Exploring Mars with CuriosityChemCam and its Laser-Induced Remote Sensing for ChemistryLaser and Micro-Imaging
(meeting)
Mg
Si Roger C Wiens Al Ba ChemCam PI
Frontiers in Science Lectures Los Alamos – Albuquerque – Santa Fe – Taos (location) 3/16/2004 1 NASA (date)May, 2013 LA-UR-13-23209 Jean-Luc Lacour, CEA Mars Science Laboratory Goals
• Assess Mars’ biological potential by • Searching for organic carbon compounds, • Looking for the chemical building blocks of life, • Identify biologically relevant clues. • Characterize the geology of the landing region • Investigate Mars’ past habitability (including the role of water) • Characterize the human hazards on Mars Spirit, Opportunity 2003 Sojourner 1997 MSL 2011
2 NASA/JPL-Caltech
Is Mars Like Earth?
• Starting 150 years ago, some astronomers thought they could see canals on Mars
Schiaparelli 3 Mariners 4, 6, 7 Flyby Missions
Mariner 4, 1965: Mars looks cratered and barren, like the Moon
4 NASA Mariner 9 Orbiter, 1971: Evidence of Water
5 NASA Viking Landers, 1976, Test for Life
6 NASA Biota Could Have Traveled From Earth to Mars
• NASA has > 100 meteorites from Mars that fell to Earth • Mars probably has a number of meteorites from Earth – Bacteria from Earth could have traveled in these rocks
NASA/JSC/Smithsonian 7 Fossilization How to Look for Life on Mars
• Concentration: where does water deposit material? – Lakebeds and especially river deltas – Coal- or oil-bearing stata on Earth • Preservation : mineralization = fossils – Sedimentary rocks, especially clay- bearing Coal R. Wiens, Carlsbad, NM • Environmental residues: how do microbes modify the environment? – methane
Atlas.nsw.gov.au 8 Curiosity Rover ChemCam (Chemistry) Mastcam (Imaging) RAD (Radiation) MaHLI (Imaging) REMS (Weather)
DAN (Hydrogen)
APXS (Chemistry)
MARDI (Imaging) SAM CheMin (Isotopes) (Mineralogy) NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA/JPL-Caltech
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Backpack LIBS for the IAEA
10 Sirven et al., JAAS ChemCam Instrument Schematic
IRAP, Toulouse, France
Los Alamos, USA 12 What Really Happens? LIBS Plasmas In Different Atmospheres
3”
14 LANL First Spectrum: Coronation
Field of view: ~ 6 cm Visible & Near Infrared Titanium Violet
Manganese
Ultraviolet
Calcium
Oxygen
Calcium
Carbon
Aluminum
Magnesium
Sodium
Iron
Lithium
Silicon
Sodium
Calcium
Oxygen
Calcium
Aluminum
Silicon
Titanium
Potassium
Silicon Iron
NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/LPGN/IAS NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/LPG-Nantes/IAS
16 NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/LPG-Nantes/IAS
17 NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/IAS
18 Mast Unit Installation
19 NASA/JPL-Caltech Mast Unit on ChemCam Mars
NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Operating on Mars Drive
Investigate Eng. & Sci. Data
Downlink New Mosaic
Science Theme Group Selects Targets
Long-Term Lien List Engineers Build Guidance Command Sequences Mars Landing Sites
Mars River Delta
22 Gale Crater Landing Site
Mount Sharp Sedimentary, 3 miles high
Landing Ellipse
90 miles
23 Mars Mission: Landing
• 900 kg is too heavy for MER-type air bag landing • MSL used a “sky crane” • Cables will lower it from a retro-rocket package • MSL lands on its 24 wheels Image: JPL
My Previous NASA Landing
NASA/JSC 25 26 First Image From Mars
27 NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA/JPL-Caltech
Landing on an Alluvial Fan
NASA/JPL-Caltech The conglomerate “Link” and loose, rounded pebbles
NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS View from Orbit
30 Sol 30, 9/6/2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/U AZ Light-Toned Fractured
Hummocky
31
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ.of AZ %
High - Silica Mineral Grains
NASA/JPL
- Bathurst Caltech/ Univ.of
AZ
10 10 cm NASA/JPL
32 - Caltech/MSSS
NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Heading into Yellowknife Bay Drill Results
• 20% of material is clay • Laid down in water • Water had normal pH • You could drink it!
34 Calcium Sulfate Veins
35 SAM Instrument Results: Organics and Atmosphere
• Methane was not detected (~ 2 part per billion detection limit) • Organic molecules of the type indicative of life have not yet been detected • SAM found that argon, rather than nitrogen, is the second most
abundant atmospheric gas, after CO2
SAM’s TLS uses infrared lasers and mirrors to measure the absorption of light by atmospheric gases
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Goddard How easy is it to find evidence for life on Earth 3.5 billion years ago?
Warrawoona Group Australia Grotzinger Cumberland This Week’s Drill Target Landing Ellipse
39 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona/USGS This boulder is the size of Curiosity
NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Mastcam image of Mount Sharp’s canyons and buttes Scarecrow Rover Climbs 3 Foot Boulder “JPL” Morse Code
42 Thank You!
43 NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Additional Slides
44 MAVEN 2013 The Future for Mars?
Insight 2016 • 2013…2016…2018…2020 • Humans? One-way trips? NASA Mars 2020
NASA
Mars-One NASA 2023
45 MAVEN 2013 The Future for Mars?
Insight 2016 • 2013…2016…2018…2020 • Humans? One-way trips? NASA Mars 2020 3030??
NASA
NASA
D. Spangler A successful human colony on Mars is still a long way off • So many things can go wrong! • Example from 1620: • Far in the future: Terraforming Mars?
46 W. Halsall How Do We Know A Meteorite is From Mars?
1. Inside it looks very much like a terrestrial rock compared with other meteorites 2. It’s age is much younger than the asteroids (which are all 4.5 billion years old) 3. Its oxygen isotopes define a trend that is distinct from terrestrial 4. Some of these meteorites contain pockets of gas identical to the Mars atmosphere
17O/16O Mars trend line
Plotted relative to mean ocean water, in parts per thousand enrichment
18O/16O 47 LIBS Minor & Trace Elements--Sr
Rover igneous calibration targets C. Fabre, manuscript
48 LIBS Sensitivies, ChemCam Configuration
Approximate detection limits 5-100 ppm at Mars atmospheric pressure
100-1000 ppm H He 0.1-3% Li Be B C N O F Ne Difficult Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
49 ChemCam Mast Unit : Optical Box
CAMERA (Remote Micro-Imager)
OPTICAL FIBER connector TELESCOPE To Body Unit LIBS laser beam focus and plasma collection
LIBS LASER
SCHMIDT PLATE Image correction
GALILEAN
LIBS laser beam AUTOFOCUS expansion Target from Continuous Wave 1 to 7 m Laser diode 50 Model for Classification & Quantification
APXS Cross Future Calibration Test bench Instrument Selected λ calibration calibrations Response On Mars Standards
Current Standards Pre-delivery Instrument MVA λ calibration calibrations Response Prediction Model
Instrument Distance Abundance Mars Data λ calibration Response Correction Predictions
Uncertainties
51 Typical analysis sequence
6 Minutes, 2 W-hr Per Typical Analysis NASA/JPL-Caltech ChemCam Mars Calibration
1. Macusanite volcanic glass 2. Norite synthetic glass 3. Picrite synthetic glass 4. Shergottite synthetic glass 5. Graphite (C calibration) 6. Kaolinite-based ceramic 7. Nontronite-based ceramic 8. Nontronite-based ceramic 9. Nontronite-based ceramic 10. Titanium plate (diagnostics)
References:1-4: Fabre et al., 2011 6-9: Vaniman et al., 2012
53 Except No Apparent Coatings on Most Rocks Dust
~25 µm Constant Composition Depth
Grain Transition
Dust
54 Los Alamos Involvement in Curiosity
ChemCam Developed & Led By LANL
NASA/Cory Huston
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Plutonium for RTG CheMin LANL Science Co-lead is NASA/JPL-Caltech /MSSS from LANL Collaborators
56 NASA/JPL/Cornell