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«Tratados Internacionais E Espaço Exterior No Séc. XXI» «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc. XXI» Mestrando/Autor: Jorge Paulo Napoleão Garcia Inácio Orientador: Professora Doutora Sandra Maria Rodrigues Balão Figura 1-Lança mento de foguetão-(NASA, 2014) Dissertação para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Ciência Política Lisboa 201 8 Dissertação de Mestrado: «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc. XXI» Dedicatória Aos meus sobrinhos, M., A., I., S., serão eles que irão beneficiar deste futuro e à minha Mãe, por tudo. Jorge Paulo Napoleão Garcia Inácio - 20167/8 II Dissertação de Mestrado: «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc. XXI» Agradecimentos “What an astonishing thing a book is. It's a flat object made from a tree with flexible parts on which are imprinted lots of funny dark squiggles. But one glance at it and you're inside the mind of another person, maybe somebody dead for thousands of years. Across the millennia, an author is speaking clearly and silently inside your head, directly to you. Writing is perhaps the greatest of human inventions, binding together people who never knew each other, citizens of distant epochs. Books break the shackles of time. A book is proof that humans are capable of working magic.“ (Sagan, 1980, p. s/p) No Auto da Lusitânia de Gil Vicente (Vicente, 1531, p. s/p.), Belzebu e Dinato tecem comentários espirituosos, fazem trocadilhos, procurando evidenciar temas ligados à verdade, à cobiça, à vaidade, à virtude e à honra dos homens. Quando Belzebu recebe as personagens Todo o Mundo (um rico mercador) e Ninguém (um homem pobre), ouve-se: «Todo o Mundo: E mais queria o paraíso, sem mo Ninguém estorvar. Ninguém: E eu ponho-me a pagar, quanto devo para isso. Belzebu: Escreve com muito aviso. Dinato: Que escreverei? Belzebu: Escreve, que Todo o Mundo quer paraíso e Ninguém paga o que deve.» Sinto-me, tal e qual, Dinato, perdido e sem saber o que escrever, mas ciente e convicto que todos somos produtos de uma evolução, da Sociedade e do tempo em que vivemos, e que devemos estar gratos por isso. Poderíamos nós começar por agradecer a todos os que já partiram, salientando a importância que tiveram e têm na nossa linha de pensamento, e olvidar os vivos, para que assim não nos esquecêssemos de ninguém e não se dissesse que estamos a lisonjear gratuitamente. Se assim fosse, perguntaríamos a Belzebu, que escreverei? Diria Belzebu: Escreve, que Todo o Mundo lisonjeia os mortos e Ninguém agradece aos vivos. Assim sendo, não podemos agradecer a todos os vivos pois que se tornaria fastidioso e não agradecendo a ninguém por ingratos podemos ser tomados. Que fazer se «O fado dos homens é esquecer»? As palavras não são nossas. Atribuídas a Merlin, o mago entre os magos, das histórias da Távola Redonda, lidas num romance, que já não Jorge Paulo Napoleão Garcia Inácio - 20167/8 III Dissertação de Mestrado: «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc. XXI» recordamos o nome. Decisões, Decisões, Decisões temos de decidir, pois «já é demais o meu penar» (Moraes, 1975, p. s/p). ‘hoc opus hic labor est’1, mesmo que a obra seja imperfeita, como esta, raramente o trabalho é solitário, sabemos isso, do ditado «é preciso uma aldeia inteira para educar uma criança». Assim, sendo, começo por agradecer ao “sino da minha aldeia” (Pessoa, 1942, p. s/p) - Lisboa, e, olhando a nossa “aldeia” a partir de um local privilegiado, encontra-se o Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas2, ao qual, agradecemos por nos ter acolhido e dado a oportunidade de desenvolver a investigação que aqui apresentamos no contexto do curso conducente ao grau de Mestre em Ciência Política. Ainda nos agradecimentos, retive o diálogo do filme “Indiana Jones e a Caveira de Cristal” entre Indiana Jones e o Reitor Dean Stanforth, em que olhando para as fotos de Marcus Brody e Henry Jones Sénior ele diz: “Indy: Brutal couple of years, huh, Charlie? First Dad, then Marcus. Dean Stanforth: We seem to have reached the age where life stops giving us things and starts taking them away” (Lucas, 2008, p. s/p.), ou seja em termos singulares, agradecemos aos seguintes e maravilhosos Seres Humanos: M. Carolina N.; Armando G. I.; Celeste N.; Celeste P. I.; Maria José P.; A. Cristina N.; P. Ricardo N.; no apoio que me deram e pelas histórias que me contaram e/ou nos fizeram viver, pelo amor e carinho com que sempre nos trataram. Também à Associação Daoísta de Portugal (a todos e a cada um), aos meus amigos Daniel C.; Rosário L.; João Paulo M.; José S.; Lídia P.; Paula B.; Pedro B.; Shabir N.; Z; e à Vanessa N.; Isabel D.; João M.; Júlio A. e ao João Pedro B. por me terem auxiliado na tarefa de revisão e cortes, particularmente, à Vera G. e à Susana S., pelos contributos, emendas, sugestões e distracções. À Sr.ª Professora Doutora Sandra Balão, nossa orientadora de Dissertação e ao Sr. Coronel e Professor Luís A. Fraga; pelo conhecimento que me proporcionaram, pela paciência, sapiência, e pelas “chamadas à Terra” e rigor científico com que me fizeram imprimir nesta obra. “At last but not the least” a Astor Piazzolla, Caetano Veloso, Carlos Gardel, Chico Buarque, 1 Princípio de um verso de Virgílio, em que a sibila de Cumas explica a Eneias a dificuldade que há em voltar dos Infernos; a frase tornou-se proverbial e cita-se para indicar o ponto difícil de qualquer questão. Cfr. Glossário de Termos Latinos, adiante designaremos por ‘GTL’. 2 Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, também conhecido por ISCSP, designação que adiante utilizaremos, quando nos estivermos a referir a este Instituto localizado no Pólo Universitário da Ajuda em Lisboa. Jorge Paulo Napoleão Garcia Inácio - 20167/8 IV Dissertação de Mestrado: «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc. XXI» Cole Porter, Elis Regina, Gal Costa, Fausto Bordalo Dias, Frédéric François Chopin, Gustav Theodore Holst, José Cid, Ludwig van Beethoven, Maria Bethânia, Piotr Ilitch Tchaikovsky, Sérgio Godinho, Tom Jobim, Toquinho, Vinícius Moraes, Vitorino, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart e Xutos & Pontapés, compositores e cantores que com as suas melodias e canções, conseguiram tornar ainda mais agradável a elaboração desta Dissertação. A todos os que me fizeram rir com o seu humor inteligente, e com isso, permitiram que abríssemos janelas no nosso pensamento e este voasse mais alto. Estes contribuíram para que tudo ficasse perto do “Justo e Perfeito” mas, mesmo com todas as cautelas, escolhos foram aparecendo. Mesmo tendo tudo previsto e planeado “No one expects the Spanish Inquisition” (Monty Python, 1970, p. s/p). Jorge Paulo Napoleão Garcia Inácio - 20167/8 V Dissertação de Mestrado: «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc. XXI» Resumo Nesta dissertação estudam-se os desafios da exploração do Espaço Exterior3(‘EE’)4e dos Tratados5 que a regulam6. Em concreto, apresentam-se, inicialmente, alguns dos conceitos técnicos associados ao ‘EE’ e aos Tratados em articulação com os conceitos fundamentais à sua compreensão e enquadramento da sua problematização na área da Ciência Política (‘CP’)7 8 (Caetano, 1991, p. 15) - em particular da Space Policy (‘SP’)9 - num meio que se pretende pacífico, mas onde é crescente a competição na medida em que a [recente] “entrada em cena” de actores Privados apresenta potencial para gerar conflitos. Com o escassear dos recursos no Planeta Terra10, o ‘EE’ apresenta características peculiares, uma vez que constitui uma dimensão onde se podem encontrar recursos naturais e, simultaneamente, ser instalados recursos artificiais (satélites ou estações espaciais, por exemplo). De facto, em locais onde exista dimensão e abrangência relativamente à Terra, a disponibilização deste tipo de instrumentos - ainda que para fins formalmente definidos como estritamente científicos - será sempre alvo de uma disputa que pode assumir contornos de várias tipologias, desde a meramente comercial até à militar. Parafraseando Bhavya Lal, onde ela escreve que “O sector espacial está a passar por uma grande transformação. Há Cinquenta anos, os Estados Unidos e a União Soviética realizaram os únicos programas espaciais nacionais significativos, e apenas um pequeno número de entidades comerciais estava envolvido em atividades espaciais”. (Lale, 2016, p. s/p) 3 Cfr. Glossário Astronómico, adiante designaremos por ‘GA’ e Anexo III Nota II Secção III. 4 Utilizaremos a sigla ‘EE’ entre plicas para designarmos Espaço Exterior Cfr. Siglas, Acrónimos e Abreviaturas, adiante designaremos por ‘SAA’. 5 Um Tratado é muito mais que um conjunto de leis escritas onde é definida e legislada determinada matéria (matéria essa que geralmente dá título ao próprio Tratado). Um Tratado é, primeiro, e acima de tudo, a coroação dos esforços diplomáticos que a nível das ‘RI’ alcançaram o objectivo através da ‘CP’ onde os actores políticos, neste caso os Estados, manifestaram a concretização da sua vontade, por outras palavras, o que está inserido no Tratado nunca é o ideal, mas sim o possível, que é o resultado dos esforços e negociações diplomáticas e que na sua redacção final vê plasmadas as posições concordantes de todos os intervenientes. 6 Em particular o Tratado do Espaço Exterior (adiante designado de TEE). Cfr. Glossário Geral adiante designaremos por ‘GG’, Cfr. SAA e Anexo II Nota I Secção I. 7 Utilizaremos a sigla ‘CP’ entre plicas para designarmos Ciência Política ou Ciências Políticas. Cfr. SAA. 8 «Uma pessoa desprevenida pode incorrer na confusão entre ciência política e a política, ou seja, com a actividade desenvolvida para a conquista e manutenção do poder segundo certos ideais que se pretende fazer aceitar e realizar na sociedade». 9 Utilizaremos a sigla ‘SP’ entre plicas para designarmos Space Policy. Cfr. SAA. 10 Cfr. GA e Anexo V Nota V Secção VI. Jorge Paulo Napoleão Garcia Inácio - 20167/8 VI Dissertação de Mestrado: «Tratados Internacionais e Espaço Exterior no Séc.
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