Appendix A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection

Acaricide Material toxic to mites (Acarina). Boom (spray) Horizontal (or vertical) light frame carrying several Activator Chemical added to a to increase its toxicity. spray nozzles. Active ingredient (a.i.) Toxic component of a formulated Brachypterous Having short wings that do not cover the abdomen. pesticide. Breaking The separation of the phases from emulsion. Adherence The ability of a material to stick to a particular surface. Browsing The eating of foliage of bushes and trees. Adhesive (= Sticker) Material added to increase pesticide retention; Budworm Common name in the USA for various tortricid larvae. different commercial preparations of methyl cellulose are available Calling A virgin female releasing sex pheromones to attract for this purpose. males for the purpose of mating. Adjuvant A spray additive to improve either physical or chemical Carrier Material serving as diluent and vehicle for the active ingre- properties (see also Supplement, Sticker, Adhesive, Spreader, Wetter dients; usually in dusts. and Emulsifier). Cationic surfactant Material in which surface activity is determined Aedeagus The male intromittent organ, or penis. by the basic part of a compound. Aerosol A dispersion of spray droplets of diameter 0.1–5.0 µm; usually Caterpillar Eruciform ; larva of a moth, , or sawfly. dispersed from a canister. Chaetotaxy The arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on Aestivation Dormancy during a hot or dry season. the exoskeleton, both adults and larvae. Agamic Parthenogenetic reproduction; without mating. Chemosterilant Chemical used to render an insect sterile without Agitator A mechanical device in the spray tank to ensure uniform killing it. distribution of toxicant and to prevent sedimentation. Chrysalis The of a butterfly. Agroecology The study of ecology in relation to agricultural systems. Climatograph A polygonal diagram resulting from plotting Allochthonous Not aboriginal; exotic; introduced; acquired from temperature means against relative humidity. elsewhere (opp. autochthonous). Clone A group of identical individuals propagated vegetatively Allopatric Having separate and mutually exclusive areas of geographical from a single plant. distribution (opp. sympatric). Coarctate pupa A pupa enclosed inside a hardened shell formed by Anemophilous Plants which are pollinated by the wind. the previous larval skin. Anionic surfactant Salt of an organic acid, the structure of which Cocoon A silken case inside which a pupa is formed. determines its surface activity. Colloidal formulation Solution in which the particle size is less Antibiosis The resistance of a plant to insect attack by having, for than 6 µm in diameter, and the particles stay indefinitely dispersed. example, a thick cuticle, hairy , toxic sap, etc. Commensalism Two organisms living together and sharing food, both Anti-feedant A chemical possessing the property of inhibiting the usually benefiting from the association; a type of symbiosis. feeding of certain insect pests. Community The collection of different species and types of plants and Anti-frothing agent Material added to prevent frothing of the liquid , in their respective niches, within the habitat. 1. Closed: the in the spray tank. habitat is completely colonized by plants; no areas of bare soil; strong Approved product Proprietary brand of pesticide officially competition for space. 2. Open: habitat is not completely colonized by approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK. plants; bare areas of soil; competition for space is thus reduced. Antixenosis (= non-preference) Compatibility The ability to mix different without physical Arista A large bristle, located on the dorsal edge of the apical antennal or chemical interactions which would lead to reduction in biological segment in the Diptera. efficiency or increase in phyto-toxicity. Asymptote The point in the growth of a population at which numerical Compressed Flattened from side to side. stability is reached. Concentrated solution (c.s.) Commercial pesticide preparation Atomiser Device for breaking up a liquid stream into very fine before dilution for use. droplets by a stream of air. Concentrate spraying Direct application of the pesticide concentrate Atrophied Reduced in size; rudimentary; vestigial. without dilution. Attractant Material with an odour that attracts certain ; lure. Concentration Proportion of active ingredient in a pesticide prepa- Several proprietory lures are manufactured. ration, before or after dilution. Autecology The study of a single species. Contact poison Material killing pests by contact action, presumably Autochthonous Aboriginal; native; indigenous; formed where by absorption through the cuticle. found (opp. allochthonous). Control (noun) Untreated subjects used for comparison with those Autocide The control of a by the sterile-male technique. given a particular crop protection treatment. Bait Foodstuff used for attracting pests; usually mixed with a poison Control (verb) To reduce damage or pest density to a level below to form a poison bait. the economic threshold. 1. Legislative: the use of legislation to con- Band application Treatment of a band of soil in row-crops, usually trol the importation and to prevent any spread of a pest within a covering plant rows, with either sprays or granules. country. 2. Physical: the use of mechanical (hand picking, etc.) and Biocide A general poison or toxicant. physical methods (heat, cold, radiation, etc.) of controlling pests. 672 A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection

3. Cultural: regular farm operations designed to destroy pests. Ecoclimate Climate within the plant (crop) community. 4. Chemical: the use of chemical pesticides as smokes, gas, dusts, Ecology The study of all the living organisms in an area and their and sprays to poison pests. 5. Biological: the use of natural preda- physical environment. tors, parasites and disease organisms to reduce pest populations. Economic damage The injury done to a crop which will justify the 6. Integrated: the very carefully reasoned use of several different cost of artifical control measures. methods of pest control in conjunction with each other to control Economic-injury level The lowest population density that will pests with a minimum disturbance to the natural situation. cause economic damage. Cosmopolitan A species occurring very widely throughout the Economic pest A pest causing a crop loss of about 5–10%, according major regions of the world. to definition. Costa A longitudinal wing vein, usually forming the anterior Economic threshold The pest population level at which control margin (leading edge). measures should be started to prevent the pest population from Cover Proportion of the surface area of the target plant on which the reaching the economic-injury level. pesticide has been deposited. Ecosystem The interacting system of the living organisms in an area Crawlers The active first instar of a scale insect. and their physical environment. Cremaster A hooked, or spine-like process at the posterior end of Efficiency of a pest control measure The more or less fixed the pupa, often used for attachment (). reduction of a pest population regardless of the number of pests Crepuscular Animals that are active in the twilight, pre-dawn and involved. at dusk in the evenings. Effectiveness of a pest control measure This is shown by the Crochets Hooked spines at the tips of the prolegs of lepidopterous number of pests remaining after control treatment. larvae. Elateriform larva A larva resembling a wireworm with a slender Crop hygiene (= Phytosanitation) The removal and destruction of body, heavily sclerotinized, with short thoracic legs and only a few heavily infested or diseased plants from a crop so that they do not body bristles. form sources of reinfestation. Elytron The thickened forewing of the Coleoptera. Cutworm Larva of certain that lives in the soil, emerg- Emergence 1. The adult insect leaving the last nymphal skin, or pupal ing at night to eat foliage and stems; serious pests of many crops as case. 2. Germination of a seed and the appearance of the shoot. seedlings, and root crops. Emigration The movement of individuals out of a population. Deflocculating agent Material added to a spray suspension to delay Emulsifiable concentrate (e.c.) Liquid formulation that when sedimentation. added to water will spontaneously disperse as fine droplets to form Defoliant Spray which induces premature -fall. an emulsion (= Miscible oil). Deposit (spray) Amount and pattern of spray or dust deposited per Emulsifier Spray additive which permits formation of a stable unit area of plant surface. suspension of oil droplets in aqueous solution, or of aqueous Deposit (dried) Amount and pattern of active ingredient deposited solution in oil. per unit area of plant surface. Emulsion A stable dispersion of oil droplets in aqueous solution, Deposition velocity Velocity at which the spray impinges on the target. or vice cersa. Depressed Flattened dorso-ventrally. Emulsion, Invert Suspension of aqueous solution in oil. Desiccant Chemical which kills vegetation by inducing excessiv Encapsulation Or microencapsulation: the encapsulation of a water loss. pesticide in a non-volatile envelope of gelatin, usually of minute Diluent Component of spray or dust that reduces the concentration size, for delayed release. of the active ingredient, and may aid in mechanical application but Entomophagous An (or plant) which feeds upon insects. does not directly affect toxicity. Erinium A growth of hairs in dense patches on plant leaves resulting Disinfect 1. To free from infection by destruction of the pest or from the attack of certain Eriophyidae (Acarina). pathogen established in or on plants or plant parts. 2. To kill or inac- Eruciform larva Caterpillar; a larva with a cylindrical body, well- tivate pests or pathogens present upon the surface of plants or plant developed head, and with both thoracic legs and some abdominal parts, or in the immediate vicinity (e.g. in soil). prolegs. Dispersal Movement of individuals out of a population (emigration) Exarate pupa A pupa in which the appendages are free and not or into a population (immigration). glued to the insect body. Diurnal Active during the daytime. Exuvium The cast skin of after moulting. Dormant Alive but not growing; buds with an unbroken cover of Fecundity Capacity to produce offspring (reproduce); power of a scales; quiescent; inactive; a resting stage. species to multiply rapidly. Dose; dosage Quantity of pesticide applied per individual, or per Filler Inert component of pesticide dust or granule formulation. unit area, or per unit volume, or per unit weight. Flowability Property of flowing possessed by dusts, colloids, Drift Spray or dust carried by natural air currents beyond the target area. liquids, and some pastes. Drop spectrum Distribution, by number or volume of drops, of Fluorescent tracer Fluorescent material added to a spray to aid the spray into different droplet sizes. assessment of spray deposits on plants. Duster Equipment for applying pesticide dusts to a crop. Formulation 1. Statement of nature and amount of all constituents Ecdysis The moulting (shedding of the skin) of larval arthropods of a pesticide concentrate. 2. Method of preparation of a pesticide from one stage of development to another – the final moult leading concentrate. to the formation of the puparium or chrysalis. Fossorial Modified for digging; in the habit of digging or burrowing. Ecesis (= Oikesis) The establishment of an organism in a new habitat; Frass Wood fragments made by a wood-boring insect, usually accidental dispersal and establishment in a new area. mixed with the faeces. A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection 673

Fumigant Pesticide exhibiting toxicity in the vapour phase. Jet Liquid emitted from a nozzle orifice (in USA = nozzle). Furrow application Placement of pesticides with seed in the Key pest An important major pest species in the complex of pests furrow at the time of sowing. attacking a crop, with a dominating effect on control practices. Gall An abnormal growth of plant tissues, caused by the stimulus of Lacquer Pesticide incorporated into a lacquer or varnish to achieve an animal or another plant. slow release over a lengthy period of time. Generation The period from any given stage in the life cycle (usually Larva The immature stages of an insect, between the and p having a adult) to the same stage in the offspring. complete metamorphosis; the six-legged first instap the Acarina. Granule Coarse particle of inert material (pumice, Fuller’s earth, rice Larvicide Toxicant (poison) effective against insect larvae. husks) impregnated or mixed with a pesticide. Used mainly for soil LC50 Lethal concentration of toxicant required to kill 50% of large application, but sometimes for foliar application (pumice formulation). group of individuals of one species.

Granule applicator Machine designed to apply measured quantities LD50 Lethal dose of toxicant required to kill 50% of a large group of of granules. individuals of one species. Grease band Adhesive material (e.g. resin in castor oil, or ‘Sticktite’) Leaf area index (LAI) Ratio of leaf surface to soil surface area, applied as a band around a tree to trap or repel ascending wingless relation to utilization of solar energy for photosynthesis. female , or . Leaf miner An insect which lives in and feeds upon the cells Grub (White) A scarabaeiform larva; thick-bodied, with a well-developed between the upper and lower epidermis of a leaf; these being larvae head and thoracic legs, without abdominal prolegs, usually sluggish in of Agromyzidae (Diptera), Lyonetiidae and Gracillariidae (Lepi- behaviour; general term for larvae of Coleoptera. doptera), Hispidae (Coleoptera), etc. Habitat The place where plants and animals live, usually with a Life table The separation of a pest population into its different age distinctive boundary (e.g. field, pond, sand-dune, rocky crevice). components (e.g. , larvae, pupae, adults). Hemelytron The partly thickened forewing of Heteroptera. Looper A caterpillar of the family Geometridae, with only one Hemimetabolous Insects having a simple metamorphosis, like that pair of abdominal prolegs (in addition to the terminal claspers), and in the Orthoptera, Heteroptera, and Homoptera. which moves by looping its body. Herbivorous Feeding on plants (phytophagous). Macropterous Large, or long-winged. Hibernation Dormancy during the winter, or cold season. Maggot A vermiform larva, legless, without a distinct head capsule Hollow-cone Spray jet with a core of air breaking to give drops in (Diptera). an annular pattern. Miscible liquid (m.l.) A formulation in which the technical product Holometabolous Insects having a complete metamorphosis, as in is dissolved in an organic solvent which is then, on dilution, dissolved the Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera. in the water carrier. Honey-dew Liquid with high sugar content discharged from the Mist blower Sprayer producing a fine air-carried spray. anus of some Homoptera. Miticide Preferably called Acaricide. Hornworm A caterpillar with a dorsal spine or horn on the last Molluscicide Toxicant effective against slugs and snails. abdominal segment – larvae of Sphingidae. Monoculture The extensive cultivation of a single species of plant. Host The organism in or on which a parasite lives; and the plant on Monophagous An insect restricted to a single host plant species. which an insect feeds. Mortality Population decrease factor; death rate. Humectant Material added to a spray to delay evaporation of the Mutualism The symbiotic relationship between two organisms in water carrier. which both parties derive benefit. Hyaline Transparent. Myamecodomatia Hypermetamorphosis A type of complete metamorphosis in which the Natality Population ‘increase’ factor; birth rate. different larval instars represent two or more different types of larvae. Necrosis Death of part of a plant. Hyperparasite A parasite whose host is another parasite. Nematicide Toxicant effective against nematodes (= eelworms). Hythergraph A polygonal diagram resulting from plotting Nocturnal Active at night. temperature means against rainfall. Non-ionic surfactant A surfactant that does not ionize in solution and Imago The adult, or reproductive stage of an insect. is therefore compatible with both anionic and cationic surfactants. Immigration The movement of individuals into a population. Nozzle 1. Air blast: nozzle using high velocity air to break up the Immune Exempt from infection. spray liquid supplied at low pressure. 2. Anvil: nozzle in which Incompatible Not compatible; incapable of forming a stable the spray liquid jet strikes a smooth, solid surface at a high angle of mixture with another chemical. incidence. 3. Cone (or swirl): nozzle in which the liquid emerges Indicator Marker. from the orifice with tangential velocity imparted by passage through Inert A material having no biological action. one or more tangential or helical channels in the swirl chamber. Infect To enter and establish a pathogenic relationship with a plant 4. Hollow cone: nozzle in which spray jet has a core of air breaking (host); to enter and persist in a carrier. to give drops in an annular pattern. 5. Fan nozzle: the aperture is Infest To occupy and cause injury to either a plant, soil or stored an elongate horizontal slit, producing a fan-shaped spray pattern. products. 6. Deflector: nozzle in which a fan-shaped sheet of spray is formed Injector A device for ejecting a pesticide below the soil surface, or by directing the liquid over a sharply inwardly curving surface. into the transport system of a tree. Nymph The immature stage of an insect that does not have a distinct Insecticide A toxin effective against insects. pupal stage; also the immature stages of Acarina that have eight legs. Instar The form of an insect between successive moults; the first Obtect pupa A pupa in which the appendages are more or less instar being the stage between hatching and the first moult. glued to the body surface (Lepidoptera). Intercropping The growing of two crops simultaneously in the Oligophagous (= Stenophagous) An animal feeding upon only a same field. few, closely related, host plants; or it may be an animal parasite. 674 A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection

Onisciform larva A flattened platyform larvae, like a wood-louse Predisposition Making a plant more susceptible to a pest or disease, in appearance. usually as a result of genetic, cultural or environmental defects. Orifice (nozzle) velocity Velocity at which the spray leaves the noz- Preference The factor by which certain plants are more or less attractive zle orifice. to insects by virtue of their texture, colour, aroma or taste. Ovicide Toxicant effective against insect or mite eggs. Pre-harvest interval The interval of time between the last application Oviparous Reproduction by laying eggs. of pesticide and the safe harvesting of edible crops for immediate con- Oviscapt Ovipositor formed from elongation of posterior abdomi- sumption. nal segment. Pre-oviposition period The period of time between the emergence Paint gun Type of small, hand-carried, air-blast machine. of an adult female insect and the start of its egg laying. Pantropical A species occurring widely throughout the tropical and Pre-pupa A quiescent stage between the larval period and the pupa; subtropical parts of the world. found in some Diptera and Thysanoptera. Parasite An organism living in intimate association with a living Preventative A measure applied in anticipation of pest attack. organism (plant or animal) from which it derives material essential Proleg A fleshy abdominal leg found in caterpillars (Lepidoptera, for its existence while conferring no benefit in return. sawflies), bearing a characteristic arrangement of crochets. Parasitoid An organism alternately parasitic and free-living; most Proprietory name Distinguishing name given by the manufacturer parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera fall into this category as usually to a particular formulated product. only the larvae are parasitic. Protective clothing Clothing to protect the spray operator from the Parthenogenesis Reproduction without fertilization; usually toxic effects of crop protection chemicals. This may include rubber through eggs but sometimes through viviparity. gloves, boots, apron, respirator, face mask, etc. Parts per million (ppm) Proportion of toxicant present in relation Protonymph The second instar of mites. to that of plant material on which it has been deposited. Usually Pterostigma A thickened opaque or dark spot along the costal mar- applied in connection with the edible portion of a crop and its suit- gin of the wing, near the tip (e.g. Odonata, Hymenoptera). ability for consumption. Pupa The stage between larva and adult in insects with complete Pellet Seed coated with inert material, often incorporating pesti- metamorphosis; a non-feeding and usually inactive stage. cides, to ensure uniform size and shape for precision drilling. Puparium The case formed by the hardened last larval skin in Penetrant Oil added to a spray to enable it to penetrate the waxy which the pupa of Diptera is formed. insect cuticle more effectively. Quarantine All operations associated with the prevention of importation Persistence The term applied to chemicals that remain active for a of unwanted organisms into a territory, or their exportation from it. long period of time after application. Recruitment The addition of new individuals to a population, usu- Pest An animal or plant causing damage to man’s crops, animals ally by either birth or immigration. or possessions. Redistribution Movement of pesticide subsequent to the initial Pest density The population level at which a pest species causes application to other parts of the plant, usually by rain. economic damage. Repellant A chemical which has the property of inducing avoidance Pest management The careful manipulation of a pest situation, by a particular pest. after extensive consideration of all aspects of the life system as well Residue Amount of pesticide remaining in or on plant tissues (or in as ecological and economic factors. soil) after a given time, especially at harvest time. Pest spectrum The complete range of pests attacking a particular crop. Resistance The natural or induced capacity to avoid or repel attack Pesticide A chemical which by virtue of its toxicity (poisonous proper- by pests (or parasites). Also the ability to withstand the toxic effects ties) is used to kill pest organisms. A term of wide application which of a pesticide or a group of pesticides, often by metabolic detoxi- includes all the more specific applications – insecticide, acaricide, bacte- fication. ricide, fungicide, herbicide, molluscicide, nematicide, rodenticide, etc. Rodenticide A toxicant effective against rodents. Pheromone (= Ectohormone). A substance secreted by an insect to Roguing The removal of unhealthy or unwanted plants from a crop. the exterior causing a specific reaction in the receiving insects. Rostrum The beak or proboscis of . Phytophagous Herbivorous; plant eating. Run-off The process of spray shedding from a plant surface during Phytosanitation Measures requiring the removal or destruction of and immediately after application, when droplets coalesce to form a infected or infested plant material likely to form a source of reinfec- continuous film and surplus liquid drops from the surface. tion or reinfestation. (See Crop Hygiene.) International phytosanita- Scarabaeiform larva A grub-like larva, with a thickened cylindri- tion refers to inspection of plants and seeds to prevent noxious pests cal body, well-developed head and thoracic legs, without abdominal and diseases from being brought into a country; often involves plant prolegs, and sluggish in behaviour. quarantine. Scavenger An animal that feeds on dead plants and animals, on Phytotoxic A chemical liable to damage or kill plants (especially decaying matter, or on animal faeces. the higher plants), or plant parts. Secondary pest Species whose numbers are usually controlled by Planidium larva A type of first instar larva in certain Diptera and biotic and abiotic factors which sometimes break down, allowing Hymenoptera which undergoes hypermetamorphosis. the pest to increase in numbers. Poison bait An attractant foodstuff for insects, molluscs, or rodents, Seed dressing A coating (either dry or wet) of protectant pesticide mixed with an appropriate toxicant. applied to seeds before planting. Dry seed dressings are often physically Polyphagous An animal feeding upon a range of hosts. stuck to the testa of the seed by a sticker such as methyl cellulose. Pre-access interval The interval of time between the last applica- Semi-looper Caterpillar from the subfamily Plusiinae (Noctuidae) tion of pesticide to an area and safe access to the area for domestic with two or three pairs of prolegs, which locomotes in a somewhat livestock, and man. looping manner. A Glossary of terms used in applied entomology and crop protection 675

Semiochemicals Chemicals produced by one organism that incite a Systemic A pesticide absorbed through the plant surfaces (usually response in another organisin. roots) and translocated through the plant vascular system. Siphunculi The paired protruding organs near the terminal end of Sterilant A treatment or chemicals that induce sterility in an organ- the abdomen of Aphidoidea, also called cornicles, through which a ism, i.e. prevent it from reproducing. waxy secretion is extruded. Taint Unwanted flavour in fresh or processed food from a pesticide Slurry Paste-like liquid used as a seed coating. used on the growing crop. Smoke Aerial dispersal of minute solid particles of pesticides Target surface The surface intended to receive a spray or dust through the use of combustible mixtures. application. Soil sterilant Toxicant added to, or injected into, soil for the purpose The laws of classification as applied to natural history; of killing pests and pathogens. identification of plant and animal species. Solid cone Jet with air-core reduced to give a cone of spray droplets. Technical product The usual form in which a pesticide is prepared Solvent Carrier solution in which the pesticide (technical product) and handled prior to formulation; usually at a high level of purity is dissolved to form the concentrate. (95–98%) but not completely pure. Spray 1. Air-carried: spray propelled to target in a stream of air. Tegmen The thickened and leathery forewing in the Orthoptera and 2. Coarse: dispersion of droplets of mass median diameter over Dictyoptera. 200 µm. 3. Concentrate: undiluted commercial pesticide prepara- Tenacity The property of a pesticide deposit or residue to resist tion. 4. Fine: dispersion of droplets of mass median diameter from removal by weathering. 50–150 µm. 5. Floor: spray applied to the litter on the ground Tenacity index Ratio of the quantity of residue per unit area at the end surface. 6. High-volume: over 1200 1/ha on bushes and trees; over of a given period of weathering to that present at the beginning. 700 1/ha on ground crops (or over 400 1/ha according to defini- Tolerance Ability to endure infestation (or infection) by a particular tion). 7. Low-volume: spray of 250–600 1/ha on bushes and trees; pest (or pathogen) without showing severe symptoms of distress. 50–250 1/ha on ground crops (or 5–400 1/ha). 8. Median-volume: Tolerance, permitted Maximum amount of toxicant allowed in 600–1200 1/ha on bushes and trees; 250–700 1/ha on ground foodstuffs for human consumption. crops. 9. Mist: dispersion of droplets of 50–100 µm in diameter. Toxicant Poison, or chemical exhibiting toxicity. 10. Ultra-low-volume: less than 50 1/ha on ground crops; less than Toxicity Ability to poison, or to interfere adversely with vital proc- 250 1/ha on trees and bushes (or less than 51 1/ha according to esses of the organism by physico-chemical means. definition). Tracer Additive to facilitate location of a deposit, by radioactive or Spray angle Angle between the sides of a jet leaving the orifice. fluorescent means. Sprayer Apparatus for applying pesticide sprays; not to be confused Translaminar A pesticide which passes through from one surface with ‘Spray operator’. of a leaf to the other (from lamina to lamina) through the leaf tissue. Spray operator Person operating a sprayer, and applying a spray. (eg. Fenitrothion) Spread Uniformity and completeness with which a spray deposit Translocation The uptake of a pesticide into part of a plant body covers a continuous surface, such as a leaf or a seed. and its subsequent dispersal to other parts of the plant body. Spreader Material added to a spray to lower the surface tension and Trap crop Crop of plants (sometimes wild plants) grown especially to improve spread over a given area (= wetter). to attract insect pests, and when infested either sprayed or collected Spur An articulated spine, often on a leg segment, usually the tibia. and destroyed. Trap plants usually grown between the rows of the A serrulate tibial spur is characteristic of the Delphacidae (Homoptera). crop plants or else peripherally. Stability The ability of a pesticide formulation to resist chemical Trapping-out The removal of individuals from a pest population, degradation over a period of time. in significantly large numbers, by means of trapping (often using Sticker A material of high viscosity used to stick powdered seed u.v. light traps). dressings on to seeds; two commonly used stickers are paraffin and Triungulin larva The active first instar larva of Meloidae (Coleop- methyl cellulose. A solution of methyl cellulose can be added to a tera), and Strepsiptera. spray to increase retention on plant foliage. Vector Organisms able to transmit or other pathogens either Stomach poison A toxicant (poison) which operates by absorption directly or indirectly. Direct vectors include insects, mites and through the intestine after having been injested by the insect, usually nematodes. on plant material. Vermiform larva A legless (apodous), headless (acephalic), worm- Supplement (spray) (= Adjuvant). like larva typical of some Diptera. Surfactant (= Spreader; wetter). Vestigial Poorly developed; degenerate; non-functional. Susceptible Capable of being easily infested or infected; not resistant. Viviparous Giving birth to living young (Aphidoidea). Swath Width of target area sprayed at one pass. Volunteer Crop plant growing accidentally from shed seed; not Symbiosis The general term for two organisms that live together deliberately cultivated. in a partnership, sometimes beneficial; includes commensalism, Wireworm (Elateriform larva) The larva of Elateridae (Coleoptera); inquilinism, mutualism, and parasitism. long; slender, well-sclerotized, thoracic legs but no prolegs, and few Sympatric Having the same, or overlapping, areas of geographical setae. distribution. This glossary was originally based in part upon one produced for the Synecology The study of a particular community. Horticultural Education Association, UK, by Mr R. W. Marsh, OBE, Synergism Increased pesticidal activity of a mixture of pesticides late of Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, whose assistance is above that of the sum of the values of the individual components. gratefully acknowledged. Systematics The classification of animal and plant species into their An excellent fairly recent published dictionary of relevance is by higher taxa; sometimes regarded as synonymous with taxonomy. Lincoln, Boxshall & Clark (1982). Appendix B Standard abbreviations

Units and general abbreviations OP Organophosphorous compounds a.e. acid equivalent PHV Polyhedrosis virus a.i. active ingredient PM Pest management °C degrees Celsius SIRM Sterile insect release method cm centimetre cv. cultivar e.c. emulsifi able concentrate Organizations g gram h hour ADAS Agricultural Development and Advisory Service ha hectare (formerly NAAS), MAFF, UK h.v. high volume ARC Agricultural Research Council, UK i.r. infra-red AVRS Asian Vegetable Research Station, Taiwan kg kilogram BM(NH) British Museum (Natural History), London, UK km kilometre CAB Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK £ pound sterling CIAT Centre for International Tropical Agriculture, 1 litre Cali, Colombia LC median lethal concentration 50 CIBC Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control LD median lethal dose 50 (headquarters), West Indies l.v. low volume CIE Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, UK m metre CIP International Potato Centre, Lima, Peru mg milligram CIH Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, min minute St Albans, UK ml millilitre CMI Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK mm millimetre COPR Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK pH hydrogen ion concentration CSIRO Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial post-em post-emergence Research Organization, Canberra, Australia ppm parts per million EAAFRO East African Agricultural and Forestry pre-em pre-emergence Research Organization, Nairobi, RH relative humidity EPA Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, USA s second EPPO European Plant Protection Organization, Paris, France sp. species FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United spp. species (plural) Nations, Rome, Italy ssp. subspecies GCRI Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, UK sspp. subspecies (plural) IAC International Agricultural Centre, Wageningen, $ dollar Netherlands u.l.v. ultra-low volume ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute u.v. ultra-violet for the Semi-arid Tropics, Hyderabad, var. variety IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, vol. volume Ibadan, w.p. wettable powder IRRI International Rice Research Institute, w/w weight for weight Manila, Philippines ICIPE International Centre for Insect Physiology Miscellaneous abbreviations and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK (=DEFRA) BPH Brown Planthopper of rice MARDI Malaysian Agricultural Research BC Biological control and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia BSI British Standards Institute NAAS National Agricultural Advisory Service Cda Controlled droplet application (now ADAS), UK GV Granulosis virus NAPPO North American Plant Protection Organisation, USA IPM Integrated pest management/Insect Pest Management NVRS National Vegetable Research Station, EAG Electroantennagram Wellesbourne, UK HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Offi ce, UK ODM Ministry of Overseas Development, UK OC Organochlorine compounds PBI Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge, UK 678 B Standard abbreviations

PESTDOC Derwent Pooled Pesticidal Literature Documentation WHO World Health Organization, Geneva, TPRI Tropical Products Research Institute, London, UK Switzerland US AID United States Aid for International WICSCBS West Indies Central Sugarcane Breeding Development, USA Station, Barbados, West Indies USDA United States Department of Agriculture, USA WRO Weed Research Organization, Oxford, UK Index

Abaca. See Manila Hemp Acrocercops spp., 554, 583, Agraulis vanillae, 605, 650 335, 340, 342, 366, , 626 623, 625 Agriculture (poisonous 373, 488, 491 Acanthocoris spp., 528, 645 bifasciata, 552 substances) regula- Aleurocanthus scabrator, 554 chionosema, 586 tions, UK, 111–113 husaini, 583 Acanthomia spp., 238 conflua, 535 Agrilus spp., 279, 539 piperis, 609 horrida, 238 cramerella, 544, 619 acutus, 560, 578, 600, 624 rugosa, 524, 623 tomentosicollis, 238, 605 gemoniella, 628 auriventris, 279 spiniferus, 540, 566 Acanthopsyche bispar, 530 irridians, 565 occipitalis, 279 woglumi, 169, 516, 518, Acanthoscelides obtectus, 41, Acroclita naevana, 514 Agriotes spp., 569, 615, 646, 531, 539, 549, 566, 304, 520, 658 Acrolepia assectella, 602 648, 654, 657 572, 590, 614, 618 Acaricides, 112, 498, 499, 503 Acromyrmex spp., 489, 532, Agrius convolvuli, 450, 451, Aleurodicus destructor, 546 Acarina, 48, 68, 71, 76, 79, 569, 657 521, 528, 633, 638, Aleurolobus 83, 84, 86, 87, 291, Activator, 102 639, 642, 646, 648 barodensis, 636 497, 498 Active ingredient, 54, 55, 94, Agroecology, 671 marlatti, 595 Acarus siro, 499, 658 97, 98, 100, 109, 121 Agroecosystems, 4, 22, 48, 52, olivinus, 601 Aceria Aculus lycopersici, 648 81, 82 Aleuroplatus malayanus, 625 caryae, 608 Acyrthosiphum pisum, 65, 606 Agromyza ambigua, Aleurothrix floccosus, 549 erinea, 651 ADAS (NAAS), 28–30, 65, 187 367, 654 Aleurotrachelus sp., 532 ficus, 564 Additives, 93, 99, 101, 109, Agromyzidae, 59, 67, 69, 71, Aleurotuberculatus gossypii, 553 110, 121, 488 72, 75, 77, 79, 351, eugeniae, 542 guerreronis, 546 Adherence, 671 366, 367, 369, 370, psidii, 516 litchi, 583 Adhesive, 98 520, 521, 526, 536, Aleyrodes brassicae, 525 , 591 Adisura atkinsoni, 575 549, 554, 557, 574, Aleyrodidae, 23, 69, 70, 88, phloeocoptes, 512 Adjuvants, 97 575, 602, 603, 606, 89, 162, 169–171, 516, sheldoni, 76, 500, 508, 540 Adoretus spp., 276, 514, 515, 610, 616, 626, 633, 518, 520, 524, 525, tulipae, 602 526, 564, 567, 569, 634, 644, 647, 654 528, 531, 532, 534, Achaea spp., 469, 473, 521, 573, 577, 585, 589, Agrotidae. See Noctuidae 536, 539, 540, 542, 534, 541, 572, 578 598, 636, 657 Agrotis spp., 43, 521, 536, 546, 549, 551, 554, finita, 571 compressus, 619 581, 587, 629, 656 556, 558, 561, 566, janata, 544, 566, 625 tenuimaculatus, 584 dahli, 582 572, 575, 576, 583, Acherontia spp., 449, 562, Adoxophyes sp., 599, 606, exclamationis, 615 590, 595, 599, 601, 566, 575 633, 639 ipsilon, 21, 455, 525, 528, 606, 609, 614, 615, atropos, 450, 601, 616, 648 orana, 11, 393, 514, 583, 532, 536, 552, 554, 618, 623, 625–629, styx, 449, 450, 629 644 561, 571, 599, 602, 636, 639, 645, 647 Acheta spp., 139, 656 privatana, 556, 625 603, 615, 622, 633, Allium spp., 602 bimaculata, 139, 611 Aedeagus, 173 645, 648 , 19, 288, 420, 481, domesticus, 658 Aeneolamia spp., 164, 635 segetum, 457, 517, 525, 500, 504, 511, 512, testaceus, 525, 588, 631, 635 Aeolesthes 536, 556, 582, 603, 515, 559, 563, 595, 612 Achras zapota, 628 holoserica, 651 615, 633, 644, 645 Almond bark , 512 Aciptilia sp., 640 sarta, 618, 651 Ahasverus advena, Almond beetle, 515, 595 Acontia spp., 599 Aeolothrips spp., 602 611, 658 Almond bud mite, 512 Acraea acerata, 434, 639 Aerosols, 98, 112, 494 Alabama argillacea, 552 Almond gall midge, 512 Acrididae, 48, 69, 88, 138, Aestivation, 498 Alcidodes spp., 326, 521, 575, Almond moth, 420, 512, 563 145, 147–152, 517, African armyworm, 55, 472, 606 Almond stone wasp, 512 518, 530–532, 534, 473, 526, 568, 587, affaber, 560, 600 Alphaea biguttata, 530 536, 543, 545, 549, 620, 631 dentipes, 325, 570, 639 Alphitobius laevigiatus, 641 551, 554, 561, 568, African migratory locust, 146, gossypii, 325, 553 Alsophila aescularia, 514 570, 580, 587, 588, 147, 656 obesus, 579 Altica cerulescens, 651 593, 597, 599, 603, African mole cricket, 525, porrectirostris, 651 Aluminium phosphide, 604, 620, 621, 625, 604, 643, 647 Aldicarb, 98, 111, 112, 135, 113, 284 631, 635, 639, 642, African pea moth, 394, 633 136, 187, 257, 367, Amata passalis, 554 645, 647, 656 Agamic, 671 385, 499 Amathusia phidippus, 546 Acritocera negligens, 546 Agave sisalana, 630 Aldrin, 99, 113, 144, 147, 148, Amaurosoma spp., 568 Acrobasis Agitator, 104, 105 151, 153, 157, 180, Amblypelta spp., 516, 520, 532 caryae, 387, 608 Agonoscelis pubescens, 629, 205, 250, 269, 273, cocophaga, 546, 604 juglandis, 608 638 276, 277, 286, 309, lutescens, 586 romonella, 628 Agonoscena targionii, 612 326, 327, 329, 332, nitida, 586

679 680 Index

Amblyrrhinus poricollis, Anomis Aonidiella spp., 197, 577 Aphrophora nuwarana, 530 515, 583 flava, 72, 90, 478, 551, 560, aurantii, 34, 197, 220, 518, Apion spp., 75, 520, 606, 629 Ambrosia , 268, 347, 599, 629, 648 527, 539, 576, 595, corchori, 578 349, 350 subulifera, 578 605, 611 soleatum, 553 American armyworm, 468 Anonaepestis bengalella, 558 orientalis, 540, 546, 559, Apionidae, 77, 78, 268, 322, American bollworm, 76, 461, Anoplocnemis spp., 639 572, 604, 623, 641 323, 520, 553, 578, 465, 520, 534, 552, curvipes, 549, 629 Aonidomytilus albus, 221, 532 606, 629, 639 575, 606, 626, 629 phasiana, 554, 556, 570 spp.459 Apirocaulus cornutus, 533 Ametastegia glabrata, Anoplophora chinensis, 296, Apate spp., 74, 288, 552 Apis mellifera, 19, 20 484, 513 299, 300, 539 indistincta, 548 Apogonia spp., 598 Amitraz, 112, 499 Anoplolepis spp., 482 monachus, 288, 541, 544, cribricollis, 544, 640 Amorphoidea sp., 553 Antestia Bugs, 33, 246, 548 548, 580, 601 Apomecyna spp., 557 lata, 553 Antestiopsis spp., 246, 247, 548 Aperitmetus brunneus, 328, parumpunctata, 655 Amphimallon solstitialis, intricata, 246 521, 526, 550, 643 Appelia schwartzi, 607 616, 654 orbitalis, 246 Aphelinus , 83, 84 Apple, 5, 9, 10, 19, 21, 22, Ampittia dioscorides, 622 Anthocoris spp., 528, Aphididae, 12, 13, 68–70, 162, 27, 28, 35, 42, 44, 46, Amrasca spp., 552, 561 645, 647 185, 186, 188–193, 50, 60, 62, 63, 66, 72, biguttula, 560, 599 varia, 586 512, 513, 515, 516, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83, 84, devastans, 609, 615 Antheraea polyphemus, 613 518, 520, 521, 101, 104, 133, 173, terraereginae, 173, 638 Anthomyiidae, 14, 39, 41, 59, 523–525, 528, 530, 186, 187, 197, 229, Amsacta spp., 521, 552, 554, 67–69, 72–74, 77–79, 531, 539, 540, 543, 231, 252, 257, 275, 593, 610, 629 88, 351, 375–379, 520, 546, 547, 549, 551, 298, 300, 326, 349, moorei, 571 521, 525, 526, 568, 554, 556, 561, 565, 353, 358, 367, 386, Anacardium occidentale, 587, 588, 602, 606, 566, 568, 570, 572, 387, 390, 392–394, 531 619, 646, 653, 654, 657 575, 576, 579–583, 396, 398, 484, 485, Ananas cosmosus, 611 Anthonomus 585–588, 592, 593, 495, 500, 511–515, Anaphe venata, 580 grandis, 10, 327, 551 597, 599, 601–608, 531, 558, 566, 601, Anaphothrips sudanensis, pomorum, 73, 514 610, 613–615, 617, 607, 613, 618, 623, 593, 649 scutellaris, 613 618, 621, 626, 629, 651, 653 Anaplocnemis horrida, 520 Anthores leuconotus, 297, 548 631, 633, 636, 638, Apple aphids, 5, 66, 72, 101, Anapulvinaria pistaciae, 612 Anthrenus spp, 602 639, 641–643, 645, 513, 601, 607, 618, 651 Anar Butterfly, 577, 585, Antibiosis, 45–47 647, 651–653, 655, 656 Apple blossom , 72, 628, 641 Anticarsia Aphids, 8–10, 12, 13, 26, 27, 73, 514 Anarsia lineatella, 512, gemmatalis, 521, 633 30, 36, 39, 40, 46, 47, Apple capsid, 75, 513 515, 607 irrorata, 521, 554 55, 56, 59, 63, 65, 66, Apple clearwing, 390, 514 Anastatus sp., 252 Antifeedants, 52, 54, 55, 107 68, 70–73, 77, 79, 81, Apple fruit , 75, 358, 513 Anastrepha spp., 533, 572 Anti-frothing agents, 671 85–89, 98, 99, 108, Apple fruit rhynchites, 514 fraterculus, 358, 573, 591, 607 Antigastra catalaunalis, 76, 162, 173, 185–188, Apple leaf midge, 353, 513 ludens, 358, 541, 591 411, 629 190–195, 197, 198, Apple moths, 394, 514, 566 mombinpraeoptans, 358, Antoba olivacea, 561 267, 353, 482, 520, Apple root borer, 514 573, 591 Antonia graminis, 568 568, 593, 612, 636, 656 Apple sawflies, 484 Anchon pilosum, 554 Ants, 8–10, 35, 52, 67, 77–79, Aphis spp., 84, 656 Apple shoot beetle, 514 Ancylostomia stercorea, 610 87, 99, 102, 153, 162, craccivora, 185, 520, 531, Apple sucker, 513 , 644 163, 165, 177, 181, 554, 570, 575, 581, Apple tortricids, 67, 393, 394 Angoumois Grain Moth, 402, 187, 190, 192, 197, 606, 610 Apple twig cutter, 514 588, 622, 653, 658 198, 206–215, 217, fabae, 47, 62, 63, 65, 520, Apple weevil, 512, 601, 613 Anionic surfactants, 671 222, 241, 251, 252, 603, 633 Approved products, 107, Anjeerodiplosis 435, 482, 487–493, glycines, 633 110, 112 peshawarensis, 563 532, 541, 549, 569, gossypii, 188, 513, 516, 524, Apricot, 197, 229, 500, Annona spp., 598, 625, 657 525, 528, 540, 543, 511, 515 squamosa, 558 biting, 490, 548, 657 551, 556, 561, 566, Apriona spp., 298, 564, 576 Anobiidae, 267, 281, 645, 658 fire, 9, 493, 516, 539, 599, 572, 579, 582, 583, cinerea, 298, 514, 595 Anomala spp., 276, 514–516, 610, 646, 657 592, 599, 604, 605, germarii, 298, 576, 595 526, 529, 533, 541, harvester, 77, 491, 568 626, 629, 638, 639, Apsylla cistellata, 590 544, 550, 557, 567, leaf-cutting, 52, 77, 99, 102, 642, 645, 647, 655 Aptinothrips spp., 257, 654 569, 571, 579, 589, 487–489, 518, 541, malvae, 585 Arachis hypogaea, 570, 571 599, 606, 614, 622, 549, 569, 598, 657 nasturtii, 62, 615 Arachnida, 48, 84, 87, 497, 498 636, 640, 646, 648, red tree, 87, 251, 492, 541, pomi, 513, 618, 651 Araeocerus fasiculatus, 523, 550 651, 657 542, 546, 559, 576, punicae, 614 Archips spp., 393, 515 benghalensis, 554 583, 591 spiraecola, 540, 601, 604, 607 occidentalis, 549 cupripes, 278 Aonidia ziziphi, 577 tavaresi, 540 micaceana, 571, 583, 584, 595 Index 681

podana, 393, 513 Atherigona spp., 533, 568, , 3, 27, 45, 48, 50, 59, Bananas, 53, 54, 125, 190, Arctias selene, 514, 651 594, 611, 622 75, 86, 89, 90, 113, 222, 226, 245, 257, Areca catechu, 523 excisa, 631 114, 153, 167, 183, 260, 261, 273, 309, Arenipses sabella, 559 exigua, 373 251, 276, 311, 322, 329, 338, 426, 511, Arge spp., 484, 517 oryzae, 373, 587, 621, 654 347, 357, 362–364, 518, 519 Argina spp., 627 soccata, 46, 374, 587, 401, 415, 418 Band application, 671 Argopistes spp., 316, 541 593, 631 Bagrada spp., 247, 525, Baris spp., 326, 611 Argyroploce Athous spp., 654 570, 615 Bark beetles, 9, 10, 51, 74, aprobola, 623 Atlas moth, 448, 516, 530, cruciferarum, 247 347, 348, 512 illepida, 583, 641 531, 535, 538, 541, hilaris, 247, 552, 593 Barley. See Wheat mormopa, 623 549, 572, 591, 644 Bagworms, 55, 67, 69, 383, Barley , 376, 378, Arista, 162, 357 Atomisers, 671 544, 579, 584, 588, 653 Armyworms, 4, 8, 19, 30, 35, Atrachea vulgaris, 517 591, 598 Bathycoelia thalassina, 543 382, 473, 475–477, Atractocerus, 267, 531 Baits, 52, 99, 102, 107, 120, Batocera spp., 75, 563, 576, 480, 568, 622, 636, Atractomorpha crenulata, 121, 147, 151, 157, 579, 595 639, 646, 656 536, 599 456, 468, 488, 495 horsfield, 651 African, 55, 472, 473, Atrophied, 197 Balanogastris kolae, 580 rubus, 299, 527, 591 526, 568, 587, Atta spp., 9, 487–489, 532, Balclutha viridis, 621 rufomaculata, 300, 595, 620, 631 541, 549, 569, 598, Balaninus c-album, 623 625, 651 lesser, 474, 536, 552, 554, 657 Baliothrips biformis, 256, Batrachedra 570, 581, 588, 606, Attacus 257, 620 amydraula, 559 620, 626, 646, 648 atlas, 448, 516, 530, 531, Bamboo, 194, 195, 240, 301, arenosella, 546 rice, 466, 468, 536, 554, 538, 541, 549, 572, 326, 330, 444, Bean 571, 587, 588, 620, 591, 644 511, 517 bovanist, 575 636, 639, 646 ricini, 535 Bamboo aphid, 195, 517 field, 28, 41, 62, 63, 65 Attagenus piceus, 658 Bamboo borer, 517 french, 520 altilis, 527 Attractants, 10, 11, 13, 50, 51, Bamboo bug, 240, 517 garbanzo (see Chickpea) heterophyllus, 576 99, 359, 393, 394, 495 Bamboo carpenter bee, 517 hyacinth, 511, 575 Artona catoxantha, Aubergine. See Eggplant Bamboo hispids, 517 Indian, 575 545, 597 Aulacaspis spp., 583 Bamboo locust, 517 runner, 71, 520 Arytania fasciata, 651 tegalensis, 223, 635 Bamboo longhorn, 301, soya, 633 Ascotis selenaria, 446, 548 Aulacophora spp., 556 517, 637 Bean aphid, black, 28, 31, 41, Asian corn borer, 428, 632 similis, 525 Bamboo planthopper, 517 43, 65, 520, 603, 633 Asphondylia Aulacorthum solani, 615, Bamboo star scale, 517 Bean bruchid, 27, 41, 304, capsici, 529 645, 647 Bamboo weevil, 73, 326, 330, 520, 658 ricini, 535 Aularches miliaris, 545, 597 517 Bean fly, 63, 71, 77, 79, 366, sesami, 352, 353, 629 Austracris guttulosa, 147, 551 Bambusa spp., 195 367, 520, 554, 575, Aspidiella hartii, 565, 649, Autoba spp., 591 vulgaris, 517 606, 633, 634 655 Autocide, 50 Banana aphid, 190, 518, Bean flower thrips, 257, 264, Aspidiotus spp., 518, 566 , 27, 125, 128, 222, 530, 547, 565, 520, 549, 570 destructor, 198, 222, 516, 232, 263, 264, 312, 592, 642 Bean pod fly, 367, 536, 554, 518, 527, 528, 534, 350, 364, 493, 500, Banana fruit caterpillar, 518, 610, 626 540, 545, 559, 561, 511, 516 528, 533, 534, 541, Bean seed fly, 14, 44, 77, 79, 563, 572, 590, 604, Avoidance, 33, 41, 45, 46, 95, 544, 625, 644 377, 378, 520, 521, 609, 611, 623, 625, 276, 311, 331, 337, 378 Banana fruit fly, 358, 518 526, 587, 602, 606, 636, 641–643, 655 Axiagastus campbelli, 546 Banana fruit-scarring beetle, 646, 654, 657 juglansregiae, 229, 651 Ayyardia chaetophora, 552 309, 518, 519 Beans, 19, 41, 62, 63, 71, 77, nerii, 513, 590, 601 Azinphos-methyl, 111, 112, Banana lace bug, 245, 518, 177, 189, 203, 238, orientalis, 604 171, 173, 175, 176, 530, 642, 649 246, 259, 264, 281, rossi, 614 199, 203, 204, 214, Banana rust thrips, 518 283, 285, 304, 314, tamarindi, 641 215, 219, 249, 310, Banana scab moth, 426, 518, 324, 328, 337, 346, Aspidomorpha spp., 307, 550, 354, 394, 418, 459, 588, 592 366, 377, 421, 422, 616, 639 485, 486, 499 Banana skippers, 67, 69, 425, 437, 451, 464, sanctaecrusis, 584 Azinphos-methyl + demeton- 443, 518 465, 487, 489, 511, Assara albicostalis, 641 S-methyl sulphone, 485 Banana stem borer, 518 520, 521, 543, 554, Asterolecanium gripusalis, 563 Banana stem weevil, 72, 74, 575, 650, 658 bambusae, 517 326, 338, 518 Beauvaria sp., 323 coffeae, 219, 548 Bacillus Banana thrips, 257, Bedellia spp., 387, 640 phoenicis, 559 popilliae, 89, 90, 114 261, 518 Bees Asymptote, 5 thuringiensis, 84, 86, 89, Banana weevil, 77, 78, 326, bumble, 19, 450 Athalia spp., 483, 525 114, 468, 479 329, 338, 518, 592 honey, 20, 98 682 Index

leaf-cutter, 585 Binapacryl, 111 Bostrychidae, 74, 75, 267, Budworms, 69, 72, 73, 393 mason, 19 Bioallethrin, 114 288–290, 517, 541, Bufo marinus, 85 Beet armyworm, 474, 526, Biocide, 671 544, 548, 552, 579, Bugs, 6, 9, 12, 26, 27, 33, 39, 528, 578, 602 Biological control, 23, 29, 580, 601, 658 45–47, 56, 60, 68, 69, Beetles, 8–11, 19, 26, 27, 38, 33, 37, 48, 49, 55, 56, Bostrychopsis parallela, 517 71, 72, 74–77, 85–88, 39, 43–45, 51, 59, 65, 81–91, 136, 179, 198, Bothrogonia sp., 549 101, 162–164, 171, 67–69, 71–75, 77–79, 223, 224, 251, 257, ferruginea, 556 173, 174, 177–179, 85–89, 114, 147, 195, 354, 365, 385, 399, Bourletiella hortensis, 656 183, 197, 198, 201–209, 226, 267–270, 272– 415, 418, 426, 459, 499 Brachycaudus 230, 233–244, 246, 281, 283–298, 300, Biological pesticides, 50, 90 helichrysi, 512, 515, 613, 617 247, 250–253, 326, 302, 303, 305, 307, Bird pests, 36 persicae, 607 354, 482, 490, 498, 309–316, 318–320, suppressaria, 644 Brachypterous, 138, 145, 178, 513, 516, 520, 521, 326, 343, 347–350, Biting , 490, 548, 657 179 525, 527, 528, 354, 420, 512, 514, Bixadus sierricola, 550 Brachytrupes spp., 540, 597 531–534, 539, 540, 515, 519–521, Black bean aphid, 28, 31, 41, membranaceus, 140, 551, 548, 552, 554, 556, 525, 526, 528, 529, 43, 65, 520, 603, 633 580, 643, 645, 647, 558, 559, 561, 563, 531, 533, 535, 541, Black borers, 75, 267, 656 566, 570, 576, 577, 544, 550, 552, 553, 288, 552 portentosus, 141, 142, 528, 597, 606, 610, 615, 555–557, 559–564, Black aphid, 192, 539, 532, 578, 625, 643, 621, 626, 631, 633, 567, 569–571, 573, 543, 549, 580, 583, 647, 656 635, 638, 639, 641, 577, 585, 587, 588, 585, 586, 641, 643 Brahmina spp., 514, 515 645, 647, 653, 656 590–594, 598–600, Black cutworm, 455, 525, 528, coriacea, 567 Bulrush millet, 374, 376, 413, 606, 612, 614–616, 532, 536, 552, 554, Brassica whitefly, 525 593 622, 623, 627, 629, 561, 571, 599, 602, Brassicas (Brassica spp.), 13, , 74, 75, 267, 279, 632–634, 636, 603, 615, 622, 633, 19, 63, 101, 110, 186, 512, 514, 515, 535, 638–640, 646, 648, 645, 648 187, 189, 265, 315, 539, 541, 544, 553, 651, 655, 657, 658 Black line scale, 226, 518, 316, 369, 456, 483, 559, 560, 571, 578, Belippa laleana, 537 540, 545, 549, 559, 511, 525 600, 610, 612, 624 Bemisia spp., 532, 534, 615 590, 597 Breadfruit, 511, 527 Busseola fusca, 458, 587, 631 inconspicua, 525 Black maize beetle, 78, 79, Breaking, 4, 45, 48, 54, 93, Butterfly tabaci, 170, 520, 528, 532, 269, 587 97, 130 blue, 435–437, 521, 530, 536, 551, 554, 561, 575, Black paddy bug, 254 Brenthidae, 268, 523, 547, 536, 554, 572, 586, 599, 606, 626, 627, 629, Black scale, 169, 218, 539, 550, 596 606, 627 639, 642, 645, 647 549, 563, 566, 568, Brevennia rehi, 568, 621, 636 coffee berry, 437, 548 Beniseed. See Sesame 601, 628, 641 Brevicoryne brassicae, 47, 525 lemon, 441, 539 Ber. See Black tea thrips, 260, 518, Brevipalpus lime, 435 Ber fruit fly, 577 539, 543, 549, 605, californicus, 499, 541, 567, pea, 436, 521, 536, 554, Ber mealybug, 577 625, 642, 643 644 606, 627 Ber scale, 577 Black twig borer, 348, 350, phoenicis, 499, 506, 550, pomegranate, 614 Ber weevil, 577 516, 544, 550, 567, 559, 573, 604, 605, swallowtail, 45, 381, Betel palm, 511, 523 625 625, 643 440–442, 516, 538 Betel-pepper, 511, 523, 524 Black wheat beetle, 269, 653 Brinjal. See Eggplant , 434, 639 Betelvine bug, 524 Blatella germanica, 658 Brinjal lace bug, 561 vanilla, 605, 650 Betelvine scale, 524 Blatta orientalis, 658 Brinjal stem borer, 561 white, 21, 90, 438, 439, 525 Betula spp., 514 Blissus Broad mite, 499, 507 BHC, gamma (HCH), 53, 87, gibbus, 622 Bromophos, 111, 113, Cabbage aphid, 47, 525 113, 138, 144, 148, leucopterus, 588, 631, 653 379, 456 Cabbage cluster caterpillar, 526 151, 164, 179, 231, Blister beetles Brontispa spp., 545 Cabbage flea beetles, 315, 525 237, 239, 247, 248, banded, 520, 552, 557, 571, Brown leaf beetle, 314, 520, Cabbage leaf miner, 367, 526 250, 254, 256, 259, 588, 594, 599, 632, 634 544, 550, 552, 570, 621 Cabbage moth, 525, 603 264, 269, 272, 273, black, 520, 561, 570, Bruchidae, 76, 77, 268, Cabbage root fly, 13, 14, 31, 276, 277, 281, 284, 594, 606 304–306, 520, 554, 37, 40, 61, 78, 88, 316, 294, 304, 308, 315, Blister mites, 498 555, 571, 581, 606, 378, 525 318, 321, 323, 327, Blosyrus ipomocae, 640 610, 627, 633, 641, Cabbage sawfly, 483, 484 343, 356, 375, 405, Blue bugs, 253, 534, 631, 638 658 Cabbage seed weevil, 65, 75, 406, 408, 410, 412, Bombotelia jocosatrix, 591 Bruchus pisorum, 606, 627 326, 526 417, 426, 427, 444, , 67, 68, 595, 644 Bryobia rubrioculus, 500, 512 Cabbage semi-loopers, 479, 456, 459, 461, 462, Bombyx mori, 10, 595 Bryocoropsis laticollis, 543 525, 552, 626, 633, 464, 468, 473, 493 Boom (spray), 103, 104 Bucculatrix thurberiella, 387, 645, 648 Bibio marci, 654 Borbo cinnara, 588 552 Cabbage stem flea beetle, 526 Index 683

Cabbage stem weevil, 72, 256, 257, 272, 276, Castniomera humbolti, 518 572, 591, 601, 604, 326, 526 285, 310, 316, 326, Caster, 469 605, 607 Cabbage thrips, 525, 606 340, 354–356, 394, Castor capsule borer, 530, catoirii, 358, 605 Cabbage webworms, 526 400, 411–414, 424, 534, 565, 573, 614, coffeae, 358, 360, 548 Cacoecia 431, 444, 452, 454, 641, 649 colae, 580 oporana, 514 459, 461, 462, 464, Castor gall midge, 535 cosyra, 358, 361, 590, 607 sarcostega, 515, 618 472, 478, 479, 483 Castor semi-looper, 534, rosa, 358, 362, 539, Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Carbofuran, 100, 112, 136, 544, 625 549, 607 393, 601 316, 318, 335, 375, Castor stem borer, 404, 534 Ceratovacuna lanigera, Caenorhinus aequatus, 514 379, 385, 418, 428, Castor thrips, 534, 558 194, 635 Cajanus cajan, 610 433, 459 Cateremna sp., 586 Cereal leaf beetle, 46, 308, Calacarus carinatus, 500, 529 Carbon tetrachloride, 113, Catantops humilis, 639 569, 654 Calepitrimerus vitis, 500, 567 284, 292, 343 Caterpillars Cereal leaf miner, 367, Calidea spp., 253, 534, Carbophenothion, 164, 215, bark-eating, 623, 628 372, 654 631, 638 379, 507 slug, 380, 410 Cereal stem borers, 88, 459 bohemani, 551 Cardamom, 245, 511, 530 stinging, 380, 559, Cereal , 337 dregii, 551, 599 Cardamom capsid, 530 609, 644 , 12, 68, 71, 72, California red scale, 34, 57, Cardomom thrips, 530 tent, 512, 514, 515, 580, 89, 162, 164, 530, 534, 197, 220, 518, 527, Carea subtilis, 623 586, 623, 651 563, 576, 608, 635, 539, 611 Carica papaya, 604 Cationic surfactants, 101 638, 655 Caliothrips indicus, 554, 570, Carmine mite, 533, 629, Catochrysops spp., 610 Cerococcus spp., 549 593, 602, 642 640, 646 Cecidomyiidae, 48, 67, 68, Ceroplastes rubens, 197, 210, Caliroa cerasi, 485, 613 Carpet beetles, 658 70–76, 87, 351–353, 539, 549, 563, 576, Callipterus juglandis, 651 Carthamus tinctorius, 626 355, 356, 512, 513, 590, 643 Callosobruchus spp., 305, Carpodiplosis papaveris, 603 526, 529, 530, 533, Ceroplastes spp., 214, 215, 516 520, 633 Carpomyia vasuviana, 577 535, 552, 557, 563, cajani, 575 chinensis, 554, 581, 606, Carpophilus spp., 559, 588 568, 584, 591, 594, floridensis, 558 610, 658 hemipterus, 283, 564, 658 601, 603, 606, 609, rubens, 197, 210, 539, 549, maculatus, 555, 658 marginellus, 516 621, 629, 631, 638, 563, 576, 590, 643 Calobata sp., 565 Carrier, 93, 94, 97–102, 104 647, 653, 654 rusci, 563, 601, 612 Calocoris norvegicus, 521, Carrot fly, 14, 31, 41, 47, 77, 78 Cecidomyia malabarensis, 609 sinensis, 540, 563 615 Carvalhoia arecae, 523 Ceiba pentandra, 234, 303, Cetonia spp., 267, 275, Calomycterus sp., 589 Carya illinoensis, 608 579 569, 657 Caloptilia theivora, Caryedon serratus, 306, 571, Celama sorghiella, 632 aurata, 616 387, 644 641, 658 Celyphus sp., 565 Cetoninae, 267, 275 Calpe spp., 469 , 144, 145, 156, 177, Cephonodes hylas, 450, 452, 549 Ceutorhynchus Cane blister mite, 637 203, 231, 232, 241, Cephrenes chrysozona, 598 asperulus, 610 Cane grubs, 636 263, 303, 313, 336, Cephus pygmaeus, 654 assimilis, 65, 75, 526 Cane weevils, 9, 519, 604, 637 448, 511, 531 Ceracris kiangsu, 517 pleurostigma, 526 Cannabis sativa, 574 Cashew helopeltis, 231, 531 Cerambycidae, 27, 71, 73–75, quadridens, 526 Cantharidin, 268, 295 Cashew longhorn, 531 268, 279, 296–303, Chaetanaphothrips signipen- Cape gooseberry budworm, Cashew stem girdler, 303, 531 512, 514–517, 527, nis, 518 561, 648 Cashew weevil, 326, 336, 531 531, 533, 535, 539, Chaetocnema spp., 594 Capnodis spp., 512, 612 , 45, 120, 144, 170, 541, 542, 544, 548, concinnipennis, 606 Capsicum gall midge, 529 203, 221, 241, 289, 550, 555, 557, 559, hortensis, 654 Capsicums, 222, 294, 465, 290, 324, 419, 487, 563, 564, 567, 571, Chafer grubs, 9, 41, 77–79, 511, 528, 529 489, 511, 532, 533, 658 574, 576, 579, 580, 87, 267, 269, 274–278, Capsicum spp., 528, 529 Cassava bug, 532 590, 591, 595, 604, 569–571, 587, 594, Capsidae. See Miridae Cassava hornworm, 90, 532 605, 614, 618, 619, 631, 635, 638, Capsid bugs, 27, 68, 233, 516, Cassava lacebug, 532 623, 625, 634, 635, 654, 657 521, 606 Cassava mosaic, 170 637, 651, 655 Chalcidomyia atricornis, 565 Carbamate pesticides, 53, 98, Cassava scale, 221 Cerambyx clux, 512 japonica, 559 100, 102, 108, 112, Cassava thrips, 532 Cerataphis Characoma stictographa, 544 113, 135, 153 Cassava whitefly, 170, 520, lataniae, 597 Chauliops fallax, 554 Carbaryl, 111, 113, 143, 144, 532, 536, 551, 554, variabilis, 523, 546 Chelaria sp., 584 147–149, 151, 164, 561, 599, 606, 639, Ceratia frontalis, 557 Chelidonium brevicorne, 542 172–176, 188, 214, 642, 647 Ceratitis Chemical control, 33, 52–55, 215, 224, 225, 227, Cassidinae, 68, 73, 268, 307 capitata, 15, 34, 50, 57, 113–114, 135–137, 231, 232, 235–237, Castnia spp., 546 357–359, 361–363, 147, 149, 150, 153, 245, 247, 248, 250, licas, 611, 636 539, 543, 549, 563, 156, 157, 166, 167, 684 Index

173, 177, 185, 188– pumilionis, 654 633, 636, 638, 639, xanthocephala, 638 190, 192, 195, 196, Chloropulvinaria psidii, 197, 643, 645, 647 Clavigralla spp., 238, 520, 199, 200, 204, 216, 211, 540, 572, 576, Cicadulina spp., 172, 570, 593 605, 610, 633 223, 224, 229, 231, 585, 590, 623, 628 mbila, 172, 587, 636 Climate, 3, 4, 15, 18, 19, 25, 237, 245, 248–251, Chlorpyrifos, 111, 113, 139, zeae, 588 26, 30, 31, 37, 67, 83, 258, 272, 278, 281, 153, 156, 250, 259, Cicer arietinum, 536 109, 139, 147, 197, 282, 284, 289, 294– 326, 379, 384, 387, Cigarette beetle, 281, 658 199, 205, 225, 245, 296, 298, 302, 304, 433, 437, 456, 485, 499 Cimbex quadrimaculatus, 512 260, 278, 280, 281, 309, 316, 317, 323, , Cinchona, 350, 511, 537 362, 381, 421, 451, 327, 332, 344, 348, 583, 591 Cinnamomum zeylandicum, 453, 505, 513, 523, 354–356, 364, 366, Chortoicetes terminifera, 538 531, 534, 536, 565, 375, 383, 387, 392, 147, 656 Cinnamon, 225, 448, 511, 538 572, 577, 582, 590, 398, 405, 407, 409, Chromaphis juglandicola, Citrus spp., 143, 166, 168, 606, 614, 626, 650 413, 418, 422, 425, 83, 651 169, 171, 192, 193, Climatograph, 15, 16, 31 428, 431–434, 438, Chrotogonus sp., 603 199, 207, 208, Close season, 41–42, 392, 400, 440, 442, 445–447, Chrysalis, 438, 439, 441 210–216, 218, 220, 411, 459 456, 459, 464, 468, Chrysanthemum cinerariifo- 225, 227, 239, 251, Clove, 19, 67, 75, 145, 157, 470, 479, 480, 485, lium, 617 262, 279, 296, 316, 173, 257, 316, 326, 488, 495, 499, 505 Chrysobothris spp., 317, 334, 362, 392, 333, 347, 353, 387, Chemosterilization, 50 267, 559 435, 440–442, 493, 465, 500, 511, 606 Chikoo. See Sapodilla Chrysochroa spp., 544 500, 502, 504, 508, Clove scale, 542 Chikoo moth, 628 fulminans, 541 509, 539, 541 Clove whitefly, 542 Chickpea, 305, 511, 536 Chrysocoris stolii, 583 Citrus aphids, 192, 193, 539, Clysia ambiguella, 566 Chilades lajus, 435, 541 Chrysodeixis chalcites, 525, 543, 549, 580, 583, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Chilli. See Capsicums 552, 561, 599, 645, 648 585, 586, 641, 643 417, 620 Chilli thrips, 262, 528, Chrysomelidae, 59, 67, 68, Citrus bark borers, Cnephasia spp., 393, 521, 582, 625, 641 73, 138, 268, 307–321, 279, 539 602, 606, 657 Chilo spp., 10, 31, 45–47, 88, 512, 514–523, 525, Citrus blackfly, 169, 516, 518, longana, 393, 566 226, 412–416, 423, 526, 529, 530, 541, 531, 539, 549, 566, Coarctate pupa, 671 432, 433, 587, 588, 544–546, 550, 552, 572, 590, 614, 618 Coastal stalk borer, 412, 587, 593, 620, 622, 631, 555–557, 560, 562, Citrus blossom midge, 541 593, 631, 635 632, 635, 636 567, 569–571, 574, Citrus blue, 541 Coccidae, 69, 163, 197, infuscatellus, 593, 622, 575, 577, 584, Citrus bud mite, 76, 210–218, 351, 512, 632, 636 586–588, 591, 500–502, 540 513, 515, 516, 520, orichalcociliella, 412, 587, 593–595, 598, 600, Citrus , 540 523, 527, 528, 593, 631, 635 606, 609, 615, 616, Citrus flea beetles, 316, 541 530–532, 538–540, partellus, 412, 413, 587, 621, 622, 627, 629, Citrus flower moth, 540 543, 546, 548, 549, 593, 620, 631, 635 634, 638–640, 642, Citrus fruit fly, 541 558, 563, 566, 568, polychrysa, 636 646, 648, 651, 652, Citrus leaf miner, 317, 387, 572, 575–577, 579, sacchariphagus, 615, 654, 655 388, 540 580, 583, 590, 596, 632, 635 Chrysomelinae, 14, 268, 310 Citrus longhorn, 296, 539, 541 599, 601, 604, 605, suppressalis, 47, 416, Chrysomphalus Citrus mealybug, 197, 205, 607, 609, 610, 612, 587, 620 aonidum, 198, 225, 518, 208, 539, 605, 618, 628 613, 618, 623–625, Chilochorus sp., 226 523, 527, 539, 546, Citrus psyllids, 166, 540 628, 630, 643, 645, Chives, 602 559, 563, 572, 590, Citrus red spider mite, 500, 651, 656 Chlorfenvinphos, 98, 112, 595, 643 504, 539, 607 Coccinellidae, 48, 69, 84, 86, 375, 379 dictyospermi, 198, 546, Citrus rind borer, 540 87, 186, 194–197, 199, Chlordane, 153, 159, 250, 269, 590, 597 Citrus rust mite, 89, 500, 501, 200, 267, 285, 498, 273, 276, 278, 332, Chrysopidae, 84 509, 540 520, 521, 528, 553, 488, 495 Cicadella spp., 173, 615, 642 Citrus scales, 27, 215, 218, 555, 556, 561, 587, Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 81, spectra, 173, 621, 636 220, 225, 227 593, 600, 615, 629, 112–113 Cicadellidae, 43, 68–70, 86, Citrus shield bugs, 251 631, 633, 634, 638, Chlorita onukii, 643 89, 162, 172–176, 513, Citrus swallowtails, 640, 648, 653 Chloridea obsoleta, 518, 520, 528, 530, 441, 442 Coccotrypes 631, 632 534, 543, 549, 551, Citrus thrips, 262, 539, 540 carpophagus, Chlorobenzilate, 506–509 552, 554, 556, 560, Citrus whitefly, 171, 539, 549 523, 558 Chlorophorus annularis, 301, 561, 563, 566, 568, Clania spp., 383, 584, 591, 598 dactyliperda, 347, 559 517, 637 570, 574, 587, 588, cramerii, 614, 644 Coccus spp., 197, 520, 599, Chloropicrin, 112 590, 593, 599, 606, gigantea, 516 610, 630, 656 Chlorops spp., 72, 73, 568 609, 612, 613, 615, Clastoptera alpinus, 212, 213, 539, oryzae, 622 620, 621, 626, 628, achatina, 608 548, 572 Index 685

discrepans, 630 Contact poisons, 52, 107, 444 physical, 35–40, 47, 120 566–572, 582, 587, hesperidum, 197, 213, 523, Contarinia spp., 568 Controlled droplet application 588, 590, 592, 595, 540, 572, 605, gossypii, 552 (CDA), 95 596, 599, 601, 602, 618, 643 nasturtii, 353, 526 Copa kunowi, 557 604, 606, 607, 611, longulum, 628 pisi, 353, 606 Copper acetoarsenite, 113 613, 615–618, mangiferae, 531, 590, 596 sorghicola, 41, 75, 76, 353, Coptosoma cribraria, 521, 575 620–622, 625, viridis, 212, 213, 532, 539, 355, 631 Coptotermes spp., 155, 629, 631, 633, 636, 543, 548, 572, tritici, 353 532, 545 638–640, 642–648, 585, 625, Contheyla rotunda, 523 curvignathus, 153, 156, 653, 654, 656–658 Cocoyam, 511, 547, 642 Continuous cropping, 25, 597, 625 Cosmopolites Coffee mite, 503, 535, 548, 643 323, 423 formosanus, 155, 583 minutus, 329 Coffee moth bug, 549 Control testaceus, 156, 625 sordidus, 77, 326, 329, 338, Coffee stem borers, 302 biological, 23, 29, 37, Corchorus spp., 578 518, 592 Coffee thrips, 258, 548 48–52, 55, 56, 81–91, Coreidae, 71, 73–76, 230, Cosmopteryx phaeogastra, Coffee tip borer, 397, 548 136, 179, 198, 223, 238–241, 243, 516, 575 Coffee tortrix, 394, 399, 549 224, 251, 257, 289, 517, 520, 521, 527, Costa, 236, 387, 551, 577, Cola spp., 234, 580 354, 365, 385, 399, 528, 530–532, 540, 599, 601 Colaspis spp., 268, 519 415, 418, 426, 543, 545, 546, 549, , 71–74, 380, brunnea, 520, 567, 621 459, 499 554, 556, 570, 572, 403–406, 512, 514, hypochlora, 309, 518 chemical, 29, 52–55, 107, 586, 590, 591, 593, 516, 527, 532, 534, Colemania sphenaroides, 554 113–114, 135, 136, 597, 604, 605, 609, 537, 543, 546, 549, Coleophora caryaefoliella, 138, 147, 149, 150, 610, 620, 621, 629, 552, 563, 579, 585, 387, 608 153, 156, 157, 167, 633, 639, 645, 599, 601, 608, 614, Coleoptera, 1, 14, 25, 42, 45, 177, 185, 188–190, 647, 655 618, 636, 644, 651 48, 49, 59, 67–69, 192, 195, 196, 199, Coridius janus, 556 Cossula magnifica, 608 71–74, 76, 78, 79, 200, 204, 216, 223, Corn borers, 84, 89, 568 Cossus cossus, 512 87–89, 108, 138, 267, 229, 231, 245, Corn earworm, 46, 465, 587 Costs, 1, 26, 28, 84, 89, 109, 275, 280, 289, 290, 248–251, 257, 258, Corn leaf aphid, 191, 587, 120 316, 326, 347, 353, 379 272, 276, 281, 282, 631, 636, 645, 653 Cotinis spp., 564 Colgar sp., 516, 599 284, 289, 294, 295, Corn rootworms, 588 aphid, 188, 513, 516, Colloidal formulation, 302, 304, 309, 316, Corn seed maggot, 77, 377 518, 524, 525, 528, 93, 671 317, 323, 327, 333, Corn silk beetles, 588 540, 543, 551, 556, Colobesthes falcata, 183, 543 344, 348, 354–356, Corymbites spp., 654 561, 566, 572, 579, Colocasia esculenta, 642 364, 366, 375, 383, Coryna spp., 72, 293, 520, 582, 583, 592, 599, Colorado beetle, 5, 16, 24, 26, 387, 392, 398, 405, 552 604, 605, 626, 629, 29, 34, 35, 57, 47, 88, 407, 409, 413, 418, Cosmocarta 638, 639, 642, 645, 89, 268, 310, 562, 615, 422, 425, 428, niteara, 563 647, 655 646, 648 431–434, 438, 440, relata, 576 Cotton boll weevil, 10, 16, Comana fasciata, 586 442, 445–447, 456, Cosmophila 17, 22, 75, 326, 327, Common cutworm, 457, 517, 459, 464, 465, 468, erosa, 478 551, 553 525, 536, 556, 582, 470, 474, 479, 480, flava, 478 Cotton bollworms, 27, 31, 46, 603, 615, 633, 644, 645 485, 488, 499, 505 Cosmopolitan, 19, 21, 50, 73–76, Common millet, 593 cultural, 2, 40–44, 81, 120, 120, 137, 142, 170, 460–463 Community, 3, 4, 15, 22, 54, 135, 136, 156, 178, 173, 185, 186, 188, Cotton bud thrips, 259 55, 81, 86, 109, 494 185, 191, 198, 209, 189, 191, 197–199, Cotton flea beetle, 560, 574 Compatibility, 101, 109, 110 224, 248, 272, 276, 207, 213, 217, 218, Cotton fleahopper, 552 Competition, 3, 4, 8, 16, 43, 305, 316, 327, 329, 220, 227, 249, 257, Cotton flower bud, 552 54, 62 331, 332, 337, 340, 259, 260, 265, 280, Cotton flower thrips, Compressed, 99, 102, 103, 348, 350, 354, 412, 281, 283, 284, 287, 551, 570 121, 607 418, 428, 432, 433, 290, 305, 324, 353, Cotton gall midge, 552 Compression sprayer systems, 456, 459, 465, 468, 367, 377, 380, 382, Cotton gall mite, 553 102–103 470, 474 387, 391, 394, 401, Cotton helopeltis, 232, 534, Concentrated solution, 93 integrated, 4, 55–57, 90, 402, 420, 421, 422, 543, 551, 572, 643 Concentrate spraying, 150, 189, 272 450, 455–457, 495, Cotton jassids, 46, 174, 552 93, 97 legislative, 33–35, 310, 461 499–501, 506, 509, Cotton jewel beetle, 553 Concentration, 11, 13, 14, 40, natural, 33, 40, 41, 43, 48, 512, 513, 516, 518, Cotton leaf-curl, 170 43, 46, 47, 51, 93, 94, 55, 56, 81–82, 87, 88, 520, 521, 525, 526, Custard apple, 511, 558 97, 99, 101, 109, 292 110, 147, 173, 186, 528, 531, 532, 534, Cydia, 6, 75, 76, 394, 396, conflua, 535 187, 192, 197–199, 535, 539–541, 543, 512–515, 554, 574, Conotrachelus nenuphar, 326, 224, 227, 267, 276, 548, 549, 551, 552, 606, 607, 613, 618, 607, 613, 618 465, 494 556, 557, 561–564, 633, 644, 651 686 Index

Cylas formicarius 322, 639 Diazinon, 53, 98, 111, taitense, 331, 545 Drosicha puncticollis, 323, 639 113, 149, 151, 176, Diopsidae, 331, 545 mangiferae, 515, 563, 572, 178, 198, 202, 204, Diopsis spp., 621, 631 577, 590, 595, 607, Dalbulus maidis, 173 205, 213, 219, 220, thoracica, 371 614 Date palm, 159, 196, 225, 224–228, 256, 257, Dioscorea esculenta, 655 stebbingii, 540, 590 270–272, 420, 499, 269, 272, 276, 307, Diostrombus dilatatus, 636 townsendi, 527 511, 559 311, 316, 318, 356, Diparopsis spp., 460 Drosichiella tamarandus, 577 Delia, 77–79, 376–378, 520, 367, 377, 387, 388, castanea, 460, 461, 551 Dung Beetles, 267, 275 521, 525, 526, 587, 414, 425, 459, 478, watersi, 460, 461, 551 Durra. See 588, 602, 606, 646, 493, 495 Diplogomphus hewetti, 609 Dusters, 104, 105, 147 653, 654, 657 Dichocrocis punctiferalis, 530, Diploxys fallax, 248, 620 Dusting, 97, 105, 147, 151, Development of pest status, 534, 565, 573, 586, Diptera, 1, 12, 14, 19, 25, 30, 162, 164, 231, 248, 23–27 595, 604, 607, 614, 42, 45, 48, 49, 59, 273, 312, 316, 323, Dhal, 610 641, 649 67–69, 71, 72, 74–83, 507 Diabrotica spp., 311, 557, Dichlorodifluoromethane, 98 87–89, 108, 147, 351, Dusts, 97, 100, 164, 236, 259, 571, 587, 588, 615 Dichlorvos, 111–113, 153, 156, 353, 367, 378, 388 292, 323, 326, 337, undecimpunctata, 311, 556, 257, 392, 394, 414, Direct effects of insect 413, 438, 451, 459, 570, 588 420, 468, 474, 505 feeding, 27 462, 472 Diachrysia orichalcea, 581 Dicladispa armigera, 318 Dirphya nigricornis, 302, 548 Dusty brown beetle, 287, 548, Diacrisia spp., 552, 639 Dicofol, 111, 499, 502, 503, Disease transmission, 27–28 571, 644, 646, 654 investigatorum, 604 505–507 Disinfect, 33, 672 Dutch elm disease, 347, 350 obliqua, 521, 571, 575, 593, Dictyophara sp., 540 Disinfest, 292 Dynastinae, 267, 269–275, 606, 627, 649 Didesmococcus onifasciatus, 512 Dispersal, 3, 5, 9, 10, 15–18, 642 Dialeurodes Dihammus vastator, 535, 26, 43, 85, 94, 136, Dysaphis citri, 171, 539, 549 604, 605 173, 186, 189, 195, devecta, 513 citrifolii, 171 Dieldrin, 53, 55, 82, 99–102, 222, 237, 243, 257, mali, 353, 513 eugeniae, 623 104, 108, 109, 111, 281, 310, 342, 347, Dysdercus spp., 237, 525, 551, pallida, 524 113, 138, 143, 144, 348, 350, 384, 487, 561, 579, 599, 631 vulgaris, 623 147–149, 151, 489, 504, 545 fasciatus, 237 Dinleuropora decempunctata, 153–157, 159, 164, Dispersants, 93, 97, 101 nigrofasciatus, 237 558 177, 180, 192, 206, Disphinctus maesarum, 609 superstitiosus, 237 Diamond-back Moth, 25, 53, 208, 209, 212–214, Disulfoton, 98, 111, 112, 180, Dysmicoccus 61, 67, 68, 90, 391, 217, 222, 241, 269, 187, 189, 318, 367, boninsis, 197, 636 525, 652 272, 273, 276, 277, 375, 385, 499 brevipes, 197, 202, 518, Diaphania spp., 563 278, 285, 286, 288, Distantiella theobroma, 540, 523, 546, 549, 570, bivitralis, 576 294–298, 302, 309, 543, 579 597, 611, 630, 633, caesalis, 576 318, 326–329, 331, Diurnal, 118, 267, 275, 380, 636, 642 Diaphorina citri, 166, 540 332, 340, 342, 345, 390, 450, 452 Diapus pusillimus, 651 348, 350, 356, 360, DNOC, 104, 112, 147, 148, Earias spp., 71, 73, 74, Diarthrothrips coffeae, 258, 366, 367, 372, 373, 151, 187, 198, 499 462, 463 353, 548 375–377, 379, 403, Dociostaurus maroccanus, biplaga, 462, 544, 551, 559 Diaspididae, 23, 85, 163, 197, 414, 417, 427, 444, 147, 656 fabia, 462 220–229, 512, 513, 473, 481, 490, 492, Dolerus spp., 485, 654 insulana, 462, 551, 560, 515, 516, 518, 523, 493, 495 labab, 238 599, 624 524, 527, 528, 530, Diflubenzuron, 111, 114, 417 Dormant, 43, 198, 423, vitella, 462, 552, 560, 624 532, 534, 539, 540, Diluent, 93 499, 539 Ecdysis, 274 543, 545, 546, 549, Dimefox, 112, 179 Dorylus orientalis, 571 Echinocnemus oryzae, 622 559–561, 563, 565, Dimethoate, 98, 111, 113, 166, Dorystenes buqueti, 635 Eco-climate, 672 566, 568, 572, 576, 168–170, 172–174, Dorysthenus hugelii, 514, 651 Ecology, 3–20, 22, 29, 41, 577, 583, 585, 590, 179, 180, 185, Dose (Dosage), 28, 40, 55, 95, 55, 58 595, 597, 601, 604, 187–189, 191, 192, 98, 107–110, 121, 257, Ecological change, 23 605, 607–609, 611, 205, 213–215, 224, 294, 377, Economic changes, 23, 26 612, 614, 623, 625, 228, 249, 256, 257, Doticus palmaris, 519 Economic damage, 6, 21, 28, 627, 630, 635, 636, 259, 266, 279, 354, Drasterius spp., 616 30, 40, 51, 139, 537 641–644, 647, 649, 356, 366, 367, 375, , 381, 445, 548 Economic injury level, 5, 6, 651, 655 379, 394, 401, 485, Dried fruit beetles, 283, 564, 658 21, 23, 24, 60, 63, Diaspis spp., 530 499, 503, 505 Drift, 55, 95–97, 104, 105, 88, 436 bromeliae, 611 Dinoderus spp., 517 108, 111, 164, 473 Economic pest, 2, 4, 5, 21, 22, Diatraea saccharalis, 415, Diocalandra spp., 326, Drop spectrum, 672 87, 358 418, 568, 588, 622, 331, 559 Droplet size, 94–96, 100, Economic threshold, 5, 6, 21, 632, 635 frumenti, 331, 545, 597 103–105 22, 24, 28, 30, 51, 56, Index 687

60, 82, 88, 187, 246, Emulsifiable concentrate, Eradication, 5, 16, 29, 33, 34, Eugnathus curvus, 609 359, 394 93, 97 50, 57, 90, 120, 190, Eulecanium corylii, 618 Economics of pest attack and Emulsifier, 93, 97, 101 248, 359 Eulepida mashona, 571 control, 28–29 Emulsion invert, 93 Erannis defoliaria, 514 Eulophonotus myrmelon, 543 Ecosystems, 3, 62, 82 Encapsulation, 98–99 Eretmoceros serius, 169 Eumelia rosalia, 530 Ecpantheria icasia, 518 Endosulfan, 109, 111–113, Eriesthis vulpina, 552 Eumolpinae, 268, 309 Edible Grasshopper, 593, 620, 173–176, 238, 295, Erinium, 71 Euphoria longana, 584 631, 653 346, 375, 411, 413, Erinnyis ello, 532 Euphyllura olivina, 601 Eelworms, 44, 59, 77, 78, 414, 417, 425, 454, Eriobotrya japonica, 585 Euproctis spp., 481, 514, 531, 107, 135 459, 461, 462, 464, Eriococcus ironsidei, 586 544, 552, 567, 577, Effectiveness of pest control 472, 473, 499 Erionota spp., 67, 69, 443, 518 613, 614, 625, 640, measure, 29, 50 Endrin, 111, 112, 180, 190, thrax, 443, 517, 546, 598 644 Efficiency of pest control 309, 318, 354, 356, torus, 443 fraterna, 481, 554, measure, 29 373, 375, 400, 403, Eriophyes 618, 623 Efficient use of pesticides, 110 406, 410, 414, 418, ficivorus, 564 lutifascia, 530 Eggplant, 43, 201, 294, 310, 419, 456, 459, 468, pyri, 514 producta, 535 316, 401, 449, 511, 474 theae, 644 similis, 481, 541 561, 606, 615, 647 Entomophagous, 48, 50, vitis, 567 varians, 535 Eggplant boring caterpillar, 88–90, 114 Eriophyidae, 68, 70–72, 75, Eupterote spp., 530 561, 606, 647 Environmental factors, 3, 4 76, 497–500, 508, 509, Euricania villica, 516 Egropa malayensis, 531 Ephemeral contact poisons, 512, 514, 529, 531, Euristylus capensis, 534 Elachiptera spp., 632 52, 107 540, 546, 553, 564, European corn borer, 31, 44, guineensis, 597 Ephestia 567, 583, 591, 598, 47, 574, 587, 632 Elasmognathus greeni, 609 cautella, 27, 420, 421, 512, 602, 607, 608, 612, Eurydema pulchrum, 525 Elasmopalpus lignosellus, 559, 563, 586, 658 613, 643, 644, Eurygaster spp., 653 521, 571, 633 elutella, 421, 658 648, 651 Eurytoma sp., 601, 612 Elateridae, 72, 77, 78, 569, kuehniella, 658 Eriosoma lanigerum, 83, 84, amygdali, 512 615, 616, 637, 640, Ephydridae, 59, 67, 69, 351, 513, 618 Eurytomidae, 72, 74, 512, 646, 648, 654, 657 372, 621, 622, 654 Erosomiyia indica, 591 517, 612 Elateriform larva, Epicampoptera spp., 445 Eruciform larva, 293, 351, 484 Euscepes postfasciatus, 640 672, 675 andersoni, 445, 548 Erysichton lineata, 586 Eutetranychus orientalis, 500, Eldana saccharina, 419, 532, marantica, 445, 548 Erythroneura spp., 173, 566 502, 535, 540, 557, 587, 622, 631, 635 Epicauta spp., 294, 520, 561, Eterusia magnifica, 644 564, 567, 625 Electromagnetic energy, 39 570, 594, 606, 616, Estigmene acrea, 552 Eutypotrachelus meyeri, 328 Electrostatic spraying, 97 633, 640 Ethion, 112, 212, 226, Euxoa spp., 587 Elegant grasshoppers, 144, aethiops, 294, 485 377, 461 Euzophera perticella, 561 146, 531, 532, albovittata, 294, 528, 570, Ethoate-methyl, 111, 191, 375 Evergestis spp., 526 625, 629 648 Ethylene dibromide, 34, 113, Exarate pupa, 318 Elettaria cardamomum, 530 limbatipennis, 294 136 Exochomus spp., 226 Elytron, 285, 294 vittata, 294 Ethylene dichloride, 284, Exora spp., 627 Emergence, 14, 31, 43, 46, 49, Epigynopteryx coffeae, 549 292, 343 Exuvium, 74, 75, 221, 228, 64, 65, 72, 74–76, 207, Epilachna spp., 69, 285, 521, Etiella zinckenella, 76, 422, 383, 386, 404–406 273, 281, 297, 304, 309, 528, 553, 555, 556, 554, 570, 575, 581, 326, 332, 338, 339, 347, 561, 600, 615, 633, 606, 610, 627, Fall armyworm, 473, 476, 356, 357, 366, 367, 371, 638, 640, 646, 648 633, 641 568, 653 372, 375, 380, 385, 386, fulvosignata, 285 Eublemma Fallow, 28, 42, 83 393, 394, 402, 404–406, similis, 285, 587, 593, 653 olivacea, 561 False , 46, 392, 415, 418, 419, 446, 461, sparsa, 285 Euborellia 393, 516, 534, 549, 474, 480, varivestis, 285, 520, 634 annulipes, 602 551, 558, 572, 586, Emergence warnings, 30, 50 Epilachna beetles, 69, 285, stali, 570 587, 631, 644 Emigration, 5, 18, 23 521, 528, 553, 555, Eubrachis indica, 514 False wireworms, 286, 636, 638 Empoasca spp., 46, 174, 513, 556, 561, 600, 615, cnejus, 554, 606 Fenitrothion, 100, 111, 113, 520, 528, 554, 556, 633, 638, 640, Eucolobes sp., 610 141, 151, 192, 203, 561, 570, 574, 599, 646, 648 Eucosma spp., 610 233, 244–246, 257–261, 606, 615, 633, 638, Epiphyas postvittana, 394, isogramma, 636 263, 284, 292, 315, 639, 645, 647 514, 566 melanaula, 521 326, 343, 354, 385, devastans, 552 Epiplemidae, 67, 68, 381, nereidopa, 397, 548 387, 394, 397, fascialis, 174, 534, 543, 551 447, 548 ocellana, 515 407–410, 417, 424, flavescens, 534 Epitrix hirtipennis, 316, 646 Eugenia 430, 434, 440, 442, formosana, 534 Equipment for spray caryophyllus, 542 445–447, 456, 459, lybica, 174, 551 application, 102–105 jambos, 623 468, 473, 486, 495 688 Index

Fenthion, 100, 149, 170, Fly Frass, 61, 72–75, 79, 80, 279, Gargaphia solani, 561 233, 246, 249, 258, frit, 47, 568, 588, 632, 653 283, 288, 289, 296, Garlic, 602 259, 261, 318, 359, fruit, 10, 16, 27, 29, 50, 76, 298, 299, 302, 336, Gascardia 385, 387, 407–410, 351, 357–365, 513, 347, 363, 386, 392, brevicauda, 214, 540, 548 417, 430, 440, 442, 515, 516, 518, 527, 404–406, 422, 425, destructor, 197, 210, 215, 445–447, 459 539, 541, 543, 548, 426, 429, 436, 462, 479 516, 539, 549 Ferrisia virgata, 203, 516, 520, 549, 556–558, 563, Fruit flies, 10, 11, 16, 27, 29, Gastrimargus marmoratus, 524, 527, 528, 531, 572, 573, 576, 577, 30, 34–36, 44, 50, 51, 147, 588, 597 532, 534, 536, 540, 580, 585, 590, 591, 57, 75, 76, 79, 99, 351, Gelechiidae, 71, 78, 380, 543, 548, 552, 556, 595, 601, 604, 605, 357–365, 459, 513, 400–402, 461, 512, 558, 561, 566, 570, 607, 618 515, 516, 518, 527, 515, 551, 560, 561, 572, 575, 576, 578, rhizome, 565 528, 533, 539, 541, 571, 572, 578, 584, 579, 599, 604, 609, Fonofos, 112, 379 543, 548, 549, 552, 588, 599, 607, 609, 614, 615, 625, 626, Food, 3, 4, 6–10, 12, 14, 556–558, 563, 572, 615, 622, 644, 646, 636, 639, 645, 647 16–18, 23–30, 33, 34, 573, 576, 577, 580, 647, 653, 658 Ficus carica, 39, 40, 45–47, 52, 54, 585, 590, 591, 595, Generation, 673 89, 563 63, 78, 79, 81, 83, 601, 604, 605, 607, Genetic manipulation, 48, 50 Fig, 57, 125, 210, 217, 283, 99, 107–109, 112, 614, 623, 628, 647 Geococcus coffeae, 549, 639 298–300, 392, 511, 115–117, 120–125, Fruit-piercing moths, 14, 469, Geometridae, 10, 14, 35, 42, 563, 564 128, 129, 131–133, 518, 534, 539, 566, 381, 446, 513, 514, Fig gall mite, 564 142–145, 153, 155, 572, 578, 591, 604, 516, 530, 548, 549, Fig lac insect, 563 157, 177, 186, 233, 614, 648 586, 613, 619, 623, Fig leafhopper, 563 267, 268, 280, 281, Fulgoridae, 162, 182, 583, 639, 644 Fig leaf mite, 564 283, 284, 287, 290, 584, 636 Geomyza spp., 568, 654 Fig leaf psyllid, 563 329, 343, 347, 357, Fuller’s earth, 98 Gesonia spp., 642 Fig midges, 563 407, 421, 429, 450, Fumigant, 52, 97, 98, 107, Giant looper, 446 Fig twig borer, 564 451, 456, 467, 473, 113, 135, 136, 153, Gigantothrips elegans, 255, Filler, 672 480, 481, 487, 512, 281, 282, 292, 257, 563 Filters, 105 527, 538, 547, 551, 375, 491 Gingelly. See Sesame Finger millet, 593 559, 575, 581, 582, Fumigation, 33, 34, 97, Ginger, 77, 222, 511, 565 Fire ant, 9, 493, 516, 539, 599, 595, 610, 626, 631, 107, 119, 121, 198, sulphureus, 579 610, 646, 657 633, 635, 639, 655, 224, 280, 283, 284, Glycine max, 633 Flattidae, 162, 183, 516, 543, 658 290–292, 304–306, Gold-dust weevil, 334, 533, 549, 599, 625 Forecasting pest attack, 324, 332, 343, 402, 535, 541, 553, 573, Flea beetles, 268, 315, 316, 29–31 420, 429 574, 576, 579, 591, 525, 529, 541, 552, Forficula auricularia, 656 Fungi, 3, 27, 45, 48, 50, 54, 595, 619, 625, 657 560, 562, 594, 616, Formicidae, 48, 67, 87, 482, 59, 75, 79, 84, 89, 90, Gonocephalum spp., 571, 646 629, 646, 648 487, 489–493, 516, 113, 114, 137, 153, macleayi, 638 Flies, 19, 351, 359, 375, 513, 532, 539, 541, 542, 183, 239, 251, 253, simplex, 286, 548, 644, 654 516, 518, 521, 528, 546, 548, 549, 559, 267, 268, 283, 322, Gossypium spp., 204, 551–553 533, 541, 552, 556, 568, 569, 571, 576, 347, 348, 350, 353, Gracillaria theivora, 644 568, 569, 572, 577, 583, 591, 598, 599, 362, 363, 401, Gracillariidae, 59, 67, 68, 380, 594, 614, 621–623, 610, 646, 657 415, 418 386–388, 535, 544, 628, 631, 632, 647, Formosina flavipes, 530, 565 Furrow application, 673 548, 552, 554, 565, 654, 657 Formothion, 111, 173, 174, 571, 583, 586, 601, Flowability, 672 187, 189, 191, 245, Galerucinae, 268, 311–314 610, 619, 623, 625, Flower beetles, 267, 275, 276, 375, 379, 394, 505 Gall, 27, 43, 68, 70–74, 628, 629, 644 278, 295, 514, 515, Formulations, 53, 93, 96–98, 77, 135, 162, 163, Graminella nigrifrons, 588 541, 564, 567, 573, 100, 109, 110, 120, 167, 186, 255, 257, Grams 519. See also 577, 585, 598, 614, 135, 136, 153, 187 268, 316, 325, 326, Chickpea 651, 657 Fossorial, 672 351–353, 356, 482, Granules, 28, 52, 94, 98, 99, Flower thrips, 257, 259, 264, Foxtail millet, 593 497, 498 107, 111, 112, 176, 513, 518, 520, 523, Frankliniella spp., 259, 563, Gall midges, 41, 68, 71–75, 187, 257, 311, 316, 549, 551, 552, 554, 616, 626, 629, 633, 351–354, 356, 512, 318, 326, 335, 367, 563, 570, 575, 585, 645, 647 529, 530, 533, 535, 375, 379, 385, 418, 588, 603, 623, 626, fusca, 570 552, 557, 584, 594 428, 433, 456, 459, 628, 631, 633, 639, schulzei, 259, 549, 551, Gall wasps, 68, 71, 72, 74, 612 Granule applicators, 673 645, 647 570, 639 Gamma BHC. See BHC Grape berry moth, 394, 566 Fluorescent tracer, 672 sulphurea, 599, 603, 628 Gamma rays, 40, 50 Grape colaspis, 520, 567, 621 Fluted scales, 163, 628 williamsi, 588, 631 Gangara thyresis, 546 Grape gall mite, 500, 567 Index 689

Grape leafhoppers, 173 489, 511, 520, 531, Habrochila 543, 551, 552, 572, Grape leaf roller, 566 554, 570–571, 575, ghesquierei, 244, 548 639, 643, 655, 656 Grape phylloxera, 566 581, 602, 606, 610, placida, 244, 548 anacardii, 231, 531 Grape rust mite, 500, 567 629, 641, 658 Hallomyia cardamomi, 530 antonii, 513, 537, 644 Grapevine, 196, 197, 283, 313, Groundnut aphid, 185, 520, Halticinae, 59, 67, 68, 77, 268, bergrothi, 532, 537, 543, 387, 393, 450, 451, 531, 554, 570, 575, 315–317 580, 644 453, 480, 511, 558, 581, 606, 610 Halticus tibialis, 521 collaris, 540 566–567 Groundnut borer, 306, 658 Halys dentatus, 583, 595 schoutedeni, 232, 528, 534, Graphognathus spp., 332, 521, Groundnut bruchid, 571 Hand sprayers, 102 543, 551, 572, 643 553, 570, 589, 621 Groundnut hopper, 177, 570 Hand guns, 103 theivora, 644 imitator, 332 Groundnut leaf miner, 571, 629 Haplodiplosis equestris, theobromae, 528, 543, 572 leucoloma, 332 Grub, white, 61, 267, 654 westwoodi, 528 peregrinus, 332 274–276, 278, 516, Haplothrips sp., 585 nubilus, 654 striatus, 332 525, 526, 529, 533, aculentus, 622 Hemelytron, 673 Grass, 568 539, 544, 550, 557, gowdey, 617 Hemiberlesia spp., 513 Grass aphids, 568 562, 569, 571, 579, vernoniae, 575 lataniae, 516, 572, 576, 608 Grass flies, 73, 79, 568, 654 589, 591, 598–600, Harlequin bugs, 247, 525, 552, palmae, 546 Grass midges, 353, 568 606, 611, 616, 622, 570, 593, 615 Hemimetabolous insects, 673 Grass moths, 363, 353, 568, 625, 635, 636, 640, Harvester ant, 77, 491, 568 Hemiptera, 1, 12, 14, 45, 49, 588, 594, 622 646, 648, 657 Harvester , 154, 528, 54, 68, 69, 71, 74, 76, Grass stem borers, 568 Gryllidae, 77, 79, 138–141, 551, 568, 570, 588 88, 162, 656 Grass thrips, 257, 568, 654 525, 528, 532, 540, Hawk moth Hemp, 177, 191, 245, 342, Grasshoppers, 59, 67, 69, 72, 551, 568, 578, 580, coffee, 450, 452, 549 426, 428, 511, 560, 73, 87, 89, 90, 138, 588, 597, 611, 625, convolvulus, 451, 574, 592, 627 143–147, 149, 150, 631, 635, 643, 645, 521, 633 Henosepilachna 268, 294, 518, 534, 647, 655, 656, 658 Death’s Head, 450, 562, capensis, 521 545, 568, 588, 593, Gryllotalpa spp., 142, 532, 566, 575, 601, 616, elaterii, 629 621, 639, 642, 656 534, 568, 597, 635, 629, 648 Herbivorous, 12, 117, 118, Grease-band, 673 645, 656 eyed, 450, 514 Hercinothrips Green almond. See Pistachio africana, 525, 604, 621, 643 silver-striped, 601, 639 bicinctus, 257, 261, 518 Great millet. See Sorghum Gryllotalpidae, 138, 142, 525, striped, 450, 453, 552, fermoralis, 257, 518, 552, Green flower beetle, 278 528, 532, 534, 568, 566 611, 636 Green peach aphid, 189, 512, 597, 604, 621, 635, HCH. See BHC Hepialus spp., 525, 568, 615, 515, 540, 561, 604. 643, 645, 647, 656 Hedya pruniana, 613 653, 656 607, 617, 618, 647, Gryllus spp., 534, 551, Hedychorus rufofasciatus, Heptachlor, 99–101, 153, 159, 652 568, 645 565 276, 277, 332, 372, Green rice leafhoppers, 176, Guava, 36, 57, 196, 197, 199, Helianthus annuus, 638 375, 376, 493 620 200, 203, 204, 211– Helina propinqua, 619 Heptenophos, 111, 112, 394 Green stink bug, 249, 521, 213, 215, 217, 222, Heliothis spp., 2, 31, 238, 464, Hesperiidae, 67, 69, 381, 443, 525, 532, 534, 540, 232, 241, 263, 283, 564, 656 444, 517, 518, 530, 543, 551, 560, 561, 288, 300, 357, 358, armigera, 76, 84, 464 546, 559, 565, 568, 570, 588, 593, 599, 364, 392, 405, 406, assulta, 602, 645, 648 588, 598, 620, 622, 605, 615, 620, 626, 448, 450, 469, 495, punctigera, 638, 645, 648 636, 649, 655 629, 633, 638, 639, 511, 516, 572–573, virescens, 610, 645, 648 Hesperophanes spp., 564 645, 647, 656 585, 628 zea, 46, 631, Hessian fly, 26, 47, 48, Greenidea artocarpi, 576 Guava bark borer, 573 Heliothis Nuclear 353, 653 Grenadilla. See Passion Fruit Guava fruit fly, 573 Polyhedrosis Virus, 479 Heterobostrychus acqualis, Gretchena bolliana, 394, 608 Guava scale, 540, 572, 576, Heliothrips spp., 585 597 Grey weevils, 326, 512, 514, 590, 623 haemorrhoidalis, 257, 260, Heteroligus 515, 531, 553, 562, 567, Guava stem borer, 572 518, 539, 543, 549, appius, 655 573, 585, 591, 594, 600, Guinea corn. See Sorghum 605, 625, 642, 643 meles, 655 610, 614, 628, 632, 651, Guinea grass moth, 568, 588, Hellula Heteronychus spp., 78, 79, 269, 654, 657 594, 622, 636 phidilealis, 526 587, 622, 636, 655 Groundnut, 19, 43, 44, 85, 99, Gymnogryllus lucens, 655 undalis, 526 arator, 269 121, 155, 157, 174, Gynaikothrips spp., 255, 609 Helmet Scale, 217, 528, 532, consimilis, 653 177, 185, 202, 203, ficorum, 257 540, 542, 548, 552, licas, 269 239, 247, 259, 264, karny, 609 558, 572, 583, 585, Heteroplernis obscurella, 599 277, 280, 281, 283, 590, 599, 605, 609, Heteroptera, 27, 48, 71–73, 294, 306, 311, 313, Habitat, 3, 4, 7, 8, 15, 17, 22, 643, 645 87, 230, 354 314, 325, 334, 409, 25, 26, 37, 48, 62, 81, Helopeltis spp., 27, 71, 231, Heterotermes spp., 635 425, 474, 476, 487, 83, 149, 372, 498 232, 516, 531, 534, Hevea brasiliensis, 625 690 Index

Hibernation, 194, 252, 275, testudinea, 485, 513 Icerya 406, 408, 415–417, 310, 315 Hoplothrips ananasi, 611 aegyptica, 196, 523, 572, 419, 421, 422, 424, Hibiscus Hornworms, 90, 382, 595 428, 431, 438, 439, cannabinus, 560 449–451, 454, 532, purchasi, 26, 87, 88, 197, 443, 452, 455, 456, esculentus, 599 645, 646, 648 199, 513, 539, 563, 461, 474–476, 490, sabdariffa, 624 Hosts, 2, 4, 8–12, 14–16, 22, 572, 590, 633, 651 498, 504–507, 643 Hibiscus Mealybug, 72, 204, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, seychellarum, 200, 527, Injector, 97, 99, 135, 348 560, 566, 624 34, 39, 42–48, 51, 62, 540, 546, 576, 590 Insect growth regulators, Hickory Nut. See Pecan 75, 77, 81, 83, 85, Idiocerus spp., 590 112, 114 Hidari irava, 546, 598 88–90, 107, 115–119, atkinsoni, 590 Insecticides, 19, 26, 28, 31, Hieroglyphus banian, 518, 122–124, 127, 129, clypealis, 590 34, 48, 50–53, 55, 57, 588, 621, 635 134–137, 139–145, nitidulus, 590 58, 81, 82, 85, 87, 95, High-volume spraying, 94, 147–152, 154–157, stali, 612 98–102, 108, 110, 102, 104, 456 159–162, 164–197, Imago, 673 112–114, 143, Hilarographa caminodes, 530 199–229, 231–254, Immigration, 5, 18, 26, 50, 151–153, 156, 160, Hilda patruelis, 177, 570 256–266, 268–274, 187, 473 173, 175, 176, 178–180, Hippotion celerio, 450, 566, 277–288, 293–353, Immune, 673 183, 187, 192, 198, 639, 642 355–357, 360–367, Inazuma dorsalis, 175 203, 214, 218, 219, Hispinae, 59, 67, 68, 268, 369–374, 376, 377, Incompatible, 673 222, 224–227, 318–321 381, 383–386, 388– Increase in numbers, 233–235, 237, 246, Hispoleptis elaeidis, 598 393, 396–460, 462, 16, 23, 25, 250, 253, 256–259, Hodotermes mossambicus, 464–472, 474–481, spp., 74, 380, 406, 261, 273, 276, 280, 154, 528, 551, 568, 483, 484, 486, 487, 540, 577, 583, 591, 284, 292, 294, 309, 570, 588 489–495, 498, 500, 595, 614, 623, 628 312, 316, 319, 323, Hodotermitidae, 153, 154, 502–509, 514, 515, quadrinotata, 585 326, 329, 332, 335, 528, 551, 568, 568, 656 tetraonis, 531, 572, 576 340, 345, 354, 356, 570, 588 Hot water treatment, 38, 135, Indian hemp, 428, 574 359, 365, 366, 368, Hollow-cone spray, 673 198, 209, 223 Indian meal moth, 429, 658 375, 379, 385, 387, Holometabolous insects, 673 Humectants, 101 Indian sugarcane leafhopper, 390–392, 394, 396, Holotrichia spp., 554, 569, Hyacinth Bean, 511, 575 165, 181, 588, 401, 403, 405, 594, 625, 657 Hyaline, 155, 157, 180, 593, 653 410–413, 418, 422, consanguinea, 562 362–365, 389, 452, 484 Indicator, 8 424, 427–429, 431, insularis, 577, 600, 623 Hydraecia micacea, 615 Indirect effects of insect feed- 439, 443, 454, 456, longipennis, 567, 651 Hydrellia ing, 27–28 459, 472–474, 478, repetita, 537 griseola, 372, 621, 654 Inert, 98, 99, 104, 223, 291, 307 479, 485, 493, 617 seticollis, 644 sasakii, 372 Infection, 33, 44, 59, 71, 75, Instar, 23, 30, 31, 75, 93, 108, Homoeosoma Hylastinus obscurus, 347, 606 350, 362 140, 142, 144, 145, electellum, 586 Hylemya. See Delia Infestation, 6–9, 11, 25, 147, 149, 151, 152, vagella, 638 Hyles lineata, 450, 453, 552, 27–31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 164–166, 168–171, Homona sp., 530 566, 601, 639 43, 44, 46, 56, 57, 59, 174–176, 179, 181, coffearia, 394, 399, 521, Hylesinus vestitus, 612 62, 63, 66, 71–73, 197–199, 205–207, 538, 544, 549, 561, Hyloicus pinastri, 642 79, 80, 82, 110, 135, 209, 211–213, 217, 571, 583, 599, 633, 643 Hymenia recurvalis, 526 153, 164, 166, 167, 223, 224, 226, 232, Homoptera, 59, 69–71, 89, Hymenoptera, 9, 10, 19, 48, 171, 172, 177, 178, 233, 235–238, 241, 162, 167, 173, 186, 49, 68, 71, 74, 85, 87, 186, 187, 192–195, 242, 244, 246, 247, 197, 224, 353, 467 88, 99, 147, 186, 197, 197, 200, 204, 249–251, 255, 256, Homorocoryphus nitidulus, 223, 252, 257, 353, 206–209, 211, 213, 259, 270, 273, 274, 587, 593, 620, 379, 384, 385, 387, 216, 218, 220, 222, 281, 290, 297, 335, 631, 653 418, 482, 484 223, 227–229, 231, 342, 346, 357, 362, Honey-dew, 69, 71, 162, 163, Hypermetamorphosis, 268 238, 240, 242, 243, 374–377, 386, 387, 165–167, 169, 171, Hyperparasite, 88, 673 246, 253, 254, 257, 391, 393, 394, 396, 177, 179, 186–188, Hypoborus ficus, 346, 564 258, 266, 279–282, 400, 401, 411, 414, 191–193, 195, 197, Hypomeces squamosus, 334, 284, 287–292, 299, 415, 418–420, 199, 206–210, 212, 533, 535, 541, 553, 304–306, 310, 316, 426–428, 440–442, 213, 215, 222, 467, 573, 574, 576, 579, 318, 323, 324, 329, 446, 448, 451, 482, 495 591, 595, 619, 625, 657 330, 332, 343, 346, 454–462, 464–467, Hoplandothrips marshalli, Hypothenemus hampei, 75, 76, 348, 350, 352, 354, 472, 474, 475, 479, 266, 548 91, 346–348, 548 355, 359, 364, 367, 484 Hoplocampa Hystoneura setariae, 621 369, 376, 378, 384, Integrated control, 4, 33, 55, flava, 485, 613 Hythergraph, 15 388, 391, 400–403, 56, 90, 150, 189 Index 691

Integrated pest management, Kerosene (= TVO), 55, 94, Lasioptera Lemon butterfly, 441, 539 3, 4, 33, 40, 55–57 105, 114, 296, 298, falcata, 557 Lenodera vittata, 530 Intercropping, 43, 44, 150, 327 302, 406, 427 murtfeldtiana, 638 Lens esculenta, 581 Iodofenphos, 379, 495 Kerria Laspeyresia. See also Cydia Lentil, 511, 581 Ipomoea batatas, 639–640 fici, 563 glycinivorella, 394, 633 Leopard moth, 71, 73, 74, 514, Ischnaspis longirostris, 226, lacca, 566, 641 hemidoxa, 609 583, 601, 618, 651 518, 540, 545, 549, Key pests, 21, 22, 33, 66, 110 palamedes, 641 Lepidiota spp., 622, 625, 636 559, 590, 597 Khapra beetle, 34, 280, 658 pseudonectis, 627 discendens, 636 Isoptera, 9, 10, 79, 99, 153 Kiln treatment, 38, 39 toocosma, 544 reichei, 655 miserana, 586 Knapsack pneumatic torodelta, 575 stigma, 533, 636 Itonida spp., 594 sprayers, 102 Latoia lepida, 408, 518, 535, Lepidoptera, 1, 10, 11, 14, 19, Knapsack sprayers, 102, 103 546, 595, 599, 614 25, 27, 30, 31, 39, 42, Jacaranda, 201, 219, 540, 548, Kola, 216, 511, 580 Lawana candida, 183, 543, 45, 46, 49, 59, 67–69, 561, 639 Kola fruit fly, 580 549, 625 71–74, 76, 78, 79, 86,

Jacaranda bug, 201, 540, 548, Kola weevil, 580 LC50, 673, 677 88, 89, 108, 380–382,

561, 639 Kotochalia junodi, 544 LD50, 108 386, 387, 390, 391, Jackfruit, 35, 298–300, 364, K-pests, 8 Lead arsenate, 111, 113 393, 450, 456, 473, 511, 576, 595 Leaf beetles, 46, 67, 68, 268, 481, 484 Jackfruit aphid, 576 Lablab , 575 308, 313, 314, 316, Lepidosaphes spp., 630 Jackfruit bud weevil, 576 Lac insects, 163, 558, 563, 512, 514, 516, 519– beckii, 85, 227, 539 Jackfruit leaf webber, 576 566, 584, 625, 641 521, 529, 530, 544, cocculi, 625 Jackfruit longhorns, 576 Laccifer 550, 552, 555, 557, conchiformis, 563 Jackfruit shoot borer, 576 communis, 558 562, 567, 569–571, cornutus, 524 Jamaican sorrel. See greeni, 625 586, 593, 621, 627, gloveri, 540 Japanese beetle milky Lace bugs, 230, 244, 245, 512, 629, 634, 640, 646, piperis, 609 disease, 114 518, 530, 546, 548, 651, 652, 654, 655 ulmi, 513 Jassidae. See Cicadellidae 561, 586, 601, 609, Leaf-cutting ants, 52, 67, Lepisma saccharina, Jassids, 31, 46, 68, 72, 162, 626, 642, 649 77, 99, 102, 487–489, 658 173, 174, 528, 534, Lachnosterna sp., 640 541, 549, 569, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 543, 551, 552, 621, Lachnus krishnii, 513 598, 657 24, 34, 310, 562, 615, 636 Lacquer, 101, 102, 673 Leaf-cutting bees, 19, 67 646, 648 Jatrophobia brasiliensis, 533 Lacon spp., 569, 637 Leaf-footed plant bug, 239, Leptocentrus terminalis, 584 Jelly grub, 407, 535, 548, 644 Lactuca sativa, 367, 582 520, 532, 540, 543, Leptocorisa acuta, 242, 527, Jet, 94, 103, 252 Ladies’ finger. See Okra 549, 556, 570, 597, 593, 620 Jewel beetle, citrus, 279 Ladybird beetles, 56, 85–87, 267 605, 620, 639, 655 Leptoglossus spp., 540 Jewel beetles, 74, 75, 267, Lagochirus spp., 533 Leaf gall psyllids, 623 australis, 239, 520, 532, 543, 279, 514, 535, 541, Lampides Leafhoppers, 8, 22, 30, 45, 71, 549, 556, 570, 597, 544, 553, 559, 571, boeticus, 436, 521, 536, 162, 165, 172, 173, 605, 620, 639, 655 600, 612 554, 571, 606, 627 175, 176, 180, 181, zonatus, 239 Jola. See Sorghum elpis, 530 242, 243, 513, 518, Leptohylemya coarctata, 254, Juglans regia, 651 Lamprocapsidea , 520, 528, 530, 549, 378, 620, 653 Jujube, 511, 577 233, 548 552, 554, 556, 560, Lesser armyworm, 474, 536, June beetles, 267, 275, 640 Lamprosema spp., 520, 554 561, 563, 568, 570, 552, 554, 570, 581, , 203, 279, 511, 538, 560, indicata, 536, 575, 627 588, 593, 599, 609, 588, 606, 620, 626, 578, 624, 627 Lantana bug, 201, 629 612, 613, 615, 620, 646, 648 Jute hairy caterpillar, 538, 578 Laodelphax striatella, 621. 626, 633, 636, Lesser grain borer, 290, 658 Jute semi-looper, 578 588, 593, 620, 636, 638, 642, 643, 645, Lettuce, 9, 23, 43, 60, 71, 173, Jute stem weevil, 578 653 647, 653 285, 358, 363, 367, Juvenile hormones, 114 Lariidae. See Bruchidae Leaf miners. See 369, 377, 378, 456, Large yellow underwing, 582, Agromyzidae, 511, 582 Kaffir corn. See Sorghum 602, 615, 656 Ephydridae, Gracil- Leucinodes orbonalis, 561, Kakothrips robustus, 521, 606 Larva, 3–5, 9, 14, 25, 27, 30, lariidae, Hispinae, 606, 615, 647 Kalotermes spp., 643 31, 35, 38, 39 Lyonetiidae Leucopholis spp., 544, 550, Kapok, 183, 237, 299, 303, Larvicide, 673 Leatherjackets, 275, 521, 569, 571, 625, 635, 384, 405, 511, 579 , 67, 512, 514, 526, 568, 606, 616, 640, 657 Kapok borer, 579 515, 530, 541, 572, 654, 657 irrorata, 516, 525, 529, 539, Keiferia lycopersicella, 647 573, 586, 612, 623, Lecanium spp., 542, 566 557, 562, 579, 591, Kenaf. See Date palm 628, 651 Leek, 265, 602 600, 646, 648 Kenya mealybug, 206, 548, Lasioderma serricorne, 281, Leewania maculans, 530 lepidophora, 523 605, 636, 639, 655 291, 645, 658 Lema. See Oulema rorida, 533, 598 692 Index

Leucoplema dohertyi, 447, 548 Lonchaea spp., 533 Lymantria 428, 458, 459, Leucoptera spp., 55, 90, 91, aristella, 563 mathura, 583 464–468, 470–472, 385–387, 548 Longan, 182, 252, 353, 393, obfuscata, 515 475–477, 487, 489, caffeina, 385 511, 566, 584 , 75, 267, 282, 546 491, 511, 570, coffeella, 385, 387 Longhorn beetles, 35, 71, Lyonetiidae, 385, 386 587–589, 631, 658 coma, 385 73–75, 268, 296, Maize aphid, 191 meyricki, 385 298–301, 303, 512, , 76, 77, 392, 511, Maize beetle, black, 78, 79, Life-table, 5–6 514, 517, 531, 533, 583, 586 269, 587 Ligyrus ebenus, 547 535, 542, 563, 564, Macadamia cup moth, 586 Maize leafhopper, 172, 570, Limacodidae, 380, 407–410, 574, 579, 580, 590, Macadamia felted coccid, 586 588, 636 518, 523, 535, 537, 591, 595, 604, 605, Macadamia flower Maize stalk borer, 458, 587, 631 543, 544, 546, 548, 618, 623, 635, 637, caterpillar, 586 Maize tassel beetle, 72, 312, 552, 554, 559, 563, 651, 655 Macadamia kernel grub, 586 587 571, 572, 575, 576, Longitarsus Macadamia lace bug, 586 Maize webworm, 424, 587, 579, 584, 586, 591, belagaumensis, 627 Macadamia leaf miner, 586 593, 622, 632, 636, 653 595, 598, 599, 609, nigripennis, 609 Macadamia nut borer, 392, Maize weevil, 27, 41, 46, 75, 614, 625, 640, 644 Long-tailed mealybug, 207, 394, 583, 586 76, 343, 587 Lime blue butterfly, 435 539, 543, 546, 549, Macadamia ternifolia, 586 Malacosoma indica, 512, 514, Lime-sulphur, 262, 508, 509 563, 590, 597, 636 Macadamia tufted 515, 651 Limothrips cerealium, 257, Lophobaris piperis, 609 caterpillar, 586 Malathion, 95, 99, 111, 113, 588, 654 Loopers, 10, 51, 381, 446, Macadamia twig girdler, 586 147, 151, 153, 156, Liothrips oleae, 257, 601 516, 530, 548, 549, Macalla moncusalis, 531 164, 173, 175, 176, Lipaphis erysimi, 525, 586, 619, 623, Mace, 596 187, 189, 194, 198, 602, 652 639, 644 Maconellicoccus hirsutus, 73, 202–205, 213–215, Liriomyza brassicae, 367, 526 Lophodes 204, 560, 566, 595, 624 219, 220, 222–225, Lissorhoptrus spp., 326 miserana, 516 Macrocentrus homonae, 399 227, 228, 245, oryzophilus, 335, 621 sinistraria, 586 Macromischoides aculeatus, 248–250, 256, 259, Litchi, 182, 252, 406, 500, Lophopidae, 162, 165, 181, 390, 548 284, 285, 292, 343, 511, 583, 584, 619 588, 593, 621, 635, Macropsis trimaculata, 173, 359, 364, 394, 402, Litchi chinensis, 583 653 613 427, 434, 440, 442, Litchi gall mite, 583 Lophosternus hugelii, Macropterous, 179 472, 473, 485, 486, Litchi lantern bug, 182 514, 515 Macrosiphum spp., 520, 568 490, 492, 499, 505 Litchi leaf roller, 583 Loquat, 219, 406, 511, 585 avenae, 653 Maliarpha separatella, Litchi stink bug, 252, 583, Lotongus , euphorbiae, 561, 582, 605, 423, 620 584, 619 546, 598 615 Mallodon downesi, 544 Lobesia botrana, 394, 566 Low-volume mist blowers, 104 fragariae, 653 Mallothrips indicus, 623 Locris spp., 164 Low-volume spraying, 94, 95, Macrotermes spp., 157–159, Mamestra brassicae, 525 Locusta migratoria spp., 147, 102, 104 517, 625, 635, 656 Mammal pests, 126 568, 570, 621, 631, 639 Lucerne crown borer, 571 bellicosus, 542, 543, 545 Manduca Locusts, 4, 8, 18, 19, 27, 30, , 75, 381, 435–437, Maggots, 1, 14, 31, 41, 45, quinquemaculata, 450, 31, 35, 43, 45, 54, 59, 521, 530, 536, 541, 61, 67, 72, 75–77, 88, 646, 648 67, 69, 85, 87–90, 544, 548, 554, 571, 98, 351, 357–366, sexta, 450, 645, 648 99, 101, 104, 108, 572, 577, 585, 586, 371–375, 377–379, , 590, 591 138, 143, 146–148, 606, 610, 611, 614, 394, 512, 514, 515, Mango, 19, 104, 161, 169, 150–152, 268, 295, 627, 628, 641 567, 611, 613, 621, 197, 199, 200, 204, 473, 517, 518, 545, . See Litchi 622, 626, 638, 651 210, 211, 217, 222, 551, 568, 570, 587, Lycopersicum esculentum, 647 Mahasena corbetti, 384, 546, 225, 226, 228, 232, 593, 621, 631, Lygaeidae, 71, 73, 230, 236, 597 241, 263, 283, 296, 639, 656 551, 554, 579, 599, Maize, 9, 25, 27, 36, 40, 297, 299, 300, 312, Australian plague, 147, 656 612, 617, 622, 626, 42–47, 56, 72, 75–78, 313, 344, 347, 357, Bombay, 43, 85, 88, 150, 638, 653 82–86, 127, 141, 150, 360, 361, 364, 406, 518, 587, 593, 621, Lygaeus 165, 172, 173, 180, 408, 448, 469, 487, 631, 656 hospes, 579 181, 191, 250, 257, 489, 495, 511, desert, 104, 146, 148, pandurus, 612 269, 277, 283, 285, 590–591 151, 656 Lygocoris pabulinus, 513, 521, 286, 289, 291, Mango bark borer, 591 Mediterranean, 147, 656 607, 613, 615, 656 311–313, 323, 327, Mango bud mite, 501, 591 migratory, 146, 147, 545, Lygus spp., 6, 235, 521 334, 337, 343, 373, Mango fruit fly, 358, 361, 607 568, 570, 631, 639, 656 oblineatus, 552, 607 374, 376, 377, 392, Mango giant mealybug, 515, red, 31, 146, 148, 656 rugulipennis, 615, 656 402, 412–414, 416, 563, 577, 590, spur-throated, 147, 551 viridanus, 513 418, 419, 424, 426, 604, 607 Index 693

Mango hoppers, 590, 612, 628 striped, 203, 516, 520, 524, melolontha, 654 gall, 41, 68, 71–75, Mango leaf weevil, 590, 591 527, 528, 531, 532, verex, 625 351–354, 356, 512, 529, Mango red spider mite, 500, 534, 536, 540, 543, Melolonthinae, 267, 274, 275, 530, 533, 535, 552, 557, 591 548, 552, 556, 558, 277, 657 584, 591, 594, 609, 621, Mango scale, 228, 531 561, 566, 570, 572, Melon fly, 11, 358, 363, 541, 629, 654 Mango seed weevil, 326, 344, 575, 576, 578, 579, 556, 567, 573, 591, grass, 353, 568 590 599, 604, 609, 614, 605, 638 Migration, 7, 18, 19, 23, 59, Mango shoot borer, 583, 591 615, 625, 626, 636, Menazon, 99, 111, 185, 187, 145, 173, 214, 215, Mango shoot psyllid, 590 639, 645, 647 189, 191 235, 273, 421, 473, Mango soft scale, 531, sugarcane, 197, 209, 517, Merchant grain beetle, 284, 479 590, 596 621, 631, 635, 636 596, 658 Milo. See Sorghum Mango stone weevil, 344 Mealybugs, 6, 9, 26, 56, 69, Mercurous chloride, 113 Millets, 44, 127, 129, 144, Mango twig borers, 344, 541, 71, 72, 77, 86, 88, Merista spp., 514 165, 172, 180, 181, 590 101, 163, 197, 198, Mertilanidea fasciata, 650 191, 247, 285, 353, Mango webworm, 591 202–209, 482, 490, Mesapamea secalis, 654 374, 376, 410, 412, Mango weevil, 75, 76, 344, 513, 516, 527, 533, Mesohomotoma tessmanni, 413, 416, 424, 428, 591 558, 559, 563, 570, 654 467, 470, 471, 476, Mango white scale, 590 576, 577, 597, 610, Messor barbarus, 491, 568 511, 593, 631 Manihot esculenta, 532–533 633, 641 Metamasius Mimastra cyanura, 512, 515 Manila hemp, 191, 245, 426, Mecarbam, 111 hemipterus, 519, 637 Mimegralla 511, 592 Mecocorynus loripes, ritchei, 611 coerubifrons, 565 Manioc. See Cassava 336, 531 hyrtaca, 628 Mimela pusilla, 651 Marasmia trapezalis, 424, 593, Mecopoda elongate, 556 , 72, 74, 380, Minimum cultivation, 25 622, 632, 636, 653 Medfly, 15, 34, 57, 357–359, 406, 531, 540, 572, Mirax insularis, 90 Margarodes spp., 610 539, 543, 549, 563, 576, 577, 583, 585, Mirex, 99, 488 Margarodidae, 163, 196, 197, 572, 591, 604, 605 591, 595, 614, Miridae, 27, 48, 68, 71, 72, 75, 199, 200, 513, 515, Mediterranean climbing 623, 628 76, 87, 230–235, 513, 516, 523, 527, 539, cutworm, 475 Metham-sodium, 310 516, 521, 523, 524, 540, 546, 563, 572, Mediterranean fruit fly, 16, 29, Methoprene, 114 528, 530–532, 534, 576, 577, 579, 590, 50, 357, 601, 607 Methidathion, 111, 112 537, 540, 543, 548, 595, 604, 607, 610, Megachile spp., 19, 67, 610 Methiocarb, 113 551, 552, 554, 561, 614, 628, 633, 641, 651 anthracina, 585 Methods of pest control, 29, 572, 579, 580, 593, Margaronia Megalognatha rufiventris, 33–58 606, 607, 609, 613, caesalis, 527 312, 587 Methods of pesticide applica- 615, 627, 629, 631, Maruca testulalis, 21, 425, 520, Megatrioza vitiensis, 623 tion, 93–102 639, 643–645, 647, 534, 554, 571, 606, 622, Megymenum brevicorne, 605 Methomyl, 111, 112, 285, 479 650, 655, 656 629, 633, 645 Melanagromyza Methyl bromide, 113, 121, Miscellaneous pesticides, 112, Mayetiola spp., 353, 568, 654 coffeae 135, 280, 284, 292, 113 avenae, 654 obtusa, 367, 536, 610, 626 305, 332, 343, 402 Miscible liquids, 94 destructor, 26, 47, 653 sojae, 367, 633 Metisa plana, 598 Mist blower, 104, 231 Mealybug Melanaphis sacchari, 631, Metopolophium spp., 568 Mites, 2, 14, 17, 21, 22, 25, citrus, 197, 205, 208, 539, 636, 653 Metriochroa latifoliella, 601 38, 45, 53, 55, 59, 60, 605, 618, 628 Melanaspis inopinatus, 612 Metriona circumdata, 639 66–68, 71–73, 75, 76, grey sugarcane, 197, 636 Melanitis leda, 622 Mevinphos, 111, 112, 187, 79–81, 86, 87, 89, hibiscus, 72, 73, 204, 560, Melanocallis caryaefoliae, 392, 394, 438 198, 291, 292, 353, 566, 595, 624 608 Mexican bean beetle, 285, 497–509, 512–514, Kenya, 202, 203, 205, 206, Melanotus tamsuyensis, 637 520, 634 516, 517, 519, 520, 209, 548, 605, 636, Meligethes aeneus, 526 Microbial control, 50, 90 528, 529, 531–533, 639, 655 Melittomma insulare, 282, 546 Microcephalothrips 535, 539, 540, 548, long-tailed, 207, 539, 543, Meloidae, 48, 69, 72, 73, 87, abdominalis, 626 550, 551, 553, 556, 546, 549, 563, 590, 147, 268, 293–295, Microcerotermes spp., 557, 559, 562, 564, 597, 636 520, 528, 552, 554, 545, 643 567, 571, 573, 578, pineapple, 197, 202, 518, 557, 560, 561, 570, edentatus, 590 583, 591, 598, 602, 523, 546, 549, 570, 571, 588, 594, 599, parvus, 551 604–608, 611–613, 597, 611, 621, 630, 601, 606, 610, 616, Microclona leucosticte, 572 616, 617, 625, 629, 633, 636 632, 633, 634, Microtermes spp., 588 634, 637, 640, 643, root, 77, 205, 524, 532, 539, 640, 648 obesi, 635 644, 646–648, 651, 543, 548, 549, 552, Melolontha spp., 267, 275, Mictis longicornis, 591 654, 657, 658 563, 566, 604, 611, 514, 515, 569, Midge Miticide, 673 615, 625639, 655 616, 657 ‘’, 568 Mitilaspis spp., 530 694 Index

Mogannia hebes, 636 618, 619, 622–625, vulgaris, 554 Nipae, 516, 572 Mole crickets, 138, 142, 532, 627–629, 631, 633, Naled, 364 Niphadolepis alianta, 407, 534, 568, 597, 645, 636, 638, 639, 640, Narcissus flies, 77 535, 548, 644 656 642, 644–649, Nasonovia ribis nigri, 582 Niphonoclea spp., 516, 531, Molluscicide, 133 651–654, 656, 658 Nastonotus reductus, 630 544, 590, 619 Mollusc pests, 59, 78, 99, Mudaria variabilis, 579 Nasturtium officinale, 652 Capito, 541 133–134 Mulberry, 173, 196, 297, 298, Nasutitermes spp., 540, 545 Nisia atrovenosa, 621, 636 Monanthia globulifera, 626 406, 475, 511, 595 Natal fruit fly, 358, 362, 539, Nisotra gemella, 600 Monkeys, 41, 115 Mulberry bug, 583, 595 549, 590, 607 Nitidulidae, 267, 283, 516, Monochamus spp., 541 Mulberry whitefly, 595 Natality, 5 526, 559, 564, 588, Monocrotophos, 111, 147, Mung bean, 520 Natural control, 33, 48, 55, 56, 611, 658 180, 234, 249, 366, Mung moth, 425, 520, 571, 606, 81–82, 86–88, 110, Noctua pronuba, 582, 602, 367, 418, 459, 461 622, 629, 633, 645 147, 173, 179, 186, 615, 656 Monoculture, 4, 22, 24, 25, Musa sapientum, 518–519 187, 192, 197, 198, Noctuidae, 9, 10, 42, 44, 59, 42, 81 Musa textiles, 592 224, 227, 267, 276, 67–69, 72–79, 83, 88, Monolepta spp., 313, 567, Muscidae, 14, 19, 20, 49, 59, 387, 465, 482, 494, 499 108, 382, 455–480, 588, 622 72–74, 77, 79, 351, Natural organic pesticides, 514, 517, 518, 520, australis, 516, 586 373–375, 378, 533, 112, 113 521, 525, 526, 528, bifasciata, 557, 587, 591, 600 568, 587, 593, 594, Necrobia rufipes, 658 532–534, 536, 539, elegantula, 521 611, 621, 622, 631, Necrosis, 12, 27, 75, 164, 225, 541, 544, 549, 551, erythrocephala, 651 654 230, 240, 249 552, 554, 556, 560, nigroapicata, 634 Mussel scale, 227, 539, 563, Nematicide, 112 561, 564–568, signata, 313, 529, 642 630 Nematocerus spp., 328, 337, 570–572, 575, 577–583, Mononychellus tanajoa, Mylabris spp., 73, 82, 88, 150, 521, 587, 594, 653 587, 588, 591, 532, 533 293, 295, 520, 552, Nematoda, 78, 88, 135–137 593–595, 597, 599, Monophagous, 12, 42, 43, 557, 571, 588, 594, Nematospora, 237, 238, 246 602–604, 606, 610, 167, 460 599, 632, 634, 640 Neodrepta luteotacrella, 586 614–616, 620–627, Monosteira lobuliferia, 512 oleae, 601 Nephantis serinopa, 546, 559 629, 631–633, 635, Moon moth, 514, 651 phalerata, 554 Nephelium lappaceum, 619 636, 638, 639, 641, Morganella longispina, 604 pustulata, 554, 560, 610 Nephopteryx eugraphella, 628 642, 644–648, 651, Mortality, 5–7, 14, 31, 47, 81, Myllocerus spp., 326, 334, Nephotettix spp., 173, 176, 653, 654, 656, 657 86, 90, 108, 251, 284, 512, 514, 515, 531, 588, 621 Nocturnal, 10, 39, 51, 59, 290, 375, 464, 479 553, 562, 567, 573, cinctinceps, 176 123, 134, 141, 267, spp., 502, 595 577, 583, 585, 591, impicticeps, 176 275–278, 309, 329, Mosaics. See Virus diseases 594, 600, 610, nigropictus, 620 380, 382, 400, 428, Moths, 8–11, 14, 16, 19, 22, 614, 657 virescens, 620 434, 444, 448–450, 25–27, 30, 31, 35, undecimpustulatus, 628 Nephrotoma spp., 654, 657 454, 456, 464, 467, 39, 41, 44, 46, 47, viridianus, 651 maculata, 616 476, 477 50, 51, 53, 57, 60, Myristica fragrans, 596 Nettlegrub, blue-striped, 408, Nodostoma spp., 519, 567 61, 63, 65–68, 71–81, Mythimna spp., 468, 528, 636, 518, 535, 548, 563, Nomadacris septemfasciata, 84, 89, 90, 162, 169, 639, 646, 654, 656 571, 591, 599, 614, 644 31, 146, 148, 656 170, 182, 183, 284, loreyi, 466, 536, 588, 620 Nettlegrubs, 546, 595, Non-ionic surfactant, 101 291, 292, 380–394, separata, 83, 84, 467, 525, 598, 640 Notobitus meleagris, 240, 517 396–402, 404–409, 528, 536, 561, 587, Neurotoma inconspicua, 613 Nozzles 411–414, 416–418, 593, 606, 620, 631, 648 Nezara viridula, 249, 521, Cone, 105 420–422, 424–430, unipuncta, 468, 473, 525, 532, 534, 540, Fan, 105 432, 433, 445–453, 587, 620 543, 551, 560, 561, Numicia viridis, 636 456–458, 460–462, Myzus 570, 583, 588, 593, Nutmeg, 324, 511 464–467, 469–472, ascalonicus, 582, 602, 645 599, 605, 615, 620, Nutmeg weevil, 324, 596 474, 476–479, 481, persicae, 13, 21, 43, 47, 53, 626, 629, 633, 638, Nymph, 140, 164, 168, 512–516, 518, 520, 83, 86, 186, 189, 512, 639, 645, 647, 656 174, 211, 222–226, 521, 525, 528, 530, 515, 521, 525, 528, Nicotiana tabacum, 645 231–235, 237, 244, 531, 533–535, 537–544, 540, 556, 561, 582, Nicotine, 56, 111–113, 194, 246, 260, 261, 497, 546, 548, 549, 551, 602, 604, 607, 615, 257, 367 502, 503, 508, 509 552, 554, 556, 617, 629, 642, 645, Nigra Scale, 216, 532, 542, Nymphalidae, 381, 484, 517, 558–564, 566–568, 647, 652 549, 566, 579, 580, 523, 546, 605, 622, 571, 572, 574–579, 596, 604 639, 650 582, 583, 585–588, NAAS. See ADAS Nilaparvata lugens, 19, 24, 43, Nymphula depunctalis, 69, 591–595, 597–599, Nacoleia 46, 48, 53, 178, 620 427, 620 601–607, 609–616, octasema, 426, 518, 588, 592 Nipaecoccus spp., 577, 641 Nysius spp., 617, 638 Index 695

Oats. See Wheat Oulema, 46, 67, 268, 308, 530, 198, 229, 283, 288, 556, 560, 561, 570, Oberea brevis, 555, 634 555, 562, 569, 593, 298, 312, 357, 358, 575, 579, 583, 584, Obtect pupa, 674 621, 646, 654 361–364, 386, 387, 588, 593, 595, 599, Ochyromera artocarpi, 576 390, 396, 398, 450, 605, 610, 615, 619, Ochyrotica spp., 640 Papaya, 118, 125, 128, 222, 485, 495, 500, 504, 620, 622, 626, 629, Ocinara variana, 564 272, 358, 364, 450, 511–513, 515, 521, 631, 633, 638, 639, Odinodiplosis amygdali, 512 469, 495, 511, 604 525, 528, 532, 540, 644, 645, 647, Odoiporus longicollis, 72, 74, Paratrachys spp., 600 556, 558, 561, 563, 653, 656 326, 338, 518 Pardalaspis 572, 573, 582, 586, Pepper, 26, 232, 358, 511, Odontophus nigricornis, 579 punctata, 543 591, 602, 604, 607, 523, 524, 528, 529, Odontotermes spp., 159, 545, quinaria, 358, 541, 607 615, 617, 618, 629, 609 570, 635, 643, 656 Paremydica inseperata, 580 642, 645, 647, 652 Pepper bark weevil, 609 badius, 159, 160, 568 Parlatoria spp., 585 Peach aphid, 189, 512, 515, Pepper bug, 609 formosanus, 583 blanchardii, 559 540, 561, 604, 607, Pepper flea beetle, 609 obesus, 524, 552, 559, 566, crypta, 590 617, 618, 629, 642, Pepper scale, 609 635 oleae, 513, 601, 614, 618 645, 647, 652 Pepper top shoot Oebalus pergandii, 540 Peach-potato aphid, 31, 521, borer, 609 poecilus, 250, 622 Parnara guttata, 622 525, 528, 556, 582, Pepper weevil, 609 pugnax, 250, 620 Parthenogenesis, 186, 189, 602, 607, 615 Pepper whitefly, 609 Oecophylla spp., 482, 492, 193, 207, 209, 217, Peach fruit fly, 358, 363, 558, Peppers. See Capsicums 541 225 563, 573, 591, 607 Peregrinus maidis, 588, longinoda, 87, 241, 492 Parthenolecanium Peach scale, 198, 513, 532, 593, 631 smaragdina, 87, 251, 492, corni, 515, 566, 607, 613, 572, 607, 618 Pergandeida robiniae, 604 542, 546, 559, 576, 651 Pealius nuda, 481, 564, 576 583, 591 persicae, 513, 572, 607, 618 mori, 595 Periplaneta americana, 658 Oenospila flavifusata, 623 Passiflora edulis, 605 schimae, 576 Perissopneumon tamarinda, Oides decempunctata, 567 Passion fruit, 206, 238, 239, Pecan, 386, 387, 394, 500, 595 Oiketicus elongatus, 516 364, 506, 511, 605 511, 608 Perkinsiella saccharicida, Oil palm, 6, 20, 25, 55, 86, Patanga succincta, 43, 82, 85, Pecan bud borer, 608 179, 635 116–118, 120, 122, 150, 518, 587, 593, Pecan cigar casebearer, Permethrin, 109, 111, 114, 132, 147, 152, 156, 621, 631, 656 387, 608 170, 187, 289, 367, 184, 226, 228, 239, Pathogens, 3, 13, 21, 27, 33, Pecan leaf casebearer, 387, 394, 401, 425, 485 270, 271, 282, 320, 34, 42–45, 48, 50, 53, 608 Persea americana, 516 339–341, 380, 384, 81–85, 89, 135, 309 Pecan leaf phylloxera, 608 Persistence, 2, 29, 55, 100, 410, 443, 511, 546, Pauropsylla depressa, Pecan leafroll mite, 608 101, 108, 109, 597, 598 538, 563 Pecan nut casebearer, 387, 608 112, 153 Oil palm bagworms, 55, 69, 383 Pawpaw. See Papaya Pecan spittlebug, 608 Pest Oil palm bunch moth, 597 Pea Pectinophora gossypiella, assessment, 29 Oils chick, 305, 511, 536 39, 41, 400, 551, 560, attack, 28–31, 33, 40, 41, petroleum, 94, 101, 114, green, 87, 367, 606 578, 599 44–48, 59, 62, 198, 219, 223, 224, pigeon, 206, 238, 422, Pellet, 52, 67–69, 98, 99, 282, 178, 447 499, 505 511, 610 317, 367, 388, attack forecasting, 29–31, tar, 114, 187, 198, 219, 224, Pea aphid, 65, 606 419, 488 33, 147 331, 348, 499 Pea blue butterfly, 436, 521, Pelopidas mathias, 622 complex, 21, 22, 33, 55, 63, white, 205, 214, 215, 217, 536, 554, 606, 627 Pemphigidae, 71, 72, 77, 162, 66, 84, 85, 107, 112, 219, 220, 223–227, Pea leaf miner, 367, 369, 521, 186, 194, 195, 513, 135, 211, 216, 313, 502 526, 557, 574, 517, 582, 618, 635, 394, 396, 485 Okra, 236, 237, 462, 465, 478, 603, 606 636 damage, 26–28, 41, 43, 44, 511, 599–600 Pea midge, 62, 73, 353, 606 Pemphigus bursarius, 43, 59–80, 207 Olea europaea, 601 Pea moth, 31, 39, 50, 65, 75, 71, 582 density, 5, 31, 82, 355 Oleander scale, 197, 228, 513, 393, 394, 606, 633 Penetrants, 100, 101, load, 22 590, 601 Pea pod beetle, 606 387, 674 management, 3, 4, 11, 33, Olene mendosa, 586 Pea pod borer, 27, 75, 76, 422, Pentalonia nigronervosa, 190, 40, 45, 47, 50–52, Olenecamptus spp., 564, 591 554, 570, 575, 581, 518, 530, 547, 565, 54–58, 102, 108, Olethreutes discana, 584 606, 610, 627, 592, 642 120, 418 Oligonychus 633, 641 , 48, 71, 73, 75, populations, 4–9, 18, 21–23, coffeae, 500, 503, 535, Pea semi-looper, 606 76, 87, 230, 246–252, 25, 29–31, 39, 41, 43, 548, 643 Pea thrips, 529, 606 521, 524, 525, 532, 44, 46–48, 50, 51, 53, indicus, 500, 632 Peach, 6, 19, 21, 31, 42, 43, 534, 539, 540, 543, 56, 59, 60, 62, 81, 82, mangiferus, 500, 591 50, 57, 60, 189, 197, 546, 548, 551, 552, 90, 100, 108, 110, 147, 696 Index

176, 198, 224, 318, Phenice moesta, 636 Phytomyza spp., 368, 526 Pirimiphos-methyl, 111, 113, 320, 323, 348, 367, Phenthoate, 232, 237, 401 horticola, 367, 369, 521, 257, 289, 290, 379, 379, 405, 417, 468, Pheromones 526, 557, 574, 603, 425, 485, 499 470, 474, 483, 498 aggregation, 9–11, 51, 289, 606 Pistachio, 511, 612 spectrum, 21–24, 80, 418, 290, 347, 348 rufipes, 367, 526 Pistachio brown scale, 612 520, 554, 653 sex, 9–12, 50, 51, 348, 359, Phytophagous, 3, 8, 10, 12–14, Pistachio moth, 612 status, 21, 23–27, 115–118, 383, 394, 420, 22, 45, 52, 55, 75, Pistachio scale, 612 122–124, 128, 129, 448, 479 87, 255, 257, 267, Pistacia vera, 612 135, 139–145, Philicoptus waltoni, 519 280, 285, 351, 353, Pisum sativum, 367, 606 147–152, 154–157, Phlaeothripidae, 67, 68, 70–72, 367, 378, 379, 484, Plasius javanus, 331 159–161, 164–166, 255, 257, 266, 548, 498–499 Plagiodera inclusa, 521, 634 168–172, 174–185, 563, 575, 585, 609 Phytosanitation, 26, 33, 34, Planidium larva, 674 188–196, 199–223, Phloeosomus cribratus, 596 198, 224, 288 Planococcoides njalensis, 543, 225–229, 231–254, Phoenicoccus marlatti, 559 Phytoseilus riegeli, 498, 579, 580 256, 258–266, Phoenix dactyliferae, 559 499, 505 Planococcus spp., 204, 558, 269–274, 277–290, Phorate, 98, 111, 112, 153, Phytotoxicity, 97, 101, 109, 563, 566, 642 293–315, 317–325, 154, 164, 173, 187, 110, 323, 348, 499 citri, 197, 205, 524, 532, 327–346, 349, 350, 189, 249, 257, 259, Pieridae, 381, 438, 439, 525 539, 543, 548, 552, 352, 355–357, 311, 318, 356, 366, Pieris spp., 27, 381, 438 563, 604, 605, 611, 360–366, 369–374, 367, 375, 459 brassicae, 84, 438, 439, 525 615, 618, 625, 628, 376, 377, 383–385, Phosalone, 111, 354, canidia, 438, 525 645, 655 388, 389, 391, 392, 394, 433 rapae, 438, 439, 525 kenyae, 90, 206, 548, 605, 396–449, 451–455, Phosmet, 164 Piezosternum calidum, 556 636, 639, 655 457, 458, 460, 462, Phorodon humuli, 613 Pigeon pea, 206, 238, 422, lilacinus, 572, 614, 619, 464–472, 474–480, Phosphamidon, 111, 112, 149, 511, 610 628, 641 483, 486, 487, 180, 189, 190, 245, Pimelephila ghesquierei, 597 Plant odours, 10, 12 489–495, 502–509 249, 261, 308, 310, Pineapple, 42, 197, 202, 265, Plant resistance, 13, 33, Pest control. See Control 318, 356, 387, 388, 272, 326, 364, 487, 44–48, 62 Pesticide application, 28, 52, 392, 394, 403, 417, 489, 499, 511, 518, Platynota rostrana, 518 80–82, 93–105, 109, 459, 505 523, 546, 549, 570, Platypleura kaempferi, 585 110, 173, 224, 416 Phosphorus gabonator, 580 597, 611, 621, 630, Platypria andrewesi, 577 Pesticide resistance, 24, Phoxim, 111 633, 636, 642 Platypus bicornis, 516 52–55, 81, 90, 108–110, Phthorimaea operculella, 78, Pineapple caterpillar, 611 Plesiocoris rugicollis, 513 113, 120, 121, 138, 83, 401, 561, 615, Pineapple mealybug, 197, 202, Plesioneura alysos, 530 149, 153, 167, 173, 646, 647 518, 523, 546, 549, Plesispa reichei, 319, 178, 187, 234, 276, Phyllobius spp., 326, 514, 569 570, 597, 611, 621, 546, 598 294, 311, 377, 379, Phyllocnistidae, 59, 380, 387, 630, 633, 636 Plocoederus spp., 531 391, 459, 464, 479, 388, 538, 540 Pineapple mite, 611 ferrugineus, 531 485, 498, 499 Phyllocnistis Pineapple thrips, 611 fulvicornis, 591 Pesticides, 2–4, 20–24, 28, chrysophthalina, 538 Pink bollworm, 10, 11, 39, 41, obesus, 579 43–45, 50, 52–55, 57, citrella, 387, 388, 540 47, 50–52, 400, 461, Plodia interpunctella, 80–82, 85, 93–114, Phycodes spp., 564 551, 560, 578, 599 429, 658 120, 138, 150, 157, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, 501, Pink stalk borer, 470, 587, Plum, 19, 22, 34, 42, 44, 159, 173, 178, 187, 509, 540 593, 620, 631, 635 71–73, 173, 186, 229, 189, 190, 194, 198, Phyllopertha horticola, 616 Pink sugarcane mealybug, 209 257, 283, 312, 326, 208, 216, 223, 224, Phyllophaga spp., 275, 533, 657 Pink waxy scale, 197, 210, 349, 357, 387, 393, 232, 247, 290–292, consanguinea, 628 539, 549, 563, 576, 394, 484, 485, 495, 318, 360, 410, 414, castaneae, 590, 643 500, 511, 512, 514, 416, 483, 498, 499, 505 636 Pinnaspis spp., 523, 540, 609, 515, 566, 568, 583, Petroleum oils, 94, 101, 114, Phyllotreta spp., 315, 316, 641 596, 607, 613, 617, 223, 499, 505 525, 552 aspidistrae, 540 618, 621, 651 Phaedon spp., 526 cheiranthei, 315 buxi, 546, 597 Plum aphids, 22, 512, 515, 568, aeruginosus, 652 cruciferae, 315 minor, 647 607, 613, 617, 621 Phalera bucephala, 651 nemorum, 315, 316 strachani, 560 Plum gouger, 613 spp., 238, 285, 425, sinuate, 555 temporaria, 627 Plum leafhopper, 613 451, 520–522 striolata, 315, 316 Piper betle, 524 Plum mite, 500, 613 Pheidole punctulata, 241 vittula, 316, 654 Piper nigrum, 609 Plum sawflies, 485, 613 Phenacaspis cockerelli, 228 Phylloxera notabilis, 608 Piperonyl butoxide, 102 Plum scale, 515, 566, 607, Phenacoccus Phymateus aegrotus, 588, Piprotal, 102 613, 651 gossypii, 532 639, 647 Pirimicarb, 111, 187, 368 Plum tortrix, 393, 613 iceryoides, 628 Phytobia cepae, 602 Pirimiphos-ethyl, 111, 377 Plum weevil, 515, 613, 618 Index 697

Plusia spp., 27, 479, 521, 528, Poppy root weevil, 603 377, 397, 400, 411, 430, Pseudococcus spp., 84, 516, 556, 645, 648, 657 Population dynamics, 6–8, 458, 462, 472 527, 548, 559, 570, eriosoma, 627 30, 56 Prepupa, 272, 273, 342 576, 597, 633 orichalcea, 526, 536, 561, Population fluctuations, 6, 7, Prevention, 34, 187 adonidum, 539, 543, 546, 582, 606, 626, 633 23, 379, 456, 473 Prionoryctes 549, 563, 590, signata, 606 Population growth, caniculus, 273, 519, 549, 597, 636 Plusiinae, 478, 479 8, 23, 193 655 citriculus, 83, 208, 539 Plutella xylostella, 68, 391, Population oscillations, 5 rufopiceus, 655 comstocki, 518, 525, 652 Portable sprayers, 103 Prodagricomela nigricollis, 583, 595 Pneumatic hand sprayers, 102 Porthesia scintillans, 560, 605, 316, 317, 541 hispidus, 543 Poecillocarda mitrata, 518 619, 624, 633 Prodioctes haematicus, maritimus, 540, 566, 581, Poecilocerus pictus, 604 Porthmologa parclina, 577 530 607, 615, 618, 643, Podagrica spp., 552, 560, Potato Proleg, 380–382, 446, 478, 651 574 Irish, 615 479, 482–484 Pseudophilus testaceus, 559 bowringi, 600 sweet, 27, 41, 72, 74, 77, Promecotheca spp., 546 Pseudoregma bambusicola, Poison bait, 52, 99, 120, 121, 78, 117, 144, 170, 201, cummingii, 523 195, 517 147, 488, 495 203, 206, 231, 232, smaragdina, 75, Pseudotheraptus wayi, 76, Polistes spp., 10, 84, 87, 482, 239, 259, 268, 307, 76, 430, 548 241, 531, 543, 545, 494, 495, 604 322, 323, 325, 332, Propoxur, 111, 113, 234 572, 590 olivaceous, 494, 567 334, 387, 389, 390, Proprietory name, 674 , Pollen beetles, 72, 73, 293, 409, 434, 450, 451, Propyl isome, 102 572–573 520, 552 453, 476, 479, 487, Prostephanus truncatus, Psila rosae, 77, 78 Pollination, 19–20, 36, 563, 489, 511, 570, 639, 289, 658 Psychidae, 67, 69, 74, 380, 605, 642 640, 642, 648 Protaetia spp., 267, 275, 569, 383, 384, 516, 530, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Potato aphid, 31, 47, 521, 525, 591, 604, 657 544, 546, 579, 584, 499, 507, 516, 522, 528, 556, 561, 582, fusca, 636 591, 597, 598, 614, 528, 535, 541, 550, 602, 605, 607, 615, Protective clothing, 111, 112, 619, 644 551, 562, 578, 591, 645, 647 136, 495 Psylla mali, 513 604, 616, 625, 629, Potato capsid, 521, 615 Protonymph, 503, 505, Psyllidae, 68, 70, 71, 73, 88, 643, 646, 648 Potato leafhoppers, 173, 615 506 162, 166–168, 513, Polyphagous, 12, 14, 16, 79, Potato tuber moth, 27, 77–79, Protostrophus spp., 589 538–540, 543, 552, 81, 84, 88, 135, 137, 401, 561, 615, 646, 647 Prunus 563, 590, 601, 612, 141, 145–147, 151, Potentiation, 102 amygdalus, 512 623, 651 152, 155, 157, 159, Power-operated armeniaca, 515 Psylliodes spp., 529, 562, 167, 169, 171, 173, sprayers, 103 domestica, 613 646, 648 185, 186, 188, 189, Prays persicae, 607 affinis, 616 192, 196–205, 207, citri, 10, 540 Psallus seriatus, 552 chrysocephala, 316, 526 208, 211, 216, 218, endocarpa, 540 Pseudacanthotermes militaris, Ptecticus elongates, 604 229, 232, 239, 249, oleae, 10, 601 161, 625, 635 Pterochloroides persicae, 512, 253, 257, 259, 260, Pre-access interval, 674 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, 607 262, 263, 265, 273, Predators, 6, 10, 25, 29, 30, 516, 531, 540, 543, Pteroma plagiophleps, 619 275–277, 280, 288, 42, 48, 55, 56, 81–87, 546, 549, 590, 605 Pterostigma, 674 316, 326, 332, 348, 90, 91, 98, 99, 110, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pteryphoridae, 72, 74 349, 367, 369, 383, 112, 120, 126, 147, 198, 512, 513, 532, Ptinidae, 267, 658 393, 394, 405, 406, 150, 173, 179, 186, 595, 607 Ptinus spp., 658 450, 455, 457, 464–466, 187, 189, 192, 195, Pseudococcidae, 69, 163, 197, grossus, 534, 655 471, 474–476, 480, 197, 198, 219, 223, 202–209, 516–518, Pulastya discolorata, 481, 485, 487, 224, 230, 244, 266–268, 520, 523, 524, 527, 183, 543 497–500, 505–507, 276, 277, 294, 410, 528, 531, 532, 534, Pulvinaria spp., 84, 516, 527, 568, 656–658 436, 446, 456, 479, 536, 539, 540, 543, 548, 559, 570, 576, Polyphylla fullo, 512 482, 493–495, 498, 546, 548, 549, 552, 597, 633 Pomegranate, 35, 300, 408, 499, 505 556, 558–561, 563, maxima, 625 511, 614 Predisposition, 40, 59 566, 568, 570, 572, psidii, 211, 527 Pomegranate borer, 614 Preference, 14, 39, 43, 46, 79, 575–581, 583, 590, Pumice, 98 Pomegranate butterfly, 614 116, 120, 122, 146, 595, 597, 599, 604, Pump sprayers Pomegranate scale, 614 148, 151, 186, 189, 605, 607, 609, 611, force, 103 Popillia spp., 72, 73, 267, 276, 225, 281, 290, 311, 614, 615, 618, 619, stirrup, 103 278, 514 656, 658 621, 624–626, 628, Pump systems, 103 chlorion, 537 Pre-harvest interval, 2 630, 631, 633, 635, Punica granatum, 614 japonica, 10, 90, 278, Pre-oviposition period, 231, 636, 639, 641–643, Pupa, 5, 14, 26, 30, 31, 42, 44, 634, 657 232, 237, 241, 249, 284, 645, 647, 651, 655 57, 61, 69, 75, 77, 698 Index

85–88, 90, 162, 169, 170, Pyrrhocoridae, 230, 237, 525, 583, 585, 590, 597, Rhopalosiphoninus 224, 257, 258, 262, 551, 560, 561, 579, 605, 608, 609, 611, latysiphon, 615 270–272, 276–278, 599, 631 612, 627, 630, 641, Rhopalosiphum spp., 568, 593 282, 285, 287, 296, Pyrus malus, 513 643, 647 insertum, 66, 187, 513, 653 302, 304, 307, 310, Red spider mites, 55, 68, 81, maidis, 191, 587, 621, 631, 317, 318, 329, 330, Quadraspidiotus 86, 497, 498, 519, 520, 636, 653 332, 336, 353, 355, destructor, 561 535, 556, 562, 571, rufiabdominalis, 186, 621, 652 356, 363, 366, 368, ostraeformis, 229, 513 598, 606, 608, 616, sacchari, 631 371, 374, 379–381, perniciosus, 34, 229, 513, 634, 648 Rhynchites 388, 391, 400, 402, 515, 607, 651, 655 Red-spotted longhorn, 300, coeruleus, 514 409, 411, 413, 416, Quarantine, 29, 33, 34, 280, 591, 595, 625, 651 cribripennis, 601 417, 423, 431–435, 332, 359, 364 Red tea mite, 503 Rhynchocoris spp., 251, 539 437, 439, 440, 442, Queensland fruit fly, 358, 363 Redistribution, 100, 674 humeralis, 87 444, 446, 449, 450, Queensland nut, 586 Remigia repanda, 568, 588, longirostris, 251 452, 454–459, 462, Quince, 326, 396, 511, 618 594, 622, 636 Rhynchophorus 464, 465, 467, 471, Quinine. See Cinchona Repellant, 52, 107, 488, 579 ferrugineus, 339, 545, 472, 475, 477, 478, Quinomethionate, 111, 499, 505 Residual poison, 81 559, 597 483, 487, 494, 507 Residue palmarum, 340, 545, 597 Puparium, 357, 362, 363, 369, Ragmus importunitas, 627 spray, 97, 100, 101, phoenicis, 341, 545, 372, 373 Ragwelellus horvathi, 530 soil, 109 559, 597 Purohita fuscovenosa, 517 Rain, 25, 36, 41, 97–102, 113, Resistance, 13, 24, 33, 40, schach, 339 Purple scale, 85, 198, 225, 132, 151, 162, 170, 44–48, 52–55, 62, 81, vulneratus, 546 227, 518, 523, 539, 187, 188, 195, 267, 90, 98, 108–110, 113, Rhyparida coriacea, 562 546, 559, 563, 590, 273–275, 371, 431, 120, 121, 138, 149, Rhytidodera simulans, 531 595, 643 472, 524, 528, 531, 153, 167, 173, 178, Ricania spp., 184 Purple stem borer, 471, 588, 539, 547, 570, 620, 187, 234, 276, 294, speculum, 184, 540, 543, 593, 632, 653 624–626, 645, 649, 650 311, 323, 354, 355, 549, 552, 597, 631 Pyralidae, 9, 44, 59, 67–69, Rama. See Roselle 375, 377, 379, 391, Rice, 1, 9, 19, 22, 24, 26, 30, 72–77, 79, 88, 291, Rambutan, 511, 619 413, 418, 432, 459, 31, 39, 41, 43, 45–48, 381, 411–433, 459, Raodiplosis orientalis, 591 464, 479, 485, 498, 52, 53, 56, 67, 69, 72, 512, 516–518, 520, Raoiella indica, 499, 546, 559 499, 620, 626 77, 83–88, 98, 99, 521, 526, 527, Raphidopalpa Resistant varieties, 44, 46–48, 120–122, 127–130, 530–532, 534, 536, foveicollis, 556 81, 135, 172, 174, 178, 133, 137, 145, 146, 537, 540, 546, 548, similis, 557 355, 375, 415, 418, 149, 155, 157, 173, 551, 554, 556, 558, Rattus spp., 86 433, 459, 465 175, 176, 178, 180, 559, 561, 563, 565, Rats, 26, 54 Resmethrin, 257 186, 191, 209, 239, 566, 568, 570, 571, Recilia dorsalis, 175, 620 Resurgence, 6, 23, 52, 53, 55, 242, 243, 248, 250, 573–577, 580, 581, Recurvaria pistaciicola, 612 88, 178, 198, 224, 498 254, 256, 268, 285, 586–588, 591–593, Red-banded thrips, 257, 263, Retithrips syriacus, 534, 558, 308, 318, 321, 326, 595, 597, 599, 601, 516, 531, 532, 543, 566, 608, 612, 614 334, 335, 343, 351, 604, 606–608, 610, 549, 572, 580, 590 Rhabdoscelis obscurus, 353, 356, 367, 371–375, 612–615, 620, 622, Red bollworms, 460 604, 637 408, 413, 414, 416–419, 627–629, 631–633, Red coffee borer, 405, 516, Rhagoletis 423–425, 427, 432, 635, 636, 639, 641, 527, 532, 537, 543, completa, 358, 651 433, 444, 445, 459, 644, 645, 647, 649, 549, 552, 563, 579, pomonella, 358, 513 466, 467, 468, 651, 653, 658 585, 599, 614, 644 Rhina 470–477, 487, 489, Pyrethrins, 102, 114, 302, Red coffee mite, 503, 535, afzelii, 546 500, 511, 517, 518, 304, 617 548, 643 barbirostris, 546 520, 521, 525– 528, Pyrethroids, 53, 98, 114, 156, Red cotton mite, 237 Rhinoceros beetles, 267, 275, 534, 536, 544, 551, 244, 254, 290, 366, Red crevice tea mite, 499, 506, 559, 636 554, 556, 561, 420, 462, 464, 485, 540, 550, 559, 573, Rhinotermitidae, 153, 155, 564–566, 568, 571, 494, 617 605, 625, 643 156, 532, 545, 597, 587, 588, 593, 595, Pyrethrum, 114, 170, 233, 265, Red flour beetle, 658 611, 625, 635 597, 599, 602, 603, 483, 511, 617, 629 Red gram, 610 Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, 606, 620–622, 625, Pyrethrum thrips, 617 Red locus, 31, 146–148, 656 523, 558, 566 627, 629, 631–633, Pyrilla perpusilla, 165, 181, Red scale, 34, 57, 163, 197, Rhizopertha dominica, 290, 635, 636, 638, 639, 588, 593, 635, 653 198, 220, 224, 225, 291, 658 642, 646, 648, 649, Pyroderces falcetalla, 558 518, 523, 527, 530, Rhizotrogus rufus, 537 652, 654, 658 Pyrops candelaria, 182, 534, 539, 546, 549, Rhodoneura spp., 628 Rice armyworms, 636, 583, 584 560, 572, 576, 577, Rhopaea magmicornis, 571 639, 646 Index 699

Rice borers, 620 r-pests, 8 591, 609, 613, 644, Scoliophthalmus spp., 632 Rice bugs, 242, 621, 631 Rubber, 22–26, 33, 37, 52, 54, 651 Scolypopa australis, 605 Rice caseworm, 69, 427, 104, 112, 152, 153, Saula ferruginea, 650 Scolytidae, 9, 10, 74–76, 268, 620, 622 156, 216, 217, 222, Sawflies, 57, 67, 72, 86, 346–350, 512, 514, Rice cutworm, 473, 476, 518, 241, 299, 300, 350, 482–486, 517, 525, 516, 523, 527, 535, 521, 526, 528, 534, 476, 506, 511, 625 654, 674 537, 542, 544, 546, 536, 544, 551, 556, Ruguloscolytus spp., 512 Saw-toothed Grain Beetle, 548, 550, 558, 559, 561, 564–566, 588, amygdali, 512, 618 284, 658 564, 567, 573, 596, 593, 595, 597, 599, Run-off, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, Scale Insects 598, 606, 612, 613, 602, 603, 606, 621, 104, 440, 442, 456, Armoured, 163, 197, 224, 618, 643, 644, 651 625, 627, 629, 632, 509, 674 518, 523, 530, 534, Scolytus 633, 636, 638, 639, Rupela albinella, 622 560, 576, 577, 583, juglandis, 651 642, 646, 648 Rustic moth 585, 608, 609, 612, mali, 613 Rice ear-cutting caterpillar, common, 654 627, 641, 643, 647 rugulosus, 514 525, 528, 536, 561, flounced, 654 Soft, 197, 515, 540, 542, Scotinophara coarctata, 593, 606, 620, 631, 648 Rutaceae, 166, 168, 192, 193, 549, 558, 566, 575, 254, 620 Rice grasshoppers, 146, 149, 208, 251, 279, 296, 577, 590, 596, Screw worm, 50, 57, 359 588, 621, 639 317, 388, 435, 440, 610, 630 Scrobipalpa heliopa, 561, Rice hispid, 321, 621 441, 442, 539, 541 Scapanes spp., 546 644, 646 Rice leaf beetle, 308 Rutelinae, 657 australis, 545 Scyphophorus interstitialis, Rice leafhoppers, 176 Scarabaeidae, 27, 43, 59, 69, 74, 342, 630 Rice leaf miner, 367 Sacododes pyralis, 552 72, 73, 75, 77–79, 85, Seed dressings, 28, 55, 94, 98, Rice leaf roller, 31, 417, 444 Saccharicoccus spp., 517 89, 138, 269–275, 277, 153, 187, 268, 277, Rice mealybug, 568, 621, 636 sacchari, 209 278, 512, 514–516, 326, 335, 336, 367, Rice planthoppers, 621 Saccharosydne spp., 636 519, 522, 523, 525, 373, 375–377, Rice root weevil, 622 , 526, 529, 531, 533, 379, 674 Rice seed bugs, 242, 243, 250 635, 637 537, 539, 541, Seedling pests, 93, 316, 656 Rice seedling fly, 373 Saddle gall midge, 353, 654 544–547, 549, 550, Selanaspidus spp., 643 Rice shoot fly, 587, 621, 654 Safe use of pesticides, 552–554, 557, 559, articulatus, 540, 549 Rice shield bug, 620 110–111 562, 564, 567, 569– Selenothrips rubrocinctus, Rice , 67, 444, 517, , 511, 626 571, 573, 577, 579, 257, 263, 516, 531, 620, 622, 636 Safflower aphid, 626 584, 585, 587, 589, 532, 543, 549, 572, Rice stalk borers, 45 Safflower semi-looper, 626 591, 594, 597–600, 580, 590 Rice stem fly, 373 Sagra nigrita, 575 604, 606, 611, 614, Semi-loopers, 521, 528, 552, Rice stem gall midge, 353, 356 Sahlbergella singularis, 234, 616, 619, 622, 623, 556, 626, 645, Rice stink bug, 248, 250, 543, 580 625, 628, 630, 631, 648, 657 620, 622 Saissetia 634–636, 638, 640, Sepedon, 83 Rice thrips, 256, 257, 620 coffeae, 217, 528, 532, 540, 642, 644, 646, 648, Sepiomus spp., 533, 637 Rice water weevil, 26, 326, 542, 548, 552, 558, 651, 653–655, 657 Serica spp., 275, 514, 335, 621 572, 583, 585, 590, Scarabaeiform larva, 673, 674 515, 657 Rice weevil, 587, 621, 599, 609, 643, 645 Scavenger, 79, 658 brunnea, 275, 654 632, 658 eugeniae, 542, Scelodonta strigicollis, 567 nilgiriensis, 537 Rice whorl maggot, 372, 621 nigra, 216, 532, 542, 549, Schistocerca gregaria, 146, Serrodes spp., 469 Ricinus communis, 534, 535 579, 596, 604, 151, 656 Sesame, 75, 76, 102, 235, 285, Riptortus spp., 554, 610 oleae, 83, 218, 539, 549, Schizaphis graminum, 568, 314, 323, 352, 353, pedestris, 521, 530 563, 566, 568, 601, 588, 593, 631, 653 411, 449, 511, 629 r–K- continuum, 7, 8 628, 641 Schizonycha spp., 277, 541, Sesame gall midge, 352, Rodent pests, 117–124, 667 Salicicola pistaciae, 612 569–571, 587, 631, 353, 629 Rodenticides, 113, 121 Samia cynthia, 535 635, 638, 654, 657 Sesame webworm, 75, 76, Rogueing, 44, 224 San José scale, 34, 57, 229, Schradan, 111, 112 411, 629 Root mealybugs, 77, 205, 566 513, 515, 561, 595, Sciara spp., 556 Sesamex, 102 Root flies, 351 607, 635, 651 Sciothrips cardamomi, 530 Sesamin, 102 Rose apple, 511, 623 Sann hemp, 177, 511, 627 Scirpophaga spp., 620 Sesamum indicum, 352, 411, 629 Rose apple thrips, 623 Sann hemp mirid bug, 627 Scirtothrips Sesamia Rose chafers, 267, 275, 589, Sann hemp moths, 627 aurantii, 257, 262, 539 calamistis, 470, 593, 620, 591, 600, 604, 657 Sap beetles, 516, 611 citri, 540 631, 635 Roselle, 279, 511, 624 Sapodilla, 511, 628 dorsalis, 262, 528, 552, cretica, 588, 629, 632 Rostrum, 268, 326, 331, 674 Saturniidae, 10, 381, 448, 514, 566, 625, 641 inferens, 471, 588, 593, 620, Rosy rustic moth, 77, 615 516, 530, 531, 535, manihoti, 532 632, 635, 653 Rotenone, 111, 114 538, 541, 549, 572, Scoliidae, 48, 87, 276 nonagroides, 636 700 Index

Sesiidae, 72, 74, 380, 389, Solenopsis Spittlebug, sugarcane, 547, 563, 566, 568, 390, 514, 639 geminata, 493, 516, 539, 164, 635 604, 615, 620, 628, Setora nitens, 546, 584, 599, 610, 646, 657 Spittlebugs, 72, 164, 635 635, 642, 643, 645 598, 644 saevissima, 9 Spodoptera spp., 19, 473, 541, Spreaders, 101 Sex attractants. See Solvents, 93, 94, 96–98, 113 568, 622, 656 Springtails, 556, 656 Pheromones Sooty moulds, 165 exempta, 472, 473, 526, Spur, 162, 498 Sex attraction, 11–12 Sorghum, 9, 25, 27, 41, 44, 568, 587, 620, 631 Squirrels, 118 Sexava spp., 518, 545 46, 47, 56, 66, 72, 75, exigua, 474, 526, 528, 536, Stability, 5, 7, 8, 18, 59, 81, Shallot, 582, 602, 645 76, 127, 129, 191, 209, 552, 554, 570, 578, 93, 110, 113 Shield (Stink) bugs, 27, 75, 235, 237, 250, 253, 581, 588, 602, 606, Stalk-eyed fly, 371 76, 230, 250–252, 556, 277, 285, 331, 353, 620, 626, 646, 648 Star scale, 163, 219, 517, 538, 610, 653 355, 371, 373, 374, frugiperda, 568, 571, 540, 546, 548 Shiny cereal weevils, 337 402, 412, 413, 416, 588, 653 Stauropus alternus, 619 Shelter, 3, 4, 9, 19, 100, 131, 418, 424, 428, 458, littoralis, 10, 475, 521, 526, Stegasta 142, 179, 187, 197, 464–467, 470–472, 528, 533, 534, 544, basquella, 571 220, 224, 476, 511, 631 551, 561, 570, 588, variana, 571 Shot-hole borers, 349 Sorghum aphid, 631 593, 599, 602, 621, Stegobium paniceum, 658 Silba pendula, 533 Sorghum bicolor, 631 632, 633, 638, 639, Steirastoma breve, 544 Silvanidae, 267, 284, 658 Sorghum gall midge, 75 646, 648 Stenocarus fuliginosus, 603 Simaethis nemorona, 563 Sorghum shoot fly, 46, 374, litura, 473, 476, 518, 521, Stenotarsonemus spirifex, Simsim. See Sesame 587, 593, 631 526, 528, 534, 536, 499, 654 Siphunculi, 10, 162, 163, 185, Sorghum stem borers, 632 544, 551, 554, 556, Stenocoris 188–191 Sorghum webworm, 632 561, 564–566, 571, apicalis, 243 Sisal, 74, 272, 342, 511, 630 Soursop. See Custard apple 588, 593, 595, 597, southwoodi, 243, 620 Sisal weevil, 72, 74, 326, Soya bean. See Soybean 599, 602, 603, 606, Stenothrips graminum, 654 342, 630 Soybean, 17, 84, 85, 285, 294, 621, 625, 627, 629, Stephanitis typica, 245, 518, Sitodiplosis mossellana, 305, 353, 387, 394, 632, 633, 636, 638, 530, 546 354, 654 422, 485, 511, 633 639, 642, 646 Stephanoderes psidii, 573 Sitona spp., 334, 521, 606 Soybean aphid, 633 mauritia, 477, 526, 620, Sterilization, 33, 48, 50 Sitophilus Soybean pod borer, 632, 636 Sternochetus granarius, 291, 658 394, 633 pecten, 621 frigidus, 591 oryzae, 587, 621, Spathius apicalis, 331 Spotted cucumber beetle, 311, mangiferae, 344, 590 632, 658 Sphaeroderma spp., 519 556, 570, 588 grisator, 531, zeamais, 41, 46, 76, 77, varipennis, 519 Spotted stalk borer, 413, 587, 576, 595 343, 587, 658 caffer, 556 593, 620, 631, Stickers, 98, 101 Sitotroga cerealella, 402, 588, Sphenoptera 635, 636 Stictococcus sjostedti, 543 622, 658 gossypii, 600 Spray additives, 101, 109, 110 Stinging caterpillars, 380, 599, Skipper butterflies, 636 lafertei, 512, 514, 515 Spray angle, 675 609, 644 Skipper, banana, 67, 69, 443, perotetti, 571, 610 Spray residues, 97, 101, Stomach poisons, 52, 99, 107, 517, 518, 546, 598, Sphingidae, 42, 69, 382, Spray types, 94, 95 112, 281, 326 Slugs, 42, 59, 67, 77, 78, 85 449–454, 514, 521, Sprayers, 94, 97, 102–105, Stomopteryx subsecivella, 571, Slug caterpillar, 380, 410, 523, 528, 532, 537, 549, 147, 473 610, 629 537, 548, 554, 572, 552, 562, 566, 572, Spraying, 4, 16, 20, 27, 31, 34, Stored products, 78–80, 97, 576, 625, 644 575, 601, 616, 629, 35, 50, 57, 82, 93–95, 100, 102, 107, 120, Slurry, 675 633, 638, 639, 642, 97, 99, 100, 102–105, 267, 268, 283, 284, Small brown planthopper, 588, 645, 646, 648, 651 108, 110, 129, 147, 291, 324, 420, 421, 593, 620, 636 Spider beetles, 267, 658 148, 151, 164, 187, 511, 658 Small white butterfly, 438, Spider mites, 55, 68, 71, 81, 202, 214, 215, 244, Straegus aloeus, 598 439, 525 86, 87, 198, 497–500, 246, 264, 269, 292, Strauzia longipennis, Smerinthus ocellata, 519, 520, 533, 535, 296, 298, 316, 321, 358, 638 450, 514 556, 562, 567, 571, 331, 385, 394, 408, Strigoderma arboricola, 571 Sminthurus viridis, 656 598, 606, 608, 616, 412, 429, 430, 456, Striped blister beetle, 294, Smokes, 52, 56, 107, 257 634, 648 473, 481, 485, 505 528, 570, 616, 648 Soft green scales, 630 Spilonota ocellana, 394, 514, Spread, 4, 11, 15–17, 23, 26, Striped hawk moths, 450, 453, Sogatella furcifera, 19, 180, 620 607, 613, 618 30, 33, 34, 53, 54, 57, 552, 566, 601, 639 Soil sterilant, 675 obliqua, 578 80, 84, 85, 89, 95, 97, Striped mealybug, 203, 516, Solanum Spiny bollworms, 73, 74, 105, 122, 189, 193, 520, 524, 527, 528, melongena, 561 462, 463 202, 280, 289, 310, 531, 532, 534, 536, tuberosum, 615 Spiny brown bugs, 238, 520, 332, 383, 461, 488, 540, 543, 548, 552, Solid cone spray, 105 633 498, 516, 528, 543, 556, 558, 561, 566, Index 701

570, 572, 575, 576, Sunflower, 173, 177, 253, 277, leptosceles, 389 vosseleri, 41, 235, 551, 593, 578, 579, 599, 604, 311, 353, 358, 363, myopiformis, 514 629, 631 609, 614, 615, 625, 393, 394, 451, 465, Synergism, 11, 675 TDE, 111, 451 626, 636, 639, 511, 638 Syrphidae, 19, 38, 48, 77, Tea, 9, 15, 19, 22, 23, 40, 53, 645, 647 Sunflower beetle, 638 87, 186 54, 71, 75, 135, 139, Striped rice stalk borer, Sunflower maggot, 358, 638 Systates spp., 326, 334, 345, 140, 142, 159–161, 587, 620 Sunflower moth, 393, 638 544, 570, 657 192, 196, 210, 211, Striped sweet potato weevil, Sunflower seed midge, pollinosus, 539, 548 213, 217, 225, 232, 325, 570 353, 638 Systates weevils, 326, 345, 257, 260, 268, 326, Substituted phenol Sunn hemp. See Sann hemp 544, 570, 657 328, 337, 348–350, pesticides, 112 Supplements, 4, 101, 107 Systemic pesticides, 99, 100 367, 370, 380, 387, Sugarcane, 9, 19, 21–23, 40, Surface weevils, 79, 536, Syzygium aromaticum. See 394, 399, 405, 407–410, 42, 54, 56, 72, 78, 79, 606, 626 Eugenia caryophyllus 448, 481, 499, 500, 84–86, 137, 142, 147, Surfactants 503, 507, 511, 516, 155–157, 159–162, anionic, 101 Tachinidae, 49, 83, 85, 88, 518, 521, 526, 528, 164, 165, 172, 175, cationic, 101 276, 384, 426, 468 535, 537–540, 543, 179, 181, 184, 186, non-ionic, 101 Taeniothrips spp., 554 544, 549–551, 559, 189, 191, 194, 194, Susceptible, 27, 40, 41, 44–48, cinctipennis, 521 561, 562, 571, 573, 202, 203, 206, 207, 55, 59, 63, 82, 108, distalis, 264 578, 583, 591, 596, 209, 222–224, 257, 111, 135, 186, 187, inconsequens, 257, 613 599, 604, 605, 616, 269, 272, 274, 275, 202, 205, 218, 222, laricivorous, 264 625, 629, 633, 277, 301, 334, 340, 224, 242, 253, 276, simplex, 257, 264 642–644, 648 387, 394, 410, 316, 329, 352, 375, sjostedti, 257, 264, 520, Tea blister mite, 644 412–416, 418, 419, 417, 446, 456, 468, 549, 570 Tea capsid bug, 644 424, 444, 459, 483, 499, 507, 515, Tagiades litigiosa, 655 Tea flushworm, 394, 399, 644 466–468, 470, 471, 518, 539, 554, 590, Tailed caterpillars, 445, 548 Tea green leafhopper, 643 477, 499–501, 511, 607, 643 Taint, 110 Tea leaf miner, 367, 370, 644 516, 517, 532, 552, Swath, 95, 103, 104 Tamarind, 306, 511, 641 Tea leaf roller, 387, 644 568, 587, 588, 593, Sweet corn, 587–589 Tamarind mealybug, 641 Tea mite 621, 622, 625, 631, Sweet peppers. See Capsicums Tamarind scale, 641 yellow, 507, 516, 528, 535, 632, 635–637, 653 Sweet potato, 27, 41, 72, 74, Tamarindus indica, 641 550, 551, 562, 578, Sugarcane aphid, 631, 77, 78, 117, 144, 170, Tannia. See Cocoyam 591, 604, 616, 625, 636, 653 201, 203, 206, 231, Tanymecus spp., 577 629, 643, 648 Sugarcane beetle, 269, 275 232, 239, 259, 268, cribricollis, 512 red, 503 Sugarcane borer, 415, 418, 307, 322, 323, 325, dilaticollis, 632, 654 Tea mosquito bug, 537, 644 568, 588, 622, 332, 334, 387, 389, indicus, 79, 536, 606, 626 Tea root weevil, 326, 328, 521, 632, 635 390, 409, 434, 450, Tapioca. See Cassava 526, 550, 643 Sugarcane leafhopper 451, 453, 476, 479, Tar oils, 114, 187, 198, Tea scale, 644 Indian, 165, 181, 588, 487, 489, 511, 570, 224, 499 Tea shot-hole borer, 349, 350, 593, 653 639, 640, 642, 648 Tarache spp., 552 516, 535, 537, 544, Sugarcane mealybug, 197, Sweet potato butterfly, Taro, 511, 547, 642 596, 643 209, 517, 621, 631, 434, 639 Taro beetle, 545, 546, 642 Tea tortrix, 9, 399, 521, 538, 635, 636 Sweet potato clearwing, 389, Taro planthopper, 642 544, 549, 561, 571, Sugarcane planthopper, 179, 390, 639 Target surface, 95, 100 583, 599, 633, 643, 644 635, 636 Sweet potato leaf weevil, 640 Tarophagus proserpina, 642 Technical product, 93, 94 Sugarcane scale, 223, 635 Sweet potato stem borer, 639 Tarsonemidae, 71, 497–499, Tectocoris diopthalmus, 579 Sugarcane spittlebugs, Sweet potato weevils 507, 516, 528, 529, Tegmen, 675 164, 635 (Striped), 77, 78 535, 541, 550, 551, Teleonemia Sugarcane stalk borers, 415, Sweetsop. See Custard apple 562, 578, 591, 604, australis, 601 419, 532, 552, 587, Swift moths, 41, 525, 568, 607, 611, 616, 625, scrupulosa, 629 622, 631, 632, 635 615, 653, 656 629, 637, 643, 646, Telicota Sugarcane termite, 161, Sylepta 648, 654 augias, 444, 517, 620, 636 625, 635 derogata, 67, 68, 431, 551, Tarsonemus palmarum, 546 Sugarcane whitefly, 636 599, 633, 645 ananas, 611 Temnoschoita quadripustulata, Sugarcane whitegrub, lunalis, 566 bancrofti, 499, 637 598 274, 275 retractalis, 580 translucens, 529 Temperature, 3, 4, 11, 15–17, Sugarcane wireworms, 637 Sympiezomias decipiens, 537 waitei, 607 19, 30, 31, 38, 40, 53, Sugarcane woolly aphid, Synanthedon Tarundia glaucesens, 516, 599 80, 98–100, 109, 110, 194, 635 dasysceles, 389, 639 Taylorilygus 113, 135, 150, 151, Sulphur, lime-, 262, 508, 509 erythromma, 389 ricini, 534 162, 166, 169, 170, 702 Index

187, 192, 194, 223, Tetradifon, 111, 499, 505 625, 626, 628, 629, 316, 334, 377, 401, 227, 229, 238, 249, Tetranychidae, 68, 71, 87, 631, 633, 636, 639, 421, 425, 449, 450, 251–253, 272, 280, 497–499, 502–505, 641, 642, 643, 645, 454, 455, 464, 465, 281, 284, 287, 290, 512–514, 517, 519, 647, 649, 654 467, 474–476, 480, 291, 343, 347, 364, 520, 528, 532, 533, Thrips, 19, 45, 67–72, 75, 493, 511, 532, 551, 365, 369, 372, 385, 535, 539, 540, 548, 86, 255–266, 498, 554, 561, 570, 580, 399, 401, 411, 422, 551, 553, 556, 557, 513, 516, 518, 520, 599, 606, 610, 639, 428, 429, 455, 458, 559, 562, 564, 567, 521, 523, 525, 528, 642–648, 656, 658 479, 502, 504, 505, 571, 591, 598, 530–532, 534, 539, Tobacco beetle, 281, 645, 658 508, 534, 551, 574, 604–608, 613, 617, 540, 543, 548, 549, Tobacco budworm, 610, 587, 590, 601, 604, 625, 629, 634, 637, 551, 552, 554, 556, 645, 648 607, 615, 639, 640, 643, 646–648, 558, 561, 563, 566, Tobacco capsid, 561 643, 645 656, 657 568, 570, 572, 575, Tobacco cricket, 140, 551, Tenacity, 101 Tetranychus spp., 71, 498, 580, 583, 585, 588, 580, 643, 645, Tenacity index, 675 500, 519, 520, 535, 590, 593, 595, 599, 647, 656 Tenebrionidae, 268, 286, 287, 556, 562, 571, 598, 601–603, 605, 606, Tobacco flea Beetles, 316, 548, 571, 636, 638, 606, 608, 634, 648 608, 609, 611–614, 646, 648 641, 644, 646, 654, 658 cinnabarinus, 499, 500, 616, 617, 620, 622, Tobacco hornworm, 450, 454, Tenebrio molitor, 658 503–505, 528, 533, 623, 625, 626, 628, 645, 648 Tenthredinidae, 67, 71, 535, 539, 551, 556, 629, 631, 633, 636, Tobacco leaf beetle, 646 482–484, 486, 513, 562, 604, 625, 629, 639, 641–643, 645, Tobacco stem borer, 561, 525, 613, 654, 655 640, 646, 648, 657 647, 649, 654 644, 646 Tenuipalpidae, 497, 499, 506, ludeni, 500, 617 Thrips spp., 626, 629 Tobacco (onion) thrips, 265 540, 541, 546, 550, urticae, 83, 499, 500, 505, angusticeps, 525, 606 Tobacco whitefly, 170, 532, 559, 567, 573, 604, 514, 556, 567, 607, flavus, 513 551, 554, 561, 599, 605, 625, 643, 644 647, 657 florum, 518, 623 606, 639, 642, 647 Tenuipalpus Tetrasul, 111 fuscipennis, 556 Tolerance permitted, 675 bioculatus, 604 Tettigometridae, 162, 177, 570 hawaiiensis, 513, 523, 593 Tomaspis spp., 164, 635 puniicae, 573 Tettigoniella ferruginea, 530 nigropilosus, 617, 654 Tomato, 23, 25, 27, 43, 61, 81, , 10, 34, 35, 40, Tettigoniidae, 69, 71, 72, 518, palmi, 521, 561 86, 87, 136, 140, 145, 44, 51, 75, 76, 99, 351, 545, 556, 587, 593, tabaci, 69, 71, 265, 521, 167, 170, 173, 190, 353, 357, 359–365, 620, 630, 631, 653 525, 528, 552, 556, 201, 203, 259, 265, 513, 515, 516, 518, Teuchothrips eugeniae, 623 561, 563, 599, 602, 294, 310, 316, 367, 533, 539, 541, 543, Thalassodes depulsata, 619 611, 617, 645, 647 369, 401, 449, 450, 548, 549, 552, 556– Thea sinensis, 643 Thysanoptera, 30, 45, 68, 69, 454, 464, 465, 469, 558, 563, 567, 572, Thecla spp., 544 71, 255, 257 474–476, 478, 480, 573, 576, 577, 580, basilides, 611 Tiger moths, 552, 554, 593, 500, 501, 511, 528, 585, 590, 591, 595, , 543 610, 627, 639 629, 645–648 601, 604, 605, 607, Thiacides postica, 577 Til. See Sesame Tomato hornworm, 450, 454, 614, 618, 623, 626, Thiometon, 111, 112, 187, Timber beetles, 39, 267 646, 648 628, 638, 647, 651 189, 394, 499 Time of harvesting, 41 Tomato leaf miner, 367, 647 Terentius nubifasciatus, 516 Thionazin, 112 Time of sowing, 28, 41 Tomato mirids, 645 , 99, 153, 157, 159, Thomasiniana oculiperda, 513 Tingidae, 230, 244, 245, 512, Tomato moth, 647 160, 161, 517, 524, Thosea spp., 609, 644 518, 530, 532, 546, Tomato pinworm, 647 540, 542, 543, 545, aperiens, 554, 575 548, 561, 577, 586, Tomato russet mite, 500, 648 551, 552, 559, 566, sinensis, 410, 546, 548, 572, 601, 609, 618, 626, Tomnoschoita 568, 570, 579, 583, 576, 598, 625 629, 642, 649 nigroplagiata, 519 588, 590, 625, 635, Thripidae, 71, 72, 75, Tipula spp., 521, 526, 568, Tortoise beetles, 67, 68, 73, 643, 656 255–265, 513, 516, 606, 616, 654, 657 268, 307, 550, 584, , 3, 9, 77–79, 99, 518, 520–523, 525, Tirabatha spp., 546 616, 639, 640 153–157, 159–161, 528, 530–532, 534, mundella, 597 , 67–69, 72, 73, 348, 517, 532, 540, 539, 540, 543, 548, Tiracola plagiata, 518, 533, 75–77, 380, 392–394, 545, 570, 625, 635, 549, 551, 552, 554, 534, 541, 544, 549, 396–399, 461, 643, 656 556, 558, 561, 563, 625, 644, 645 512–516, 518, 521, Tessaratoma 566, 568, 570, 572, Tmoleus echion, 611 522, 528, 530, 534, javanica, 583 575, 580, 583, 585, Tobacco, 23, 27, 28, 43, 56, 538, 544, 548, 549, papillosa, 583, 584, 619 588, 590, 593, 595, 61, 63, 109, 113, 136, 551, 554, 556, 561, Tetrachlorvinphos, 113, 424, 599, 601–603, 605, 140, 145, 170, 187, 566, 571, 572, 574, 459, 473 606, 608, 611–614, 189, 191, 265, 269, 575, 582–584, 586, Tetradacus tsuneonis, 541 616, 617, 620, 623, 281, 286, 308, 311, 587, 595, 599, 601, Index 703

602, 606–610, 613, Trogoderma spp., 79 Vanilla, 511, 605, 650 transitory yellowing 618, 623, 625, 627, granarium, 34, 280, 658 Vanilla fragrans, 650 (rice), 176 631, 633, 639, 641, Tropical red spider mite, 505, Vanilla butterfly, 605, 650 tristeza (citrus), 59, 193 643, 644, 651, 657 528, 535, 539, 604, Vasates Virus diseases, 28, 40, 47, 90, Tortrix dinota, 394, 549, 644 648, 657 cornutus, 607 135, 178, 186–191, Torymidae, 72 Tropical warehouse moth, fockeui, 613 193, 205, 257, 265, 498 Toxicant, 98, 99, 102, 488 420, 586 Vatiga manihotae, 532 Vine, grape. See Grapevine Toxicity, 2, 20, 85, 97, 99, Tropicomyia theae, 367, Vector, 26, 28, 36, 47, 59, 135, Viteus vitifolii, 566 109, 111, 113, 114, 370, 644 137, 162, 173, 175, Vitus vinifera, 566, 567 121, 224, 292, 343, Tropidacris spp., 545 176, 178–180, 182, Viviparous, 81, 186, 194, 377, 385, 414 Trypetidae. See Tephritidae 185–191, 193, 202, 197, 229 Toxicity of pesticides to bees, Tryphactothrips rutherfordi, 595 203, 205, 257, 259, 20, 109, 111 Tryporyza spp., 636 265, 308, 314, 318, Walnut, 83, 229, 297, 300, Toxoptera incertulas, 432 498, 520, 521, 525, 326, 358, 390, 396, aurantii, 192, 539, 543, innotata, 433, 620 528, 532, 540, 543, 450, 498, 500, 501, 549, 580, 583, 585, nivella, 622, 636 551, 556, 561, 568, 511, 607, 651 586, 641, 643 Tur, 610 570, 587, 588, 592, Walnut blister mite, 500, 651 citricidus, 59, 193 Turmeric, 511, 565, 649 599, 602, 604, 611, Walnut caterpillar, 651 odinae, 531 Turmeric scale, 649 615, 620, 621, 635, Walnut husk fly, 358, 607, 651 Toxotrypana curvicauda, Turmeric skipper, 565 636, 642, 645, 647, Walnut pinhole borer, 651 358, 604 Turnip moth. See Common 653, 655 Walnut psylla, 651 Trabala irrorata, 573 cutworm Velu caricae, 563 Walnut scale, 229, 651 Tracer, 672, 675 Turnip weevil, 72 Vermiform larva, 135, 151 Walnut sphinx, 450, 651 Trachys herilla, 600 Tussock moth, banyan, 564, 576 Vertebrate pests, 45 Walnut weevil, 651 Translaminar pesticides, 107 Tussock moths, 481, 514, 515, Vespidae, 48, 84, 87, 482, Warehouse moths, 420, 421, Translocation, 492 530, 531, 533, 535, 494, 495, 513, 541, 586, 658 Transparent scale, 219, 222 537, 541, 542, 544, 559, 567, 595, 604, Warnings, 20, 30, 50, 473 Trap crops, 43 546, 549, 552, 554, 613, 657 Wasp Trialeurodes 560, 564, 567, 576, Vespa spp., 496, 513, 559, common, 495, 496, 563 rara, 575 577, 579, 583, 591, 567, 595, 613, 657 paper, 494, 567 ricini, 534, 628 598, 605, 610, 614, Vespula spp., 495, 541 Watercress, 372, 511, 652 variabilis, 532 618, 619, 623–625, Vestigial, 138, 163, 255, Watercress leaf beetle, 652 vaporariorum, 84, 647 627, 633, 640, 644 380, 481 Waxy scales Triazophos, 111, 112, 164, TVA (= Kerosene), 55, 94, Vigna spp., 346 pink, 197, 210, 539, 549, 354, 366, 367, 394, 107, 114, 296, 298, sinensis, 554, 555 563, 576, 590, 643 456, 459, 499 302, 406, 427 Vinsonia stellifera, 538, white, 197, 214, 215, 516, Tribolium stercorea, 658 540, 546 539, 540, 548, 549 castaneum, 287, 658 Typhlocyba spp., 513 Virachola Weather, 3, 4, 15, 17, 19, 30, confusum, 10, 287, 658 jucund, 615 bimaculata, 437, 548 59, 65, 97, 100, 104, Tricentrus spp., 540 Typophorus viridicyanus, 640 isocrates, 572, 577, 585, 154, 160, 185, 187, bicolor, 536, 561 Tyrophagus dimidiatus, 557 614, 628, 641 188, 192, 203, 258, Trichispa sericea, 321 Tytthus mundulus, 179 Virus 276, 291, 355, 374, Trichloronate, 377 bunchy top (bananas), 190 391, 485, 488, 498, Trichlorphon, 99, 171, Udaspes folus, 565, 649 cassava mosaic, 170 570, 590, 645, 647 235, 248, 360, 379, Udumbaria nainiensis, 563 cereal yellow dwarf, 176 Weathering, 98–100 383, 384, 400, 414, Ulomo sp., 641 cotton leaf-curl, 170 Weeds, 4, 8, 21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 425, 428, 438, 468, Ulonemia concava, 586 Fiji (Sugarcane), 179 40, 42–44, 54, 61, 62, 472–474 Ultra-low dosage, 95 groundnut rosette 89, 111, 113, 141, 144, Trichobaris trinotata, 562 Ultra-low volume spraying, 104 (legumes), 185 175, 176, 189, 191, Trichogramma spp., 83, 84, Unaspis citri, 540 maize streak, 172 247, 277, 285, 309, 86, 459 Unicorn beetle, 514, 531, mealybug wilt 318, 329, 351, 417, Trichoplusia ni, 479, 525, 552, 546, 598 (pineapple), 202 456, 457, 459, 474, 603, 626, 633 Urentius spp., 561 Leaf (Rice), 175 493, 582 Trigona spp., 519 ziziphifolius, 577 rice dwarf, 175 Weevils, 9, 10, 16, 17, 20, 22, Trioza spp., 68 Uthetheisa pulchella, 627 rice yellows, 180 26, 27, 41, 43, 46, 47, erytreae, 168, 539 stunt (rice), 137, 173, 178, 65, 67, 68, 72–78, 79, jambolanae, 623 Valanga nigricornis, 152, 180, 615 89, 268, 284, 291, Triticum sativum, 653 597, 625 sweet potato, 170 322–345, 512, Triungulin larva, 87, Vamidothion, 111, 112, 394, swollen shoot, 203, 205 514–521, 523, 526, 530, 293, 295 499, 505 tobacco leaf-curl, 170 531, 533, 535–539, 541, 704 Index

544–548, 551, 553, 559, White coffee borer, 297, 548 Xyleborus Yield assessment, 59–61, 66 560, 562, 564, 565, 567, White grubs, 61, 267, dedevigranulatus, 542 Yield increase, 20, 28, 62, 569, 570, 573–580, 583, 274–276, 278, 516, ferrugineus, 349, 350, 135, 264 585, 587, 589–592, 525, 526, 529, 533, 544, 546 Yponomeuta spp., 514 594, 596, 597, 600, 601, 539, 544, 550, 557, fornicatus, 349, 350, 516, Yponomeutidae, 68, 380, 391, 603, 604, 606, 608, 610, 562, 569, 571, 579, 535, 537, 544, 514, 525, 540, 601, 611, 613, 614, 616, 618, 589, 591, 598–600, 596, 643 602, 652 619, 621–623, 625, 626, 606, 611, 616, 622, morstatti, 516 Yuca. See Cassava 628–630, 632, 637, 625, 635, 636, 640, perforans, 349, 350, 527, 639, 640, 643,L 651, 646, 648, 657 546 Zaprionus multistriata, 541 653–655, 657, 658 White-fringed weevils, 332, semiopacus, 349, 567 Zea mays, 587, 589 Wettable powders, 93, 97, 521, 553, 570, 589, 621 similis, 544, 598 Zeuzera spp., 514, 618, 651 99, 100 White oils, 114, 198, 205, 214, Xyleutes spp., 549 coffeae, 405, 516, 527, 532, Wetters, 101, 198, 203, 204, 215, 217, 219, 220, capensis, 404, 534 537, 543, 549, 552, 246, 438, 443 223–227, 502 Xylocopa iridipennis, 517 563, 579, 585, 599, Wetting, 93, 97, 101, 110, 245 White paddy stem borer, 433 Xylosandrus 614, 644 Wet-wood termite, 153, 155 White rice borer, 423, 620 compactus, 348, 350, 516, pyrina, 563, 601 Wheat, 23–28, 41–48, 63–65, White-spotted leaf beetle, 313 544, 550, 644 Zigzag-winged 72, 75, 77, 84, 127, White-spotted longhorn, 299, morigerus, 348, 550 Leafhopper, 175 129, 141, 144, 145, 527, 591 Xylotrechus Zingiber officinale, 565 147, 148, 165, 172, Wireworm nauticus, 517 Zizyphus mauritiana, 577 175, 181, 186, 187, false, 286, 636, 638 quadripes, 297, 550 Zone of natural abundance, 15 191, 257, 269, 277, tropical, 41, 275, 316, 569 Xylotrupes gideon, 514, 531, Zone of occasional 285, 290, 291, 337, Wood boring moths, 406, 577, 546, 598 abundance, 15 353, 354, 372–374, 585, 591 Zone of possible abundance, 376, 378, 402, 413, Wood boring weevils, 88 Yam, 77, 78, 206, 222, 239, 15–16 424, 466–468, 471, Woolly aphids, 71, 72, 162, 269, 273, 277, 511, Zonocerus spp., 144, 593, 484, 485, 487, 489, 194, 195, 517, 612, 519, 549, 565, 621, 656 498, 500, 501, 511, 635, 636 649, 655 elegans, 144, 145, 532 568, 588, 593, 631, Woolly apple aphid, 101, Yam beetle, 77, 78, 273, 519, variegatus, 144, 531, 532, 649, 653, 654, 658 513, 618 549, 655 534, 543, 549, 551, Wheat aphid, 568, 588, 593, Yellow-headed stem borer, 302 580, 625, 629, 639 631, 653 Xanthochelus superciliosis, 577 Yellow paddy stem borer, 432 Zygrita diva, 571 Wheat bulb fly, 28, 41, 378, 653 Xanthodes transversus, 599 Yellow tea mite, 507, 516, Zygina pallidifrons, 173, White-backed planthopper, 19, Xanthosoma sagittifolium, 547 528, 535, 550, 551, 647 180, 620 Xestia c-nigrum, 480, 526, 562, 578, 591, 604, Zygospila exclamationis, White butterflies, 21, 90, 438, 552, 567, 646, 648 616, 625, 629, 638 439, 525 X-rays, 40, 50 643, 648 Zyrcosa brunnea, 580