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Appendix a Glossary of Terms Used in Applied Entomology and Crop Protection

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Appendix a Glossary of Terms Used in Applied Entomology and Crop Protection Appendix A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection Acaricide Material toxic to mites (Acarina). Boom (spray) Horizontal (or vertical) light frame carrying several Activator Chemical added to a pesticide to increase its toxicity. spray nozzles. Active ingredient (a.i.) Toxic component of a formulated Brachypterous Having short wings that do not cover the abdomen. pesticide. Breaking The separation of the phases from emulsion. Adherence The ability of a material to stick to a particular surface. Browsing The eating of foliage of bushes and trees. Adhesive (= Sticker) Material added to increase pesticide retention; Budworm Common name in the USA for various tortricid larvae. different commercial preparations of methyl cellulose are available Calling A virgin female moth releasing sex pheromones to attract for this purpose. males for the purpose of mating. Adjuvant A spray additive to improve either physical or chemical Carrier Material serving as diluent and vehicle for the active ingre- properties (see also Supplement, Sticker, Adhesive, Spreader, Wetter dients; usually in dusts. and Emulsifier). Cationic surfactant Material in which surface activity is determined Aedeagus The male intromittent organ, or penis. by the basic part of a compound. Aerosol A dispersion of spray droplets of diameter 0.1–5.0 µm; usually Caterpillar Eruciform larva; larva of a moth, butterfly, or sawfly. dispersed from a canister. Chaetotaxy The arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on Aestivation Dormancy during a hot or dry season. the insect exoskeleton, both adults and larvae. Agamic Parthenogenetic reproduction; without mating. Chemosterilant Chemical used to render an insect sterile without Agitator A mechanical device in the spray tank to ensure uniform killing it. distribution of toxicant and to prevent sedimentation. Chrysalis The pupa of a butterfly. Agroecology The study of ecology in relation to agricultural systems. Climatograph A polygonal diagram resulting from plotting Allochthonous Not aboriginal; exotic; introduced; acquired from temperature means against relative humidity. elsewhere (opp. autochthonous). Clone A group of identical individuals propagated vegetatively Allopatric Having separate and mutually exclusive areas of geographical from a single plant. distribution (opp. sympatric). Coarctate pupa A pupa enclosed inside a hardened shell formed by Anemophilous Plants which are pollinated by the wind. the previous larval skin. Anionic surfactant Salt of an organic acid, the structure of which Cocoon A silken case inside which a pupa is formed. determines its surface activity. Colloidal formulation Solution in which the particle size is less Antibiosis The resistance of a plant to insect attack by having, for than 6 µm in diameter, and the particles stay indefinitely dispersed. example, a thick cuticle, hairy leaves, toxic sap, etc. Commensalism Two organisms living together and sharing food, both Anti-feedant A chemical possessing the property of inhibiting the species usually benefiting from the association; a type of symbiosis. feeding of certain insect pests. Community The collection of different species and types of plants and Anti-frothing agent Material added to prevent frothing of the liquid animals, in their respective niches, within the habitat. 1. Closed: the in the spray tank. habitat is completely colonized by plants; no areas of bare soil; strong Approved product Proprietary brand of pesticide officially competition for space. 2. Open: habitat is not completely colonized by approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK. plants; bare areas of soil; competition for space is thus reduced. Antixenosis (= non-preference) Compatibility The ability to mix different pesticides without physical Arista A large bristle, located on the dorsal edge of the apical antennal or chemical interactions which would lead to reduction in biological segment in the Diptera. efficiency or increase in phyto-toxicity. Asymptote The point in the growth of a population at which numerical Compressed Flattened from side to side. stability is reached. Concentrated solution (c.s.) Commercial pesticide preparation Atomiser Device for breaking up a liquid stream into very fine before dilution for use. droplets by a stream of air. Concentrate spraying Direct application of the pesticide concentrate Atrophied Reduced in size; rudimentary; vestigial. without dilution. Attractant Material with an odour that attracts certain insects; lure. Concentration Proportion of active ingredient in a pesticide prepa- Several proprietory lures are manufactured. ration, before or after dilution. Autecology The study of a single species. Contact poison Material killing pests by contact action, presumably Autochthonous Aboriginal; native; indigenous; formed where by absorption through the cuticle. found (opp. allochthonous). Control (noun) Untreated subjects used for comparison with those Autocide The control of a pest by the sterile-male technique. given a particular crop protection treatment. Bait Foodstuff used for attracting pests; usually mixed with a poison Control (verb) To reduce damage or pest density to a level below to form a poison bait. the economic threshold. 1. Legislative: the use of legislation to con- Band application Treatment of a band of soil in row-crops, usually trol the importation and to prevent any spread of a pest within a covering plant rows, with either sprays or granules. country. 2. Physical: the use of mechanical (hand picking, etc.) and Biocide A general poison or toxicant. physical methods (heat, cold, radiation, etc.) of controlling pests. 672 A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection 3. Cultural: regular farm operations designed to destroy pests. Ecoclimate Climate within the plant (crop) community. 4. Chemical: the use of chemical pesticides as smokes, gas, dusts, Ecology The study of all the living organisms in an area and their and sprays to poison pests. 5. Biological: the use of natural preda- physical environment. tors, parasites and disease organisms to reduce pest populations. Economic damage The injury done to a crop which will justify the 6. Integrated: the very carefully reasoned use of several different cost of artifical control measures. methods of pest control in conjunction with each other to control Economic-injury level The lowest population density that will pests with a minimum disturbance to the natural situation. cause economic damage. Cosmopolitan A species occurring very widely throughout the Economic pest A pest causing a crop loss of about 5–10%, according major regions of the world. to definition. Costa A longitudinal wing vein, usually forming the anterior Economic threshold The pest population level at which control margin (leading edge). measures should be started to prevent the pest population from Cover Proportion of the surface area of the target plant on which the reaching the economic-injury level. pesticide has been deposited. Ecosystem The interacting system of the living organisms in an area Crawlers The active first instar of a scale insect. and their physical environment. Cremaster A hooked, or spine-like process at the posterior end of Efficiency of a pest control measure The more or less fixed the pupa, often used for attachment (Lepidoptera). reduction of a pest population regardless of the number of pests Crepuscular Animals that are active in the twilight, pre-dawn and involved. at dusk in the evenings. Effectiveness of a pest control measure This is shown by the Crochets Hooked spines at the tips of the prolegs of lepidopterous number of pests remaining after control treatment. larvae. Elateriform larva A larva resembling a wireworm with a slender Crop hygiene (= Phytosanitation) The removal and destruction of body, heavily sclerotinized, with short thoracic legs and only a few heavily infested or diseased plants from a crop so that they do not body bristles. form sources of reinfestation. Elytron The thickened forewing of the Coleoptera. Cutworm Larva of certain Noctuidae that lives in the soil, emerg- Emergence 1. The adult insect leaving the last nymphal skin, or pupal ing at night to eat foliage and stems; serious pests of many crops as case. 2. Germination of a seed and the appearance of the shoot. seedlings, and root crops. Emigration The movement of individuals out of a population. Deflocculating agent Material added to a spray suspension to delay Emulsifiable concentrate (e.c.) Liquid formulation that when sedimentation. added to water will spontaneously disperse as fine droplets to form Defoliant Spray which induces premature leaf-fall. an emulsion (= Miscible oil). Deposit (spray) Amount and pattern of spray or dust deposited per Emulsifier Spray additive which permits formation of a stable unit area of plant surface. suspension of oil droplets in aqueous solution, or of aqueous Deposit (dried) Amount and pattern of active ingredient deposited solution in oil. per unit area of plant surface. Emulsion A stable dispersion of oil droplets in aqueous solution, Deposition velocity Velocity at which the spray impinges on the target. or vice cersa. Depressed Flattened dorso-ventrally. Emulsion, Invert Suspension of aqueous solution in oil. Desiccant Chemical which kills vegetation by inducing excessiv Encapsulation Or microencapsulation: the encapsulation of a water loss. pesticide in a non-volatile envelope of gelatin, usually of minute Diluent Component of spray or dust that reduces the concentration size,
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