the Mariner data sociate Administrator for Tracking and ceiving and transmitting ends is signifi­ Data Acquisition, is made possible by transfer rate is far less. The highest cant too. Gemini had a nondirectional rate for Mariner 4, because of tech­ great advances in electronics through antenna where Apollo's coil-spring which streams of signals can be returned nological limitations, resulted in a trans­ shaped antenna concentrates the signal mission time to Earth of about 8 hours from the surface of the Moon and the into a thin 3-degree beam, making it 500 for each picture-far slower than the distant vicinity of Mars into tracking times more effective. telephoto copy machine. Today, Mariner centers and switching points on Earth, On the ground, the parabolic, or dish­ 6 and 7, with new transmission system thence by communications satellites into shaped antennas of NASA's tracking net­ and the DSN 210-foot Goldstone an­ the TV networks of countries through­ works, are comparable to the telescope, tenna, will deliver one picture in 5.5 out the globe. that is, they focus a widely dispersed elec­ minutes, 32 pictures in 3 hours. For Apollo 11, the 7-day period begin­ tronic signal into a very narrow one, and That rate compares with Apollo ll's ning July 17 will see a series of eight the resulting concentration serves to 9,900 pictures per 5.5 minutes, hence telecasts direct from the spacecraft on raise the power and intelligibility of the Mars will not appear as live TV on the its epic journey-as in Apollo 10 last signal received. home screen but rather as a series of May it will be all color TV except the The 30-foot diameter antennas are still images, each gradually filling in the one period when the astronauts step dn most useful for Earth orbit and :flight face of the TV tube. the Moon's surface: from 2: 12 to 4: 52 below 10,000 miles from Earth; the 85- Mariner 6 and 7 will snap pictures of a.m., e.d.t., July 21-current schedule. foot antennas track above that altitude. Mars at intervals of several hours, first Only black and white TV will be avail­ NASA's largest antenna, measuring 210 while approaching the planet, while able from the Moon itself because Apol­ feet across, ia important for TV trans­ passing around it, and then receding lo's lunar module lacks sufficient power mission from the Moon and from deep past it into solar orbit. The photos, all to meet the demands of high-priority space because it has 6.5 times the sensi­ black and white, will be stored on tape, data and systems and experiments on top tivity of the 85. The 210-foot dish will then transmitted to Earth on command. of the much higher power needs of color be required for future unmanned spi;tce Altogether the Mariner twins will return TV. :flights involving landings on Mars and 189 pictures of Earth but they will not The Mars telecast begins from Mariner Venus, probes near Jupiter and be­ duplicate views because Mariner 6 is on 6 at 12: 58 to 3: 21 a.m., July 30, and yond-hundreds of millions of miles course to pass the Mars equator­ again that day at 10:28 to 11:55 p.m., from Earth, even approaching the edge July 31-while Mariner 7 will fly over e.d.t. The two programs will produce a of the solar system. the South Pole-August 5. total of 50 pictures of the planet. NASA's deep space netwDrk-DSN­ Large volumes of information are Mariner 7 pictures will be transmitted has one 210-foJt antenna in operation flowing back to engineers, scientists and in three periods: 12:01 to 2:56 a.m., e.d.t., at Goldstone, Calif., and it is pressed flight controllers in the course of these August 3; again at 1: 20 to 4: 15 a.m. into service for Apollo flights. Apollo 11 flights. Gains made in the recent past August 4; and finally another 2-hour will be Unked to another 210 at Parkes, have resulted in effective, flexible control period at 11:20 p.m. same day. Mariner 7 Australia, on lease from the Government from just one center on Earth. Apollo will deliver 91 more photos of Mars. there, to bring in the TV signal. For the command is located at Mission Control The planet was televised before by greater demands of the future, NASA Center, in Houston, while Mariners are Mariner 4 in 1965, but engineers of the has contracted to build two more 210's commanded from Space Flight Opera­ National Aeronautics and Space Admin­ at the Madrid, Spain, and Canberra, tions Facility, in the Jet Propulsion Lab­ istration promise far higher quality than Australia, tracking stations. oratory-JPL-Pasadena, Calif. was possible 4 years ago. Best resolution All 15 U.S. and foreign stations of the NASA's Office of Tracking and Data from closeup will be about 900 feet, com­ manned space flight network-MSFN­ Acquisition directs these operations. pared with 2 miles in Mariner 4, and 100 will be work ~ ng full time on Apollo 11, JPL, which is operated for NASA by the miles by the best optical means from but the TV transmission will be chan­ CaJifornia Institute of Technology, op­ Earth. neled through the 210-foot antennas and erates and manages the deep space net- 19822 ' EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 16, 1.969 work for OTDA. Goddard Space Flight to keep patriotism at a high level-the still whereas the deeper truth is that His mercy Center, Greenbelt, Md., has the man­ fairly easy domination of the Mediterranean is the reward of righteousness toward Him! Oivilization by the Roman Empire-Peter Justice, in the ultimate senses, is not what a agement role for both the manned space realized were all a part of a web in which court deals out. It is what God deals out to fiight network and NASCOM, NASA's 3- people were trapped in the shallow belief the unrighteous! Mercy is not a clever law­ million-mile communications net, which that nothing would ever destroy the great yer and a loose judicial system, but God's links the flight operations together all name of Rome and bring it to the dust! response to a repentant man! about the globe.