Nursing Ethics: a Selected Bibliography, 1987 to Present

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Bioethics Research Library The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics Box 571212, Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057-1212 202-687-3885; fax: 202-687-8089 [email protected] http://bioethics.georgetown.edu

Nursing Ethics: S A Selected Bibliography, 1987 to Present

C Doris Mueller Goldstein June, 1992 O The ethics of nursing is emerging as a discipline distinct from bioethics or medical ethics. Although these areas have many concerns in common, nurses are demonstrating that their perspective can make a unique contribution to ethical P debate. An especially dynamic area of discussion within nursing ethics is the philosophy of caring. The work on moral development by Harvard educator Carol Gilligan in her book, In a Different Voice, is pivotal in this discussion (see IV B, Cooper E 1989). Jean Watson, a nurse at the University of Colorado Center for Human Caring, also has written extensively on the philosophy of caring. She states that “an ethic of caring has a distinct moral position: caring is attending and relating to a person in such a way that the person is protected from being reduced to the N moral status of objects....” (see I, Watson 1988.) Even as the philosophy of caring becomes more predominant, however, nurses today are often drawn from the caring role by forces prevalent in the modern O hospital. First, modern technology can divert the nurse’s attention away from the patient and toward the operation of complex equipment, and second, large hospitals are often managed as bureaucracies (I, Fitzpatrick 1988). T A recent study examined the frequency and seriousness of ethical issues encountered in nursing practice (IV A, Berger 1991). A survey instrument that included 32 potential ethical issues was developed by the authors. Respondents E were asked to identify what kinds of issues concerned them and with what frequency, and to indicate what resources were used to cope with these dilemmas. The study found that nurses were frequently faced with inadequate staffing, heroic measures for prolonging life, inappropriate resource allocation, situations where patients are being discussed inappropriately, and coping with irresponsible activity 19 of colleagues.

1 The variety of ethical dilemmas encountered on a TABLE OF CONTENTS daily basis by nurses and their expressed interest in developing a moral grounding for the profession of nursing, along with increased attention to I. Books...... 2 ethical issues in nursing education have led to an II. Additional Readings...... 7 explosion in the literature on these topics. In the III. Special Issues...... 8 preparation of this bibliography over 1,000 citations were retrieved in computer searches of IV. Journal Articles/ Book Chapters. 9 various databases: BIOETHICSLINE, MEDLINE A. General...... 9 and CATLINE (National Library of Medicine), B. Philosophy of Care...... 11 CINAHL (Current Index to Nursing and Allied C. Codes/Guidelines/Policy Health Literature), BOOKS IN PRINT PLUS, and ETHX (the online public access catalog for arti- Statements...... 11 cles at the National Reference Center for D. Decision Making...... 12 Bioethics literature). What is offered here is a E. Nursing Education...... 12 small sampling of that literature. Books and F. Professional Professional special issues of periodicals are briefly annotated, but citations to articles are simply arranged by Relationship...... 14 broad subject, and within that, alphabetically by G. Nurse Patient Relationship.. 14 author. The subcategories reflect the topics H. Informed Consent...... 14 receiving the most discussion in current literature. I. Nurses and AIDS...... 15 This bibliography updates “The Ethics of Nursing: J. Ethics Committees...... 15 A Selected Bibliography,” by Doris Mueller K. Care of the Dying...... 15 Goldstein, which covered the earlier literature and L. Nurses and Research...... 16 was published as an appendix to ETHICAL V. Organizations...... 17 DECISION MAKING IN NURSING Appendix: Syllabus Exchange Catalog, ADMINISTRATION (I, Silva 1990). Nursing Ethics...... 17 I. Books Bandman, Elsie L., and Bandman, Bertram. Australian Nursing Federation. ETHICS: NURSING ETHICS THROUGH THE LIFE NURSING PERSPECTIVES, vol.2. North SPAN. 2nd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, Fitzroy, Victoria: The Federation, 1989. 102 p. 1990. 288 p. (Publisher’s address: 373 - 375 St. Georges Road, Following an extensive review of the moral postal code 3068.) foundations of decision making in nursing, the The National Professional Development authors take the reader through a chronology of Committee of Australia fostered the publication nursing ethics issues as they occur in the human of a second volume of papers on nursing ethics. life span, beginning with the procreative family Articles cover patients’ rights, ethical theory in period and concluding with the end of life. Each decisionmaking behaviors, the nurse and the chapter contains discussion questions — an aid DNR order, and whistleblowing. Several to educators using this as a textbook. appendices represent difficult-to-obtain documents, such as the RANF (Royal Benjamin, Martin, and Curtis, Joy. ETHICS IN Australian Nursing Federation) position NURSING. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford statements on terminal care, AIDS and University Press, 1986. 206 p. occupational health, professional practice An overview of the nature of ethical inquiry and problems, and conscientious objection. theory is followed by a thorough discussion of cases representing dilemmas in the nurse’s relationships to patients, other nurses, physicians, and the institutions that employ them. The text is widely used in nursing

2 education. A third edition will be published in several codes that are not readily available in 1992. the United States: United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Benner, Patricia, and Wrubel, Judith. THE Visiting’s Code of Professional Conduct for the PRIMACY OF CARING: STRESS AND Nurse, Midwife and Health Visitor (1984); the COPING IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS. Menlo National Association for the Welfare of Park, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1989. 425 p. Children in Hospital’s Charter for Children in The premise of this book is: “An articulation of Hospital (November 1984); and the Royal alternative approaches to health promotion, Council of Nursing, Society of Paediatric restoration, and even curing practices based Nursing’s Statement of Values in Paediatric upon the primacy of caring.” The authors, both Nursing (August 1987). professors in the School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, identify three ways Burnard, Philip, and Chapman, Christine M. in which caring is primary. First, because caring PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN determines what is important to a person, what NURSING: THE CODE OF PROFESSIONAL is stressful, and what coping options are CONDUCT. New York: John Wiley & Sons, available, caring creates possibility. Second, 1988. 124 p. caring enables connection with others and Burnard and Chapman, both nurse educators, expression of concern. Third, caring facilitates interpret the United Kingdom Central Council both giving and receiving help. In the early for Nursing’s 1984 Code of Professional chapters the authors use a phenomenological Conduct. Each of the 14 chapters illustrates a approach to examine the nature of the person statement in the code and explores its and the nature of stress and coping. Then implications. several chapters are devoted to the question of coping with various illnesses and their aspects. Catalano, Joseph T., and Griffin, Susan. The final chapter addresses coping with ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF caregiving, i.e., nursing, itself. NURSING. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1991. 123 p. Bishop, Anne H., and Scudder, John R. THE A concise introduction to ethics in nursing, this PRACTICAL, MORAL, AND PERSONAL work may be used as a personal tutorial. The SENSE OF NURSING: A PHENOMENO- book’s design facilitates quick learning by LOGICAL PHILOSOPHY OF PRACTICE. highlighting major points, specifying Albany: State University of New York Press, educational objectives, and providing 1990. 185 p. definitions and summaries. Coauthored by a nurse and a philosopher, this theoretical work relies on continental theories of Cushing, Mary. NURSING JURISPRUDENCE. philosophy (phenomenology, existentialism, and Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1988. 534 p. hermeneutics) to develop a philosophy of Cushing, a nurse/lawyer, offers an authoritative nursing, which, in the authors’ view, is actually overview of legal issues in nursing. Following a philosophy of practice. They assert that a a chapter on the “anatomy of a suit,” the author philosophy of nursing must be generated from addresses the standard of care, nursing within the experience of the profession. judgment, the safety of the patient, medication errors, communication and documentation, Brykczynska, Gosia M., ed. ETHICS IN abortion, contraception, and medical treatment PAEDIATRIC NURSING. London: Chapman issues. The impact of the law on professional and Hall, 1989. 157 p. practice is considered in three areas: the The six nurses contributing to this monograph employer-employee relationship, discrimination address pediatric nursing ethics in different in education, and disciplinary proceedings areas of practice: neonatal nursing, intensive before a licensing board. A final chapter deals care nursing, community care, psychiatric with educational law. nursing, nursing for the profoundly handicapped, and research. Appendices contain Davis, Anne J., and Aroskar, Mila A. ETHICAL

3 DILEMMAS AND NURSING PRACTICE. 3rd tradition and accessible to a wider audience.” ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1991. 248 p. Dr. Fitzpatrick, a philosopher, drew upon a Introductory chapters of this book discuss health consultative committee of nurses and nurse care ethics, value clarification and moral educators to develop this scholarly treatise. The development, and ethical approaches and first half of the book is devoted to examining principles. The authors examine bioethical various moral theories and identifying issues from the perspective of nurses: informed fundamental moral principles, such as the consent, abortion, dying and death, behavior immorality of killing, respect for persons, and control, mental retardation, and public health the fostering of honesty. Considerable attention policy. A final chapter provides case studies is devoted to problems of life and death. pertinent to the issues identified. Fowler, Marsha D.M., and Levine-Ariff, June, Dougherty, Charles J.; Edwards, Barba J.; and eds. ETHICS AT THE BEDSIDE: A SOURCE Haddad, Amy M. ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN BOOK FOR THE CRITICAL CARE NURSE. PERIOPERATIVE NURSING. Denver, CO: Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1987. 270 p. Association of Operating Room Nurses, 1990. The two-part structure of this work focuses first 91 p. on suggested basic principles and values in Written by a philosopher ethicist, a nurse bioethics, and then the application of those ethicist, and a perioperative nurse executive, principles and values to nursing. The this work focuses on ethical dilemmas occurring contributors, primarily nurse educators, discuss in the perioperative period. Following an autonomy, advocacy, accountability, overview of consequentialist and deontological noninfliction of harm, fidelity, veracity, justice, theories and a discussion of moral character, the and legal issues. A postscript provides authors respond individually to 16 case studies information resources on ethics in critical care on such topics as incomplete sterilization, nursing. surgery on the wrong patient, and harvesting cadaveric organs. An appendix reprints the Goldstein, Arnold S.; Perdew, Sue; and Pruitt, major codes of nursing and medical ethics. Susan S. THE NURSE’S LEGAL ADVISOR: YOUR GUIDE TO LEGALLY SAFE Fairbairn, Gavin, and Fairbairn, Susan, eds. PRACTICE. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1989. 262 ETHICAL ISSUES IN CARING. Brookfield, p. VT: Avebury, 1988. 180 p. A lawyer, nurse educator, and nursing Based on papers from the Ethical Issues in administrator have teamed up to provide a very Caring Conferences held between 1981 and brief overview of the possible legal liability of 1985, this anthology draws attention to moral nurses. Written in a question and answer format, problems arising “from our need to care and to the book covers case law related to patients’ be cared for.” The first group of essays is rights, liability, recordkeeping, confidentiality, concerned with conceptual matters, and drugs, care of the dying, and what the authors includes a contribution by Alastair V. Campbell term “ethical issues.” A glossary of legal terms on the nature of professional care as a vocation. is appended. The second group is issue oriented and covers, for example, choice in childbirth and the quality Ketefian, Shaké, and Ormond, Ingrid. MORAL of life and services for the disabled. REASONING AND ETHICAL PRACTICE IN NURSING: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW. Fitzpatrick, F. J. ETHICS IN NURSING New York: National League for Nursing, 1988. PRACTICE: BASIC PRINCIPLES AND 79 p. NLN Publication No. 15-2250. THEIR APPLICATION. London: The Linacre Based on a similarly-titled piece contributed to Centre for the Study of the Ethics of Health Care, Volume 7 of the Annual Review of Nursing 1988. 290 p. Research (1989), this essay outlines the research The Linacre Centre identified the need for “a literature on moral reasoning and ethical comprehensive account of nursing ethics which practice in nursing published between 1983 and would be both faithful to Catholic moral 1987. The first of three extensive tables

4 analyzes 15 studies of factors related to moral Mellish, J. M. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE reasoning. A second looks at which instruments ETHOS OF NURSING: A TEXT FOR BASIC were employed to measure moral reasoning and STUDENT NURSES. Durban: Butterworths, ethical practice, and a third summarizes 22 1988. 196 p. studies of factors related to ethical practice and Defining the ethos of nursing as its character or studies describing ethical practice. nature, the author examines the evolution of nursing, both in general and with regard to Leininger, Madeleine M., ed. ETHICAL AND nursing specialties. Principles of professional MORAL DIMENSIONS OF CARE. Detroit: practice as well as the concepts of duty, Wayne State University Press, 1990. 115 p. accountability, discipline, and health are The editor, a professor of nursing at Wayne covered. State University, calls for the development of an ethic of care from the nursing profession itself, Neil, Ruth M., and Watts, Robin, eds. CARING and not as a subset of medical ethics. Another AND NURSING: EXPLORATIONS IN development affecting the ethics of care is the FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES. New York: multicultural aspect of nursing care and National League for Nursing, 1991. 235 p. NLN education; the nurse must increasingly be aware Publication No. 14-2369. of various traditions and cultures represented by In June 1988 the Center for Human Caring patients. This work presents different views on sponsored a National Conference on Caring and the moral and ethical aspects of human care. Nursing, and two doctoral candidates edited these proceedings. Contributors, mostly nurses, Leininger, Madeleine M., and Watson, Jean, eds. consider the art and science of human caring T H E CARING IMP ERATIVE I N from the feminist perspective. EDUCATION. New York: National League for Nursing, 1990. 297 p. NLN Publication No. Orlando, Ida Jean. THE DYNAMIC 41-2308. NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP: The University of Colorado Center for Human FUNCTION, PROCESS, AND PRINCIPLES. Caring and the International Association for New York: National League for Nursing, 1990. 97 Human Caring sponsored this publication, an p. NLN Publication No. 15-2341. outgrowth of a conference on the relationship First published in 1961, Orlando’s work has between education and caring held in Denver in been reprinted by the League. An important 1989. Essays include: “Virtue, Ethics, and Care: contribution to the literature on the Developing the Personal Dimension of Caring nurse-patient relationship, the treatise marks a in Nursing Education,” by Mark Klimek, “The shift in focus from the patient’s treatment to the Moral Dimension: Humanism in Education,” by patient’s needs. Cheryl Demerath Learn; “Creating a Caring Environment: Moral Obligations in the Role of Pence, Terry, and Cantrall, Janice, comps. Dean,” by Anne Boykin, and “Theoretical ETHICS IN NURSING: AN ANTHOLOGY. Directives for Care Value Conflict Resolution,” New York: National League for Nursing, 1990. by Nancy A. O’Connor. 344 p. NLN Publication No. 20-2294. The compilers, a philosophy professor and a Melia, Kath M. EVERYDAY NURSING nurse administrator, view nursing ethics ETHICS. Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: literature of the past decade as being derived Macmillan Education, 1989. 85 p. (Nursing from one of three approaches: the ethical theory Times- Macmillan Education Book series.) approach, the moral principles approach, and Useful as an introduction to ethical issues for the philosophical foundations approach. The practicing nurses and nursing students, this latter is the one chosen for this collection of book demonstrates the pervasiveness of ethical essays. Sections focus on philosophical questions in routine work. Brief vignettes foundations, patient advocacy, nurses’ rights, illustrate general ethical quandaries related to and the relationship of nurses to physicians, to autonomy, disclosure, euthanasia, patient other nurses, and to the institutions that employ advocacy, confidentiality, and other topics. them. This is a helpful and extensive collection

5 of many contributions to the nursing ethics Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1990. 272 p. literature. An outgrowth of a series of ethics conferences funded by the Division of Nursing, National Quinn, Carroll A., and Smith, Michael D. THE Institutes of Health, from 1984 through 1989, PROFESSIONAL COMMITMENT: ISSUES this work provides an overview of ethical theory AND ETHICS IN NURSING. Philadelphia: and applies that theory to ethical case studies Saunders, 1987. 196 p. contributed by nurse administrators who The authors merged ideas from their roles as participated in the conferences. An ethics professors of bioethics and nursing issues to decision framework is offered by the author and create this overview of nursing ethics. Their then cases are considered which focus on purpose is to demonstrate that any separation of conflicts between basic principles in ethical professional and ethical issues is artificial. decision making: autonomy versus beneficence, Introductory chapters cover professional ethics beneficence versus nonmaleficence, and justice and ethical theory. Other topics are: autonomy, versus beneficence. One appendix contains six the nurse-physician relationship, the economic additional case studies, along with their status of nurses, and collective action. outcomes. Another is the precursor to this bibliography, pp. 233-54. Roach, M. Simone. THE HUMAN ACT OF CARING: A BLUEPRINT FOR THE Silva, Mary Cipriano, and Sorrell, Jeanne Merkle. HEALTH PROFESSIONS. Ottawa: Canadian RESEARCH ON ETHICS IN NURSING Hospital Association, 1987. 163 p. EDUCATION: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW The author, a nurse and Sister of St. Martha of AND CRITIQUE. New York: National League Antigonish, asserts that “the goal of any health for Nursing Press, 1991. 166 p. NLN Publication professional program...is to professionalize the No. 15-2409. human capacity to care.” She views caring as By using a variety of databases and published nothing less than the human mode of being. indexes and by manually monitoring selected After considering the attributes of professional journals, the authors conducted a thorough caring and relating the concept to professional search of the literature reporting empirical ethics, she addresses the erosion of human care research on ethics in nursing education and its relation to the crisis of values today. published between 1970 and 1990. Research on This work is an extension of an earlier curricula, on attitudes of nursing students and monograph entitled CARING: THE HUMAN faculty toward ethical issues, and on ethical MODE OF BEING, IMPLICATIONS FOR values of nursing students and faculty is also NURSING. reviewed. Based on the 39 studies examined, several recommendations are made for the Samarel, Nelda. CARING FOR LIFE AND future of nursing education and practice. A final DEATH. New York: Hemisphere, 1991. 141 p. section identifies dissertations on ethics in (Series in Death Education, Aging, and Health nursing education. Care.) An ethnographic method was employed by the Thompson, Ian E.; Melia, Kath M.; and Boyd, nurse-author to observe the nurse-patient Kenneth M. NURSING ETHICS. 2nd ed. New behavior in a large community hospital in the York: Churchill Livingstone, 1988. 269 p. northeast United States. Both terminally ill and A philosopher, a nurse, and a theologian acutely ill patients participated in the research collaborated to provide a basic primer on moral project. Particular attention was paid to caring issues in nursing. Key topics include behaviors, and what factors served to diminish responsibility and accountability power sharing caring behaviors. The study is an interesting and personal values, the nurse-patient account of recent empirical research on the relationship, moral dilemmas of the nurse nature of the nurse-patient relationship. administrator, nurses and society, moral decision making, and the relevance of moral Silva, Mary Cipriano. ETHICAL DECISION philosophy to nursing ethics. Seven major codes MAKING IN NURSING ADMINISTRATION. appear as appendices.

6 Thompson, Joyce E., and Thompson, Henry O., argues that the existing relationship between eds. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN NURSING. care and cure should be inverted, “designating Malabar, FL: R.E. Krieger, 1990. 220 p. care as the highest form of commitment to The compilers of this anthology, useful as a patients, encompassing as many different textbook, focus on several of the key questions expressions of concern for patient well-being as in nursing ethics: What distinguishes nursing we are imaginative enough to devise.” Care is ethics from medical ethics? What is the nurse’s defined as the alleviation of the vulnerability of role in decision making? What are the ethical the patient, and the ethical standard by which issues inherent to the nurse-physician interventions are measured—in direct contrast relationship? How is ethics important in nursing to the commonly-held belief that cure is the research and in nursing education? Some of the standard. most prominent writers are represented here. Wolf, Zane Robinson. NURSES’ WORK: THE Veatch, Robert M., and Fry, Sara T. CASE SACRED AND THE PROFANE. Philadelphia: STUDIES IN NURSING ETHICS. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. 313 p. J.B. Lippincott, 1987. 312 p. Based on the author’s doctoral dissertation, The authors present 115 case studies that NURSING RITUALS IN AN ADULT illustrate: 1) ethics and values in the nursing ACUTE CARE HOSPITAL, this study sees profession; 2) ethical principles in nursing (e.g., rituals — patterned, symbolic actions — as an justice, autonomy, veracity, fidelity); and 3) aid to the nurse who must carry out difficult special problem areas in nursing practice (e.g., tasks. The rituals studied are post-mortem care, human reproduction, psychiatry, and behavior medication administration, and bathing patients. control, consent to treatment, and death and This unusual research supports the author’s dying). An index is included. view of the American hospital as a sacred institution. Although not a book on nursing Watson, Jean. NURSING: HUMAN SCIENCE ethics, this study provides insight into the AND HUMAN CARE; A THEORY OF nurse-patient relationship. NURSING. New York: National League for Nursing, 1988. 111 p. NLN Publication No. Yeo, Michael. CONCEPTS AND CASES IN 15-2236. NURSING ETHICS. Peterborough, Ont.: Broad- In this extension of her earlier work on caring, view Press, 1991. 272 p. the author, professor and dean at the School of Beneficence, autonomy, truthfulness, Nursing, University of Colorado, advocates a confidentiality, justice and integrity are the “human science approach to health care” for principles that provide the framework of this nursing. She views adherence to the medical multi-authored book prepared at the model for nursing practice as inadequate, since Westminster Institute in London, Ontario. Each it neglects nursing’s tradition of human caring. principle is illustrated by three cases. Several She goes on to develop her views of transper- codes are reprinted in appendices. sonal caring. (This book is a rerelease of a volume originally published in 1985.) II. Additional Readings

Watson, Jean, and Ray, Marilyn A., eds. THE Alberta Association of Registered Nurses. ETHICS OF CARE AND THE ETHICS OF GUIDELINES F OR B IOETHICAL CURE: SYNTHESIS IN CHRONICITY. New DECISIONMAKING IN NURSING. York: National League for Nursing, 1988. 55 p. Edmonton, Alberta: A.A.R.N., 1987. 21 p. The University of Colorado Center for Human (Approved by the A.A.R.N. Provincial Council, Caring, the Hastings Center, and the Colorado 3-5 June 1987.) Nurses’ Association cosponsored a conference with this name. The keynote speeches of Sally American Nurses’ Association. Committee on Gadow and Daniel Callahan are made available Ethics. ETHICS IN NURSING: POSITION here, along with summaries of the work of nine STATEMENTS AND GUIDELINES. Kansas discussion groups. Dr. Gadow provocatively City, MO: A.N.A., 1988. 16 p.

7 American Nurses’ Foundation. NURSING Jones, Anne H., ed. IMAGES OF NURSES: PRACTICE IN THE 21ST CENTURY. Kansas PERSPECTIVES FROM HISTORY, ART, City, MO: The Foundation, 1988. 62 p. (Papers AND LITERATURE. Philadelphia: University presented at the forum “Nursing Practice in the of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. 253 p. 21st Century” cosponsored by the American Nurses’ Foundation, Inc. and the Annenberg Leininger, Madeleine, and Watson, Jean, editors. Center for Health Sciences of the Eisenhower THE CARIN G I M P ERATIVE IN Medical Center held 20-23 September 1988 at EDUCATION. New York: National League for Rancho Mirage, CA.) Nursing, 1990. 316 p.

Association of Academic Health Centers. Study Northrop, Cynthia E., and Kelly, Mary E. Group on Human Resources for Health. THE LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSING. St. Louis, MO: SUPPLY AND EDUCATION OF NURSES. Mosby, 1987. 598 p. Washington, DC: The Association, 1989. 18 p. (Policy Paper series; No. 1.) Paterson, Josephine G., and Zderad, Loretta T. HUMANISTIC NURSING. New York: National Bishop, Anne H., and Scudder, John R. League for Nursing, 1988. 129 p. (Reprint. NURSING: THE PRACTICE OF CARING. Originally published: New York: Wiley, 1976. New York: National League for Nursing, 1991. NLN Publication No. 41-2218. 128 p. Reverby, Susan M. ORDERED TO CARE: Brown, James M.; Kitson, Alison L.; and THE DILEMMA OF AMERICAN NURSING, McKnight, Terrance J. CHALLENGES IN 1850-1945. New York: Cambridge University CARING: EXPLORATIONS IN NURSING Press, 1987. 286 p. (Cambridge History of AND ETHICS. New York: Chapman & Hall, Medicine series.) 1992. 200 p. Young, Ann P. LAW AND PROFESSIONAL Carson, Verna Benner. SPIRITUAL CONDUCT IN NURSING. London: Scutari DIMENSIONS OF NURSING PRACTICE. Press, 1991. 184 p. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1989. 386 p. III. Special Issues Dienemann, Jacqueline A., ed. NURSING A D M I N I S TR A T I O N : S T R A T E G I C In recent years some nursing journals have PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATION: initiated ongoing columns for the discussion of WITH 21 CASES AND APPLICATIONS. ethical issues, e.g. Western Journal of Nursing Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1990. 477 p. Research, Nursing Times, and Heart and Lung, while others have devoted entire issues to ethical Gaut, Delores, and Leininger, Madeleine, editors. topics. Some are listed below. CARING: THE COMPASSIONATE HEALER. New York: National League for ANS Advances in Nursing Science included essays Nursing, 1991. by Elizabeth A. Huggins and Cynthia C. Scalzi on ethical practice theory, Mary Carolyn Cooper on Goldie, Sue M., ed. ‘I HAVE DONE MY covenantal relationships, and John S. Packard and DUTY’: FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE IN Mary Ferrara on the moral foundation of nursing THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1854-56. Manchester, [10(4): July 1988]. Then Peggy L. Chinn edited an England: Manchester University Press, 1987. entire issue on caring [13(1): September 1990]. 326 p. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America Husted, Gladys L., and Husted, James H. [2(3): September 1990] published an issue entitled ETHICAL DECISION MAKING IN simply “Ethics,” which included articles by NURSING. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book, Jameton on culture, mortality, and ethics; 1991. 313 p. Edwards on whether the DNR patient belongs in

8 the ICU; Bigler on expanding responsibilities within the community; Pettigrew on intensive care IV. Journal Articles/Book Chapters nursing; and Smerke on caring. A. General The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy published an issue on nursing ethics edited by Berger, Marie C.; Seversen, Annette; and Chvatal, Sara T. Fry [16(3): June 1991]. The editor, an Roseanne. Ethical Issues in Nursing. Western associate professor of nursing at the University of Journal of Nursing Research 13(4): 514-21, Maryland, has selected essays that highlight how August 1991. nursing ethics can inform health care ethics in general. She questions whether bioethical Cassells, Judith M.; Silva, Mary Cipriano; and approaches are appropriate for a practice Chop, Rose M. Administrative Strategies to discipline like nursing. (Citations to individual Support Staff Nurses as Moral Agents in essays are listed under subject categories below.) Clinical Practice. NursingConnections 3(4): 31-37, Winter 1990. Nurse Managers Bookshelf offered an issue entitled “Creating an Ethical Environment,” edited Christensen, P.J. An Ethical Framework for by June Levine-Ariff and Donna H. Groh [2(1): Nursing Service Administration. ANS Advances March 1990]. The authors, both nurse in Nursing Science 10(3): 46-55, April 1988. administrators, are concerned with various aspects of ethics in nurse management: professional ethics Crowley, M.A. Feminist Pedagogy; Nurturing and ethical decision making, confronting unsafe the Ethical Ideal. ANS Advances in Nursing practice, whistleblowing, institutional forums, Science 11(3): 53-61, April 1989. ethical guidelines, and the allocation of scarce nurse resources. Davis, Anne J. New Developments in International Nursing Ethics. Nursing Clinics of Nursing Clinics of North America invited Sara T. North America 24(2): 571-77, June 1989. Fry to edit a two-issue collection on issues and applications in nursing ethics: Part 1: 24(2): 461- Donley, Rosemary. Nursing’s Mission: Spiritual 582, June 1989; and Part II: 24(4): 951-1057, Dimensions of Health Care. Journal of December 1989. (See subject categories below for Contemporary Health Law and Policy 7: 207-17, individual citations.) Spring 1991. RN published “It’s Your Decision: A Practical Foulk, G.J., and Keffer, M.J. The Moral Guide to Modern Nursing Ethics,” [51(10): Foundation of Nursing: Yarling and October 1988]. Topics addressed include the McElmurry and Their Critics. NLN Publication nursing shortage, incompetence, ethics at the end No. 15-2392. April 1991, pp. 31-46. of life, abortion, and the profit motive in health care. Fowler, Marsha D.M. The Nurse’s Role: Responsibilities and Rights. In Biomedical Seminars in Oncology Nursing devoted an issue to Ethics Reviews, 1987 ed. James M. Humber and ethical issues in cancer care [5(2): May 1989]. Robert F. Almeder, pp. 145-55. Clifton, NJ: Edited by Jo Ann Wegmann and Patricia Jassak, Humana Press, 1988. the collection of articles identifies several areas of concern for the cancer nurse: providing Freitas, Lorraine. Historical Roots and Future humanistic care within an ethical framework, understanding informed consent, facilitating the Perspectives Related to Nursing Ethics. Journal patient’s self-determination, providing pain of Professional Nursing 6(4): 197-205, management, dealing with ethical dilemmas in July-August 1990. pediatric cancer, participating on an ethics committee, and functioning within a clinical Friedman, Emily. Troubled Past of “Invisible” research environment. Profession. Journal of the American Medical Association 264(22): 2851-52, 2854-55, 2858, 12

9 December 1990. Omery, Ann. Values, Moral Reasoning, and Ethics. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(2): Fry, Sara T. Nursing Ethics: Current State of 499-508, June 1989. the Art. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 16(3): 231-34, June 1991. Packard, John S., and Ferrara, Mary. In Search of the Moral Foundation of Nursing. ANS Fry, Sara T. Toward a Theory of Nursing Advances in Nursing Science 10(4): 60-71, July Ethics. ANS Advances in Nursing Science 11(4): 1988. 9-22, July 1989. Penticuff, Joy Hinson. Conceptual Issues in Hewa, Soma, and Hetherington, Robert W. Nursing Ethics Research. Journal of Medicine Specialists Without Spirit: Crisis in the and Philosophy 16(3): 235-58, June 1991. Nursing Profession. Journal of Medical Ethics 16(4): 179-84, December 1990. Raatikainen, Ritva. Values and Ethical Principles in Nursing. Journal of Advanced Hussey, Trevor. Nursing Ethics and Project Nursing 14(2): 92-96, February 1989. 2000. Journal of Advanced Nursing 15(12): 1377-82, December 1990. Reed, P.G. Nursing Theorizing as an Ethical Endeavor. ANS Advances in Nursing Science Johnstone, Megan-Jane. Law, Professional 11(3): 1-9, April 1989. Ethics and the Problem of Conflict with Personal Values. International Nursing Review Reeder, Jean M. Ethical Dilemmas in Periopera- 36(3): 83-89, May-June 1989. tive Nursing Practice. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 999-1007, December 1989. Ketefian, Shaké. A Case Study of Theory Development: Moral Behavior in Nursing. ANS Reeder, Jean M. Secure the Future: A Model for Advances in Nursing Science 9(2): 10-19, January an International Nursing Ethic. AORN Journal 1987. 50(6): 1298-99, 1302-7, December 1989.

Ketefian, Shaké. Moral Reasoning and Ethical Reisman, E.C. Ethical Issues Confronting Practice in Nursing: Measurement Issues. Nurses. Nursing Clinics of North America 23(4): Nursing Clinics of North America 24(2): 509-21, 789-802, December 1988. June 1989. Roth, Patricia A., and Harrison, Janet K. Kuhse, Helga, and Singer, Peter. The Orchestrating Social Change: An Imperative in Quality/Quantity-of-Life Distinction and Its Care of the Chronically Ill. Journal of Medicine Moral Importance for Nurses. International and Philosophy 16(3): 343-59, June 1991. Journal of Nursing Studies 26(3): 203-12, 1989. Silva, Mary Cipriano. Preparation of Nurse McElmurry, B.J., and Yarling, R.R. The Moral Executives for Ethical Decision Making. Foundation of Nursing [editorial]. ANS NursingConnections 3(2): 28-31, Summer 1990. Advances in Nursing Science 11(3): xi-xii, April 1989. Silva, Mary Cipriano, and Lewis, C.K. Ethics, Policy, and Allocation of Scarce Resources in Mitchell, G.J. Nursing Diagnosis: An Ethical Nursing Service Administration: A Pilot Study. Analysis. Image: The Journal of Nursing NursingConnections 4(2): 44-52, Summer 1991. Scholarship 23(2): 99-103, Summer 1991. Silva, Mary Cipriano, and Snyder, Patricia. Olsen, D.P. Empathy as an Ethical and Ethical Frameworks Shaping Health Care Philosophical Basis for Nursing. ANS Advances Delivery [and] Application 1-1: Moral in Nursing Science 14(1): 62-75, September 1991. Reasoning In Personnel Decisions. In NURSING A D M I N I S T R A T I O N : S T R A T E G I C

10 PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATION ed. Care and Cure: An Analysis of Historical and Jacqueline A. Dienemann, pp. 3-27. Norwalk, CT: Contemporary Images of Nursing and Appleton & Lange, 1990. Medicine. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 16(3): 285-306, June 1991. Twomey, J.G. Analysis of the Claim to Distinct Nursing Ethics: Normative and Nonnormative Morse, Janice M., et al. Comparative Analysis of Approaches. ANS Advances in Nursing Science Conceptualizations and Theories of Caring. 11(3): 25-32, April 1989. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship 23(2): 119-26, Summer 1991. Wicclair, M.R. Differentiating Ethical Decisions from Clinical Standards. Dimensions of Critical Morse, Janice M., et al. Concepts of Caring and Care Nursing 10(5): 280-88, September-October Caring as a Concept. ANS Advances in Nursing 1991. Science 13(1): 1-14, September 1990.

Winslow, Betty J., and Winslow, Gerald R. Parker, Randy Spreen. Nurses’ Stories: The Integrity and Compromise In Nursing Ethics. Search for a Relational Ethic of Care. ANS Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 16(3): Advances in Nursing Science 13(1): 31-40, 307-23, June 1991. September 1990.

Yeo, Michael. Integration of Nursing Theory Rawnsley, Marilyn. Of Human Bonding: The and Nursing Ethics. ANS Advances in Nursing Context of Nursing as Caring. ANS Advances in Science 11(3): 33-42, April 1989. Nursing Science 13(1): 41-48, September 1990.

B. Philosophy of Care C. Codes/Guidelines/Policy Statements

Barker, Phil. Reflections on the Philosophy of AAOHN. Code of Ethics and Interpretive Caring In Mental Health. International Journal Statements. AAOHN Journal 39(10): suppl. 4 p., of Nursing Studies 26(2): 131-41, 1989. October 1991.

Boykin, Anne, and Schoenhofer, Savina. Caring American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. in Nursing: Analysis of Extant Theory. Nursing POSITION STATEMENT ON THE Science Quarterly 3(4): 149-55, Winter 1990. PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION OF BLOOD- BORNE PATHOGENS. Newport Cooper, Mary Carolyn. Gilligan’s Different Beach, CA: The Association, February 1988. Voice: A Perspective for Nursing. Journal of Professional Nursing 5(1): 10-16, Janu- American Nurses’ Association. Committee on ary-February 1989. Ethics. Withdrawing or Withholding Food and Fluid: Excerpts from the Guidelines. American Fox, Renee C.; Aiken, Linda H.; and Messikomer, Journal of Nursing 88(6): 797-98, 803, June 1988. Carla M. The Culture of Caring: AIDS and the Nursing Profession. Milbank Quarterly Clark-Coller, Tern. A Code of Ethics for 68(Supplement 2): 226-56, 1990. Nurse-Midwives: A Second Proposal. Journal of Nurse Midwifery 33(6): 274-79, Novem- Fry, Sara T. The Role of Caring in a Theory of ber-December 1988. Nursing Ethics. Hypatia 4(2): 88-103, Summer 1989. Emergency Nurses Association. Code of Ethics for Emergency Nurses with Interpretive Harrison, Lynda Law. Maintaining the Ethic of Statements. Journal of Emergency Nursing 16(6): Caring in Nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing 22A-24A, November-December 1990. 15(2): 125-27, February 1990. Fowler, Marsha D. M. Ethical Issues in Nursing Jecker, Nancy S., and Self, Donnie J. Separating Research: A Call for an International Code of

11 Ethics for Nursing Research. Western Journal of Visiting [23 Portland Place, London W1N 3AF]. Nursing Research 10(3): 352-55, June 1988. March 1989, 19 pp.

International Childbirth Education Association. D. Decision Making ICEA Position Paper: Informed Consent in Pregnancy and Childbirth. International Aroskar, Mila Ann. Community Health Nurses: Journal of Childbirth Education 6(1): 21-6, Their Most Significant Ethical Deci- February 1991. sion-Making Problems. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 967-75, December 1989. International Council of Nurses. Code for Nurses: Ethical Concepts Applied to Nursing Fleck, L. M. Decisions of Justice and Health (adopted May 1973). Bulletin of the Pan Care. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 13(3): American Health Organization 24(4): 601-602, 40-46, March 1987. 1990. Fowler, Marsha D. M. Ethical Decision Making Intravenous Nurses Society. Intravenous in Clinical Practice. Nursing Clinics of North Nursing Code of Ethics. Journal of Intravenous America 24(4): 955-65, December 1989. Nursing 14(2): 120-21, March-April 1991. Lanik, Gaynor, and Webb, Adele A. Ethical Intravenous Nurses Society. A Position Paper: Decision Making for Community Health Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis Nurses. Journal of Community Health Nursing B Virus. Journal of Intravenous Nursing 12(6): 6(2): 95-102, 1989. 344, November-December 1989. MacLean, Susan L. The Decision-Making Nurses Association of the American College of Process in Critical Care of the Aged. Critical Obstetricians and Gynecologists (NAACOG). Care Nursing Quarterly 12(1): 74-81, June 1989. Committee on Practice. ETHICAL DECISION MAKING IN OGN NURSING PRACTICE. Reigle, Juanita. Resource Allocation Decisions Washington: NAACOG, October 1987, 8 p. in Critical Care Nursing. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 1009-15, December 1989. Royal College of Nursing. GUIDELINES FOR THE TESTING OF RENAL PATIENTS FOR Self, Donnie J. A Study of the Foundations of HIV. England: Unpublished document, Royal Ethical Decision-Making of Nurses. Theoretical College of Nursing, 1991, 3 p. Medicine 8(1): 85-95, February 1987.

Sawyer, Linda M. Nursing Code of Ethics: An E. Nursing Education International Comparison. International N u r s i n g R e v i e w 3 6 ( 5 ) : 1 4 5 - 4 8 , Note: Please see selected items from the National September-October 1989. Reference Center’s current Syllabus Exchange Catalog at the conclusion of this Scope Note. Southard, Patricia. Presenting...the ENA Code of Ethics [editorial]. Journal of Emergency Nursing Bradshaw, Martha J., and Lowenstein, Arlene J. 16(6): 373, November-December 1990. Perspectives on Academic Dishonesty. Nurse Educator 15(5): 10-15, September-October 1990. United Kingdom. Central Council for Nursing Midwifery and Health Visiting. EXERCISING Callery, Peter. Moral Learning In Nursing ACCOUNTABILITY: A FRAMEWORK TO Education A Discussion of the Usefulness of ASSIST NURSES, MIDWIVES AND Cognitive-Developmental and Social Learning HEALTH VISITORS TO CONSIDER Theories. Journal of Advanced Nursing 15(3): ETHICAL ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL 324-28, March 1990. PRACTICE. London: United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Cassells, Judith M., and Redman, Barbara K

12 Preparing Students to Be Moral Agents in the Identification of Essential Ethics Content Clinical Nursing Practice: Report of a National for the Undergraduate Nursing Curriculum. Study. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(2): Journal of Advanced Nursing 15(6): 726-31, June 463-73, June 1989. 1990.

Cassidy, Virginia R., and Oddi, Lorys F. Schank, Mary Jane, and Weis, Darlene. A Study Professional Autonomy and Ethical Decision of Values of Baccalaureate Nursing Students Making Among Graduate and Undergraduate and Graduate Nurses from a Secular and a Nursing Majors. Journal of Nursing Education Non-secular Program. Journal of Professional 27(9): 405-10, November 1988. Nursing 5(1): 17-22, January-February 1989.

Cassidy, Virginia R., and Oddi, Lorys F. Silva, Mary Cipriano. Preparation of Nurse Professional Autonomy and Ethical Executives for Ethical Decision Making. Decision-Making Among Graduate and NursingConnections 3(2): 28-31, Summer 1990. Undergraduate Nursing Majors: A Replication. Journal of Nursing Education 30(4): 149-51, Sorrell, Jeanne Merkle, and Silva, Mary Cipriano. April 1991. Unethical Behaviors of Student Nurses: Implications for Nursing Education and Chally, P.S. Moral and Ethical Development Practice. NursingConnections 4(3): 25-28, Fall Research in Nursing Education. NLN 1991. PUBLICATION NO. 15-2339: 33-47, January 1990. Thompson, Anne. Conflict & Covenant — Ethics in the Midwifery Curriculum. Midwives Fry, Sara T. Teaching Ethics in Nursing Chronicle & Nursing Notes 102(1217): 191-97, Curricula: Traditional and Contemporary June 1989. Models. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(2): 485-97, June 1989. Thurston, Hester I., et al. Values Held by Nursing Faculty and Students in a University Gaul, Alice LeVeille. Ethics Content in Setting. Journal of Professional Nursing 5(4): Baccalaureate Degree Curricula: Clarifying 199-207, July-August 1989. the Issues. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(2): 475-83, June 1989. van Hooft, Stan. Moral Education for Nursing Decisions. Journal of Advanced Nursing 15(2): Hedin, BA. Nursing, Education, and Sterile 210-15, February 1990. Ethical Fields. ANS Advances in Nursing Science 11(3): 43-52, April 1989. Waithe, Mary Ellen, et al. Developing Case Situations for Ethics Education in Nursing. Hilbert, G.A. Academic Fraud: Prevalence, Journal of Nursing Education 28(4): 175-80, Practices, and Reasons. Journal of Professional April 1989. Nursing 3(1): 39-45, January-February 1987. Webb, Adele A. Ethics in Nursing Education: Hilbert, G.A. Moral Development and Unethical Reexaming the Need. Imprint 37(4): 88-92, Behavior Among Nursing Students. Journal of November 1990. Professional Nursing 4(3): 163-67, May-June 1988. White, Gladys B., and Davis, Anne J. Teaching Ethics Using Games. Journal of Advanced Prescott, Patricia A. Academic Misconduct: Nursing 12(5): 621-24, September 1987. C o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r E d u c a t i o n a l Administrators. Journal of Professional Nursing F. Professional Professional Relationship 5(5): 283-87, September-October 1989. Erlen, Judith A., and Frost, Beth. Nurses’ Quinn, Carroll A. A Conceptual Approach to Perceptions of Powerlessness in Influencing

13 Ethical Decisions. Western Journal of Nursing Opinions: Prenatal Screening for Illegal Drugs Research 13(3): 397-407, June 1991. — Dilemma for the Nurse-Midwife. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 36(4): 245-48, July-August Haddad, Amy M. The Nurse/Physician 1991. Relationship and Ethical Decision Making. AORN Journal 53(1): 151-54, 156, January 1991. Penticuff, Joy Hinson. Infant Suffering and Nurse Advocacy in Neonatal Intensive Care. Reifsteck, Sandra W., and D’Angelo, Linda. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 987-97, Physician-Nurse Relationships. Topics in Health December 1989. Care Financing 16(3): 12-21, Spring 1990. Salladay, Susan Anthony, and McDonnell, M. Schattschneider, Hazel J. Power Relationships Margaret. Spiritual Care, Ethical Choices, and Between Physician and Nurse. Humane Patient Advocacy. Nursing Clinics of North Medicine 6(3): 197-210, Summer 1990. America 24(2): 543-49, June 1989.

Stein, Leonard I.; Watts, David T.; and Howell, Wilkinson, Judith M. Moral Distress: A Labor Timothy. The Doctor-Nurse Game Revisited. and Delivery Nurse’s Experience. Journal of New England Journal of Medicine 322(8): 546-49, Obstetrics, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 22 February 1990. 18(6): 513-19, November-December 1989.

Sullivan, Patricia A., and Brown, Timothy. H. Informed Consent Unlicensed Persons in Patient Care Settings: Administrative, Policy, and Ethical Issues. Bell, Nora Kizer. Ethical Dilemmas in Trauma Nursing Clinics of North America 24(2): 557-69, Nursing. Nursing Clinics of North America 25(1): June 1989. 143-54, March 1990.

G. Nurse Patient Relationship Buehler, David A. Informed Consent and the Elderly: An Ethical Challenge for Critical Care Cooper, Mary Carolyn. Covenantal Nursing. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North Relationships: Grounding for the Nursing America 2(3): 461-71, September 1990. Ethic. ANS Advances in Nursing Science 10(4): 48-59, July 1988. Davis, Anne J. Clinical Nurses’ Ethical Decision Making in Situations of Informed Consent. Gadow, Sally. Clinical Subjectivity: Advocacy ANS Advances in Nursing Science 11(3): 63-69, with Silent Patients. Nursing Clinics of North April 1989. America 24(2): 535-41, June 1989. Davis, Anne J., and Underwood, Patricia R. The Gale, Betty J. Advocacy for Elderly Autonomy: Competency Quagmire: Clarification of the A Challenge for Community Health Nurses. Nursing Perspective Concerning the Issues of Journal of Community Health Nursing 6(4): Competence and Informed Consent. 191-97, 1989. International Journal of Nursing Studies 26(3): 271-79, 1989. Markus, Karen. The Nurse as Patient Advocate: Is There a Conflict of Interest? Santa Clara Nusbaum, Jill Glatter, and Chenitz, W. Carole. A Law Review 29(2): 391-421, Spring 1989. Grounded Theory Study of the Informed Consent Process for Pharmacologic Research. McElmurry, Beverly J., and Zabrocki, Emily C. Western Journal of Nursing Research 12(2): Ethical Concerns in Caring for Older Women 215-28, April 1990. in the Community. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 1041-50, December 1989. Sorrell, Jeanne Merkie. Effects of Wri- ting/Speaking on Comprehension of Moseley, Ray, and Bell, Clarice. Issues and Information for Informed Consent. Western

14 Journal of Nursing Research 13(1): 110-22, Students’ Attitudes About AIDS Issues. February 1991. Academic Medicine 65(7): 467-69, July 1990.

Varricchio, Claudette G., and Jassak, Patricia F. J. Ethics Committees Informed Consent: An Overview. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 5(2): 95-98, May 1989. Edwards, B., and Haddad, A. Establishing a Nursing Bioethics Committee. Journal of I. Nurses and AIDS Nursing Administration 18: 30-33, March 1988.

Barrick, Bill. The Willingness of Nursing Murphy, Patricia. The Role of the Nurse on Personnel to Care for Patients with Acquired Hospital Ethics Committees. Nursing Clinics of Immune Deficiency Syndrome: A Survey Study North America 24(2): 551-56, June 1989. and Recommendations. Journal of Professional Nursing 4(5): 366-372, September-October 1988. Oddi, Lorys F., and Cassidy, Virginia R. Participation and Perception of Nurse Burgess, Ann W., et al. HIV Testing of Sexual Members in the Hospital Ethics Committee. Assault Populations: Ethical and Legal Issues. Western Journal of Nursing Research 12(3): Journal of Emergency Nursing 16(5): 331-38, 307-17, June 1990. September-October 1990. Pinch, Winifred J., and Miya, Pamala A. Ethics Freedman, Benjamin. Health Professions, Codes, Committees in State Nurses’ Associations: and the Right to Refuse HIV-Infectious Report on the National Status. HEC (Hospital Patients. Hastings Center Report 18(2): S20-S25, Ethics Committee) Forum 1(3): 167-73, 1989. April-May 1988. Scanlon, Colleen, and Fleming, Cornelia. Gignac, Debra, and Oermann, Marilyn H. Confronting Ethical Issues: A Nursing Survey. Willingness of Nursing Students and Faculty to Nursing Management 21(5): 63-65, May 1990. Care for Patients with AIDS. American Journal of Infection Control 19(4): 191-97, August 1991. K. Care of the Dying

Grady, Christine. Ethical Issues in Providing Barnie, Doris C. Percutaneous Endoscopic Nursing Care to Human Immunodeficiency Gastrostomy Tubes: The Nurse’s Role in a Virus-Infected Populations. Nursing Clinics of Moral, Ethical, and Legal Dilemma. North America 24(2): 523-34, June 1989. Gastroenterology Nursing 12(4): 250-54, Spring 1990. Rooks, Carol Ann. Ethical Issues Related to the Nurse’s Role in Fertility Treatment and Daly, B.J. Withdrawal of Food and Fluid. Counseling for Patients with AIDS. Nursing AACN Clinical Issues in Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 1051-57, 1(1): 187-98, May 1990. December 1989. Elizondo, A.P. Nurse Participation in Ethical Santopoalo, Tina. Mandatory Testing for the Decision Making in the Neonatal Intensive AIDS Antibody. Journal of Community Health Care Unit. Neonatal Network: Journal of Nursing 6(4): 231-44, 1989. Neonatal Nursing 10(2): 55-59, September 1991.

Sullivan, Patricia A., and Mills, Mary Etta. Policy Hart, Cynthia Allen. The Role of Psychiatric Considerations Related to AIDS. Journal of Consultation Liaison Nurses in Ethical Nursing Administration 20(1): 12-18, January Decisions to Remove Life-Sustaining 1990. Treatments. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 4(6): 370-78, December 1990. Tesch, Bonnie J.; Simpson, Deborah E.; and Kirby, Barbara D. Medical and Nursing Liaschenko, Joan, and Davis, Anne J. Nurses and

15 Physicians on Nutritional Support: A Nurses. Western Journal of Nursing Research Comparison. Journal of Medicine and 11(4): 448-57, August 1989. Philosophy 16(3): 259-83, June 1991. Engelking, Constance. Facilitating Clinical Mitchell, Christine. On Heroes and Villains In Trials: The Expanding Role of the Nurse. the Linares Drama. Law, Medicine, and Health Cancer 67(6 Supplement): 1793-97, 15 March Care 17(4): 339-46, Winter 1989. 1991.

O’Mara, R.J. Ethical Dilemmas with Advance Fry, Sara T. Ethical Issues in Clinical Research: Directives: Living Wills and Do Not Informed Consent and Risks Versus Benefits in Resuscitate Orders. Critical Care Nursing the Treatment of Primary Hypertension. Quarterly 10(2): 17-28, September 1987. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): 1033-39, December 1989. Pinch, Winifred J., and Spielman, Margaret L. The Parents’ Perspective: Ethical Decision- Grady, Christine. Ethical Issues in Clinical Making in Neonatal Intensive Care. Journal of Trials. Seminars in Oncology Nursing 7(4): Advanced Nursing 15(6): 712-19, June 1990. 288-96, November 1991.

Pinch, Winifred J., and Spielman, Margaret L. Jameton, Andrew, and Fowler, Marsha D.M. Ethical Decision Making for High-Risk Ethical Inquiry and the Concept of Research. Infants: The Parents’ Perspective. Nursing ANS Advances in Nursing Science 11(3): 11-24, Clinics of North America 24(4): 1017-23, April 1989. December 1989. Leino-Kilpi, Helena, and Tuamaala, Ulla. Scanlon, Colleen, and Fleming Cornelia. Ethical Research Ethics and Nursing Science: An Issues in Caring for the Patient with Advanced Empirical Example. Journal of Advanced Cancer. Nursing Clinics of North America 24(4): Nursing 14(6): 451-58, June 1989. 977-86, December 1989. McClowry, S.G. Research and Treatment: Stolman, Cynthia J., et al. Evaluation of Patient, Ethical Distinctions Related to the Care of Physician, Nurse, and Family Attitudes Children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2(1): Toward Do Not Resuscitate Orders. Archives of 23-9, February 1987. Internal Medicine 150(3): 653-58, March 1990. Mech, Ann B. Legal Perspective on Ethical Wurzbach, Mary Ellen. The Dilemma of Considerations in Conducting Clinical Withholding or Withdrawing Nutrition. Image: Research. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing Journal of Nursing Scholarship 22(4): 226-30, 8(5): 296-97, September-October 1989. Winter 1990. Melink, Teresa J. Phase I Trials: Role of the L. Nurses and Research Nurse Investigator. Cancer Treatment & Research 42: 105-24, 1989. Anema, Marion G. Ethical Considerations in Conducting Clinical Research. Dimensions of Munhall, Patricia L. Ethical Considerations in Critical Care Nursing 8(5): 288-96, Qualitative Research. Western Journal of September-October 1989. Nursing Research 10(2): 150-62, April 1988.

Davis, Anne J. Ethical Issues in Nursing Oddi, Lorys F., and Cassidy, Virginia R. Nursing Research. Western Journal of Nursing Research Research in the United States: The Protection 11(3): 379-81, June 1989. of Human Subjects. International Journal of Nursing Studies 27(1): 21-33, 1990. Davis, Anne J. Informed Consent Process in Research Protocols: Dilemmas for Clinical Penticuff, Joy Hinson. Conceptual Issues in

16 Nursing Ethics Research. Journal of Medicine NURSING ETHICS and Philosophy 16(3): 235-58, June 1991. The National Reference Center for Bioethics Robinson, C. A., and Thorne, S.E. Dilemmas of Literature supports nursing education through its Ethics and Validity in Qualitative Nursing Syllabus Exchange Project. Nurse educators have Research. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research contributed many syllabi of undergraduate, 20(1): 65-76, Spring 1988. graduate, and in-service courses; please call 800-MED-ETHX to order a free copy of the Uman, Gwen C., and Urman, Harold N. The catalog, or refer to the annual cumulation of New Challenges of Conducting Clinical Nursing Titles in Bioethics for a full list. Selected syllabi Research with Elderly Populations. AORN are listed below. Please send contributions to the Journal 52(2): 400-406, August 1990. attention of Mary Carrington Coutts, Tel: 202-687-6779. V. Organizations 0015 HUMAN VALUES IN THE HEALTH American Nurses Association (ANA): Gladys B. PROFESSION; Laurence B. MCCULLOUGH, White, Ph.D., R.N., Director, Center for Ethics Ph.D. and Carol R. BUDER; Georgetown and Human Rights, American Nurses’ University, Department of Community Association, 600 Maryland Ave., SW, Suite 100 Medicine & School of Nursing, 1984 (Fall). West, Washington, DC 20024; Tel: 202-554-4444. Graduate. 4 p. Nursing Ethics, Law, Allowing to The Center became operational in September Die, Withholding Treatment, Medicine. 1990 and began publication of a newsletter: The Ethics and Human Rights Communique 1(1): 0016 LEGAL AND BIOETHICAL ISSUES IN Winter 1992. The Center’s guiding objectives are: HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT; Cynthia to promulgate a body of knowledge designed to NORTHRUP and Gladys WHITE; Georgetown address issues in ethics and human rights, to University, School of Nursing; 1984 (Fall). develop and disseminate information about and Graduate. 4 p. Nursing Ethics, Law, Allowing to advocate for public policy assuring that ethics and Die, Withholding Treatment, Medicine. human rights are addressed, and to assure that those issues will be addressed both within and 0032 ETHICAL DECISION MAKING FOR outside of the ANA. One of the first projects of NURSE EXECUTIVES; Mary SILVA, Ph.D., the Center is the preparation of a casebook of R.N., and Tom BEAUCHAMP, Ph.D.; George ethical dilemmas in contemporary nursing. Mason University, School of Nursing; 1985. Graduate (Continuing Education). 5 p. Ethics, George Mason University: Mary Cipriano Silva, Bioethics, Nursing Ethics. Ph.D., R.N., Director, Center for Nursing Ethics, George Mason University School of Nursing, 0034 MEDICAL ETHICS; Philip A. PECORINO, Fairfax VA 22030-4444; Tel: 703-993-1909. The Ph.D.; Queensborough Community College, Center was founded October 10, 1986 to promote School of Social Sciences; 1986 (Spring). education, research, scholarship, networking, and Undergraduate. 12 p. Health Care, Nursing the dissemination of information about nursing Ethics, Euthanasia, Human Experimentation, ethics. Ethics Happenings, a newsletter Behavior Control, Patients’ Rights, Abortion, inaugurated in 1984, will continue to be published Resource Allocation. by the Center with the title, Ethics Forum. 0055 VALUES AND ETHICS IN NURSING; University of Colorado: Jean Watson, R.N., Gina GIOVINCO, R.N., Ph.D.; University of Ph.D., Director, Center for Human Caring, Florida, College of Nursing; 1984 (Spring). University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Graduate. 3 p. Values, Nursing Ethics, Decision 4200 East 9th Avenue, Box C288, Denver, CO Making, Patients’ Rights, Codes of Ethics. 80262; Tel: 303-270-6157. 0056 ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES IN NURSING; SYLLABUS EXCHANGE CATALOG: Gina GIOVINCO, R.N., Ph.D. and L.L.

17 MALASANOS, R.N., Ph.D.; University of 0127 NURSING AND HEALTH NEEDS; Florida, School of Nursing, 1985. Graduate. 5 p. STAFF; Foothills Hospital, School of Nursing; Nursing Ethics, Bioethics, Values, Codes of n.d. Undergraduate. 10 p. Nursing Ethics, Ethics, Health Care. Values, Decision Making, Professional Ethics.

0058 MEDICAL ETHICS SEMINAR; Thomas R. 0130 PROFESSIONAL, ETHICAL AND McCORMICK, D.Min.; University of MORAL ISSUES IN NURSING; G. SINCLAIR Washington, School of Medicine; 1986 and Veronica M. ROCHFORD; College of New (Spring). Graduate Medical Education. 1 p. Caledonia, Health Sciences; 1983/Spring. Medical Ethics, Ethics, Codes of Ethics, Undergraduate. 22 p. Nursing Ethics, Rights, Patients’ Rights, Physicians, Nursing Ethics, Decision Making, Death, Resource Allocation. Decision Making. 0 1 3 1 P A T I E N T R I G H T S A N D 0064 PLEASE LET ME DIE? (WORKSHOP); RESPONSIBILITIES; C. McFADYEN; Winifred PINCH, R.N., MS; Saint Anselm Okanagan College, Health Science; 1983. College, Gadbois Nursing Center; 1983. Undergraduate. 6 p. Nursing Ethics, Patients’ Continuing Education. 2 p. Allowing to Die, Rights, Informed Consent. Nursing Ethics. 0132 PROFESSIONAL SEMINARS; STAFF; 0065 BIOETHICAL DECISION-MAKING IN Camosun College, School of Nursing; NURSING PRACTICE. (WORKSHOP); K. 1984/Winter. Undergraduate. 17 p. Nursing Danner CLOUSER, BD., PhD. and Winifred Ethics, Law, Medicine, Confidentiality. PINCH, R.N., M.Ed.; St. Anselm College, Department of Nursing; n.d. Continuing 0133 CORE ON ETHICS AND MORAL Education. 2 p. Allowing to Die, Nursing Ethics, DECISION MAKING; STAFF; Grace General Patients’ Rights, Disclosure. Hospital, School of Nursing; 1984/Summer. Undergraduate. 7 p. Nursing Ethics, Values, 0066 CODE GRAY (WORKSHOP); Winifred Decision Making, Euthanasia. PINCH, R.N., Ed.D.; St. Anselm College, School of Nursing; n.d. Continuing Education. 0 1 3 4 N U R S E S M O RA L / E T H IC A L 2 p. Nursing Ethics, Decision Making. RESPONSIBILITIES; STAFF; Red River Community College, School of Nursing; 0122 PROFESSIONAL ISSUES [IN NURSING]; 1983/Spring. Undergraduate. 3 p. Ethics, J. ERICKSEN and M. REGESTER; University Nursing Ethics, Economics, Biomedical of British Columbia, School of Nursing; Technologies. 1985/Spring. Undergraduate. 4 p. Nursing Ethics. 0135 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; STAFF; Grace General Hospital, School of 0125 ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING Nursing; 1984/Spring. Undergraduate. 7 p. AND HEALTH CARE; Myrtle CRAWFORD; Nursing Ethics, Patients’ Rights. University of Saskatchewan, College of Nursing; 1984/85. Undergraduate. 10 p. Nursing 0136 NURSING — PROFESSIONAL Ethics, Professional Ethics, Values, Self DEVELOPMENT; STAFF; Aberdeen Hospital, Determination, Death, Physician Nurse School of Nursing; n.d. Undergraduate. 7 p. Relationship. Nursing Ethics, Patients’ Rights, Values, Rights, Disclosure, Decision Making. 0126 PROFESSIONAL, ETHICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF NURSING; Abbyann LYNCH 0137 MORAL DILEMMAS OF THE 80’S; Mary and J. WILSON; University of Toronto, College FENWICK; Sir Stanford Flemming College, of Nursing; 1985/Spring. Undergraduate. 16 p. School of Nursing; 1984/Winter. Nursing Ethics, Physician Nurse Relationship, Undergraduate. 2 p. Nursing Ethics, Ethics. Law, Medicine, Ethics.

18 0 1 3 8 N U R S IN G PROCES S A N D Morality, Patients’ Rights. COMMUNICATIONS; STAFF; Sheridan College, School of Nursing; 1983/Fall. 0179 ETHICS IN HEALTH CARE; Minerva Undergraduate. 9 p. Nursing Ethics, Codes of APPLEGATE; University of South Florida, Ethics, Ethics. College of Nursing; 1987 (Fall). Undergraduate. 3 p. Nursing Ethics, Decision Making, Ethics, 0139 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS; STAFF; Health Care. Centennial College of Applied Arts & Sciences, School of Nursing; 1983/Fall. Undergraduate. 0180 PROFESSIONAL DIMENSIONS OF 21 p. Nursing Ethics, Codes of Ethics, Law, NURSING; Barbara TALENTO; California Communication. State University at Fullerton, School of Nursing; n.d. Undergraduate. 27 p. Nursing 0140 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; STAFF; Ethics, Ethics, Law, Professional Ethics, Cambrian College of Applied Arts & Sciences, Decision Making, Patients’ Rights. School of Nursing; 1984/Fall. Undergraduate. 6 p. Nursing Ethics, Communications. 0 1 8 1 L E G A L A N D E T H I C A L ACCOUNTABILITY IN CLIENT CARE; Marg 0173 CONCEPT OF NURSING XIX; Sharon HEGGE; South Dakota State University, MULLEN; Ohio University, School of Nursing; College of Nursing; nd. Undergraduate. 3 p. 1986 (Fall). Undergraduate. 18 p. Nursing Nursing Ethics, Law, Medicine, Ethics. Ethics, Decision Making, Values, Ethics. 0182 ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONALS IN 0174 ETHICAL DECISION MAKING FOR NURSING; John LINCOURT; University of NURSES; Jeanne GELMAN; Widener North Carolina, Department of Philosophy; University, School of Nursing; 1987 (Fall). 1986 (Fall). Undergraduate/Graduate. 5 p. Undergraduate. 5 p. Nursing Ethics, Decision Nursing Ethics, Ethics, Codes of Ethics, Rights, Making, Values. Death, Self Determination, Resource Allocation.

0175 DYNAMICS OF PROFESSIONAL PRAC- 0183 ISSUES OF NURSING II; Suzanne GROSS TICE; Joanne GUENDLING; Ball State and Patricia SIMONI; West Virginia University, University, School of Nursing; n.d. School of Nursing. 1987-88. Undergraduate. 93 Undergraduate. 8 p. Nursing Ethics, Law, p. (Oversize; $10.) Nursing Ethics, Values, Public Policy, Health Care. Decision Making.

0176 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE; 0184 ISSUES OF NURSING III; Jessie SAMS; Judith ERLEN; University of Pittsburgh, School West Virginia University, School of Nursing; of Nursing; 1987 (Fall). Undergraduate. 25 p. 1987 (Spring). Undergraduate. 106 p. (Oversize; Nursing Ethics, Ethics, Values, Rights, $10.) Nursing Ethics, Ethics, Values, Human Reproductive Technologies, Handicapped, Experimentation, Rights, Reproductive Death, Informed Consent, Public Policy. Technologies, Handicapped, Newborns, Euthanasia. 0177 VALUE ANALYSIS IN NURSING; Marion ANEMA; Texas Women’s University, College 0197 ETHICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO of Nursing, n.d. Undergraduate. 3 p. Nursing ADVANCED PROFESSIONAL NURSING; Ethics, Values, Decision Making, Ethics, Health Carol GILBERT; Pace University, Lienhard Care Delivery, Law. School of Nursing; 1987 (Fall). Undergraduate/Graduate. 5 p. Nursing Ethics, 0178 ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF NURSING Ethics, Decision Making, Values, Codes of PRACTICE; Jane COON; University of Ethics. Michigan, School of Nursing; n.d. Undergraduate. 7 p. Nursing Ethics, Ethics, 0199 ETHICAL ISSUES IN NURSING; Martin Decision Making, Professional Ethics, Values, BENJAMIN and Joy CURTIS; Michigan State

19 University, Department of Philosophy; 1987 Winifred PINCH; St. Anselm College, (Winter). Undergraduate. 3 p. Ethics, Nursing Department of Nursing, 1988 (Spring). Ethics, Public Policy, Physician Nurse Undergraduate. 11 p. Ethics, Abortion, Relationship. Reproductive Technologies, Genetic Intervention, Human Experimentation, Informed 0201 PROFESSIONAL NURSING; STAFF; Consent, Allowing to Die, Newborns, Organ Midwestern State University, Health Sciences Transplantation, Involuntary Civil Commitment, Division; 1988 (Spring). Undergraduate. 4 p. AIDS, Sexuality. Nursing Ethics, Values, Paternalism, Professional Ethics. 0229 ETHICS SEMINAR I; Marcia Sue DEWOLF; Marion College, School of Nursing; 0202 ETHICS; David LAW; San Antonio 1987 (Fall). Undergraduate. 14 p. Ethics, Codes College, Nursing Education; n.d. of Ethics, Nursing Ethics, Patients’ Rights, Undergraduate. 1 p. Ethics. Values, Resource Allocation, Professional Ethics, Decision Making. 0205 ETHICS IN NURSING: A CASE ANALYSIS APPROACH; Judith ERLEN, Ph.D.; University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing; 1986 (Winter). Undergraduate. 6 p. SCOPE NOTE 19 was prepared by Doris Ethics, Nursing Ethics, Paternalism, Mueller Goldstein, Director of the National Confidentiality, Self Determination, Informed Reference Center for Bioethics Literature and Consent, Patients’ Rights. author of Bioethics: A Guide to Information Sources. 0206 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE;