that at best physicians of the period were inade- maintenance of health and that disturbances in quately trained. Almost all medical schools were these systems precipitated disease. substandard or without standards. The better doc- Those of us who live in the sophisticated twen- tors were those devoted to the science and those tieth century find the aphorisms and allegories in who received good tutoring. Dr. Still's writings peculiar and difficult to under- Little or nothing in Dr. Still's writings would stand. Much has been made of them by the enemies suggest that he had any knowledge of the Hippo- of the osteopathic profession, and now and then cratic philosophy of medicine. Yet his search for they have been pointed out as evidence that Still medical truth followed the timeworn path of the was an insane crank. But those who take the time Hippocratic way. Dr. Still sought the answer to and make the effort to really study these writings health and disease within the unity of man. In his discover their meaningfulness and transcendent writings, he quotes the statement of Pope, "the qualities. proper study of mankind is man." In fact, this was Organized medicine suggests to osteopathic med- the creed he adopted as he pursued his frontier icine that in order to be "saved" it must abandon medical practice. Bowed by the personal tragedy Dr. Still and his ideas. To do so would be to aban- of the death of three of his children, Dr. Still with don the truth and to abandon a searcher for the almost fanatic zeal sought a better way for medi- truth. Still was indeed mortal but his life was cine. He robbed Indian graves in order to study the touched with immortality. Like other men, he was anatomy of man. He was a student of Nature and not always right, but the rightness of his proposi- of Nature's ways. As one reads his accurate des- tions shines brightly, even though small minds lack cription of Nature's mysteries that surrounded his the ability to preceive. life, one can imagine that with little effort he might Still was essentially a philosopher, as he himself have become a great naturalist. In a sense he was, stated. He believed that medicine needed a pervad- for he projected his curiosity concerning the ways ing philosophy and that the tenets of that philoso- of life about him into a detailed study of the ani- phy lay within the natural truths and mysteries of mal, man. man himself. As a result of his detailed study of anatomy, Dr. Later-day critics have made "scientific fun" of Still rediscovered a fact which had been mentioned, Dr. Still's deep religious convictions. They criticize but only casually, throughout the history of medi- him because he claimed divine inspiration. They cine, the fact that man is a mechanical being. He ignore the fact that godliness and science are not believed that the mechanics of the body and their incompatible and that many of the great men of disturbances have a powerful influence on health medicine have been equally men of God. Recogni- and resistance to disease. He could not subscribe tion of a power greater than self might be beneficial to the prevalent theory that disease was an outside to medical sophisticates of today. malefactor which invaded man's inner environment. The shadow of A. T. Still extends over the osteo- He postulated that the fault was in man himself, pathic profession today. It is a shadow not to flee that disease was an internal derangement of the from but to understand. The wisdom of Still created factors which maintain health. He believed that the osteopathic medicine, and osteopathic medicine integrity of the circulatory and neuromusculoskele- 1963 would do well to implement more of that tal systems was the co-ordinating factor in the wisdom.

law, the California Board of Osteopathic Examiners Editorial comment cannot be disbanded as long as 40 doctors are regis- tered with the Board. It is ironic that the number of osteopathic physi- cians and surgeons who have elected to practice as Success in California. Despite the passage of Propo- osteopathic physicians in California is the same as sition 22 by California voters, the proposed dis- in 1923. banding of the Board of Osteopathic Examiners The prediction, "the remnants of osteopathy [in will not be accomplished. There are still 238 osteo- California] will die on the vine," made in the pathic physicians holding unlimited licenses and Executive Director's Newsletter in G.P. for January 83 with limited licenses in California. There are 1963, is just not true. 145 osteopathic physicians and surgeons holding The California osteopathic organization, Osteo- California licenses but now living outside of the pathic Physicians and Surgeons of California, has. state who have elected to practice as D.O.'s should just begun to fight. It deserves our support. they decide to move to California. Under the new An intolerable situation is that the California

686/8 State Board of Osteopathic Examiners is now com- of the profession as well as their wives are not properly posed of little m.d.s. Every effort will be made to informed as to what has been transpiring. Events that have correct this legislative injustice. taken place in recent months certainly justify great concern and it is understandable that our members are confused and want answers to their questions. In May of 1962, the House of Delegates of the Pennsyl- The character of drug stores has changed materially vania Osteopathic Association reaffirmed its stand in support in the last 50 years. The change has not always been of the policy of the American Osteopathic Association, as stated in the Michigan resolution, that the osteopathic pro- to the benefit of the pharmaceutical profession. It fession remain a separate and distinct school of medicine. In is refreshing to note evidences that individual phar- October, while the House of Delegates was in session in macists appreciate this fact. An article in the Hershey, it received by phone the essence of a proposal to Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Associa- effect a merger with the Pennsylvania Medical Society which would have brought about the union of the two tion, "In the Professional Manner," describes what professions in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Osteopathic Ralph S. Kuhn did about the problem. Association House of Delegates passed a resolution in that Located in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, Kuhns session which commended the Pennsylvania Medical Society Apothecary has a waiting room for its clients which for removing the so-called "Cultist" appellation, by publicly recognizing that osteopathic physicians practice scientific resembles that of a physician. Eliminating the usual medicine. obstacle course that both physician and patient too The Pennsylvania Medical Society also stated in its frequently have to run, Mr. Kuhn has created a message that post graduate privileges would be extended to pharmacy whose sole business is pharmacy. Believ- osteopathic physicians by Pennsylvania Medical Schools and ing that professionalism and commercialism cannot in the states teaching medical hospitals. When actual copies of the minutes of the Pennsylvania Medical Society House be combined, this true professional displays no of Delegates session were obtained, they showed what the merchandise. Instead of displaying the usual plac- true intent of the proposal was. It included a stipulation ards recommending todays special on soap, the that the Philadelphia College of Osteopathy should become Kuhn pharmacy walls contribute to the professional a medical school and the Pennsylvania osteopathic physi- cians would receive M.D. degrees. Many questions, how- atmosphere. On them are hung copies of the Oath ever, relative to the status of the osteopathic profession fol- of Hippocrates, Maimonides Oath, the pharma- lowing merger were not mentioned. There is no question in cists code of ethics, and framed pharmacy licenses. the minds of those who have carefully read the medical In Berryville, Virginia, another pharmacist real- proposal that the entire plan was closely patterned after ized a 10-year dream when he established a pro- that used in California, and can mean only annihilation of the profession here as has happened there. fessional pharmacy in 1960. Eugene B. Whites at- Many of the profession were dissatisfied with the lack tractively appointed waiting room with its com- of definitive stand taken by the Pennsylvania Osteopathic fortable furniture, colorful draperies, effective light- Association in answer to the medical proposal, particularly ing, and soft music was so unusual that it attracted in light of the details of the medical plan concerning merger and as a result of this, a special meeting of the Pennsylvania a feature story writer from the Washington, D.C., Osteopathic Association House of Delegates was held No- Evening Star. He reports that Whites pharmacy has vember 11th, in Harrisburg. At this meeting, a joint resolu- no soda fountain, candy, cigarettes, greeting cards, tion was passed which stated, "We, the undersigned, official dog flea sprays, or bubble gum. It is austere but representatives of the American Osteopathic Association, dignified and conveys a completely professional Philadelphia College of Osteopathy, and the Pennsylvania Osteopathic Association, by authority of our respective or- image of the pharmacist. ganizations declare: 1. That we reaffirm the policy of re- Although we sympathize with the problems of maining a separate and distinct school of medicine; 2. That our many friends in pharmacy, we hope that more we will enter into no discussions or agreements designed drug store owners throughout the country follow to effect a merger with organized medicine." This resolution was signed by the Presidents of the the example set by these two men. Their decor is American Osteopathic Association, the Philadelphia College certainly more professional; it may also be good for of Osteopathy, and the Pennsylvania Osteopathic Associ- business. ation. Recently, a poll was conducted by District #1 of the Pennsylvania Osteopathic Association and this showed that approximately 79% of osteopathic physicians in the Phila- The voice of women is being increasingly heard delphia area who replied to the poll are in favor of amalga- in public affairs, and this is true in the public affairs mation, provided that rights of general practitioners, special- of osteopathic medicine as well. The voice of one ists, hospitals, etc. are protected. This series of events should certainly arouse an awareness in every osteopathic family of the leaders of the Auxiliary to the Pennsylvania of the attempts to disrupt the osteopathic profession and Osteopathic Association deserves the careful atten- subjugate it to a "bottom of the ladder" position in the tion of the men of osteopathic medicine. The voice medical profession. is that of Mrs. Henry N. Hillard asking "What It is difficult to dispel uncertainties but we will never do Price Merger?" it by sitting quietly and wringing our hands. There is some- thing that we can do and it is high time for the wife During my recent visits to our local district auxiliaries, of every Pennsylvania osteopathic physician to encourage the question of merger or amalgamation in Pennsylvania and strongly urge her husband to take an active and firm was the chief concern and the most frequent topic of con- stand by expressing his support of the profession remaining versation. The many questions asked indicate that members separate and distinct. If the vast majority who are de-

JOURNAL A.O.A., VOL. 62, APRIL 1963 687/9 termined to maintain the profession as it is, do not speak up asking the government to assign a special commit- now, a minority is likely to decide this issue for them. tee to reassess the value of mass vaccinations. In the There is no question that a cooperative attitude should exist between the healing arts professions and health past year, almost fifty Britons have died of smallpox. agencies, but hasty and head-long acquiescence to a pro- The disease was brought into the country by a gram designed toward merger of the professions will eventu- visiting Pakistani just prior to the Christmas holi- ate in the obliteration of Osteopathy. days. We many times forget that the attitudes we take and the actions we participate in, or are a part of, can affect the It is interesting to note that in the United States professional rights, liberties and happiness of others, not smallpox vaccination is mandatory in only fifteen only in our own state but throughout the nation. states. Federal law requires vaccination only for people entering the country. Pulbic Health Service records indicate that there has not been a single The cockroach may not be such a lowly creature case of smallpox in the United States for the past after all. According to Dr. V. Ramakrishna, director 15 years. of the Central Health Education Bureau of India's The question of whether or not vaccinations Ministry of Health, it is the creature best fitted to should be compulsory evokes many questions and survive the nuclear age. many arguments. However, it should be pointed Speaking in Philadelphia at the fifth International out that the discovery of Edward Jenner quite ob- Conference on Health and Health Education, Dr. viously has assisted in eradicating a dreadful and Ramakrishna said, "Biologists tell us that a nuclear often fatal disease. catastrophe will upset the biological environment." Prominent authorities in this country are now He went on to point out that insects, the cockroach warning that the immunity to smallpox may be in particular, and bacteria are enormously radia- "running out" for the people of this country. The tion-resistant and will literally take over the world influx from foreign shores and the shrinking of in the event of such a catastrophe. He added, "It global distances by jet planes make this a real and is rather fantastic to think of insects conducting pressing problem. It would seem wise to support an international human eradication program. Will the program of the American Medical Association man allow this? What is the solution?" in urging the revaccination of those who have not The solution proposed by Dr. Ramakrishna is been recently vaccinated. Osteopathic physicians education applied to all public health problems. throughout the country should join in the campaign Whether or not the solution is successful, the cock- for adequate protection of our citizenry against roach, apparently, is here to stay. smallpox.

Medical headlines seem to dominate newspapers: A.M.A. losing important staff personnel. According Stories on drugs that produce monstrosities, on to Washington Report on the Medical Sciences, health care for the aging, and, now, on vaccinations, Joseph Stetler, chief of the legal division is resign- attract the attention of a sometimes negative and ing in July to take a post with the Pharmaceutical sensation-seeking public. Manufacturers Association. The Report goes on to Dr. Edward Jenner, an English country doctor, say that for the past several years no one has been discovered the smallpox vaccination 164 years ago. as influential in framing A.M.A. policy as "the like- Today, millions of infants are vaccinated as a rou- able Joe Stetler" and that his departure will not be tine precaution. Recently, however, a furor was long in making itself felt, especially in the tenor of precipitated at the meeting of the British Medical policy pronouncements by officers and staff execu- Association as it convened in Belfast, Ireland, be- tives. cause the British Ministry of Health announced, Also reported leaving is Dr. Walter Wiggins, just prior to the BMA meeting, that it was planning secretary of the Council on Medical Education and to reintroduce a policy of compulsory vaccination Hospitals. of all infants. Dr. George Dick, a microbiologist, told BMA members that such a compulsory pro- gram could lead to twenty infant deaths a year. The cult of the little m.d. "Two more votes" is the He urged a policy of vaccination only for individ- title of an editorial in a recent issue of New York uals exposed to the disease. The Health Ministry Medicine, the official publication of the Medical was quick to respond that Dr. Dick's opinion was a Society of the County of New York, which deals minority one and that the records showed that only with the creation of the 41st County Medical So- twenty-seven infants had died out of 2,600,000 vac- ciety in the State of California. M.D.'s in the County cinated between 1951 and 1961. of New York note with some alarm a possible politi- A noteworthy reaction was that the British Medi- cal by-product of the California conspiracy. With cal Association came to the support of Dr. Dick the blanket granting of more than 2,000 little m.d. within 24 hours after he had made his speech by degrees by the California College of Medicine, the California Medical Association gained an equal accommodation to osteopathy has assumed the proportions number of dues-paying members. As a result, Cali- of a whimsical joke. fornia has picked up two extra delegates to the There are parts of Dr. Ingegno's article with House of Delegates of the A.M.A. Although it is which D.O.'s would disagree, but when he says, not anticipated that many m.d.'s will be among .. I can't help wondering whether 'osteopathic those present, the seating of two extra California medicine' isn't still shot through with more osteop- delegates does bring up some political consideration athy than most M.D.s would care to embrace," it for other state medical associations. As the editorial certainly could be agreed that more osteopathy is correctly points out, ". . . all state medical societies being taught in our colleges than most M.D.'s would do not take an equally liberal view about the ab- understand. Despite the fact that the good doctor's sorption of osteopaths into the rank of medicine." examples confirm his lack of understanding of the The editorial goes on to say: physiologic principles of osteopathy, his statement If some matter comes up for a vote at a future A.M.A. "the shade of Andrew T. Still is still abroad," is meeting and wins by only one vote, some eye-brows will quite correct. What Dr. Ingegno does not under- probably be raised for the two extra votes now coming from stand is that "the shade of Andrew T. Still" is California could then be decisive. It is the 2,000 osteopaths viewed by osteopathic medicine in the light of of California who are responsible for those two votes, and modern medical knowledge. When political medi- the 41st County Medical Society of California ( the osteo- pathic division so to speak) will or could potentially control cine decides to disavow Hippocrates, Galen, Pas- the policy decisions of American Medicine. Parliamentary teur, and Osler—then we may decide to forget Still. purists are going to have to think twice over that one. . . . Until then, he holds a rightful place of honor in the The best solution for medicine at the moment, it might seem, history of osteopathic medicine. May the "shade of is for the A.M.A. to avoid votes with a margin of one." Andrew T. Still" be abroad forever in the halls of The editor of the A.O.A. JOURNAL would like to medical sciences. underscore the opinion of the editor of New York Medicine that the extra two votes of the California M.D.'s and D.O.'s in Michigan have no desire to Medical Association could constitute a problem. have "the cult of the little m.d." extended to their In previously published editorials we have made state. In an editorial in the Detroit Medical News, the prediction that D.O.'s who abandoned the profes- "Two to Tango," influential John G. Slevin, M.D., sion that created them will have little sense of loyal- writes: ty to the profession that absorbed them. These little It would seem that amalgamation of M.D.s and D.O.s in m.d.'s who have joined organized medicine are un- Michigan is a long way off. There has been no hue and cry likely to be a political asset to the Medical Society by Michigan osteopaths for it. The medical profession in of the County of New York or any other group out- Michigan is not a suppliant. We are concerned that the side of California. As D.O.'s, they nearly gained public receive the best possible medical care. For that reason we should accept the suggestion of the Governors control of the American Osteopathic Association, Commission and arrange for a meeting of the minds by way and there is no reason to believe that the political of liaison committees between Michigans D.O.s and M.D.s. philosophy of California medicine toward monopoly Many prejudices on both sides must be resolved. Much will be diminished by their addition. might be gained by a frank discussion of matters of mutual concern to both groups. . . . The ultimate solution of the differences between the professions in Michigan will depend Another look, this time by a prominent M.D., has upon an evolution in the thinking within the ranks of both been taken at the results of the medical conspiracy professions. It takes two to tango. in California and the relationship of medicine and osteopathy in other parts of the United States. In a The citadel of the little m.d., the California Col- recent issue of Medical Economics, columnist Al- lege of Medicine, was recently listed first among fred P. Ingegno, in his column titled "Chaos in the California medical schools. An article in the Los recognition of D.O.s" seems less than enthusiastic Angeles Times discussing the financial plight of over the present situation. He correctly points out medical schools mentioned first the California Col- that various state medical associations have ideas lege of Medicine, noting that it was the one most contrary to that of California: seriously affected. Long-range prediction: The "new" school will Under the A.M.A.s present leadership (or lack of it) eventually be abandoned or absorbed by a regular curbstone judgments of individual osteopaths are allowed in Colorado, Kansas, New Jersey, and even my own state medical school. The citadel will fade from view. of New York. In Florida and New Mexico, osteopaths arent being recognized at all. In California, theres no Unlike the former osteopathic college in Cali- question of hobnobbing with osteopaths—theyre being fornia, the Philadelphia College of Osteopathy is taken into the fold and given M.D. degrees. Washington not about to become a citadel for the little m.d. State is said to be considering the establishment of a "medi- Strong statements by President Barth and leaders cal college" to grant M.D. degrees to qualified D.O.s any- where. Lord only knows what formulas other state medical of osteopathic medicine in Pennsylvania have spiked associations come up with. But its a cinch that medicines that rumor.

JOURNAL A.O.A., VOL. 62, APRIL 1963 689/11 Time capsule. Fifty years ago, April 1913, THE tributed by the American College of Osteopathic JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OSTEOPATHIC ASSOCI- Surgeons made the April 1938 issue a particularly ATION was concerned with gynecologic and obstet- valuable one to the profession. ric problems, with the two lead articles, written by Speaking of the need for student recruitment in Orella Locke and M. F. Hulett, devoted to this 1938, Editor Ray G. Hulburt wrote: field. J. W. Jones of Baltimore, Maryland, told members of the osteopathic profession that they had What is needed in addition to an exhibition by personal many moral duties to society in general which went example of the obvious success of osteopathy in the world beyond their professional lives. Even in 1913 the of healing, is a carefully worked-out cooperative plan of approach to a large number of students who are now in battle seemed to be between the progressives and the process of acquiring the necessary preosteopathic, high the conservatives. I suspect that it was the same school, and college work. The effort ought to he distinctively thing in the Roman senate! cooperative. The schools, the national and state associations C. A. Williams of Coldwater, Michigan, wrote an and their component members should enter a collective effort to study the prospect, his background and preparation, instructive article on disease of the lungs and their his mental and financial abilities to complete an osteopathic treatment. He, like Dubos in 1962, demonstrated course, and the probabilities of his steadfast success as a that lowered resistance rather than the type of in- physician. vading organism is the imporant factor in infectious diseases of the lung. In an article "Allergy, Immu- This type of co-operation is needed even in 1963. nity, and Tolerance," in The Lancet ( June 30, 1962), G. E. Breen, M.D., made this interesting Ten years ago, Editor Keesecker published an comment: interesting article on cranial therapy. It was Beryl E. Arbuckle's "The Craniocervical Area," an exten- We speak of the body being "invaded" by pathogens, sion of the work of Sutherland, which was pub- thereby suggesting that they are ruthless aggressors intent lished many years ago in the A.O.A. JOURNAL. on our destruction. This may be a useful working concept, but biologically it is nonsense. The whole life-purpose of Succinylcholine chloride, a new muscle relaxant, the parasite is to find a host on whom to live and proliferate was discussed and "The Rehabilitation of the Deaf in plenty and in peace. If it provokes a hostile reaction— Child" was the title of a "Special Article" by J. A. that is to say an attack of disease—its security is immedi- Klein, executive director of the Evangelical Lu- ately endangered, for it is threatened with extinction or theran Institute for the Deaf in Detroit; and the expulsion. Alternatively, it may destroy the host. In either case the future prospects are bleak. Any parasite, in fact, A.O.A. had 8,320 members. which provokes disease is incompetent and a failure. Preparations were being made for the Fifty- Seventh Annual Convention of the A.O.A. to be The concepts of a paper written by a D.O. in held in Chicago, July 13 to 17, at the Conrad Hilton 1913 are similar to those discussed in an article Hotel. Wesley B. Larsen was general chairman of appearing 50 years later. the local convention committee, and Donald V. Announcement was made of the organization of Hampton of Cleveland was the A.O.A. President. the Chicago College of Osteopathy, which took over This was the year that the Department of Health, the Littlejohn College and Hospital. Its first presi- Education, and Welfare was established. During dent was Carl P. McConnell, D.O. hearings relative to its establishment, Dr. Chester D. Swope, chairman of the Department of Public Twenty-five years ago, April 1938, immunity was Relations of the A.O.A., appeared at a Congression- a featured subject in THE JOURNAL. The lead article, al committee bearing to voice the support of the "The Basis for Immunity, Natural or Acquired," by American Osteopathic Association and to pledge Charles Hazzard, provides material of interest to co-operation in effecting the high purposes of the modern-day osteopathic physicians. Still anticipated proposed Department of HEW. the discoveries of Ehrlich when he pointed out that The "open-air treatment" of burns was being the human body had within its resources those sub- tried, and results of the use of ACTH and cortisone stances necessary for the preservation of health. in dermatologic cases were being reported. "An Essay Toward an Osteopathic Approach to The span of time reveals many consistencies and Corrective Speech Problems" by Fleda M. Brigham, many inconsistencies. But history provides perspec- "The Three Primary Brain Vesicles" by Charlotte tive for the student of history. Lessons from the Weaver, and the second Surgical Supplement con- past are applicable to the present.

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