Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49745-9 — Revolutionary France's War of Conquest in the Rhineland Jordan R

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Index

Aachen, 8, 29 Army of the Vosges, 77, 79, 81, 86 Agencies of Evacuation, 113–114, 151 Arras, 6 Alexandre, Charles-Alexis, 241, Arras, Treaty of, 13 250, 265 assignats, 61, 111, 122, 129, 151, 164, 174, commissar, 172, 216 179, 181, 197, 219 corruption, 261 Aubry, François, 161, 178 hated by generals, 245, 254 Aufklärung, 33, 80 natural frontiers, 244 Augereau, Charles-Pierre, 294 replaces Joubert, 238 Augustus II, king of Saxony, 28 Alsace, 13, 15, 21, 39, 43, 46, 62, 66, 76, Augustus, Philip, 10 86, 94, 146, 176, 200, 219, 247, 251, Austria, 30, 37, 42, 47, 61, 260, 262 62, 64, 98 Amberg, Battle of, 227, “Austrian Committee,” 71 233, 236 desire to exchange Belgium for Antwerp, 67, 95, 118–121, 123, 128–129, Bavaria, 68 135, 140 foreign policy, 95, 112, 147, 159, 194, Army of Belgium, 77–78, 85 208, 236, 248, 269, 282 Army of Italy, 215, 220, 223, 230, 235, 243, military strategy, 70, 73, 76, 107, 176, 258, 260, 271–275, 278, 285, 286, 202, 239, 246 296, 303 Austrian Netherlands, 28–29, 57, 63, 66, Army of the Ardennes, 75, 107–108 67, 68, 75, 112 Army of the Center, 55, 66, 75–77 Army of the Midi, 66, 76 Babeuf, François-Noël, 218 Army of the Moselle, 108, 129, 132–133, Bamberg, 227, 236, 246 135, 138, 154, 160, 162, 163, 164, Barbarian invasions, 6 188–191, 204, 205, 208, 210, 215, Barère, Bertrand, 38, 97, 109, 143 217, 247, 250, 255, 263, 280, Barras, Paul, 196, 256, 263, 267 284–286, 287, 296 glorious peace, 266 Army of the North, 55, 60, 66, 68, 69, 72, natural frontiers, 256 74, 95, 107, 108, 111, 120, 122, 128, triumvirate, 293 130, 132, 135, 141, 163, 168, 173, Barthélemy, François-Marie, 161, 204, 224, 232, 238, 250, 258, 262, 164, 178 276, 278, 283, 284 Directory, 269, 293 Army of the Rhine and Moselle, 161 Fructidor coup, 298 Army of the Sambre and Meuse, 110, 120, Peace of Basel, 155 123, 128–133, 135–137, 139, Basel, Treaty of, 158, 199 141–142, 149–154, 159–167, Bastille, 24, 34, 39, 42, 74 171–174, 176, 180, 181, 188–193, Batavian Republic, 147, 198, 215, 230, 202–208, 211, 215–227, 229–233, 255, 307 235–266, 271–277, 279, 284, 288, Bavaria, 8, 27, 68, 81, 178, 202, 225, 249, 293–299 257, 287, 306

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Index 333

Belgium, 4–9, 24, 29, 34, 41–43, 55, 59, 62, on the Diplomatic Committee, 75 63–64, 73, 76–77, 81, 84, 85, 88, 89, writes to Dumouriez, 89 94, 95, 97–144, 148, 158, 163, 168, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Charles Wilhelm 172, 179, 192, 198, 212, 214, 220, Ferdinand, duke of, 70 229, 232, 248, 255, 256, 262, 270, Brunswick Manifesto, 73 289, 301, 307 Brussels, 16, 29, 53, 67, 69, 93, 106, 108, Allied forces in, 70 110, 113, 115, 119, 120, 123, 127, Austrian rule of, 67 139, 173 response to French invasion, 65 Bry, Jean de, 178 Belle-Isle, Charles Louis August Fouquet de, 28 Cadet-de-Vaux, Antoine-Alexis, 171 Bender, Johann Blasius Columban, baron Caesar, Julius, 1, 5, 7, 14, 197 of, 67 Caillard, Antoine Bernard, 201, 269 Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, 137, 152, 224, Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques Régis de, 237, 240, 262, 274 144, 163 Beurnonville, Pierre de Ruel, marquis de, natural frontiers policy, 157 86, 93, 239, 241, 250, 260 Cambon, Joseph, 97 1796 campaign, 251 Cambrai, 6 armistice, 257 Campo Formio, Treaty of, 301 criticisms of Jourdan, 245 Camus, Armand-Gaston, 78 leaves army, 264 Capet, Hugh, 10 logistics, 244, 255, 261 Capetian dynasty, 10 replaces Jourdan, 238 Carnot, Lazare, 16, 32, 91, 93, 139, 206, Billaud-Varenne, Jean Nicolas, 55, 98 270, 289 Biron, Armand-Louis de, 68 16 July 1794 report, 115, 117, 119 Boehmer, Georges-Guillaume, 179 and 9 Thermidor, 125 natural frontiers, 213 and Gillet’s plan, 136 Boissy d’Anglas, François Antoine de, 268 Directory, 197, 293, 294 natural frontiers, 199 dispute with Reubell, 202 negotiations with Prussia, 156 exploitation of foreign resources, Bon, Jean le, 16 111, 114 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 32, 196, 215, 223, foreign policy, 141, 198, 214 233, 235, 243, 246, 248, 258, 270, Fructidor coup, 298 278, 287, 299 joins CPS, 98 Leoben, 282, 288 military affairs and, 100, 107, 113, 133, state-building, 264 204, 216, 218, 226, 227 strategy, 274 natural frontiers policy, 89, 147, 158, Bonn, 43–45, 79, 138, 177, 183, 185, 187, 163, 203, 209 204, 213, 240, 261, 262, 291–292, negotiations with Austria, 256 297, 303 on Diplomatic Committee, 89 Bonnard, Ennemond, 168 on Jourdan, 241 Bouchotte, Jean Baptiste Noël, 97 opposition to Robespierre, 109 Bourdon, Léonard, 146 plans for Belgium, 123 Bouvier, Gilles le, 12 policy toward the Rhineland, 137 Brissot, Jacques-Pierre, 36, 37, 47, 48, pragmatism, 109, 121 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, relationship to Clarke, 235 63, 117 role in 1795 campaign, 161 arrest and execution of, 95 royalists, 269 belief in citizen soldier, 69 speech of 29 May 1796, 228 challenged by Jacobins, 71 Carolingian dynasty, 7 expectations of war, 65 Carra, Jean Louis, 53 explains initial defeats, 72 Castelbert, Jean, 240 favors invasion of Austrian Catherine the Great, 41, 47, 271 Netherlands, 66 Central Administration of Aachen, 140, foreign policy, 81, 84, 97 151, 181, 209, 210–212, 214

334 Index

Chambonas, Charles Auguste de la Garde contributions, 14, 92, 111, 114, 122, 125, de, 72 129, 139, 174, 181, 203, 210–211, Champagne, 70 226, 229, 237, 242, 254, 272, 275, Championnet, Jean Étienne, 138, 153, 291, 294, 296 265, 277 Corsica, 31 1795 campaign, 175, 191, 206 Coulange, Joseph, 185 horses, 170 Council of Ancients, 195 Charlemagne, 8, 10, 11, 13, 24 Council of Five Hundred, 195 Charleroi, 107, 110, 118, 120, 123, Couthon, Georges Auguste, 82, 98 129, 132 Custine, Adam Philippe, 76, 79, 80 Charles IX, 16 at Frankfurt, 85 Charles the Bald, 8 invasion of the Rhineland, 81 Charles the Bold, 13 natural frontiers policy, 89 Charles V, 15 retreat from Rhineland, 94 Charles VII, 13 speech at Mainz, 87 Charles VIII, 15 Charles, Archduke of Austria, 215, 220, D’Argenson, René Louis, 31 225, 227, 242, 250, 258, 272, 275 Danton, Georges Jacques, 11, 55, 73, armistice proposal, 257 74, 97 siege of Kehl, 261 calls for audacity, 75 Chasset, Charles Antoine, 78 death of, 108 Cisalpine Republic, 264, 289, 299 during the 10th of August, 74 Cispadane Republic, 264 foreign policy, 95 Cisrhenan Republic, 282, 290–292, 294, named Commissar of the Convention, 78 296, 299, 300, 305 natural frontiers policy, 89 Clarke, Henri, 219, 269, 288 on CPS, 94 recalled, 299 Darneville, J.C., 270 Vienna mission, 235, 248, 256, 266 Debate of the Heralds, 12 Clausewitz, Carl von, 66 Delacroix, Charles, 200, 201, 203, 235, 243 Clerfayt de Croix, Franz Sebastian Karl Clarke mission, 269, 289 Joseph, count of, 70, 159 glorious peace, 247 1795 campaign, 175, 183, 188, 191, 193 natural frontiers, 211, 271 armistice proposal, 206 negotiations with Austria, 257 Battle of the Roer, 138 Delacroix, Jean-François, 78 command of, 134 Delessart, Claude Antoine de Valdec, 56, retreat to Belgium, 76 60, 63 Clichy Club, 268 Desaix, Louis, 252, 262 Clootz, Anacharsis, 33, 39, 40, 53, 54, 64 desertion, 154 Adresse-aux-Savoisiens,83 Desmoulins, Camille, 59, 82, 99 arrest and execution of, 99 Dietrichstein, Franz von, 176 Clovis, 7 Diplomatic Revolution, 30 Cochon, Charles, 163 Directory, 194, 207 Colaud, Claude, 188 1796 campaign, 224, 227 Coligny, Gaspard de, 16 Bonaparte, 264 Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie, 98 commissars, 195, 204, 217, 244, 261 Commerce Commission, 113, 140 conseils militaires, 233, 239 Commission for Arms, Powder, and the foreign policy, 246, 249 Exploitation of Mines, 168 Fructidor coup, 298, 299 Committee of Public Safety (CPS) Leoben, 289 creation of, 94 military strategy, 258, 274, 277 Condé, 42, 67, 109, 118, 123, 128, politics, 267 131, 132 Rhineland, 213, 283 Condorcet, Marie Nicolas de Caritat, mar- royalists, 293 quis de, 57 siege of Kehl, 256 conscription, 94, 101, 306 supply contractors, 216

Index 335

Donzelot, François-Xavier, 260 French strategy, 86, 215, 219, 274 Dubois, Cardinal Guillaume, 27 Friant, Louis, 152 Dubois, Pierre, 10 Dubois-Crancé, Edmond Louis Alexis, 146 Garrau, Pierre-Anselm, 202 CPS, 161 contributions, 211 natural frontiers policy, 157 natural frontiers, 208 Ducher, A.G.J., 143 Gaul, 1, 5, 9, 16, 23, 53, 155, 179, 197, 213 duchy of Burgundy, 13 General Direction of National Duhem, Pierre Joseph, 144 Domains, 151 Dumont, André, 146 Gensonné, Armand, 36 Dumouriez, Charles François, 63 Gent, 68, 118 alliance with Brissot, 76 Genty, Louis, 60 command of Army of the North, 75, 77 Georg Förster, 80 expectation of Belgian support, 69 Gillet, Pierre Mathurin, 120, 135, 139, support for offensive into Belgium, 65 166, 202 invasion of the Netherlands, 78, 88, 93 1795 campaign, 180, 186 plan for 1792 campaign, 68 CPS, 161, 178 rejection of the Rhine frontier, 158 death, 194 siege of Luxembourg, 85 horses, 170 temporary split from Brissot, 71 meeting with Jourdan, 162 treason, 94 Girault, Philippe-René, 186 victory at Valmy, 74 Girondins, 51, 94 Dunkirk, 66, 68, 117, 122, 128 conceptions of war, 65 Düsseldorf, 43, 44, 136, 138, 165, 174, condemnations of generals, 70 177, 181, 183, 185, 188–189, 193, return to National Convention, 148 203, 215, 219, 221, 224, 232, 239, Godinot, Nicholas, 189 240, 250, 251, 265, 273, 277, 300 Goltz, August von der, 155 Dutch War, 24 Görres, Johann Joseph von, 292 Gossuin, Constant-Joseph-César-Eug Einhard, 8 ène, 78 émigrés, 42, 47, 55, 56, 65, 73, 208, 281 grand duchy of Berg, 187 Emmerich, 166 Great Britain, 29, 31, 38, 41, 98, 215 Enlightenment, 32, 33, 38, 48, 51, 65 foreign policy, 95, 112, 247, 290 Ernouf, Jean Augustin, 182, 217 plots, 268 threatened by France, 88 Fabris, Dominque, 214 Gregory of Tours, Bishop, 7 Fauchet, Claude, 61 guerre à outrance, 98, 123 Fersen, Count Axel von, 50 Guibert, Jacques Antoine, 52 festivals, 87 Gustav III, 50 Fleurus, Battle of, 108, 110, 142 Guyton de Morveau, Louis-Bernard, 120 Fleury, Cardinal, 27, 28 Förster, Georg, 44, 81 Hardenburg, Karl August von, 106, Francis II, 36, 68, 70, 95, 160, 248, 257, 158, 163 269, 305 Peace of Basel, 156 in Belgium, 106 Harnier, Heinrich von, 155 Francis of Lorraine, 27 Hatry, Jacques-Maurice, 138, 152, Frankfurt, 44, 79, 81, 85–87, 162, 165, 177, 181 175, 188, 226–227, 239, 288 1795 campaign, 188 Franks, 6 siege of Luxembourg, 160 Frederick the Great, 68, 270 Haussmann, Nicolas, 86, 140, 244 Frederick William II, 40, 46, 50, 68, 70, commissar, 222 112, 119, 155 military discipline, 241 at Valmy, 74 natural frontiers, 210 Partition of Poland, 112 Hébert, Jacques René French navy, 102, 197 support for natural frontiers policy, 83

336 Index

Henry II, 15, 21 occupation of Belgium, 123 Henry IV, 17, 18 on desertion, 154, 206 Hertzberg, Count Ewald Friedrich von, 46 planning for 1795 campaign, 161 Hoche, Lazare, 264, 267, 274, 277, 278 requisitions, 212, 226 1797 campaign, 284, 286, 288 siege of Mainz, 149 army, 296 coup attempt, 293 Kant, Immanuel, 38 death, 301 Kaunitz-Rietberg, Wenzel Anton, prince of, Fructidor coup, 299 56, 63 joins army, 271 stress of the need for Austro-Prussian receives command, 263 coordination, 70 Rhineland, 279, 280, 290, 292, 294, 297 Kehl, 24, 225, 243, 250–252, 255, Hofmann, Andreas Joseph, 292 257–262, 265, 272, 274 Hohenlohe-Kirchberg, Friedrich William Kellerman, François-Christophe de, 76 von, 76 Kléber, Jean-Baptiste, 137, 153, 203, 265 Holtz, J.B., 279 1795 campaign, 175, 177, 181, 183, 188 Holy Roman Empire, 1, 11, 14, 16, 20, 31, 1796 campaign, 221 43–44, 61, 81, 89, 176, 282, 289, logistics, 171 292, 306 provisional command, 233, 237 horses, 103, 106 refuses command, 253 hostages, 111, 120, 129, 139, 206 relationship with Moreau, 252 humanist geography, 14 siege of Mainz, 149 Hundred Years War, 12 Kleve, 18, 33, 43, 44, 138, 166, 213, Hüningen, 165, 243, 250–252, 255, 258, 222, 230 260, 262, 265, 272 Koblenz, 42, 44, 47, 53, 56, 62, 73, 136, 138, 154, 160, 165, 169, 173, 175, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 34 181, 225, 240, 258, 272, 277, 292, Jemappes, 38 297, 300 Battle of, 77 Koch, Christoph Wilhelm von, 37, 52 Joan of Arc, 12 Köln, 6, 44 Joseph II, 42, 44, 67 University of, 80 Joubert, Louis, 140 Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 112 1796 campaign, 227 brigandage, 240 La Révellière-Lépeaux, Louis Marie de, commissar, 202, 205, 207, 220, 237 197, 268 criticized by Rhenish civilians, 214 glorious peace, 266 exploitation of Belgium, 216 natural frontiers policy, 199 logistics, 209, 211, 212 triumvirate, 293, 298 military discipline, 221, 232 Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, natural frontiers, 206, 208 42, 55, 61, 66, 74 politics, 218 attacked by Brissot, 71 recalled to Paris, 238 invasion of Belgium, 69 requisitions, 230 Lahn, Battle of the, 240 Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, 107, 110, 159, 170, Landrécies, 67, 107, 109, 120, 130 202, 204, 276 Latour, Maximilian Anton Karl, count of 1795 campaign, 175, 177, 181, 186, Baillet de, 68 189, 193 Laurent, Jean, 120 1796 campaign, 215, 216, 220, 221, 223, Le Quesnoy, 67, 77, 109, 120, 123, 128, 131 225, 232, 239 Lebrun, Pierre, 75 and Gillet, 136 Lefebvre, François Joseph, 138, 267, 279 fall campaign 1794, 133 1795 campaign, 189 illness, 233 Leoben, 282, 286, 288 logistics, 172, 230 Leopold II, 42, 47, 50, 56, 60, 62 military discipline, 187 Lesage, Denis Toussaint, 161 natural frontiers policy, 165 natural frontiers, 198

Index 337

Leszczinski, Stanislas, 28 Mercier, L.S., 84 Letourner, Charles-Louis François, 197 Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine, 39, levée en masse, 75, 101–103, 148 144, 163, 180 Lewines, Edward Joseph, 292 named Commissar of the Convention, 78 Liberty and Fraternity Decree, 83 natural frontiers policy, 192, 199 Ligurian Republic, 264 speech of 4 December 1794, 146 Lindet, Jean-Baptiste Robert, 97 Merlin de Thionville, Antoine Christophe, Longwy, 70, 74, 168 11, 178, 292 Lothair, 9 as representative on mission, 86, 145, 149 Louis IX, 10 Meuse frontier, 164 Louis XIII, 18 rejection of natural frontiers policy, 105 Louis XIV, 23, 25, 26, 46 siege of Mainz, 150 Louis XV, 31 Merovingian dynasty, 7 Louis XVI, 30, 38, 42, 50, 55, 56, 61, 64 Mersen, Partition of, 9 dismisses Girondin ministers, 71 Mets, Guillebert, 12 execution of, 87 Meuse River, 8, 67, 70, 107, 119, 131, 147 overthrown, 74 Meuse-Rhine Central Administration, 152 Louis the German, 9 military justice, 101, 110, 186, 232, Louis the Pious, 8 238, 296 Louvet, Jean-Baptiste, 178 Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, count Luckner, Nicolas, 66 of, 39, 56 Luxembourg, 8, 16, 24, 26, 43, 67, 70, 76, Miranda, Francisco de, 85, 94, 157 85, 125, 129, 132, 135, 138, 140, 146, Möllendorf, Wichard von, 158 148, 162, 176, 185, 198, 204, 220, Mons, 67, 68, 77, 108, 111, 118 230, 257, 298 Montesquiou-Fézensac, Anne-Pierre, mar- siege of, 160 quis de, 66 Montgaillard, Jean Gabriel Maurice Maastricht, 24, 29, 44, 124, 128, 132–136, Rocques, count of, 106 141, 148, 177, 198 Moorsel, Jean-Joseph de la Mer, Baron, 262 Mainz, 8, 40, 43–46, 57, 62, 79–81, 85–88, Moreau, Jean Victor Marie, 215, 222, 230, 94, 105, 136, 137, 145, 146, 149, 155, 250, 258, 263, 265, 272, 276, 280, 283 160, 162, 164, 171, 177, 179, 183, 1796 campaign, 219, 224, 241, 243, 188, 190, 200, 204, 205, 208, 219, 246, 251 225, 227, 231, 239, 273, 276, 278, 1797 campaign, 286, 287 281, 284, 287, 288, 292, 303 generalissimo, 262 Austrian garrison at, 149 siege of Kehl, 255, 260 French celebration at, 87 Morlot, Antoine, 138 Provisional Convention of, 87 Mülheim, 177, 189, 250, 262 University of, 80 Münster, Treaty of, 21 Malmesbury, James Harris, 1st Early of, 247, 290 Namur, 67, 69, 94, 107, 108, 118, 120, Mannheim, 122, 129, 137, 146, 148, 149, 122, 124, 128–129, 132, 135, 140 159, 162, 188, 190, 205, 225, 251, Narbonne-Lara, Louis Marie Jacques 273, 277, 278, 284, 285 Amalric, count of, 55, 63 Marat, Jean-Paul, 75 war ministry under, 66 Marceau, François Séverin, 134, 205 natural frontiers, 1, 4, 10, 16, 20, 23, 31, 34, 1796 campaign, 221 37, 48, 49, 77, 113, 143, 154, 163, Battle of the Roer, 137 178, 213, 238, 248, 266, 272, 291, 301 Maria Theresa, 27 Carnot’s proposal, 115 Marie Antoinette, 42, 46, 51 Directory, 197, 210, 228, 229, 239, 245 Martin, Henri, 1, 4 emerges in war context, 75 Maurice de Saxe, 29 French pursuit of, 65 Mazarin, Cardinal, 22 military view, 208, 217, 236 Melito, André François Miot de, 144 supported by Girondins, 83 Menou, Jacques-François, 40 Thermidorean Republic, 145, 192

338 Index

Neerwinden, Battle of, 94 invasion of the Rhineland, 94 Neresheim, Battle of, 243 military strategy, 70, 73, 76, 87 Netherlands, 113 neutrality, 173, 247 Neuwied, 43, 45, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, Peace of Basel, 155, 156, 159 183, 184, 215, 219, 224, 225, 226, seeks peace, 112 232, 239, 246, 250, 251, 257, 265, 273, 277, 287, 295 Régnier, Claude Ambroise, 78 Neuwied, Battle of, 288, 295 Reichenbach, Convention of, 42 Ney, Michel, 137, 236, 288 Reign of Terror, 94, 97, 108, 174, 195 No Conquests Decree, 40, 59, 64 Renaissance France, 15, 31 Nootka Sound Crisis, 41 Renan, Ernest, 10 representatives on mission, 78, 86, 88, 94, Oberingelheim, 145 102, 108, 110, 113, 114, 122, 123, Ottoman Empire, 22, 41, 98, 306 126, 128, 129, 132, 140, 151, 156, Ourthe, Battle of the (Sprimont), 134 162, 168, 172, 182, 187, 190, 194 republicanism, 34, 38, 48, 58, 59, 75, 127, Paine, Thomas, 34 158, 296, 298 arrest of, 99 requisitions, 81, 84, 86, 87, 92, 102, 113, Paris, 6, 16, 20, 22, 30, 33, 42, 46, 70, 72, 122, 141, 151, 169, 172, 174, 180, 77, 80, 86, 87, 88, 95, 101, 105, 109, 185, 205, 209, 212, 216, 220, 222, 117, 125, 142, 145, 146, 155, 158, 226, 229, 231, 237, 254, 281, 283, 296 161, 165, 173, 174, 194, 196, 198, Reubell, Jean François, 144, 164, 201, 206, 200, 203, 207, 214, 215, 217, 218, 235, 238, 243, 270, 299, 301 221, 230, 238, 241, 246, 247, 250, as representative on mission, 86 262, 267, 270, 272, 275, 278, 282, Clarke mission, 289 283, 285, 291, 293, 298 CPS, 158, 178 Paul I, tsar of Russia, 271 Directory, 197 Pﬂieger, Jean Adam, 170 fear of royalism, 218 Philip III, 10 fear of royalists, 268 Philip IV, 10 Fructidor coup, 298 Philip VI of Valois, 12 glorious peace, 247, 266 Pichegru, Jean Charles, 107, 109, 111, 165, natural frontiers, 200, 211, 222, 257 208, 268 negotiations with Austria, 256 1795 campaign, 188, 190 relationship to Alexandre, 244 Fructidor coup, 299 réunions, 82, 84, 91, 99 planning for 1795 campaign, 161 Rheinfels, 45, 162, 164, 166 royalism, 217 Rhineland, 4, 5, 8, 15, 20, 22, 34, 40, 44, Piedmont-Sardinia, 66, 76, 98 47, 55, 59, 62, 64, 76, 79, 84, 85, 87, pillage, 110, 154, 165, 182, 186, 187, 190, 88, 89, 94, 102, 103, 122, 124, 127, 204, 205, 233, 239, 266, 295 130, 139, 140, 142, 144, 148, 151, Pillnitz, Declaration of, 47, 50 153, 157, 158, 165, 168, 172–173, Pitt, William, the Younger, 41, 47, 50, 178, 182, 192, 194, 199–201, 204, 112, 290 206, 208–216, 228, 238, 242, 246, Poland, 28, 30, 41, 42, 50, 68, 73, 112, 249, 257, 262, 265, 269, 273, 279, 200, 248 280, 281, 291, 294, 295, 301, 303, Poncet, André, 184 305, 307 Poteratz, Pierre-Claude de, 201, 223, 229 agriculture, 173 Potsdam, 70 civilians, 85 Pragmatic Sanction, 27 cosmopolitanism in, 80 Prieur de la Côte-d’Or, Claude Antoine, 98 economy of, 79 Prieur de la Marne, Pierre Louis, 98 exploitation of, 204 Prussia, 30, 33, 40, 41, organization of, 140, 151, 211 47, 50, 62 public opinion, 281 army of, 87 society of, 79 entry into the war, 68 weakness of Allied forces in the, 65

Index 339

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Soult, Jean de Dieu, 186, 213 Cardinal-Duke of, 18, 20, 22 Spain Richepanse, Antoine, 293 war declared on, 89 Rivaud, François, 208 Speyer, 43, 45, 60, 79, 80, 85, 94, 225 Rivoli, Battle of, 272 Sprimont. See Battle of the Ourthe Roberjot, Claude, 182 Strabo of Amasia, 1, 6 Robert, Pierre-François Joseph, 78 Strasbourg, 21, 24, 26, 37, 55, 86, 122, 151, Robespierre, Maximilien, 40, 54, 56, 58, 168, 205, 223, 224, 252, 266, 272, 60, 73, 99 277, 286 abandonment of natural frontiers pol- Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, duke of, 17 icy, 97 and 9 Thermidor, 125 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 290 attack on Brissot, 69 Tallien, Jean-Lambert, 143, 161 foreign policy, 106 Talot, Michel Louis, 166, 167 threat of foreigners, 82 Theodor, Karl, 242 Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Thermidorean Republic, 115, 125, 145, Vimeur, count of, 60 156, 178, 196, 200, 211, 231 command of the Army of the North, 66 Théviotte, Pierre-Laurent-Marie, 245 dismissal, 67 Thirty Years War, 20 resignation, 69 Thugut, Johann Amadeus von, 176, Roer, Battle of the, 135, 137 202, 257 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 32 Clarke mission, 248 Rudler, François Joseph, 280 Tilly, Jacques Louis François de, 261 Russia, 30, 47 Tirlet, Louis, 168, 175 invasion of Poland, 73 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 3 Tourcoing, 107 Sahlins, Peter, 2, 23 Tournai, 6, 107 Saint-André, Jean Bon, 98 Transpadane Republic, 264 Saint-Cyr, Laurent de Gouvion, 151, Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste, 78, 163 191, 225 Trier, 31, 44, 46, 55, 57, 60, 62, 68, 76, 81, Saint-Just, Louis Antoine de, 98, 104, 107 85, 107, 112, 122, 124, 129, 132, 133, and 9 Thermidor, 125 137, 151, 203, 209, 211, 220 Saliceti, Antoine Christophe, 223 Trier, electorate of, 61 Sambre River, 107, 118 Trier, Prince Clemens Wenzeslaus, elector Saulx, Gaspard de, 15 of, 42, 56 Sautreau de Marsy, Claude Sixte, 27, 30 Tuileries Palace, 46, 74 Saxe-Coburg, Saalfeld, Frederick Josias, prince of, 94 Utrecht, Peace of, 26 command in Belgium, 107 Saxe-Teschen, Albrecht Kasimir, duke Valenciennes, 55, 67, 68, 95, 107, 109, 123, of, 67 128, 131, 132 Scheldt River, 29, 77 Valmy, 38 Schérer, Barthélemy Louis Joseph, 120 Battle of, 74 Battle of the Roer, 137 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 25 siege campaign, 131 Vendée, 98, 101, 200, 234, 263 Schorrenberg, Anno, 152 Verdun, 8, 9, 15, 21, 70, 74, 77 Séchelles, Marie-Jean Hérault de, 57, 98 Verdun, Treaty of, 8 Servan, Joseph, 69 Vergennes, Charles Gravier de, 31 dismissed, 71 Versailles, Treaty, 3 Servatus, Lupus, 9 Victor Amadeus III, 76 Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, 144, 164 Vieille-Ville, François de, 16 CPS, 158, 178 Villaret de Joyeuse, Louis-Thomas, 268 natural frontiers policy, 199 Vincent, Baron von, 248 Sorel, Albert, 2, 4, 10, 15, 17, 19, 21, 144, Volney, Constantin François de, 41 178, 197 Voltaire, 38

340 Index

Walcheren Island, 119, 123, 128, 133 William V, 108 War of Austrian Succession, 27 Worms, 42, 43, 45, 47, 62, 79, 94 War of Polish Succession, 27 Wurmser, Dagobert Sigmund von, 176 War of Réunions, 25 Würzburg, 227, 231, 237, 238, 240, 246 War of Spanish Succession, 26, 145 Wetzlar, 111, 184, 188, 239, 240, 294 Zeller, Gaston, 2