Barleymax™ Better Nutrition Report

BARLEYmax™ Better Nutrition Report

™ ThisThe BARLEYreport is maxbrought Betterto you Nutrition by The Healthy Report Grain I 1 TM BARLEYmax is a trademark of The Healthy Grain Pty. Ltd. The Healthy Grain provides Food Brand Owner customers and their markets around the world with unique, natural, nutritionally superior ™ 2patentable I The BARLEY wholegrainsmax thatBetter enhance Nutrition health Report and wellbeing. AUSTRALIA’S CHRONIC The rise in lifestyle-related chronic rebalancing the intake of particular DISEASE IMPERATIVE diseases in Australia highlights the foods can reduce chronic disease risk need for practical diet and lifestyle and improve health and well-being. answers that can help lift the burden In essence, Australians need to make of chronic disease impacting so ‘simple yet effective’ dietary changes heavily on our nation. Consider the to reduce chronic disease in this following taken from the 2014-15 country. National Health Survey1: Why simple changes? To enhance • Over 11 million (63%) of adult the prospects of the change being Australians are considered sustained in the long term. Of course, overweight or obese any change needs to be effective with • Type 2 diabetes prevalence good scientific evidence showing continues to rise with now over improved health outcomes. 1 million Australians with this condition Replacing refined grains with eating • Over 4 million adults have high more wholegrains, like barley, blood pressure is a good example of a simple change • Obesity, heart disease, stroke, to make. Increased wholegrain intake type 2 diabetes and cancer are is associated with a lower risk of the leading causes of preventable certain cancers, heart disease, death. diabetes, stroke and may even help with weight control. While barley is Despite the significance of the perhaps less well known than other challenge, dietary change is a key wholegrains, its health advantages are weapon in the fight against chronic significant. disease. There is good evidence that

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 3 AN EVEN BETTER The benefits of wholegrains are well “Barley is an underutilised WHOLEGRAIN? known but CSIRO scientists could healthy cereal grain. We set out to see there was room for improvement enhance the nutritional attributes THE CSIRO CHALLENGE and the potential existed to enhance even further, especially to enrich the nutritional potency of wholegrains, the main forms of fibre important like barley. for promoting digestive health. The barley that is most commonly So began an intensive, multifaceted grown has a husk covering the program of scientific investigation grain and is used for the malt and within CSIRO that culminated in the beer market. We developed TM TM development of BARLEYmax , a high BARLEYmax as a naked grain fibre wholegrain with the potential to because it is ideal for incorporation amplify the nutritional benefits of into foods as a wholegrain.” wholegrains. Dr Zhongyi Li, Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO

™ 4 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report TM THE BARLEYmax STORY CSIRO has a long history of interest in Through an extensive program of barley as a grain with human health experimental studies, including a benefits. In the late 1990s, CSIRO number of human trials, it was shown researchers developed a collection that a range of foods produced with TM of new non-GM barley grains and BARLEYmax ingredients as their assessed them for their potential to key ingredient, had a low glycemic improve health by delivering high index and glycemic load and also levels of resistant starch and other produced positive changes in a dietary fibre components. range of biomarkers of bowel health. Determined to bring the health Many of the grains of interest had benefits to as many people as their origins in the Tibetan plateau, possible, CSIRO formed a Joint Venture one of the few regions of the world with Australian Capital Ventures Ltd to TM where barley has been used as a breed new BARLEYmax varieties staple food for thousands of years. and began working with food One line stood out with unique fibre manufacturers to create products TM characteristics and this was used to containing BARLEYmax for TM breed BARLEYmax. CSIRO was consumers. That joint venture became then able to call on the expertise of its The Healthy Grain company in 2014. nutritional scientists to undertake In December 2016, the Teijin Group rigorous studies to substantiate of Japan became the third major the predicted health attributes of shareholder in The Healthy Grain. TM BARLEYmax. A range of products have been developed including breakfast cereals, wraps, breads, porridges and muesli bars. New ranges have been launched in Japan in 2016 and the US in 2017.

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 5 TM BARLEYmax IS A Wholegrains have been part of the The health benefits of human diet for thousands of years. wholegrains NUTRITIOUS WHOLEGRAIN And there are good reasons why they Almost daily a new superfood or feature in dietary guidelines around ingredient is promoted as the answer the world. Regular consumption of to our chronic disease problems. wholegrain foods has been associated All too often these claims are based with better health and a reduction in upon inadequate research leaving the chronic disease risk. public confused as to which foods are likely to deliver meaningful health TM BARLEYmax is a wholegrain benefits. cereal of the type health authorities recommend we consume each day. In contrast, the population studies linking regular wholegrain consumption What is a wholegrain? to better health and well-being are BRAN High in Wholegrains retain all three components impressive and consistent. Good dietary fibre of the natural grain, including the quality research published in credible bran, germ and endosperm. When journals by reputable scientists grains are refined, one or more of reflects the value of wholegrains in ENDOSPERM these parts are removed. addressing some of the most pressing High levels of resistant starch, chronic disease issues. ß-glucan The health power of wholegrains Just how good wholegrains are for us Eating wholegrain foods are was unveiled in a recent major associated with: scientific review looking at diet and • Lower heart disease and stroke chronic disease.2 Covering decades risk of research and hundreds of studies, • Lowering the risk of type 2 the review found that plant foods, diabetes especially wholegrain foods, were • Reducing the risk for certain linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cancers overweight and obesity, cancer and • Lower cholesterol and blood cardiovascular disease. GERM pressure High in ALEURONE nutrients High in Eating wholegrain foods may also: protein • Assist with weight control • Improve bowel health and

TM regularity BARLEYmax GRAIN • Provide important nutrients like ﬁbre, folate, vitamin E, magnesium, B vitamins, zinc and antioxidant phytochemicals.

™ 6 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report Heart disease and stroke Body weight Did you know? A 2016 systematic review and A review of 15 studies found that Increasing wholegrains to four meta-analysis found that three extra eating three servings of wholegrains serves a day may reduce the servings of wholegrains per day was daily is linked to a lower body weight risk of heart disease by as much linked to a lower risk of heart disease and less belly fat.8 Dietary ﬁbre’s as 40% – more than double by 22%.3 ability to increase satiety and therefore that of cholesterol lowering decrease subsequent hunger, along margarines.10 Type 2 diabetes with altering the secretion of hormones A review of 16 studies concluded that related to food digestion, are likely eating three servings of wholegrains mechanisms.9 daily could lower the risk of type 2 diabetes by almost a third.4 The potency of wholegrains Wholegrain foods offer even greater Cholesterol and protection than other foods commonly blood pressure promoted for heart health. Increasing Wholegrains containing soluble ﬁbre, fruit and vegetable intake can reduce such as barley, have the capacity to the risk of heart disease by 10-15% help reduce LDL cholesterol levels.5 while increasing wholegrains to four serves a day can reduce heart The increased intake of wholegrains disease risk by up to 40%.10 has also been linked to lower blood pressure.6

Bowel health The ﬁbre found in wholegrains helps to improve digestive health and regularity.7

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 7 WHAT MAKES WHOLEGRAINS Wholegrains naturally contain hundreds Wholegrains for breakfast? SO HEALTHY? of antioxidants and phytonutrients Wholegrain foods can be plus vitamins, fibre, protein and consumed at any time throughout minerals all working together to the day. However, breakfast provides deliver real benefits to those who a great opportunity to make a include them regularly in their diet. wholegrain start to the day and research shows that this can have Once a grain is refined, there can be a significant impact on health. considerable loss of nutrients, so it is best to ensure at least half of your In a large study to examine the grain servings each day are effect of wholegrain breakfast wholegrain. cereals on the risk of cardiovascular disease, researchers examined the How many wholegrains intakes of breakfast cereals reported Did you know? do you need? by over 92,000 male physicians in Compared to its refined The Australian Guide to Healthy the US.14 counterpart, wholegrain wheat Eating recommends adults eat contains: around 4-6 serves of cereal foods They found that over the five years • 75% more fibre daily, most of which should be of the study, men who consumed • 60% more iron and thiamine wholegrain.12 one or more servings of wholegrain 11 • 80% more folate breakfast cereals per day had a Research has shown that Australian 20% lower risk of cardiovascular adults are eating just 21 grams of disease compared to men who wholegrains each day.13 rarely consumed wholegrain This is less than half the recommended breakfast cereals. target of 48 grams per day. TM BARLEYmax is a wholegrain cereal of the type that health authorities recommend we consume each day.

™ 8 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report TM THE BENEFITS OF FIBRE IN BARLEYmax has greater quantities How much fibre do you TM BARLEYmax WHOLEGRAIN of fibre compared to other need each day? wholegrains and delivers more of all Australia’s peak health authority, three important fibre types: soluble the National Health and Medical fibre, insoluble fibre and resistant Research Council (NHMRC) in its TM starch. In fact, BARLEYmax is the Nutrient Reference Values report16 highest fibre wholegrain with resistant developed a set of Adequate Intake starch and represents a significant figures for dietary fibre that are TM BARLEYmax Fact source of this beneficial type of fibre designed for general good health TM Adding BARLEYmax to a diet in the diet. Outside of the broader role (see table below). based on refined cereal foods of fibre, research is now turning to the more than doubled the total fibre role that specific types of fibre, like Importantly, the NHMRC’s Nutrient content of the diet.15 resistant starch, called prebiotics, Reference Values report also high- can have on health. Prebiotics are lighted the important role fibre plays in fermented by the gut microbiota and reducing the risk of a range of lifestyle alter the colonic microflora balance conditions. towards a healthier composition. “Increasing dietary fibre intakes “The evidence suggests that the have been linked to lower rates of three main types of fibre, soluble, obesity, cardiovascular disease, insoluble and resistant starch, diabetes and certain cancers.”16 offer a range of important health benefits and so we should aim to consume a combination of different types of fibre daily”.

Dr Tony Bird, Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO.

NHRMC Adequate Intakes for Dietary Fibre

Males Adequate Females Adequate Intake (g/day) Intake (g/day)

1-3 years 14 1-3 years 14 4-8 years 18 4-8 years 18 9-13 years 24 9-13 years 20 14-18 years 28 14-18 years 22 19+ years 30 19+ years 25 - - Pregnancy 25-28 - - Breastfeeding 27-30

Suggested Dietary Target to reduce disease risk. Women 28g per day, Men 38g per day.

Source NHRMC ™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 9 TM TM BARLEYmax CONTAINS There are many different types of Is BARLEYmax PREBIOTICS dietary fibres with different physical suitable for people on a and physiological properties. TM low-FODMAP diet? BARLEY has a large number max FODMAPs are carbohydrates of different fibres, both insoluble and that are not fully digested in our soluble and amongst the soluble bodies. For some people, fibres are several with demonstrated FODMAPs are considered a trigger prebiotic properties. for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A low-FODMAP diet is now an Prebiotics act as a fuel to enhance accepted approach to trial under the growth or activity of beneficial the guidance of a dietitian to help bacteria in our digestive system such manage IBS. Many of the health as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus to TM benefits attributed to BARLEYmax improve health.17 Other benefits of are from its high prebiotic content, prebiotics include improvement in gut which includes some of the FODMAP barrier function and host immunity, and carbohydrates such as fructans. a reduction of potentially pathogenic For someone on a low-FODMAP bacteria subpopulations.18 diet, it is recommended to limit foods high in FODMAPs during the The most well-researched prebiotics initial trial phase period and then to include fructans, arabinoxylans, slowly reintroduce such foods as the soluble fibre beta-glucan and TM tolerance improves during the resistant starch.18,19 BARLEY max second phase of the diet when contains high levels of all of these the diet is liberalised. prebiotics.

TM Prebiotics in BARLEYmax

10% Prebiotics 27% 8% 6.4%

2.6%

Resistant Starch Beta Glucan Fructan Arabinoxylan

BARLEYmaxTM wholegrain is a natural product, as such there will be year to year variation in its nutritional levels.

™ 10 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report The benefits of butyrate Fructans are polymers of fructose and Butyrate is a crucial metabolite are the naturally occurring storage Prebiotics work together in the human colon, as it is carbohydrates in many plants. Food is more than the sum of its the preferred energy source Fructans with a shorter chain length individual ingredients, so when it for colon cells, contributes to are termed fructo-oligosaccharides comes to prebiotics, a wholefood the maintenance of gut (FOS) while inulin is a fructan with approach acknowledges the diversity barrier function, and has mostly longer chain lengths. of prebiotic substances found in food immunomodulatory and Arabinoxylans are one of the main that may act synergistically. Bacteria anti-inflammatory properties. components of the cell wall of cereal possess carbohydrate-binding grains and a major source of fibre in modules and an extensive set of the diet. enzymes that allow for the digestion of a wide variety of fibres.18 Fermentation of prebiotics by colonic bacteria gives rise to the production Having a variety of dietary soluble of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such and insoluble fibres such as cellulose, as acetate, propionate, butyrate and hemicelluloses, pectins, fructans, lactate. The presence of SCFA in the beta-glucan and resistant starch is intestines contributes to a lower pH, more supportive of a varied gastro- a better bio-availability of calcium and intestinal microbial community magnesium, and inhibition of potentially compared to a diet that has a less harmful bacteria.20 diverse prebiotic mix.

Although there is still much investigation The benefit of prebiotics acting required to develop our understanding together in a high-fibre food was seen in this field, the potential to capture in a randomised-controlled trial using TM the benefits of prebiotics in relation to BARLEYmax given to 17 healthy measurable health outcomes is adults for 4 weeks. Compared to promising. The evidence for health whole-wheat or refined cereals foods, TM TM benefits of BARLEYmax is positive consuming BARLEYmax resulted in regards to its prebiotic potential.21 in higher fecal weight, a lower faecal pH, and greater production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) including butyrate.15

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 11 TM BARLEYmax CONTAINS Most starches are digested and How much resistant starch RESISTANT STARCH absorbed into the body through the do you need? small intestine, but some starches CSIRO has recommended that resist digestive attack by the enzymes intakes of resistant starch should be present and pass through to the large more than 20 grams per day, which is intestine where they act as dietary almost four times greater than a fibre and improve digestive health. typical western diet currently This type of starch is called ‘resistant provides.27 starch’. An estimate of resistant starch intake Why is resistant starch for Australian adults derived from the Did you know? so important? most recent National Nutrition Survey, Resistant starch produces When resistant starch reaches the suggested the range of intake to be more than twice the amount of bowel, like other prebiotics, it is from 3-9 grams per day with adult butyrate than wheat fibre.26 fermented by the bacteria present men consuming more resistant starch and generates a range of beneficial than women.28 changes. These can impact our digestive and metabolic health in a As the suggested intakes for resistant number of ways, including: starch are significantly higher than • Beneficially increasing stool bulk current consumption, there is giving a mild laxative effect which considerable scope to increase promotes ‘regularity’22 resistant starch consumption across • Encouraging the growth of the population. healthy bacteria in the bowel – the ‘prebiotic effect’23 • Producing SCFA (in particular butyrate) which promote intestinal health24 • Maintaining healthy blood sugar by increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin.23,25

Resistant Starch - Metabolic Mechanisms

Food Short-chain Starch Resistant Starch Bacterial fatty acids Fermentation (Butyrate)

Prebiotic pH Effect

SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE

™ 12 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report Fibre and bowel cancer – Prebiotics and mental health Having the right mix of prebiotics in the African paradox Our gut does more than help us the diet may be one way to support Despite the adoption of digest food – it can also affect our our mental health. Foods high in TM ‘Westernised diets’ by indigenous mental health. New developments in prebiotics like BARLEYmax are South Africans, leading to much a rapidly emerging field of research the types of food that are already lower dietary fibre intakes than shows that the gut has a two-way recommended for us to be eating lots most Western populations, colon communication link with the central more of for overall health so improved cancer rates remain low in the nervous system – and we call this the mental health may be another benefit urban black South African gut-brain axis. Eating a mixture of to add to the list. population.29 different foods with different types of prebiotics in them can influence This surprising result may be due which bacteria are most active in the to the regular consumption of cold gastrointestinal tract. These bacteria maize porridge by this group. When in turn produce a range of different this porridge is consumed cold, as substances, some of which are linked it often is, the porridge is rich in to lowering stress and anxiety. resistant starch, formed when the porridge cools. Recent research in mice fed several prebiotic ingredients including fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) found measurable improvements in anxiety, cognition and stress-related behav- iours when exposed to stressful conditions.30 Prebiotic-fed mice also had lower levels of stress-induced hormones and immune factors.

TM BARLEYmax Unique Fibre Proﬁle

Resistant Starch 25.5% Soluble fibre Insoluble fibre Total ﬁbre % 15% 13% 12%

TM BARLEYmax Barley Wheat Oats Corn

BARLEYmaxTM wholegrain is a natural product and there will be year to year variation in its nutritional levels. ™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 13 TM BARLEYmax CONTAINS What is soluble fibre? How does soluble fibre SOLUBLE FIBRE As the name suggests, soluble fibres lower cholesterol? are those forms of dietary fibre that During the digestive process, the are soluble in water. This includes soluble beta-glucan fibre blocks the pectins, gums and mucilages, which re-absorption of cholesterol back into are found mainly in plant foods. the body so that more of this choles- Soluble fibre dissolves in water terol is lost naturally from the body. TM forming viscous gels and is easily Barley, especially BARLEYmax , is fermented by the microflora of the high in beta-glucan. A recent systematic large intestine. Good sources of review and meta-analysis of barley soluble fibre include fruits, vegetables, beta-glucan and cardiovascular barley, seed husks, flaxseed, dried disease risk found that barley beans, lentils and peas. beta-glucan lowers the more harmful LDL-cholesterol.32 Why do you need soluble fibre? A review of the ability for barley to TM BARLEYmax Fact According to the National Heart lower blood cholesterol stated: TM BARLEYmax contains high Foundation, there is good evidence to levels of beta glucan – a type show that soluble fibre can lower LDL “Health practitioners should of soluble fibre.35 cholesterol levels and can therefore feel comfortable recommending reduce heart disease risk.31 The barley beta glucan to their presence of soluble dietary fibre in patients to help reduce total carbohydrate foods also influences cholesterol and LDL cholesterol the glycaemic response after a meal. concentrations…” 33 Plus, soluble fibre can help with keeping you regular. How does soluble fibre lower post-prandial glucose? Barley and oat beta-glucans are very high molecular weight polysaccharides that exhibit high viscosities. This high viscosity increases the viscosity of the meal bolus in the stomach which reduces mixing of the food with digestive enzymes and delays gastric emptying. Increased viscosity also retards the absorption of glucose. This makes beta-glucan effective in lowering the post-prandial glucose response to a meal.34

™ 14 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report TM BARLEYmax IS Why do you need The World Cancer Research Fund A RICH SOURCE OF insoluble fibre? (WCRF) in their most recent Continuous Insoluble fibre is largely responsible Update Project report from 2017 on INSOLUBLE FIBRE for keeping things moving, adding the role of diet and physical activity in bulk and helping to maintain normal the prevention of colorectal cancer,36 functioning of the bowel. In many state: high fibre foods, the insoluble fibre Did you know? component is the predominant form “There is strong evidence that Colorectal cancer is the second and large population studies have consuming foods containing most common cancer in both shown that high fibre diets can dietary fibre decreases the risk Australian men and women.38 protect against conditions such as of colorectal cancer.” colon cancer.36 The WCRF outlined possible Bigger Is better! mechanisms to explain the link When it comes to the size of stools, between dietary fibre and colorectal the idea that ‘bigger is better’ really cancer. Fibre is fermented within the does apply. Compared to a diet bowel, forming short-chain fatty acids, containing refined cereal products, such as butyrate which has known those subjects consuming foods anti-proliferative effects. Other TM made with BARLEYmax had a mechanisms by which greater dietary 33% increase in stool size.15 fibre intake may lower colorectal Bigger really is better! cancer risk include the reduction of intestinal transit time and increased The link between fibre and faecal bulk, which would lessen the colorectal cancer potential for faecal mutagens to There is growing recognition of the interact with the colon mucosa, and a important connection between diet reduction of secondary bile acid and bacterial metabolism in the colon production. High-fibre diets may also and specifically how the interaction reduce insulin resistance, which is a can impact on important diseases like risk factor for colorectal cancer.37 colorectal cancer.

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 15 TM BARLEYmax HAS A While many of us are familiar with the Why is controlling glycemic LOW GLYCEMIC LOAD Glycemic Index or the GI, the concept response important? of Glycemic Load (GL) is not so well Type 2 diabetes is a significant known even though GI and GL are chronic condition in Australia, and like closely related. many other industrialised nations, the prevalence of the condition is increasing. The GI relates to the release of TM Improving the diet is recognised as BARLEYmax Fact glucose into the bloodstream of a central to both the management as Compared to a breakfast 50-gram portion of carbohydrate food well as the prevention of Type 2 cereal made with standard barley, compared to an equal portion of diabetes. Moderating the glucose breakfast cereal containing glucose. On the other hand, the response to foods is acknowledged TM BARLEYmax produced a Glycemic Load (GL) considers the as a viable dietary strategy in this significantly lower rise in blood impact on the blood glucose levels of regard.39 insulin levels.38 the entire food – as eaten in a normal serving. As such, some health In a clinical trial with healthy volunteers, TM professionals prefer GL as it is BARLEYmax as part of a breakfast reflective of normal eating patterns cereal was shown to give a lower as opposed to the 50-gram glucose and insulin response portions used in the laboratory compared to a breakfast cereal made to determine GI.39 with standard barley.40 Lower levels of insulin in the bloodstream are The GL is determined by multiplying considered beneficial to reduce the the GI value of the food in question by risk of insulin resistance and diabetes.41 the amount of available carbohydrate in a standard serving of that food and The CSIRO research team investigating TM dividing by 100. the impact of BARLEYmax on blood glucose and insulin considered For both GI and GL, the lower the this new ingredient… figure the better as this reflects a “…may be of value in foods slower release of glucose into the designed to assist in the prevention bloodstream. and management of diabetes”40

TM The GI and GL of BARLEYmax and standard breakfast cereal

Glycemic Index Glycemic Load

100 35 30 80 77 25 60 25 20

40 50 15 10 20 10 5 0 0 TM TM BARLEYmax Standard Barley BARLEYmax Standard Barley

™ 16 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report Low-carbohydrate diets have gained For people with diabetes, recent Did you know? popularity in recent times, and for research from the CSIRO has found At just 35 grams of carbohydrate many people they ﬁnd such an that a low-carbohydrate diet can be TM per 100 grams, BARLEYmax approach an effective way to control an effective way to manage blood has around half the available body weight and even to manage sugar.43 Over 24 weeks, people carbohydrate content of other diabetes. Looking at the evidence, following a low-carbohydrate diet popular grains such as wheat, low-carbohydrates can be an effective saw similar improvements in glycemic oats and brown rice. way for reducing body weight and control as people on an energy perform on par with traditional dieting matched high carbohydrate diet. approaches over a time frame of a year or greater.42 In their most recent nutrition therapy recommendations for diabetes, TM BARLEYmax is much lower in the American Diabetes Association available carbohydrate (starch) than removed any set level of recommen- other wholegrain cereals, making it an dation for carbohydrate intake for ideal choice for people who wish to people with diabetes.44 Instead they consume less carbohydrates in their acknowledged that dietary advice diet, but still gain all of the health should be based on individualised beneﬁts that wholegrain foods can assessment of current eating provide. patterns, preferences, and metabolic goals.

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 17 TM BARLEYmax CONTAINS Antioxidants are found in many foods Wholegrains, which includes TM POWERFUL ANTIOXIDANTS and may prevent some of the damage BARLEYmax are an important caused by free radicals by neutralising source of antioxidants and have been them. Free radicals are highly reactive, found to have a higher antioxidant unstable compounds produced content than many fruits and naturally within the body as well as vegetables.46 Dietary antioxidants being derived from external sources along with nutritional attributes like such as cigarette smoke, environ- ﬁbre may be part of the reason mental pollutants and ultraviolet light. wholegrains have been linked to disease risk reduction. Indeed, there An excess of free radicals can may be synergistic actions between TM BARLEYmax Fact damage all types of cells in the body various wholegrain components that TM BARLEYmax is a richer source including our DNA. It has been combine to improve health of antioxidants than apples and estimated that there are 10,000 outcomes.46 strawberries, has twice the oxidative ‘hits’ to our DNA per cell per antioxidants of oats, three times day.45 Antioxidants scavenge free “Antioxidant activity is one of the level of broccoli and four radicals from the body’s cells, and several factors responsible for the times that of tea. can help prevent or reduce the observed efﬁcacy of wholegrains in damage caused by oxidation. Some the daily diet to reduce chronic of the key nutrient antioxidants include disease”.46 vitamins A, C and E, and the minerals copper, zinc and selenium.

Total Antioxidant Capacity

Total ORAC* 5000

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

TM TEA max APPLE OATS AVOCADO ORANGE BROCOLI BARLEY STRAWBERRY

*Total ORAC Values = sum of hydrophilic - ORAC (H-ORAC) and lipophilic - ORAC (L - ORAC) reported in µmol of Trolox Equivalents per 100 grams. Source for other foods: US Department of Agriculture, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity of Selected Foods, November 2007: BARLEYmax measured by CSIRO. The beneﬁts of higher ORAC scores in humans needs more research. ™ 18 I The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report VITAMIN E Vitamin E is the collective name for a Higher intakes of vitamin E have been group of fat-soluble compounds with promoted as a means of helping to distinctive antioxidant activities. reduce chronic disease risk in Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in Australia with recommended dietary TM BARLEYmax Fact eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, intakes of 10 mg for men and 7 mg for TM BARLEYmax has more than gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and women.16 Relative to standard barley, TM twice the level of total vitamin E alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-to- BARLEYmax provides more than (all forms) than standard barley* cotrienol).47 The major role of vitamin twice the total for all forms of vitamin E. E is to protect polyunsaturated fatty *CSIRO laboratory measures 2009. acids (especially those in cell membranes), from oxidation.

™ The BARLEYmax Better Nutrition Report I 19 References 1. National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15. 17. Gibson GR and Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary 33. Talati R et al (2009) The effects of barley-derived Australian Bureau of Statistics modulation of the human microbiota: introducing the soluble fiber on serum lipids. Ann Fam Med 2. Fardet A and Boirie Y (2014) Associations between subject of prebiotics. J Nutr 125:1401-12. 7:157-63. food and beverage groups and major diet-related 18. Holscher HD (2017) Dietary fiber and prebiotics and 34. Tosh SM (2013) Review of human studies chronic diseases: an exhaustive review of pooled/ the gastrointestinal microbiota. Gut Microbes investigating the post-prandial blood-glucose meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Nutr Rev 8:172-84. lowering ability of oat and barley food products. 72(12):741-62. 19. Slavin J (2013) Fibre and prebiotics: mechanisms Eur J Clin Nutr 67:310-7. 3. Aune D et al (2016) Whole grain consumption and and health benefits. Nutrients 5:1417-35 35. Bird AR et al (2004) A novel high-amylose barley risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause 20. Roberfroid M et al (2010) Prebiotic effects: cultivar lowers plasma cholesterol and alters indices and cause specific mortality: systematic review and metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr 104 of large bowel fermentation in pigs. Br J Nutr dose-response meta-analysis of prospective (Suppl 2):S1-63. 92(4):607-15. studies. BMJ 353:i2716. 21. Bird, AR et al (2004) A novel barley cultivar 36. World Cancer Research Fund (2017) Diet, 4. Aune D et al (2013) Whole grain and refined grain (Himalaya 292) with a specific gene mutation in nutrition, physical activity and colorectal cancer. consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a starch synthase IIa raises large bowel starch and www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/CUP%20 systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis short-chain fatty acids in rats. J Nutr 134: 831–5. Colorectal%20Report_2017_Digital.pdf of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 28(11):845-58. 22. Phillips J et al (1995) Effect of resistant starch on 37. i-Sunyer X (2005) Do glycemic index, glycemic 5. Ho HV et al (2016) A systematic review and fecal bulk and fermentation- dependent events in load, and fiber play a role in insulin sensitivity, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the humans. Am J Clin Nutr 62(1):121-30. disposition index, and type 2 diabetes? Diabetes effect of barley beta-glucan on LDL-C, non-HDL-C Care 28:2978-9 23. Birt DF et al (2013) Resistant starch: promise for and apoB for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. improving human health. Adv Nutr 4(6):587-601. 38. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2017) Eur J Clin Nutr 70(11):1239-45. Cancer in Australia 2017 www.aihw.gov.au/ 24. Topping D, Clifton P (2001) Short chain fatty acids 6. Flint AJ (2009) Whole grains and incident publication-detail/?id=60129558547 and human colonic function roles of resistant starch hypertension in men. Am J Clin Nutr 90(3):943-8. and non starch polysaccharides. Physiol Rev 39. Augustin LS (2015) Glycemic index, glycemic load 7. Slavin J (2004) Wholegrains and human health. 81:1031-64. and glycemic response: An International Scientific Nutr Res Rev 17(1);99-110. Consensus Summit from the International 25. Robertson D et al (2005) Insulin- sensitising effects Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutr 8. 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