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Exploring Mars with CuriosityChemCam and its Laser-Induced Remote Sensing for ChemistryLaser and Micro-Imaging (meeting) Mg Si Roger C Wiens Al Ba ChemCam PI Frontiers in Science Lectures Los Alamos – Albuquerque – Santa Fe – Taos (location) 3/16/2004 1 NASA (date)May, 2013 LA-UR-13-23209 Jean-Luc Lacour, CEA Mars Science Laboratory Goals • Assess Mars’ biological potential by • Searching for organic carbon compounds, • Looking for the chemical building blocks of life, • Identify biologically relevant clues. • Characterize the geology of the landing region • Investigate Mars’ past habitability (including the role of water) • Characterize the human hazards on Mars Spirit, Opportunity 2003 Sojourner 1997 MSL 2011 2 NASA/JPL-Caltech Is Mars Like Earth? • Starting 150 years ago, some astronomers thought they could see canals on Mars Schiaparelli 3 Mariners 4, 6, 7 Flyby Missions Mariner 4, 1965: Mars looks cratered and barren, like the Moon 4 NASA Mariner 9 Orbiter, 1971: Evidence of Water 5 NASA Viking Landers, 1976, Test for Life 6 NASA Biota Could Have Traveled From Earth to Mars • NASA has > 100 meteorites from Mars that fell to Earth • Mars probably has a number of meteorites from Earth – Bacteria from Earth could have traveled in these rocks NASA/JSC/Smithsonian 7 Fossilization How to Look for Life on Mars • Concentration: where does water deposit material? – Lakebeds and especially river deltas – Coal- or oil-bearing stata on Earth • Preservation : mineralization = fossils – Sedimentary rocks, especially clay- bearing Coal R. Wiens, Carlsbad, NM • Environmental residues: how do microbes modify the environment? – methane Atlas.nsw.gov.au 8 Curiosity Rover ChemCam (Chemistry) Mastcam (Imaging) RAD (Radiation) MaHLI (Imaging) REMS (Weather) DAN (Hydrogen) APXS (Chemistry) MARDI (Imaging) SAM CheMin (Isotopes) (Mineralogy) NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA/JPL-Caltech Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Backpack LIBS for the IAEA 10 Sirven et al., JAAS ChemCam Instrument Schematic IRAP, Toulouse, France Los Alamos, USA 12 What Really Happens? LIBS Plasmas In Different Atmospheres 3” 14 LANL First Spectrum: Coronation Spectrum: First Ultraviolet Iron Titanium Magnesium Silicon Aluminum Manganese Calcium Field of view: of Field Titanium ~ 6 cm 6 ~ Violet Aluminum Calcium Calcium Iron Silicon Calcium Carbon Visible & Near Near Infrared & Visible Sodium NASA/JPL Silicon - Caltech/LANL/IRAP/LPGN/IAS Lithium Potassium Oxygen Sodium Oxygen NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/LPG-Nantes/IAS 16 NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/LPG-Nantes/IAS 17 NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/IRAP/IAS 18 Mast Unit Installation 19 NASA/JPL-Caltech Mast Unit on ChemCam Mars NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Operating on Mars Drive Investigate Eng. & Sci. Data Downlink New Mosaic Science Theme Group Selects Targets Long-Term Lien List Engineers Build Guidance Command Sequences Mars Landing Sites Mars River Delta 22 Gale Crater Landing Site Mount Sharp Sedimentary, 3 miles high Landing Ellipse 90 miles 23 Mars Mission: Landing • 900 kg is too heavy for MER-type air bag landing • MSL used a “sky crane” • Cables will lower it from a retro-rocket package • MSL lands on its 24 wheels Image: JPL My Previous NASA Landing NASA/JSC 25 26 First Image From Mars 27 NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA/JPL-Caltech Landing on an Alluvial Fan NASA/JPL-Caltech The conglomerate “Link” and loose, rounded pebbles NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS View from Orbit 30 Sol 30, 9/6/2012 NASA/JPL-Caltech/U AZ Light-Toned Fractured Hummocky 31 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ.of AZ % High-Silica Mineral Grains 10 cm NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Bathurst 32 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ.of AZ NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Heading into Yellowknife Bay Drill Results • 20% of material is clay • Laid down in water • Water had normal pH • You could drink it! 34 Calcium Sulfate Veins 35 SAM Instrument Results: Organics and Atmosphere • Methane was not detected (~ 2 part per billion detection limit) • Organic molecules of the type indicative of life have not yet been detected • SAM found that argon, rather than nitrogen, is the second most abundant atmospheric gas, after CO2 SAM’s TLS uses infrared lasers and mirrors to measure the absorption of light by atmospheric gases NASA/JPL-Caltech/Goddard How easy is it to find evidence for life on Earth 3.5 billion years ago? Warrawoona Group Australia Grotzinger Cumberland This Week’s Drill Target Landing Ellipse 39 NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona/USGS This boulder is the size of Curiosity NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Mastcam image of Mount Sharp’s canyons and buttes Scarecrow Rover Climbs 3 Foot Boulder “JPL” Morse Code 42 Thank You! 43 NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS Additional Slides 44 MAVEN 2013 The Future for Mars? Insight 2016 • 2013…2016…2018…2020 • Humans? One-way trips? NASA Mars 2020 NASA Mars-One NASA 2023 45 MAVEN 2013 The Future for Mars? Insight 2016 • 2013…2016…2018…2020 • Humans? One-way trips? NASA Mars 2020 3030?? NASA NASA D. Spangler A successful human colony on Mars is still a long way off • So many things can go wrong! • Example from 1620: • Far in the future: Terraforming Mars? 46 W. Halsall How Do We Know A Meteorite is From Mars? 1. Inside it looks very much like a terrestrial rock compared with other meteorites 2. It’s age is much younger than the asteroids (which are all 4.5 billion years old) 3. Its oxygen isotopes define a trend that is distinct from terrestrial 4. Some of these meteorites contain pockets of gas identical to the Mars atmosphere 17O/16O Mars trend line Plotted relative to mean ocean water, in parts per thousand enrichment 18O/16O 47 LIBS Minor & Trace Elements--Sr Rover igneous calibration targets C. Fabre, manuscript 48 LIBS Sensitivies, ChemCam Configuration Approximate detection limits 5-100 ppm at Mars atmospheric pressure 100-1000 ppm H He 0.1-3% Li Be B C N O F Ne Difficult Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi 49 ChemCam Mast Unit : Optical Box CAMERA (Remote Micro-Imager) OPTICAL FIBER connector TELESCOPE To Body Unit LIBS laser beam focus and plasma collection LIBS LASER SCHMIDT PLATE Image correction GALILEAN LIBS laser beam AUTOFOCUS expansion Target from Continuous Wave 1 to 7 m Laser diode 50 Model for Classification & Quantification APXS Cross Future Calibration Test bench Instrument Selected λ calibration calibrations Response On Mars Standards Current Standards Pre-delivery Instrument MVA λ calibration calibrations Response Prediction Model Instrument Distance Abundance Mars Data λ calibration Response Correction Predictions Uncertainties 51 Typical analysis sequence 6 Minutes, 2 W-hr Per Typical Analysis NASA/JPL-Caltech ChemCam Mars Calibration 1. Macusanite volcanic glass 2. Norite synthetic glass 3. Picrite synthetic glass 4. Shergottite synthetic glass 5. Graphite (C calibration) 6. Kaolinite-based ceramic 7. Nontronite-based ceramic 8. Nontronite-based ceramic 9. Nontronite-based ceramic 10. Titanium plate (diagnostics) References:1-4: Fabre et al., 2011 6-9: Vaniman et al., 2012 53 Except No Apparent Coatings on Most Rocks Dust ~25 µm Constant Composition Depth Grain Transition Dust 54 Los Alamos Involvement in Curiosity ChemCam Developed & Led By LANL NASA/Cory Huston NASA/JPL-Caltech Plutonium for RTG CheMin LANL Science Co-lead is NASA/JPL-Caltech /MSSS from LANL Collaborators 56 NASA/JPL/Cornell .
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