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Assessing the potential and limitations of single-use plastics abatement interventions in remote areas and islands: A case study of Caribbean Small Island Developing States Martina de Marcos Holmberg A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science The University of New South Wales June 2020 Surname/Family Name : De Marcos Holmberg Given Name/s : Martina Abbreviation for degree as given : MPhil in the University calendar Faculty : Faculty of Science School : School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science Thesis Title : Assessing the potential and limitations of single-use plastics abatement interventions in remote areas and islands: A case study of Caribbean Small Island Developing States. ABSTRACT Eight million metric tonnes of plastic waste arrives in the ocean every year, with far-reaching and detrimental effects on the earth’s biome, its ecosystems and the health of its human inhabitants. Plastic litter can also have a profound impact on tourism. It is particularly damaging for the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR)’s environment, which is the most tourism-dependent region in the world. Hence, this research study was aimed at analysing policy and management responses to plastic leakage in the region, to prevent ennvironmental damage by plastic litter. This research firstly determined the percentage of plastic waste (PW) in the WCR’s waste stream. It then proceeded to analyze two distinct responses: reduction of single-use plastic through legislative bans, and technologies to recover the value of PW. The analysis was carried out via a thorough literature review, the collection of quantitative data through a survey done in four case studies, and qualitative data collection involving 28 open-ended interviews to professionals in waste management, NGO leaders, technology experts and community leaders with experience in the WCR or remote and island areas around the world. The literature review enabled the compilation of all single-use plastic bans in the WCR and led to the selection of four WCR case studies. Achieving compliance with these bans was determined by a number of factors, including leadership from government, participation from the private sector and civil society, extensive educational campaigns (at least six months before the implementation of the bans) and substantial economic aid and knowledge sharing from international organisations, which highlighted the importance of an integrated approach. Four main resource-recovery technologies were selected from the literature reviewed, and analysed for the context of the WCR. It was concluded that each technology had characteristics that could assist in different communities in the WCR — WtE served only where land is very limited because it has high environmental impacts; pyrolysis should only be used in conjunction with other recycling technologies; PW to asphalt/concrete reduces the costs of construction materials; and PW to objects, including plastic lumber, can be useful and has several environmental benefits, including reducing logging. This research thesis provides practical information and public policy recommendations for governments and civil society in the WCR on which technologies to use to recover resources from PW and how to implement policies to reduce the production of PW. This information was not previously available and allows for an integrated approach to managing plastic waste. Declaration relating to disposition of project thesis/dissertation I hereby grant to the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all property rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. ……………………………… ……….…………………….. …………………………… ……………………………… .…… ……..……………… Martina de Marcos Matias Cukier Holmberg 28/06/2020 Witness Signature Signature Date The University recognises that there may be exceptional circumstances requiring restrictions on copying or conditions on use. Requests for restriction for a period of up to 2 years must be made in writing. Requests for a longer period of restriction may be considered in exceptional circumstances and require the approval of the Dean of Graduate Research. FOR OFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: 15.12.2020 INCLUSION OF PUBLICATIONS STATEMENT UNSW is supportive of candidates publishing their research results during their candidature as detailed in the UNSW Thesis Examination Procedure. Publications can be used in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter if: • The student contributed greater than 50% of the content in the publication and is the “primary author”, i.e. the student was responsible primarily for the planning, execution and preparation of the work for publication • The student has approval to include the publication in their thesis in lieu of a Chapter from their supervisor and Postgraduate Coordinator. • The publication is not subject to any obligations or contractual agreements with a third party that would constrain its inclusion in the thesis Please indicate whether this thesis contains published material or not. ☒ This thesis contains no publications, either published or submitted for publication (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) ☐ Some of the work described in this thesis has been published and it has been documented in the relevant Chapters with acknowledgement (if this box is checked, you may delete all the material on page 2) ☐ This thesis has publications (either published or submitted for publication) incorporated into it in lieu of a chapter and the details are presented below CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I declare that: • I have complied with the Thesis Examination Procedure • where I have used a publication in lieu of a Chapter, the listed publication(s) below meet(s) the requirements to be included in the thesis. Name Signature Date (dd/mm/year) Martina de Marcos 15.12.20 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ‘I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents a non-exclusive licence to archive and to make available (including to members of the public) my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known. I acknowledge that I retain all intellectual property rights which subsist in my thesis or dissertation, such as copyright and patent rights, subject to applicable law. I also retain the right to use all or part of my thesis or dissertation in future works (such as articles or books).’ ‘For any substantial portions of copyright material used in this thesis, written permission for use has been obtained, or the copyright material is removed from the final public version of the thesis.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date …………………………………………….............................. AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT ‘I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis.’ Signed ……………………………………………........................... Date …………………………………………….............................. Acknowledgements I consider the submission of this thesis as a major accomplishment made possible by many people who supported and encouraged me along the way. Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to the Government of Australia for granting me this opportunity. I have learned a lot and hope I can become an agent of change, helping improve waste management around the world. To my supervisor, Graciela Metternitch, thank you for trusting me and giving me so many opportunities. Graciela, you have opened doors that have shaped my life in a very positive way. I also want to thank Mark Brown for his advice and guidance. Mark, your precision and passion for science have been inspirational. Thank you Jess Sammut for your feedback and guidance. I would also like to thank Jonathan Russel, the Higher Degree Research Administration Officer, for all your patience and for explaining those things that I did not understand. Thanks also to Vaughan for so many mornings of coffee, corrections and guidance — your selflessness and generosity are inspiring. Thank you to my family, especially my mum, for being there for me every time I wanted to quit, and every time I needed help, which I know was often. Thank you to my dad, sister, grandad, grandmother and the rest of my family for your advice and support. To my Australian family, words will never be enough to express my gratitude. Thank you for your moral support, for providing me with a home for so many months, for giving me all your love, for encouraging me to give my very best and for all your advice. For me it was a blessing to spend so much time with you all. I also want to thank my Isha Judd family who has listened to me and guided me lovingly, encouraging me to enjoy each moment (something I am still learning). Thank you to Bono for encouraging to continue working, allowing me all the time in the world, feeding me so many meals and making sure that I looked after myself in the process. To Asia Pacific Waste Consultants, thank you for affording me the opportunity to travel to Palau and Antigua and Barbuda, two of the locations I researched extensively during this
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