Launch vehicles: A worldwide roundup Launch vehicles: A worldwide 2011 September September A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS OFC_r1_Aviation_Aerospace_SEP201Page 1 8/16/11 2:58:56 PM 2:58:56 8/16/11 1 OFC_r1_Aviation_Aerospace_SEP201Page

8 AEROSPACE AMERICA SEPTEMBER 2011 K Y M C CY MY CM CMY Yes. It Does Data Management.

Power and fidelity without the wait.

FieldView 13 The Revolution Has Begun

“Corvid Technologies generates thousands of three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solutions every year on complex geometries. The ability to automate this process can reduce flow-viz time requirementsr by 50 percent or more.” David F. Robinson, Ph.D., President of Corvid Technologies

““We can now view animated transient filling sequences and at the same time rotate, move and zoom to gain new insights. The data management tools typically reduce file sizes by a factor of 50 and allow batch and interactive work on the same machine as our FLOW-3D making our work much easier.” Frieder Semler, President, CFD Consultants, GmbH.

For more: www.smartcfd.com

Chaderjian, N. M. and Buning, P. G., "High Resolution Navier-Stokes Simulation of Rotor Wakes", Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 67th Annual Forum, Virginia Beach, VA. May 3-5, 2011. 001_r1_Aerospace_SEP2011.pdf 8/16/11 3:28:42 PM

September 2011

DEPARTMENTS EDITORIAL 3 Playing with fire.

INTERNATIONAL BEAT 4 South Africa opens new routes to space. Page 4

WASHINGTON WATCH 6 As an era ends, uncertainties loom.

CONVERSATIONS 10 With Jim Maser.

THE VIEW FROM HERE 14 Finding NEOs: Stepping stones for human exploration.

AIRCRAFT UPDATE 18 Military rotorcraft: Strongest aero market. Page 6 OUT OF THE PAST 50 C CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 52

M

Y

CM

MY FEATURES

CY WINGS OF GOLD: CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF U.S. NAVY AIRPOWER 22 At its century mark, U.S. naval aviation marks achievements unimaginable Page 14 CMY to those who pioneered it.

K by Edward Goldstein

SPACE LAUNCH: A WORLDWIDE ROUNDUP 34 A few major ‘space powers’ continue to dominate the world’s launch activities, but membership in that exclusive club is on the rise. by J.R. Wilson

RUSSIAN LANDER TO HEAD FOR MARTIAN MOON 46 A successful sample return could provide major data not just on Phobos but also on Mars and the solar system. by Craig Covault Page 18

BULLETIN AIAA Meeting Schedule B2 AIAA Courses and Training Program B4 AIAA News B5 Meeting Program B11 Page 46

Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly, except August, by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. at 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Va. 20191-4344 [703/264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S. and Canada, $163, foreign, $200. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send address changes and subscription orders to address above, attention AIAA Customer Service, 703/264-7500. Periodical postage paid at Herndon, VA, and at additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2011 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 40,000 copies of this issue printed. This is Volume 49, No. 8. INNOVATION IN ALL DOMAINS AIR LAND SEA SPACE CYBER Every day, Raytheon customers undertakeEvery day, vital Raytheon missions customers across air, undertakeland, sea, vital space missions and cyberspace. across air, Ourland, mission sea, is space to provide and cyberspace. innovative, Our missionintegrated is to technologies provide innovative, across theseintegrated domains technologiesto ensure customer across successthese and domains deliver to a ensuretrue operational customer successadvantage, and deliver mission a true after operational mission. advantage, mission after mission.

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© 2011 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. “Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. © 2011 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. “Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. 003_r1_Aerospace_SEP2011.pdf 8/16/11 4:44:29 PM

®

is a publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Elaine J. Camhi Editor-in-Chief Patricia Jefferson Associate Editor Greg Wilson Production Editor Jerry Grey, Editor-at-Large Playing with fire Christine Williams, Editor AIAA Bulletin

Correspondents This summer in our nation’s capital, loud and often ugly political warfare Robert F. Dorr, Washington Philip Butterworth-Hayes, Europe broke out that passed for discussions about raising the nation’s debt ceiling. Michael Westlake, Hong Kong The rancorous back-and-forth between the two houses of Congress seemed to be more about anointing winners and losers than dealing with America’s Contributing Writers growing economic woes, shedding more heat than light on the actual issues Richard Aboulafia, James W. Canan, at hand. But as lawmakers rushed to meet one deadline, they allowed another Marco Cáceres, Craig Covault, Leonard to go unmet. David, Philip Finnegan, Edward Goldstein, Tom Jones, James Oberg, At the final hour, after reaching an agreement that seemed to please no David Rockwell, J.R. Wilson one, the lawmakers went off for their August break. But the partisan bickering had resulted in a failure to extend the operating authority of the Federal Fitzgerald Art & Design Aviation Administration. As a consequence, nearly 4,000 men and women Art Direction and Design were put out of work and thousands of people in the construction industry who were set to work on airport projects around the country lost wages as C Brian D. Dailey, President Robert S. Dickman, Publisher they were told to stand down. M Craig Byl, Manufacturing and Distribution Since the FAA could no longer impose taxes, airlines could not collect Y them, and the federal government lost an estimated $388 million in revenues. STEERING COMMITTEE CM (Some airlines fared better, however; they raised their ticket prices to match Col. Neal Barlow, USAF Academy; Michael what they would have collected in taxes, pocketing the difference; and MY B. Bragg, University of Illinois; Carol Cash, passengers who paid the taxes were told they would not receive refunds.) Carol Cash & Associates; Basil Hassan, Sandia; CY Mark Lewis, University of Maryland, Robert This sum is particularly ironic, because one of the sticking points in the failure CMY E. Lindberg, National Institute of Aerospace; to agree to an extension was a disagreement over a $16-million cut in subsidies Mark S. Maurice, AFOSR; Merri Sanchez, to rural communities. K Sierra Nevada; Vigor Yang, Georgia Institute Air traffic controllers and airplane inspectors are paid from separate of Technology; Susan X. Ying; Boeing accounts, and they continued to work. So did dozens of airport inspectors, who worked without pay and were asked to cover their own travel expenses. EDITORIAL BOARD Ned Allen, Jean-Michel Contant, That back pay may never be restored. Said Randy Babbitt, the FAA adminis- Eugene Covert, L.S. “Skip” Fletcher, trator, “We can neither pay them nor can we compensate them for expenses. Michael Francis, Cam Martin, We are depending and living on their professionalism at this point.” Don Richardson, Douglas Yazell Two weeks later, an agreement of sorts was reached on the Hill, with both parties taking credit for working for the greater good. But the agreement will ADVERTISING only last until the middle of this month, and then the whole ugly cycle may National Display and Classified: begin again. Robert Silverstein, 240.498.9674 [email protected] While most transportation bills are traditionally part of long-term spending West Coast Display: Greg Cruse, packages, the FAA’s last long-term funding expired in 2007; since then there 949.361.1870 / [email protected] have been more than 20 short-term extensions as Congress has bickered over details. Ross B. Garelick Bell Business Manager Air travel is the lifeblood of U.S. and international commerce. Safe and reli- able air transportation is crucial in a global community. So we ask ourselves Send materials to Craig Byl, AIAA, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA this: Should the department responsible for maintaining the outstanding safety 20191-4344. Changes of address should be records posted in the past be asked to function with funding that might disap- sent by e-mail at [email protected], or by fax pear in weeks, or months? Should the highly skilled, dedicated workforce that at 703.264.7606. makes sure you and I arrive safely every time we travel be asked to do so Send correspondence to [email protected]. without compensation from time to time, because politics has trumped reason? We really need to do better, or the consequences may catch up with all of September 2011, Vol. 49, No. 8 us one day. Elaine Camhi Editor-in-Chief BEATlayout0911_Layout 1 8/10/11 1:09 PM Page 2

South Africa opens new routes to space

THIS MAY, THE $250-MILLION INTELSAT services specifically tailored for Africa, New Dawn communications satellite it will also herald the dawn of a new was launched on board an Ariane 5 era where Africans enjoy far greater from Kourou, French Guiana, marking involvement in the space communica- another important step for Africa’s tions industry.” growing space industry capabilities. The satellite’s 28 C-band and 24 Ku- Industry grows as needs increase band 36-MHz transponder units have Although Africa’s involvement in the been designed to supply critical com- space industry is relatively small com- munications infrastructure for African pared with other regions of the world, customers, although a problem with and concentrated in just a few coun- the west antenna reflector has im- tries, it covers a wide range of appli- paired the delivery of C-band services cations and is growing rapidly. The to the region. need for space-based assets for Earth Based on Orbital’s STAR-1 plat- observation, disaster management, and form, New Dawn operates from a geo- communications to support sustain- stationary orbital slot at 32.8° East. The able development, including the fight satellite is designed to generate ap- against poverty, is arguably greater in proximately 4.8 kW of electrical Africa than in any other region of the power to support the hybrid C- and world. The New Dawn communications satellite was Ku-band payload. launched in May. South Africa is the most active of The program is important not just all African nations in the space market, because of the increased Ku-band Convergence Partners, is leading the and its space programs are concerned services it will bring to Africa, but also South African investor group, which with pure science as well as more because it is largely a private venture: includes the Industrial Development commercial efforts and infrastructure African institutions are providing Corporation of South Africa and the projects. around 90% of the total financing for African Development Bank. According to South African Minis- the joint project, with Intelsat con- According to Andile Ngcaba, chair- ter for Technology Naledi Pandor, tributing the balance. A private tele- man of Convergence Partners, “The speaking in April at the opening of the communications investment company, satellite will not only deliver crucial Global Office of Astronomy for Devel- opment (OAD) within the South Afri- can Astronomical Observatory (SAAO): KAT-7 is a seven-dish prototype interferometer array in the Karoo semidesert region “We have some 60 astronomers work- of South Africa. ing here in South Africa (25 here at the SAAO), and they are half of Africa’s 120 astronomers. But more than num- bers, we also have the political will.… We have invested in astronomy. We have invested in complex measuring instruments. We have SALT [Southern African Large Telescope], Meer-KAT [Karoo Array Telescope], and the bid to host the SKA [Square Kilometre Ar- ray]. We chose to invest heavily in sci- ence and astronomy because of its role in development, not only within South Africa, but all across Africa. Big astronomy projects such as SALT, MeerKAT, and SKA entail major capac- ity development programs in order to

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train the next gener- SKA. MeerKAT will comprise 64 Gre- ation of engineers gorian offset dishes, each 13.5 m in di- and astronomers ameter, and will be delivered in three from all over Africa.” phases: commissioning in 2014/2015, The OAD is a with science operations starting in partnership between 2016 via a processing bandwidth of the International As- 750 MHz, followed by second and tronomical Union, third phases with the addition of two the global associa- receivers. The processing bandwidth tion of astronomers, will be increased to at least 2 GHz, and the South with a goal of 4 GHz. African National Re- According to SKA South Africa, the search Foundation. organization behind the country’s bid In 2009 the IAU for the SKA project: “MeerKAT sup- launched its Astron- ports a wide range of observing omy for the Devel- modes, including deep continuum, po- oping World pro- larization and spectral line imaging, gram, which uses pulsar timing, and transient searches.” SALT is the largest single optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. astronomy to foster Among other operations, MeerKAT education and capacity-building “SALT is currently operational and will be used to investigate gravita- throughout the world. The new South undertaking commissioning observa- tional radiation, observing the distant African facility has been built to “stim- tions,” according to SALT astronomer universe and nearby galactic objects. ulate development at all levels includ- Nicola Loaring. “These are engineer- MeerKAT will also be part of the ing primary, secondary, and tertiary ing tests coupled with scientific obser- global very long baseline interferome- education, science research, and the vations designed to test the function- try network of telescopes working to- public understanding of science, ality of SALT and to accurately char- gether simultaneously to seek extrater- building on the success of the Interna- acterize its instruments. Some data restrial intelligence and download tional Year of Astronomy 2009,” ac- from these observations are scientifi- information from space probes. cording to the SAAO. cally useful and have been/will be published. We currently have a call for A new space agency Astronomy research on the rise science proposals due to be launched Meanwhile, the South African National South Africa has growing capabilities on 30th June 2011 for 2011 Semester II Space Agency (SANSA) was launched in astronomy research. SALT is the observations; Semester II will com- in December 2010, along with a na- largest single optical telescope in the mence on 1st September 2011. We ex- tional space strategy. SANSA’s remit southern hemisphere. It has a hexago- pect that the majority of commission- covers a wide range of activities, from nal primary mirror array 11 m across, ing observations will be completed by Earth observation to space engineer- comprising 91 individual 1.2-m hexag- this time and SALT will move more ing, operations, and science. SANSA onal mirrors, and is similar to the into regular scientific operations.” Space Operations, headquartered at Hobby-Eberly Telescope in Texas. De- The big prize, however, would be Hartebeeshoek, conducts tracking, te- signed to operate from the near ultra- for South Africa to host the Square lemetry, and communications activi- violet to the near infrared, SALT is Kilometre Array, a $1.5-billion pro- ties, launch support, in-orbit testing, funded by a consortium of interna- gram for which the country is in com- mission control, and space navigation. tional partners from South Africa, the petition with Australia. The SKA Sci- South Africa launched its second U.S., Poland, India, the U.K., Germany, ence and Engineering Committee, LEO satellite, the SumbandilaSat, on a and New Zealand. based at Manchester University in the Russian Soyuz in September 2009. The telescope has had some U.K., will announce the selected site Since then it has been transmitting im- teething problems. Originally built in for the telescope in 2012. The SKA will ages to support various applications 2005, it was taken out of commission be between 50 and 100 times more including disaster management, food in 2009 for upgrades aimed at improv- sensitive than any other radio tele- security (crop yield estimation), land ing the quality of outer-field images. scope on Earth, and South Africa is in use, and safety and security. The fix was completed in 2010, and a consortium with eight other African The first South African Earth obser- since then the telescope and instru- partner countries to host the project. vation satellite was Sunsat, a 64-kg ments have been undergoing recom- Under construction in the North- spacecraft housing a multispectral im- missioning, due to be concluded by ern Cape is MeerKAT, South Africa’s ager with a 15-m resolution operating the end of this year. precursor telescope to the proposed Continued on page 9

AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 5 WATCHlayout0911_Layout 1 8/10/11 4:35 PM Page 2

As an era ends, uncertainties loom

AFTER 30 YEARSOFSCIENTIFICTRI- matic statement by NASA Administra- umph and two tragedies, the nation’s tor Charles Bolden: space shuttle program ended July 21 “The future is bright for human when the Atlantis orbiter touched spaceflight and for NASA,” according down in Florida. Many in Washington to Bolden. “American ingenuity is see Atlantis’s curtain call as the end of alive and well. And it will fire up our a half-century of U.S. dominance in economy and help us win the future, space exploration, leaving Russia as but only if we dream big and imagine the sole country possessing a vehicle endless possibilities. That future be- that can carry astronauts to the ISS. On gins today.” both sides of the aisle, some Washing- One space program worker at ton legislators question whether it is Cape Canaveral said he was eager to good policy to leave the U.S. with no dream big but was looking at a pink NASA Administrator Charles Bolden way to put people into space. slip. The end of the shuttle program “I am gravely concerned with the NASA, with flat budgets expected triggered 2,000 immediate job layoffs, gap we’re facing,” Sen. John Boozman to average at most about $18 billion in with many more to come. With the (R-Ark.) says. “There will be an ex- the years immediately ahead, is devel- White House and Capitol Hill fixated tended period of time between the oping a heavy-lift rocket through the on debt and deficits, another worker shuttle and the next U.S.-developed ca- Space Launch System and, for the long said, simply, “I can’t explain our pol- pability to launch humans into space.” term, a multipurpose crew vehicle icy to you because they haven’t ex- In a statement issued late last year, largely drawn from Orion. But under plained it to me.” Apollo astronauts Neil Armstrong, Eu- administration policy, the agency is Earlier this year, NASA handed out gene Cernan, and James Lovell ap- looking solely to the private sector for $270 million in seed money to each of peared not merely concerned but the means to lift astronauts into LEO. four companies—Boeing, Blue Origin, alarmed. “Without the skill and expert- Even the staunchest supporters of SpaceX, and Sierra Nevada—to boost ise that actual spacecraft operation the administration say U.S. space pol- their efforts to develop spacecraft that provides, the USA is far too likely to icy today is ambiguous and lacks a fo- will carry human crews. Orbital Sci- be on a long downhill slide to medi- cused goal that can inspire Americans. ences plans to test its Taurus II launch ocrity,” they wrote. “America must de- One critic suggests that “unless there’s rocket this fall and will later complete cide if it wishes to remain a leader in a super-secret replacement spaceship the Cygnus capsule that can be mated space. If it does, we should institute a ready to be rolled out to the launch to the rocket to supply the ISS. United program that will give us the very best pad,” it is not possible to make much Launch Alliance is offering its Atlas V chance of achieving that goal.” sense out of a recent upbeat but enig- launch rocket, now used to boost un-

Space shuttle Atlantis touches down at the Kennedy Space Center Shuttle Landing Facility, completing the final flight of the space shuttle program, early Thursday morning, July 21, 2011. Photo credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls.

6 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 WATCHlayout0911_Layout 1 8/10/11 4:35 PM Page 3

manned satellites, for human missions. tion, handle pilot licensing, and de- This is a proposal about which Bolden velop and operate an air traffic control says he is “truly excited.” (ATC) system. In recent years, the But the most likely version of an agency has been faulted for the slow FY12 NASA appropriations bill, which pace of development of its satellite- passed the House of Representatives guided, Next Generation (NextGen) July 14, cuts agency spending by $1.6 ATC system. billion, to $16.8 billion, and retains Several successive FAA administra- only $312 million (the same amount tors, warning of an exponential in- that was permitted this year) to de- crease in air travel gridlock, have velop commercial space taxis. promised to implement NextGen as soon as funding will permit. Experts in Civil aviation gridlock Washington blame the delay on the If NASA sometimes appears to need a on-again, off-again status of FAA fund- compass, the FAA is “downright dys- Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood ing, on technological challenges, and functional,” according to Nathan Ser- Nev.) announced that an agreement on reluctance by air carriers to make a enko, a retired airline pilot and former had been reached that would provide large investment in untested equip- lobbyist for a pilots’ union. “The FAA continued funding for the agency until ment and procedures. NextGen’s fu- has dedicated people, and air travel in Congress reconvened this month. Only ture is inextricably linked to a convo- America has a superb safety record,” a few members of the Senate had to luted ‘mix’ of user fees and taxes that explained Serenko in a telephone in- return to offer unanimous consent to a pay for the nation’s aerial highways. terview. “The problem is, both Con- bill that had already passed in the That arrangement has been in need of gress and the executive branch seem House. The deal does not settle any of revision for years, but in today’s envi- determined to undermine the FAA at the disputes that led to the partial FAA ronment no one was expecting the every turn.” shutdown. system to be upgraded soon. While Washington and the nation Until the agreement was reached, were debating the federal debt ceiling, collection of airline ticket taxes came New faces at DOD few outside the capital seemed to no- to a halt (with some carriers still col- New people but not new policies: tice that the FAA’s operating authority, lecting the same amount for a ticket), That is the story in the nation’s de- as well as its authority to collect taxes, resulting in a loss for the Treasury of fense establishment, where few of the expired on July 22. some $300 million. The certification names on a new roster of Pentagon Congress adjourned without re- process for aircraft, including Boeing’s leaders—Panetta, Dempsey, Winne- solving a dispute over a cut in subsi- 787-8 freighter, was suspended. Airport feld, Odierno, Greenert—are house- dies to 13 rural airports and an even construction work came to a halt in hold words. While they may not be fa- larger disagreement over a provision some areas. About 4,000 FAA employ- miliar to the average citizen, all were in long-term funding legislation that ees (out of 47,000) were furloughed, chosen because they fit in with admin- would make it difficult for airline and experts cited between 70,000 and workers to unionize. Lawmakers also 90,000 as the number of private-sector differed on the number of flights that jobs that were idled. should be allowed at Ronald Reagan To many in Washington these Washington National Airport. problems are emblematic of larger, “The fact that Congress can’t work long-term FAA concerns. The agency this out is exactly why people are fed has not had a formal authorization bill up with Washington,” DOT Secretary since 2007. Since then Congress has Ray LaHood told reporters. The FAA enacted no fewer than 20 temporary comes under LaHood’s department. enabling bills to keep the agency in “This is no way to run the best avia- business. tion system in the world.” he said. Founded in 1958, the same year as A few days after adjournment, Sen- NASA, the FAA is expected to regulate ate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D- air and space commercial transporta- Gen. Martin Dempsey

AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 7 WATCHlayout0911_Layout 1 8/10/11 4:35 PM Page 4

istration policies in Iraq, Afghanistan, military operation that killed Osama and elsewhere in the military’s area of bin Laden in Pakistan on May 1. responsibility. With Panetta replacing Robert “The Obama administration had Gates as the top defense official (and well-established policies for using the second-in-command of the armed military overseas before it nominated forces, behind the president) observers these people,” said naval analyst Nor- in Washington will be watching for man Polmar in a telephone interview. further blurring of the lines between “With policy constant and spending intelligence and military agencies. cuts certain, the armed forces will be More important, they will be watching doing things that look familiar, but Panetta’s approach to budget issues. Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert with greater difficulty.” “If you thought Gates was a budget at- The administration’s defense pol- tack dog, just watch and see how regular, irregular, terrorist, and crimi- icy includes: hard-headed Panetta can be,” says re- nal groups. We must,” he said, “under- •Narrower focus on military strikes tired Air Force Col. James Newman, a stand and prevail against these on al-Qaeda and the Taliban rather Washington defense analyst. threats.” The Army’s biggest problem than a more general ‘war on terror’ or is that it has senior officers who have a broader nation-building effort. Uniformed leadership changes never heard a shot fired in anger, and •Pursuing the war in Afghanistan, Gen. Martin Dempsey, who will re- junior captains and majors who have but with a withdrawal of about 10,000 place Adm. Michael Mullen as chair- known nothing but constant combat. troops over the next year—a pullout man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) Odierno will institute a program to by- larger than military advisors wanted on October 1, is an armor officer and pass tradition and put battle experi- but smaller than critics of the White an uncontroversial pragmatist. Agence ence ahead of seniority. House would like to see. France-Presse describes him as “an ex- Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert will •Continuing support for NATO-led trovert known for an irreverent sense become chief of naval operations, or military operations in Libya, even as of humor and a penchant for singing CNO, the term for the Navy’s service Obama critics say the president is ex- in public.” (His rendition of “New chief. Greenert, 58, is a submarine of- ceeding his authority under the 1973 York, New York” is said to be a match ficer. Among many assignments, he War Powers Resolution. Others say the for Frank Sinatra’s.) commanded the nuclear attack sub- effort in Libya lacks a clear direction Obama named Adm. James A. marine USS Honolulu. He has a broad- and even a clear goal. ‘Sandy’ Winnefeld Jr, who heads the based record as an operational com- •Reducing military expenditures U.S. Northern Command and the mander and will be skilled at making over the next 12 years by $400 billion, North American Aerospace Defense the Navy’s case on Capitol Hill. “He a figure that uniformed officers say Command, to become vice chairman knows how to ask the right ques- will be difficult to achieve and critics of the JCS. A naval aviator, Winnefeld tions,” retired Vice Adm. Lou Cren- argue is not large enough to signifi- was an F-14 Tomcat pilot and used the shaw, a budget expert, told the Navy cantly reduce the nation’s deficit and callsign ‘Jaws.’ Times. Greenert has often pointed to debt woes. The selection of Dempsey is un- the strain being placed on the defense In an unusual 100-0 vote with no usual because he had only taken over budget by personnel costs and has abstentions and no absences, the Sen- as Army service chief on April 11. Gen. cautioned that military pay and bene- ate confirmed Leon Panetta, 73, to be- Ray Odierno, veteran commander of fits may take hits in the future. come secretary of defense. The oldest U.S. forces in Afghanistan, now re- Some perceived the selection of person ever to be named to the post, places him as Army chief of staff. Greenert as a snub to Adm. James Panetta is an inside-Washington oper- Said Odierno in a statement, “The Stavridis, U.S. combatant commander ator with deft budget skills. He was an future battlefield will be populated in Europe, who had been seen as a Army officer (1964-66), a congressman with hybrid threats—combinations of possible JCS chairman or CNO. Others from California (1977-1993), head of saw it differently: “After having two the Office of Management and Budget combatant commander jobs, it might and later White House chief of staff for have been a step down for Stavridis to President Bill Clinton (1994-1997), and become CNO,” said naval analyst Pol- director of the CIA (2009-2011). mar in a telephone interview. “Also, At the latter agency, Panetta sur- Stavridis has the disadvantage of being prised many by taking personal too closely associated with [former de- charge of the ‘drone war’ in Pakistan— fense secretary] Donald Rumsfeld, for the targeting of al-Qaeda and Taliban whom he served as a staff assistant.” figures by remotely piloted aircraft. He Robert F. Dorr also took personal charge of the CIA- Gen. Ray Odierno [email protected]

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(Continued from page 5) SANSA: Developing operational ernment’s goals through the 10-year national from an altitude of 600 km. Built by capabilities innovation plan.” postgraduate engineering students at Since its formation in 2010, the South African A primary operational focus will be further the University of Stellenbosch, it was National Space Agency (SANSA) has been gradu- improvement of the Earth observation data cen- launched by NASA in February 1999. ally evolving to undertake a wide range of oper- ter. Space operations include data acquisition, According to CEO Sandile Malinga, ations. April marked the start of its second, or tracking, telemetry, and control activities, to- “SANSA focuses on four key themes, foundational, operating phase, with the integra- gether with in-orbit testing, launch support, tion of different operations and the refinement and satellite mission control. The agency plans namely, Earth observation, space sci- of structures, policies, and plans. Next will come to host increased amounts of ground-station ence, space operations, and space en- the ‘full operating phase,’ starting 2012/2013, infrastructure. SANSA space science will take a gineering. Data obtained through which will entail the start of the National Space multidisciplinary and multiinstitutional collabo- Earth observation is provided to gov- Program: Earth observation, space operations, rative approach to academic research, and space ernment to facilitate resource manage- space science, and space engineering. engineering will involve institutions such as Stel- ment and planning. Space science “SANSA was established by the govern- lenbosch University, Cape Peninsula University monitoring provides valuable informa- ment in a bid to steer the country from a of Technology, the University of KwaZulu-Natal, tion on the impact of space weather as largely resource-based economy to a knowl- and Tshwane University of Technology, as well well as basic research in the space en- edge-based economy through delivery of the as industry partners, to develop South Africa’s vironment. In terms of space opera- 10-year National Innovation Plan, which ad- indigenous space capability. dresses five priorities including space science According to Malinga, “The wisdom of em- tions, SANSA has an ideally located and technology,” according to Sandile Malinga, barking on a satellite program has always been ground station that services a vast ar- SANSA’s CEO. “Emanating from this is a na- challenged by those who argue for perpetual ray of international clients. Lastly, on tional space strategy that focuses on environ- procurement of data from external satellite engineering, South Africa intends to ment and resource management; health, safety, programs. Apart from the technological capac- build on the experience gained in lo- and security; and innovation and economic ity development inherent in pursuing an in- cally developing SumbandilaSat to fur- growth. Primarily, SANSA is to ensure that the digenous space program, the overall benefit ther improve local satellite manufac- national space strategy is implemented by associated with the independence of control- turing capability in the microsatellite bringing together key strategic institutions, ling one’s own satellite and imaging routines segment. All our programs are under- promoting better coordination of national is immeasurable.” pinned by a strong capacity-building space activities under SANSA, and creating a SANSA therefore aims to strike a balance visible point of contact for national space activi- between acquiring data for the nation’s imme- drive and emphasis on science ad- ties. The long-term goals for SANSA are to coor- diate and pressing requirements and deliber- vancement and outreach.” dinate all space science and technology-related ately pursuing a satellite program for future activities from a central entity and support gov- needs. Collaborative efforts The route to space for most African nations is via collaboration, and South African authorities. Called GEO-Africa, knowledge and build the necessary Africa participates in a number of pan- it will be “a permanent African space skills. SANSA will also have the space African communications and EO pro- observatory based on an innovative engineering directorate operational, grams. For example, the GEONETCast mid-high-resolution geostationary sat- and this will offer added value initiative is a global collaboration ‘sys- ellite to be operated by Africans. It through production of space satellites tem of systems’ network that allows will be developed and implemented in and other technologies. There is also a for coordinating and integrating satel- partnership with the European Union. plan to take part in a multinational lite data and information such as video The GEO-Africa will ultimately pro- satellite program called the African Re- broadcasting and imagery for Earth vide for the much-needed real-time source Management Constellation, in observation. It is part of the intergov- mapping for Africa, together with the partnership with Algeria, Kenya, and ernmental Group on Earth Observa- associated communication of the spa- Nigeria.” tions network through which South tial information for various societal African research and government de- and economic applications,” according QQQ partments are leading work groups in to SANSA. The satellite would monitor What marks South Africa’s new impe- several areas. These include develop- water levels, vegetation destruction, tus into the space market is not a sim- ing a global network of airborne, disasters, and agricultural production ple concentration on Earth observa- space-based, and ground-based sen- throughout Africa. tion and telecommunications satellites, sors, creating a climate education se- “SANSA is identifying partnership the focus of most nations that wish to ries of teaching aids, and providing opportunities with other African space acquire a foothold in the space mar- politicians around the world with a agencies to maximize the impact of ket. Rather it is a much broader ambi- common, science-based model of en- our resources for the benefit of Afri- tion to play a full role in space science vironmental risks and vulnerability. cans,” Malinga explains. “Currently we and astronomy domains as well. With EADS, SANSA is also devel- offer exchange programs for students Philip Butterworth-Hayes oping a dedicated satellite sensing from African universities to work with European correspondent source to be owned and operated by our scientists and engineers to share [email protected]

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Jim MaserI

As a space industry executive, what whether each agency will have that, in the past, the vice president is your view of U.S. space policy and enough resources to support the high usually has taken the lead in coordi- planning? fixed costs of its particular approach nating space activities and has champi- From the industrial base stand- to space. We need to determine if oned space initiatives and programs. I point, our nation badly needs a com- some of those elements can be com- don’t think that is currently the case. mon, integrated, stable road map for bined across the agencies, as opposed Aerospace Industries Association has space, for what we want to do in to continuing to pursue independent been making some recent recommen- space, for how we want to access approaches. An integrated road map dations that address the issue and can space. Space activities are being han- would do that. be found on their Web site. dled at the agency level. Different government agencies have their own Who would draft it? NASA and other Is the space industry collegial space agendas, and those may or may agencies are limited in scope. They enough to agree on and push for an not overlap or be intertwined. What basically do what they’re told to do integrated approach to space? we’re seeing is various agencies in with the resources provided by the The companies are talking about charge of relatively independent sys- administration and Congress. where we see things going and what tems—satellites and space transporta- Exactly, so there has to be a sin- we think has to happen. But in the ab- tion systems. gle, integrating body, and I don’t know sence of a high-level national road The big question right now is what the answer is. I have been told map for space, we are all guessing. And what we have seen through the years is that we have guessed wrong Jim Maser is president of Pratt & Whitney architects of the evolution of Delta II to many times. Rocketdyne, a division of Pratt & Whitney Delta IV. In 1998, after serving as chief In industry, we’re doing as much responsible for the design, manufacturing, engineer of Delta III, Maser became as we can to make sure that we are and performance of power and propulsion chief engineer of Sea Launch. sized and organized for what we per- systems. Previously, he served as president ceive the future to be. But we can’t be Maser graduated magna cum laude and general manager of Sea Launch, an sure. Developing an integrated plan from the University of Akron with a international partnership that launches and a road map at a high level of gov- bachelor’s degree in engineering, commercial communications satellites. ernment is something that this nation followed by a master’s in engineering. Under his leadership, Sea Launch is simply going to have to address, or He later received a master’s degree in emerged as one of the world’s premier we will continue to find ourselves business administration from the heavy-lift launch services. challenged with the costs of gaining University of California at Los Angeles. access to space. After serving at Sea Launch, Maser In 2000, AIAA honored Maser with its joined Space Exploration Technologies George M. Low Space Transportation How does the lack of a space road (SpaceX) as president and chief operating Award. map hurt industry now? officer of the startup company, which was The absence of a road map selected by NASA to demonstrate delivery makes it hard for us to decide exactly and return of cargo to the ISS. where to invest in space, or what tech- Maser has a strong background as an nologies to invest in. We may think aerospace engineer, with extensive there is an area of technology that the experience in program management and nation wants to pursue, and we invest design, and in engineering leadership. in it, and after a short period of time, He was a research fellow at NASA Lewis the nation decides that that area is not (now NASA Glenn) prior to joining what it wants to pursue. So we have McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) in the basically wasted our money. 1980s. Beginning with the Boeing Delta and Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle For example? programs in structural design, he became When I first took this position the leader of advanced studies in systems with Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, integration, and was one of the key some people came up to me and said, Jim, we really need to invest in nu-

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Interview by James W. Canan

clear thermal propulsion, and I said I will go by and the gap will only get and what we want to do there. It is a didn’t see any real future in that be- bigger. matter of months, not years, before we cause I didn’t see anything coming out have to do something. of any of the government agencies that Wasn’t there a gap between the suggested they would spend money Apollo and shuttle programs back in What about your company amid all on that—and even if they did, I didn’t the late ’70s? this? What happens if nothing much see that there would be much demand There was a gap of six years, ba- stirs in space policy and planning? or volume for that kind of propulsion. sically, from the last Apollo launch in To us, and to many in the indus- And then, over a year ago, when Con- 1975 and the shuttle’s first launch in try, it seemed unwise to outright can- stellation was canceled, everyone 1981. But the shuttle program was cel Constellation without knowing started talking about nuclear thermal started in 1972, so there was a three- what we will be doing next, and with- year overlap in work for the industry. out knowing if some of the work be- And even though the NASA budget for ing done on Constellation could be “We are at a crossroads. going forward with the shuttle was extended to the next architecture. If The situation is urgent, much less than its budget for Apollo in we stop that work, starting it back up and time is running out.” the ’60s, everybody knew what that will create significant delays and cost budget was going to be and could ad- much more money. Even if some as- just to it, and to the future. Even pects of that architecture, and that of propulsion to explore the various though the adjustment was hard, the shuttle, are not used in the next ar- planets and do scientific missions. All everybody knew it could be done, chitecture, we will still be maintaining of a sudden, it looked like my position and did it. our critical skills and keeping them on nuclear thermal propulsion was The situation we’re in now is that sharp toward something that might be wrong. But now, it looks like technol- the shuttle is ending and we still don’t the next architecture. ogy has been zeroed out of the NASA know what the future holds. We don’t If shuttle ends and our Constella- budget, so it looks like I was right know what we’re going to be working tion contracts are canceled with no about nuclear thermal propulsion. on, and we don’t know when, so we decision or plans for follow-on activ- We have that kind of back-and- don’t know how to adjust. We do ity, we and many others would be fac- forth in many areas, and that’s why, in know that it would be foolish to ing a loss of 80-90% of our NASA busi- the absence of a longer-term inte- downsize significantly during this gap. ness over a short period of time, grated national vision for space, it is which would be very challenging for very challenging for industry to figure What do you mean? the nation’s leadership in space. out where and how to invest. Losing critical skills and intellec- tual capital that the space industry— Some would say that the nation does Is the uncertainty dangerous for our civil and military—developed through indeed have a plan and a strategy country? the past 50 years; we face significant for how to proceed beyond Constel- Yes it is. We are at a crossroads. loss of capability in our industry that lation, that NASA’s portfolio nicely The situation is urgent, and time is we may not be able to regain. Re- combines commercial and govern- running out. Constellation was can- building the capability could take a ment space programs in a propor- celed on February 1, 2010, and here long time and come at great expense. tion that benefits everyone. we are, a year and a half later, and we So we are at a very, very critical point I like that model. I’ve been a great still don’t know what we’re going to in time. We are in a high-risk position supporter of commercial flights to low do in space. In the past, when we had in terms of losing some of our critical Earth orbit, especially of commercial starts and stops with various initia- capabilities. We need to decide right cargo flights to the space station. In- tives, we always had the shuttle pro- now how we want to get into space dustry should be able to take on that gram to fall back on. Now the shuttle is ending and we don’t know what we’re going to do next. It’s no longer “We are in a high-risk position in terms of losing just a gap in getting to space, it’s a gap some of our critical capabilities. We need to decide in planning what we’re going to be right now how we want to get into space and what working on to get there. If we don’t get together on a common plan, years we want to do there.”

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challenge with existing technology. I be part of the process. Do we want to have to go with the best technology think it’s a very cost-effective way to show up, or do we want to abdicate we have at the time, develop ad- take cargo to space, and then ulti- and leave space exploration to other vanced technology in parallel, make mately to adapt it to crew transporta- countries, including China? sure our system is designed to adapt tion too. It also frees up resources and to new technology as it comes online, allows NASA to focus its best and Should NASA play more of a leading and insert that advanced technology brightest on the innovative kinds of role, on its own, in making national as we go. Technology maturation is a things—space exploration and science decisions on space? process that takes time. Some technol- missions—that NASA was really cre- I think ultimately NASA has no ogy may never mature. ated to do. So that model is very choice but to do that. Otherwise, deci- sound, in my opinion. sions will be legislated, and they may So we can’t let technology develop- But the fundamental issue here is or may not be what NASA wants. So ment dictate strategic decisions and not the model itself, it is the manner in NASA has to take the lead and make timing. which, and the time frame in which, the decisions. It ultimately comes That’s right. We need to keep go- that model is being executed. We are down to where NASA wants to go, by ing whether technology matures or seeing a very strong focus and priority when, and how that fits into the not, and be able to insert the technol- on commercial transportation to low budget that’s available. Maybe some ogy as it is successfully developed— Earth orbit and an absence of decision things in that budget will have to go. not the other way around. Our indus- or direction for space exploration. We need to decide on a time frame try is made up of really smart people, and then pursue it with consistency and we don’t need to wait until we Elaborate on what you said about and stability so that it can survive mul- have all the answers. We will figure NASA focusing on science and explo- tiple administrations and the fluctuat- out some of these things as we go ration. Tell us more. ing relationships between the White along. A big part of NASA’s charter is to House and Congress. When it comes to mission suc- do inspirational things. Those things cess, we want to be sure that we have have gone beyond space itself, includ- Should NASA be free to deal with been very thorough. But when it ing a huge contribution to information Congress more directly and cre- comes to overall decisions on where technology, for example, in terms of atively on its own, with less White and how we want to go, we can start software capability and computing House involvement? with an 80% solution and work power, and to advances in guidance, I think it should happen, and if through the details as we’re going. navigation, and control. By doing the we don’t figure out very soon how to Time is money, and if we waste time, very hard stuff required for all that, make it happen, then NASA has sparked a big portion of the we are at grave risk. innovative solutions for the incredible In general, everyone “Our industry is made up of really smart advancement of IT overall, and that agrees that we need people, and we don’t need to wait until ties directly in to national security. a compelling vision we have all the answers.” Even if people don’t go into for space that’s en- space, NASA creates their first spark of during, that we need inspiration in science, technology, and stability. There’s a lot of debate on we waste money. So the sooner we engineering. There are a lot of people how we achieve that. Ultimately, get going, and the faster we go, the in technology today who are not in- NASA has to decide. That’s what I’m more efficient we will be. And indus- volved in space but were inspired by encouraging. We are running out of try will partner with NASA and with space in the first place. So NASA time. Let’s make a decision, and in- Congress to make it happen. needs to continue to do the really dustry will do what it has to do to hard, inspirational things. adapt to that. There is a big sense of In this vein, how does our approach urgency in industry. to space policy and operations com- What next? pare to our approach in the ’60s, We have to address many ques- Not everyone feels that way, it seems. back in the day of Apollo? tions about our role in space, about Some say, let’s hold off for a few We have become more risk the need for human space explo- years while we develop the technol- averse, and that’s another challenge, ration. For example, is there a human ogy, so that we don’t build the wrong another problem. We have to address future in space, or should there be? rocket. I say that would be like Lind- that problem head-on right now. Ultimately that question will be an- bergh saying, I’m going to wait until swered by those who show up in somebody develops the jet engine. Tell us more about your company’s space. If we are not there, we will not What we have to do is go where we role in all this.

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We are obviously very engaged to go and this is the technology that with NASA relative to our core liquid we will need to get there. And then, propulsion business. NASA has been after a few years, they say, never mind, the key to this nation’s capability in we didn’t know what we were talking propulsion, and I think they will con- about, so now we’re going to go here, tinue to be the key in the future. But and these are the technologies we will we have positioned our company not need, and so we invest in them. We to be as reliant on NASA, knowing have done that. Industry has invested that the shuttle would come to an end in initiative after initiative that were at some point. just dropped. When I came to the company, Look at the X-33, at how much about 80% of our business was with money industry invested in it before it NASA. We have moved aggressively to was canceled. Look at NASP [National develop a more diversified portfolio. Aerospace Plane], at other space Over the past four years, we have launch initiatives that were canceled. evolved our business to the point This pattern is extremely disruptive. where it is about 60% NASA and the The stability of the shuttle program rest in other areas. The Air Force is our and, to some degree, DOD launch second biggest customer—the launches programs allowed industry to absorb we do for them. We are working in the that disruption. Now the shuttle is missile defense area, which is growing, ending, and things are up in the air. and we’re working in, and investing heavily in, hypersonics, which I think The military space scene also has is a potential game-changer in terms of had problems with costs and sense propulsion technology. We’re also in- of direction. How does PW fit into vesting in small thrusters. that arena? We have been working with our There isn’t How about the energy arena? customer, United Launch Alliance, and We have been investing in the their customer, the Air Force, in terms energy world to some degree, be- of where they want to go and what an app for this. cause a lot of what we do translates kind of business volume is out there into energy opportunities—efficient in the future. On the DOD side, our means of combustion, of cooling, of goal is to find ways to be more prof- handling high thermal gradients and itable and to work with the Air Force pressures. The energy world is differ- on what is the most efficient way for ent from the space world. The tech- them to procure the goods and ser- nologies are the same, but the busi- vices they want. We have some ideas nesses are a lot different. on that, including a more cost-effec- tive way for the Air Force and us to What is the relationship between PW test our RS-68A engine that flies on Rocketdyne’s work on advanced pro- Delta IV. pulsion technology and the strategic decisions that you say the nation Is the Air Force receptive to that? needs to make on space? How do Yes, definitely. This is a great time Live, learn, and work they fit? for ideas to be heard. There is high with a community overseas. That’s all part of what I’ve been motivation to work together for more Be a Volunteer. saying, that we as a nation need to de- cost-effective methods. And we as a cide where we are going in space. company are highly motivated to do peacecorps.gov Our company’s investment strategy is that. So we are putting together a list aligned around where we think the of ideas that, overall, could save the market will be in the future, and the U.S. government money and still pro- government marketplace is not clear vide high-quality products and serv- and has been very inconsistent. ices, and create new ways of sharing For a couple of years, the govern- risks. We are optimistic on the military ment will say, this is where we want side of space.

AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 13 014_r1_Aerospace_SEP2011.pdf 8/16/11 5:00:51 PM

Finding NEOs: Stepping stones for human exploration

NASA’S ASTRONAUTS HOPE TO VISIT A mission concepts well in advance. But Aside from attractive celestial me- nearby asteroid in the 2020s, but this finding enough sizable NEOs in acces- chanics, near-Earth asteroids hold out November 8, near-Earth asteroid 2005 sible orbits is a daunting task. Using the promise of insights into planetary YU55 will come to us. In an unusually current ground-based techniques, we origins, water and other space re- close flyby of Earth, the 400-m-wide, will not find enough mission-worthy sources, operations experience appli- apparently carbonaceous body will candidates in time, said the Target cable to Mars, the civil engineering pass within 0.85 lunar distances NEO participants. The workshop ex- knowledge needed to divert a future (330,000 km), enabling ground-based perts recommended that NASA launch Earth impactor, and the excitement of radars and telescopes to obtain high- a space-based search telescope as its probing distant, alien worlds first- quality topographical and composi- highest priority in pursuing the 2025 hand. With China openly hinting it tional measurements. goal (see www.TargetNEO.org). will send taikonauts moonward by This close encounter is serendipi- 2020, asteroid exploration can protect tous but hardly rare. On average, one Why NEOs? U.S. technological leadership and fur- C 10-m object cruises past us within the The president’s 2010 decision to make nish the experience and resources M Moon’s orbit every day. But finding an asteroid NASA’s next human space- necessary for the economic develop-

Y near-Earth objects (NEOs)—especially flight goal came after his cancellation ment of near-Earth space. the ones that come closest No matter how political CM to Earth—is a tough prob- sands shift in 2012, or what MY lem. Because they are typ- course our ‘flexible path‘ in

CY ically both small and, in space takes, NEOs are likely most parts of their orbits, experiential stepping stones CMY distant from Earth, NEOs to commercial opportunities

K are often challenging for in Earth-Moon space (water telescopes to see. Present production, iron and nickel ground-based observato- mining, strategic metals), ries are just too limited in and eventual human explo- capability to find, on a ration of Mars. practical time scale, the as- teroids that we might tar- What is a ‘good‘ target? get for robotic and human A reasonable target for as- exploration . tronaut exploration should Although more than have certain attractive char- 8,000 NEOs have been acteristics. First, it should be discovered by ground- large and complex enough and space-based searches, to occupy the skills of astro- and more than a million Achieving NASA’s 2025 asteroid exploration goal depends on a robust set of target naut explorers for at least a sizable bodies make up objects, discovered early enough to design hardware and develop operations plans. couple of weeks during the the NEO population, we (Dan Durda, SWRI) course of a multimonth have barely begun to journey. Thus a target NEO search for those asteroids that make of the Moon-focused Constellation should be larger than, say, 30 m in di- the best human mission candidates. program. With the Moon out of the ameter; a 100-m object would be a Last February’s ‘Target NEO’ interna- picture, nearby asteroids are the only truly imposing presence, weighing in tional asteroid workshop reported that celestial bodies within reach of NASA at about 1 million metric tons. today we know of just one object with capabilities for the next couple of Second, the asteroid should offer a the right size, orbit, and proximity to decades. Mars and its moons are just low-delta-V mission opportunity from make a worthy exploration target. too far away for now, requiring round Earth during the 2020s—‘low-delta-V’ To meet President Obama’s 2025 trips lasting at least 18-30 months. But means the round-trip mission should asteroid mission goal, managers must some NEOs approach Earth so closely be less than the 9 km/sec of velocity identify enough ‘accessible‘ asteroids that missions lasting six months or less change required for a lunar surface to enable planners to develop NEO should be feasible. round trip.

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Third, for crew health ing asteroids with low- reasons (particularly radia- delta-V trajectories is orbital tion exposure), the mis- phasing. The most accessi- sion should take no more ble NEOs have orbits much than six months round trip. like Earth’s, with semimajor Fourth, the target as- axis close to 1 AU, and low teroid should enable in- eccentricity and inclination. situ demonstrations of Such an object exhibits long various water- and metal- intervals between succes- extraction processes. C- sive close Earth encounters, type asteroids are rich in when it is ‘in tandem‘ with carbon, organics, nitro- Earth. That encounter is gen, phosphorus, sulfur, when a small asteroid is and in some cases water; most likely to be discov- they would get my vote ered, and when a piloted for a first astronaut visit. mission is most feasible, but C-types can be selected its Earth-like orbit means it via spectroscopic charac- will be a long time—a terization, using Earth- or decade or more—before the space-based telescopes. asteroid is again close by. Eventually, astronaut ex- For example, one favorable peditions should explore candidate, 2000 SG344, was a representative spectrum found in 2000, but its next of asteroid compositional favorable observation and types (perhaps about a A space-based NEO search takes advantage of orbital geometry. Earth-based piloted mission phasing will half dozen) to give us a telescopes are limited to Earth’s night sky, but a sensor in an interior, Venus-like not recur until around 2028 good sense of the range orbit will detect NEOs that will take decades to find from Earth. Complementary or 2029. Earth- and space-based sensors will rapidly find both hazardous NEOs and the best of asteroid mineralogical targets for human exploration. (Ball Aerospace, NASA) The long intervals be- and physical properties. tween Earth encounters, Finally, initial missions should more sensitive search telescopes come avoid asteroids with chaotic or rapid online (see www.neo.jpl.gov). rotation rates (less than a couple of Asteroids are best detected from hours), those circled by a natural satel- the ground at opposition, when they lite, or those surrounded by orbiting are close to a line between Sun and debris. Mission risk will be high Earth, with their full diameter illumi- enough without adding those hazards. nated by sunlight. Of course, an aster- oid must be visible from Earth’s night An impoverished catalog side to be seen by a ground-based tele- Do any known near-Earth asteroids scope; nearby asteroids in the daytime meet those criteria? NASA has been sky are completely invisible to us. To searching for NEOs larger than 1 km find those objects from the ground, across for 15 years, and has found their orbits must carry them beyond about 87% of the statistically predicted Earth so they can be detected at oppo- population. An impact from one of sition. Those asteroids—like the Atens, these could cause global disaster due which spend most of their time in or- to dust-induced cooling and subse- bits interior to Earth’s—are nearly im- quent agricultural failure. possible to detect from the ground, A byproduct of this Spaceguard even with sensitive facilities like Survey has been the discovery of PanSTARRS and the planned Large many smaller NEOs, down to the size Synoptic Survey Telescope. A good of pickup trucks (such as 2008 TC3, discussion is in the National Research which struck Earth 19 hr after its Oc- Council’s report, Defending Planet tober 2008 discovery). The current Earth [http://www.nap.edu/catalog. NASA’s newly selected OSIRIS-REx mission will near-Earth asteroid tally is above php?record_id=12842 #toc]. sample C-type NEO 1999 RQ36, and return tens of grams of the organic and possibly water-rich 8,000, with discoveries accelerating as Another serious problem in find- asteroid to Earth in 2023.

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circle the Sun in seven months, signif- 2015, then by the early 2020s NASA icantly faster than asteroids in Earth- could tap a very large catalog of like orbits. Like a race car on an inside NEOs: There are an estimated 1 mil- track, the telescope will overtake lion objects 30 m and larger in the those NEOs and shorten the interval near-Earth population. Finding a sig- between detection opportunities. The nificant number of these (even a 30-m Venus-like orbit telescope will find NEO packs the kinetic energy of a more asteroids, and do it much faster, Tunguska-sized, 3-5-megaton TNT ex- than observatories on the ground. plosion) will help us identify and track An infrared detector is best for thousands of hazardous asteroids and finding NEOs. Relatively close to the give NASA’s managers hundreds of Sun, they have equilibrium tempera- suitable mission candidates. tures of 170-300 K, and glow brighter The survey would cost about $500 in emitted thermal wavelengths than million, roughly the cost of one NASA The Near-Earth Object Survey spacecraft proposed in reflected visible light. The survey Discovery-class planetary mission. The by Ball Aerospace would prowl for hazardous NEOs and astronaut targets from a Venus-like orbit. spacecraft design would feature pas- results would not only enable astro- sive cooling and perhaps an active naut mission planning, but would also along with factors such as cloudy ‘chiller’ to keep the IR detector at op- furnish vital data for planetary de- weather and confinement to searching timum performance. fense, and for a scientific understand- only Earth’s night sky, mean that for A Ball Aerospace analysis showed ing of the raw ingredients of terrestrial ground-based telescopes, many of the that an infrared space telescope with planetary formation. The bottom line best asteroid targets may be discov- an aperture of 0.5 m would find 90% is that a timely NEO survey telescope ered far too late for missions in the of 140-m and larger asteroids in just is as important for human spaceflight 2020s. In fact, we would have to dis- over eight years, along with many goals and objectives as a heavy-lift cover them before 2015, a decade be- smaller ones. The same spacecraft, de- booster, or NASA’s projected multipur- fore their next Earth encounters in the rived from the successful Spitzer and pose crew vehicle. We need it to find mid-2020s. The stark conclusion from Kepler designs, would find 80% of the a robust target set for NEO explo- the Target NEO workshop was that astronaut-accessible NEOs larger than ration, and to reduce budgetary, oper- ground-based surveys simply will not 60 m within two years of launch. ational, and mission-related risks. provide those discoveries in time. In May, NASA chose a similar IR telescope concept, called NEOCam, Next steps for NEOs Taking the search to space for technology development funding. With a space-based NEO telescope Up to now, we’ve found most NEOs As proposed by a JPL team led by spitting out a flood of new asteroid by waiting for them to come to us, in Amy Mainzer, NEOCam would oper- discoveries, NASA could hit a series of the clear night sky, relatively close to ate at Sun-Earth L1, a million miles milestones, culminating a decade later Earth. Target NEO presenters stated sunward of Earth. Although this 0.5-m in its first astronaut expeditions. Fol- that at the present rate of discovery, telescope would not have the inside low-up ground observations or repeat only a few tens of accessible NEOs track advantage of a Venus-like orbit, glimpses from the space observatory larger than 30 m in diameter will be it would still find many asteroids in in- would refine the orbits of attractive found by 2025. That’s too few to pro- terior orbits by searching as close as NEOs. Those with the most favorable vide managers with an attractive set of 40 deg to the Sun, catching NEOs as orbits could be characterized in terms targets and timely launch options. The they overtake Earth. Mainzer predicts only solution is to remove the geomet- that in 10 years of operation, NEOCam rical blinders limiting our searches. We would find 90% of all objects larger must find a ‘mountaintop‘ for our ob- than 140 m in diameter, fulfilling the servatory somewhere off the planet. goal of the George E. Brown planetary The ideal location is one that will defense survey ordered by the Con- enable us to get at those NEOs that or- gress in 2005. bit mainly in Earth’s daytime sky, and to get more frequent opportunities to Timing is everything observe those objects in attractive, Regardless of the particular spacecraft Earth-like orbits. An orbit closer to the and sensor chosen, it is important to Sun, like that of Venus, for example, begin the search as soon as possible. gives us two advantages: First, a tele- The Target NEO report recommended Asteroid 2005 YU55 (seen in a 2010 radar image) scope there can look outward and see we orbit a NEO survey telescope at will pass within the Moon’s orbit on November 8. all those asteroids lost in the glare of least a decade before any human NEO Goldstone and Arecibo radar observations should image surface details as small as 7.5 m, and our daytime sky; and second, it will expedition. If it starts the survey by create a shape model with 4-m accuracy.

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of diameter, albedo, spectral class, es- Sat (near-Earth object surveillance sat- timated mineral composition, rotation ellite), and Don Quixote. rate, and the presence of companions (about 16% of known NEOs are binary Search synergy objects). Several precursor missions NASA’s own experts, including the could then explore the best candi- NASA Advisory Council’s 2010 ad hoc dates, making detailed measurements Task Force on Planetary Defense [http: of topography, composition, physical //www.nasa.gov/pdf/490945main_10- properties, and operations hazards. 10_TFPD.pdf], cited the space-based Attempts to meet such asteroid ex- survey as a top priority. The Target ploration milestones by 2025 must NEO report calls it the key to serious build steadily on progress from previ- asteroid exploration. Rarely does one ous efforts. The entire process starts NASA project promise such enabling, with approval and execution of the cross-cutting results, delivering syner- space-based NEO search. The Target gistic benefits to NASA’s efforts in hu- Astronauts on future asteroid expeditions may NEO report recommended to NASA man exploration, planetary defense, use the NASA multipurpose crew vehicle, which is that it immediately begin a Phase A science, and space resources, all for currently in ground testing at Lockheed Martin’s survey mission study to identify feasi- the price of a single planetary probe. Denver facility, to return them to Earth from ble instrument concepts, then com- Limited funding and NASA’s own a multimonth NEO mission. A NEO-capable spacecraft will require habitation and propulsion pete the mission for early develop- organizational barriers have hurt the modules as well as a reentry vehicle. (Lockheed ment and launch. search. Traditionally, asteroid research Martin.) Agency leadership in this area has been sponsored by the Science would almost certainly see an interna- Mission Directorate (SMD); however, regolith explorer) NEO sample return tional collaborative response from its planetary exploration budget is al- as its next New Frontiers-class (around JAXA, the Canadian Space Agency, ready fully committed. $800 million) mission; SMD on its own ESA, and others via proposed scien- In late May the SMD selected the is unlikely to follow with another tific and planetary defense asteroid OSIRIS-REx (origins-spectral interpre- NEO-centered mission. missions such as Hayabusa II, NEOS- tation-resource identification-security- The Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) has had no suc- cess in funding a line of robotic pre- cursor missions. Planetary defense from rogue asteroids has yet to win NASA priority; the agency spends only about $6 million annually on ground- based NEO surveys and research. Yet early NEO detection via space-based search is the necessary precursor to developing any future asteroid deflec- tion capability.

QQQ As NASA looks for ways to build mo- mentum toward its declared 2025 hu- man spaceflight goal, the agency would do well to start with an afford- able NEO survey mission that pays dividends in such a wide-ranging ar- ray of space activities. Getting that sur- vey off the ground will be the surest sign that NASA, the White House, and Congress are committed to deep space exploration. The target for the first as- tronaut expedition to a NEO won’t be discovered until we get serious about looking for it. Tom Jones [email protected] www.AstronautTomJones.com

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Military rotorcraft: Strongest aero market

MILITARY ROTORCRAFT HAVE ENJOYED V-22 the V-22 tilt-rotor) makes up over half strong growth over the past few years, the total rotorcraft market by value, outperforming every other aero mar- and about two-thirds of the military ket during the 2008-2010 economic market. downturn. Between 2008 and 2010 U.S. military procurement remains deliveries rose 13.5% by value. the big driver behind rotorcraft market For strategic and programmatic growth, and behind the surge in trans- reasons, this growth looks sustainable port requirements in particular. The for the next few years, with a high tary equipment that have strong rele- best example of this is the Army’s UH- plateau following for most of the rest vance in all three areas of military 60M squad transport. The current UH- of the decade. However, there are force application. A military can be 60A/L fleet is extremely worn out, and long-term market and technological used for traditional warfighting, coun- the Army plans to buy 1,235 M models challenges that could impact the in- terinsurgency, or peacekeeping/na- as replacements. Sikorsky delivered dustry before 2020. tion-building roles. Rotorcraft are es- the 300th UH-60M in July, and has de- sential for all three, unlike, for livered more than 3,000 UH-60s of all Robust U.S. growth example, aircraft carriers or main bat- variants. Three major factors are propelling U.S. tle tanks. Other key U.S. transport programs market growth. The first is strategic The second factor is an aging fleet. include Bell/Boeing’s V-22 tilt-rotor relevance. In a time of shrinking force As a result of strategic requirements, (360 planned and 180 delivered to the structures and dwindling budgets, and of the much greater than ex- Marine Corps by mid-2011, with an- force mobility is more important than pected level of current fleet utilization other 50 for Special Operations Com- ever. This is true for land forces, in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere, mand), and Boeing’s CH-47F/G (525 which need transports to move per- hopes that older machines could be new and rebuilt aircraft planned with sonnel and equipment and to provide gradually replaced have disappeared. over 150 delivered by mid-2011). firepower, and for naval forces, which The best example of this is that the more than ever must rely on ship- Marine Corps, arguably the most fre- borne helicopters to patrol larger areas quently deployed fighting force in the UH-60 with fewer ships. world today, relies on aging Boeing Also noteworthy is that rotorcraft CH-46 transports for the bulk of its lift are among the very few types of mili- requirements. The last of these were built 40 years ago, in 1971. The third factor is the complete CH-46 absence of technological substitutes for a major part of the military rotor- craft market. In most other defense market segments, there is the compet- Key export triumphs itive threat posed by alternative means U.S. manufacturers have been further of achieving the same effect. For ex- bolstered by a series of very impres- ample, the requirement for traditional sive export market victories. The tactical combat aircraft can be delayed biggest deal, for Saudi Arabia, was first or reduced with increased use of announced in mid-2010. Under cur- UAVs. Similarly, the requirement for rent plans, the Saudis will buy about the manned strategic bomber has 72 UH-60s, 70 Boeing AH-64D Long- been reduced and delayed by the ar- bow Apaches, and 36 Boeing/MD Hel- rival of ICBMs. icopter AH-6 Little Birds. A firm con- By contrast, the key driver behind tract signature is expected this year, the military rotorcraft market is the and in June Saudi Arabia announced need for transport, for which there is that it was actually planning to expand no substitute or replacement in sight. its U.S. weapons acquisition plans. Indeed, military transport (including Second, in April Sikorsky’s S-70

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AH-64 CIVIL AND MILITARY ROTORCRAFT DELIVERIES

Market value in 2011 $billions $12 ’08 –’10: 13.5%

10

’03 –’08 CAGR: 8 7.9%

(UH-60) won the Turkish Utility Heli- 6 copter Program (TUHP), a $3.5-billion deal for up to 121 helicopters. Agusta- ’03 –’08 CAGR: 4 Westland’s AW149 was the loser. 17.1% The third notable export market ’08 –’10: -13.9% win was for the Australian naval heli- 2 copter requirement. In June, the Royal Australian Navy signed for 24 MH- 0 60Rs in a $1.5-billion deal. The losing ’90 ’91 ’92 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02’03 ’04 ’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09 ’10 competitor was the NFH 90. The same Year month, Taiwan signed the launch or- Civil Military der for the Block III iteration of the AH-64D. Covering 30 helicopters, the contract was the largest AH-64 export budget rotorcraft procurement are ta- To a certain extent, this paucity of order in over a decade. pering off, along with U.S. involve- new helicopters might not be con- Given the security of U.S. rotor- ment in Iraq (and probably Afghanis- cerning from a military capabilities craft programs, and the strong up- tan within a few years). This implies a standpoint. Much of the innovation in grade road maps that come with them, market bust as militaries complete their rotorcraft today is happening at the U.S. export standing looks set to re- reequipment cycles and, possibly, use subsystem level, with advances in en- main high in this market. Another fac- those fleets at a reduced pace. gines, weapons guidance systems, tor that keeps the export market Compounding the potential mar- datalinks, and munitions. Boeing’s strong is relatively high barriers to en- ket problem is a lack of R&D funding AH-64 Apache, soon entering its try. Even though many countries have for new technologies and platforms. fourth decade in service and being re- large rotorcraft requirements, only one Other than Sikorsky’s CH-53K trans- built in a third incarnation as the AH- export market—South Korea—is trying port, due to enter service in 2018, 64D Block III, shows that a relatively to create a new home-grown industry there are basically no new rotorcraft old airframe can retain world-class to meet domestic needs. India, a very programs nearing fruition, or even in combat effectiveness through technol- large market, has been trying to do the advanced design phase. All that is ogy insertion. All that is necessary is a this for several decades, but with very on the horizon are requirements con- prime contractor whose focus is less limited results. cepts, such as the U.S. Joint Multi-Role on new design and more on systems rotorcraft. JMR may produce a funded integration. Long-term threats research program, but it is not sched- To retain a new design capability, The problem with a massive reequip- uled to reach the engineering and manufacturers are coping with this ment cycle, in the U.S. and internation- manufacturing development phase un- R&D downturn by spending their own ally, is that any boom cycle will proba- til 2030. money on innovative concepts such as bly be followed by a bust. What goes Sikorsky’s X2 technology demonstra- up is likely to come down. The mili- tor or Eurocopter’s X3 fast hybrid de- X2 tary rotorcraft market is no exception. sign. However, both of these, like past While times are quite good right concept aircraft such as the Bell/ now, many of the current programs of AgustaWestland 609 civil tilt-rotor, em- record are scheduled to wind down phasize speed as their primary design around the end of the decade. Even to- attribute. It is far from clear that mili- day, the supplemental spending pack- tary or civil market customers will pay ages that have boosted U.S. defense much of a premium for speed.

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European challenges Another challenge for European AW139 and opportunities primes is to protect and expand their European manufacturers will also need impressive civil market position. Euro- to cope with programs that wind copter and AgustaWestland now re- down. There are three primary military spectively hold the number one and rotorcraft programs, the Eurocopter/ two market positions in the civil seg- AgustaWestland NH 90/NFH 90 trans- ment, displacing Bell. Until as recently port and naval helicopter, the Euro- as 1997, Bell held the top spot. With copter Tiger attack helicopter, and the limited military market prospects, it is AgustaWestland EH 101 transport and essential that the two European company firmed up plans for its naval helicopter. Of these, only primes continue their strong AW149, a heavier military derivative of the NH 90 looks set to remain track record of frequently the 139. A multirole battlefield heli- in more than token levels of introducing competitive copter, the AW149 will carry 12-16 production beyond 2017. new civil products. troops and a wide variety of weapons. One key challenge In addition, Euro- However, as noted above the 149 for European helicopter pean primes need to lost the key Turkish TUHP competi- makers is to resume Tiger leverage their civil tion to Sikorsky in April, and there are military export market product offerings to no signs of another 149 sales prospect. growth. All three of create military plat- Yet this has not stopped AgustaWest- these programs en- forms. A key part of land from launching the AW189, a civil joyed notable export any helicopter com- derivative of the 149. The 189, an- success at the start of pany’s strategy is mi- nounced at the June 2011 Paris Air their production phase. grating technology be- Show, is therefore a civil derivative of Yet all three are experi- tween civil and military the unlaunched military derivative of encing an export orders product lines. European the 139. drought. The Tiger com- companies have become Access to the U.S. market is a key petes against the very power- particularly adept at this, but part of that civil-to-military technology ful AH-64, and the EH 101 com- given the chronic and worsening migration challenge. Eurocopter here petes in a relatively small market shortage of R&D funding for military ro- has scored one big hit in the past few niche. But the NH 90 series should be torcraft in Europe, they need to increase years, winning the Army’s Light Utility doing better. As Eurocopter ramps up their efforts. Helicopter (LUH) competition with its production, deals with quality issues, For an interesting example of ag- EC 145 civil design. The resulting mil- and works to reduce costs, it should gressive (and perhaps premature) tech- itary version, designated the UH-72, is resume its drive against Sikorsky’s H- nology migration, consider Agusta- the best example of the growing pop- 60 series for transport and naval or- Westland’s plans for the AW139 family. ularity of commercial-off-the-shelf ders. However, over the past few The 139 has been tremendously suc- (COTS) platforms. However, so far years Sikorsky has reestablished a very cessful, largely on the civil market, both Eurocopter and AgustaWestland strong export market presence. with well over 500 orders. In 2006 the have been stymied in their efforts to compete for further COTS programs, such as the Army’s armed reconnais- KEY ROTORCRAFT MARKETS sance helicopter, or the Air Force’s Growth in most segments, especially military transport CSAR-X or CVLSP. (2011 $billions) $2.5 $2.0 14.6% $1.1 10.8% $0.9 QQQ 6.6% 4.7% Despite these challenges, European $3.0 primes, and their U.S. counterparts, 17.5% $3.1 have the luxury of time. The next 16.9% seven years, at least, look like a high plateau after several years of very strong growth. But in the second half Scout / Attack of the decade, the industry will need Naval / ASW to deal with the strong likelihood of Tilt-rotor $3.3 shrinkage after the current military 19.2% Other military programs of record start to wind $7.6 transport $7.2 $4.9 down. 41.2% Civil (non-tilt-rotor) Richard Aboulafia 42.1% 26.4% Teal Group raboulafi[email protected]

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SIMPLIFIND-AA.indd 1 12/16/10 1:30 PM GoldsteinLayout2_Layout 1 8/10/11 1:15 PM Page 2 Wings fgoLd One hundred years of U.S. Navy air power Less than a decade after powered flight was achieved, U.S. Navy aviation came into being, opening new possibilities for extending the nation’s air power. In its first 100 years it has made advances unimaginable ike the turn of the millennium, the actual celebration date to those who for the centennial of U.S. Navy aviation is in the eye of the pioneered it. beholder. The Navy officially dates the beginning of its air L arm to May 8, 1911, when Capt. Washington Irving Cham- bers, head of the Aeronautics Desk at the Bureau of Navigation, requisitioned two of Glenn Curtiss’A-1 Triad seaplanes. Others point to November 14, 1910, when civilian pilot Eugene Ely took off in a Curtiss pusher biplane from the light cruiser USS Birm- ingham at Hampton Roads, Virginia. Still others cite January 18, 1911, when Ely landed the Curtiss pusher on a modified deck of the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania, anchored in San Fran- Eugene Ely cisco Bay, thus proving that aviation could be useful for naval applications. From these modest beginnings, the Navy would gradually incorporate aviation, whose importance to growing U.S. mili- tary requirements it was just beginning to recognize—due in part to Alfred Thayer Mahan’s battleship-oriented ‘sea power’ concepts. Aviation served at first in a support role to fleet and near-shore operations, then as a decisive offensive weapon in WW II, and finally as an all-purpose tool that today allows the by Edward Goldstein U.S. to project power and conduct expeditionary operations Contributing writer anywhere on the globe at a moment’s notice.

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USS George H.W. Bush. Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Billy Ho.

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About the cover battleships, might be the decisive element A T-45C Goshawk is directed Curtiss F and N-1 in ocean-wide war. Once the Allies proved to a catapult aboard the victorious in WW II, the Navy was chal- USS John C. Stennis. Photo by Mass Communication Specialist lenged again to justify its aviation activities, 2nd Class Kyle Steckler. and to constantly upgrade its capabilities to meet the requirements of the Cold War’s hot wars and of current-day conflicts. In 1917, when the U.S. entered the Great War, the Navy had only 54 aircraft on hand, one air station, one airship (to patrol against submarines), and three spotting bal- loons. Toward the war’s end, the Navy had The story of U.S. Navy and Marine 570 aircraft in theater (the Curtiss N-9 float- Corps aviation is one of inspiring innova- plane was the mainstay), along with 15 air- tion in taking a new technology and incor- ships and 215 balloons. Naval and Marine porating it into strategy and operations. The air assets contributed to scouting and fleet idea of flying a land-based aircraft in com- protection, to antisubmarine warfare, and, bat is daunting enough. To conceive of after initial opposition from the Army, to launching—and figuring out how to direct the bombing of German targets. toward their air-, land-, and sea-based tar- After the war, the chief of naval opera- gets—scores of propeller-driven and later jet tions proposed production of fighters, tor- aircraft off a ship bobbing in the water, and pedo carriers, and bombers for the fleet; then recovering them safely from different single-engine, twin-engine, and long-dis- locations in a vast ocean, is astounding. tance patrol and bomber planes for naval With jets, moreover, this is done in all sorts air stations; and a combination of land and of weather conditions, day and night. sea planes for the Marine Corps. In addi- The vision of these planners—and the tion, Congress in 1920 funded the conver- creativity of their aircraft, helicopter, radar, sion of the Collier Jupiter into the first U.S. avionics, weapons systems, and carrier de- aircraft carrier, the Langley, which was fol- signers, as well as the courage and disci- lowed into service by the Lexington and pline of the aviators and ‘airdale’ support the Saratoga. crews—has contributed immensely to the The following year Army Air Service of- nation’s defense and strategic interests ficer Billy Mitchell conducted his public battleship bombing ‘demonstration,’ trying The decisive element to convince Army and Navy leaders of the The history of naval aviation cannot, how- strategic attack value of air power. Prior to ever, be seen as a constantly ascending arc. his 1925 court-martial for insubordination, Efforts in this area did not receive the major Mitchell also lobbied for a unified air ser- ramp-up in investment they needed until vice under his command. the reality of WW I loomed. Moreover, it “What Mitchell really wanted was the took a rivalry with the Army to prompt British model, with all military aviation uni- Navy brass to fight for an independent fied under an air marshal,” says Robert van naval air arm, and the prospect of a sea war der Linden, Smithsonian National Air and with Japan—taken seriously by Navy war Space Museum Aeronautics Division chair. planners as early as the 1920s—to convince “The Navy argued, ‘You can’t do that. What the Navy that carrier-based airplanes, not we do is unique.’ In fact, the British did unify military aviation in the 1920s and the 1930s, and it didn’t work.” As van der Linden notes, the RAF spent little time developing airplanes for their fleet arm, “leaving them with beyond obso- lete airplanes. Can you imagine fighting Midway with biplanes? That’s what the British were asked to do.” Historian Sterling Michael Pavelic concludes, “What Mitchell did achieve, unwittingly, was a determina- tion in the U.S. Navy to pursue naval avia- Langley tion as part of the Navy, for specifically naval roles.”

24 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 025_r1_Aerospace_SEP2011.pdf 8/16/11 3:41:40 PM

Hand-in-hand with this commitment tactics needed to fight a two-ocean war. In was Joseph Mason ‘Bull’ Reeves’ work to the 1932 Army-Navy Grand Joint Exercise make the promise of carrier aviation a re- No. 4, the Blue (U.S.) force tried to recap- ality. As commander, Aircraft Squadron, Bat- ture Hawaii from a hypothetical invading tle Fleet, aboard the Langley in 1925, Reeves Black (Japan) force. On Sunday morning, “had that sort of forward-looking ability that February 7, from a spot northeast of Oahu, allowed him to ask the right questions, to Blue force commander Adm. Harry Yarnell get people to provide useful and workable launched 152 biplanes through cloud cover

C

M

Y

CM Fleet Problem

MY

CY

CMY answers, and test them through the annual to a raid on Pearl Harbor. While the raid K fleet exercises known as Fleet Problems,” caught Pearl’s defenders totally off guard, notes Douglas Smith, U.S. Naval War Col- the exercise umpires concluded that under lege professor of strategy and policy and a real wartime circumstances the attack could former Navy commander. not have succeeded. Historian Thomas Reeves’ first challenge was to get the Fleming called the event “a date that would Langley to launch more than six aircraft at a live in amnesia.” time. He initiated improvements in launch- The Japanese, however, did pay atten- ing and landing techniques, and in arresting tion to Yarnell’s feat, and basically used his wire and barrier placement, which allowed movements as a playbook for their Decem- more planes to stay above deck. He also or- ber 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor. ganized deck operations, using color-coding Says van der Linden, “Pearl Harbor was that assigned crews, including the landing an incredible validation of naval aviation. signal officer, to specific duties. Unfortunately it was proved against us.” He With Reeves’ support, fighter squadron adds, “[Japan’s] navy did us a favor in the commander Frank Wagner figured out how to overcome the problem of antiaircraft fire by adopting steep-angle dive-bombing tech- niques. These were later proved in combat by the Marines in the 1927-1933 Nicaraguan campaign against the Sandinista guerilla army of Augusto Sandino, and also were used to great effect in subsequent wars.

A forgotten Sunday at Pearl Harbor During the interwar period, the Navy con- ducted 21 Fleet Problems and occasional joint exercises with the Army, preparing the Douglas Devastators on the USS Enterprise

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Privateer

OS2U-2 Kingfisher PBMS-3

long run by crippling our battleship fleet. halted, aided by intercepts of Japanese ra- All we essentially had left were carriers. We dio signals, the use of radar, and the agility had to use them.” of Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers, which kept the Japanese carriers Shokaku Winning a two-ocean war and Zuikaku out of the Battle of Midway. There were 20 major sea battles in WW II’s At Midway (June 4-7, 1942) a decisive Pacific Theater; the first two were critical. victory resulted not only from radio inter- Retired Navy Capt. Robert ‘Barney’ Rubel, cepts but also from having Dauntless dean of the Center for Naval Warfare Stud- squadrons spot and destroy, within six min- ies at the U.S. Naval War College, describes utes, the carriers Hiryu, Soryu, and Akagi the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway as while they were rearming their planes. “two men with knives in a dark room duel- “Japan lost four carriers and hundreds ing. They had to find each other, and the of the most highly trained pilots in the one to get in the first blow was lethal.” world at Midway. It was a true turning Indeed, Coral Sea (May 4-8, 1942) was point in the war,” says van der Linden. Fol- history’s first major sea battle in which nei- lowing Midway, the U.S. Navy was able to ther side’s ships saw or shot at each other, go on the offensive, support amphibious with all of the fighting initiated by aircraft. landings at Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Oki- Although both sides suffered major losses, nawa, and carry the war to the Japanese the Japanese advance toward Australia was homeland.

Douglas Dauntless

26 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 OF A CENTURY SERVICE FROM FIRST TO 5TH GENERATION

© 2011 Lockheed Martin Corporation

For one hundred years, Naval Aviation has played a major role in the defense of freedom. And pushed the envelope of aviation technology. From the Curtiss biplane that performed the fi rst takeoff and arrested landing aboard a ship to today’s state-of-the-art fi xed- and rotary-wing aircraft, Naval Aviators and support personnel have been at the tip of the spear. The men and women of Lockheed Martin are extraordinarily proud to be a part of the Naval Aviation team. As we celebrate the 100th anniversary of Naval Aviation, we offer our heartfelt thanks and a resounding Bravo Zulu. Photo courtesy of the U.S. Navy

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In the Battle of the Atlantic, the U.S. onto it. They have to take the shock and do Navy was not opposed by German or Ital- it over and over and over again.” Rubel ob- ian carriers but did have to contend with serves that it essentially took 40 years, until German U-boat Wolf Packs, which heavily the reliable McDonnell Douglas (now Boe- damaged allied shipping throughout the ing) F/A-18 Hornet multirole fighter jet en- war. The response was an effective antisub- tered operations, to bring down a horrific marine warfare screen, which included the accident rate: “Between 1947, when we got use of Vought-Sikorsky OS2U Kingfisher our first jets, and 1988, the Navy lost about scout planes, Consolidated PB4Y Privateer 13,000 aircraft to accidents and killed about and PBY Catalina patrol bombers, Martin 9,000 aviators. That’s the price we paid.” PBM Mariner bombers, and Navy/Coast In addition to getting better aircraft, the Guard Grumman Widgeon patrol aircraft to Navy worked to improve pilot training, ac- protect supply and troop transport convoys cident investigations, and carrier arresting and to hunt down the U-boats. systems. Also of help was the Navy’s adop- “By 1943-1944 the last place you tion of three British innovations: the angled wanted to be as a German was in a U- deck, which allowed jets to land without boat,” because of the Allies’ effective patrol having to avoid parked aircraft; the optical effort, says van der Linden. “You had a 60% mirror landing system (later replaced with chance of getting killed. It was not a happy Fresnel lenses) to provide pilots with a vi- place to be.” sual indication of glide slope; and the steam-powered catapult, essential for heav- Naval aviation in the jet age ier jets requiring greater launch speeds. Soon after WW II, the Navy began operat- Among new aircraft that helped the ing jet aircraft, first straight-wing and then Navy deal with the realities of the Cold War supersonic swept-wing versions. This was were the Lockheed P-3 Orion, the carrier- not an easy transition. The service had to based Grumman S-2 Tracker and Lockheed contend with unreliable jet engines, fueling S-3 Viking patrol planes, which used so- issues, complex cockpit displays, and tricky phisticated electronics and antisubmarine handling characteristics that made it diffi- weapons to search the seas for Soviet sub- cult to fly these aircraft over rough terrain marines and enemy warships, the super- and land them safely on carrier decks. sonic Vought F-8 Crusader, which obtained “They say it’s a controlled crash, and essential low-level photographs during the that’s what it is,” says van der Linden. Cuban missile crisis, and the classic all- “When you’re coming down on an aircraft weather McDonnell F-4 Phantom II series carrier you are not gently coming down of multipurpose fighters that dominated air like an airliner, you are slamming down combat in the 1960s and 1970s.

SH-60B Seahawk

28 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 Proud Partners in Naval Aviation

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3912 (08/12)

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The postwar Navy was also eager to important.” In all, Navy and Marine Corps get into the nuclear warfare business, as it carrier aircraft flew more than 30% of all saw the newly formed Air Force’s insistence Korean War combat sorties. that the B-36 nuclear bomber would make As the war progressed, the Marines carriers obsolete as an existential threat. Ac- learned to use helicopters such as the Sikor- cordingly, the Navy proposed a large fleet sky HRS-1 for observation and evacuation, of ‘supercarriers,’ beginning with the USS laying communications wire and telephone United States, a ship large enough to sup- cables, search and rescue, covert opera- port nuclear-armed aircraft. In April 1949, tions, gunfire spotting, and transporting Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson, an Air troops and supplies from ship to shore Force ally, abruptly canceled the proposed through the new doctrine of amphibious ship. Secretary of the Navy John Sullivan vertical envelopment developed by Lt. Gen. and a number of admirals resigned in pro- Roy Geiger. test. In response to a congressional uproar, Today vertical envelopment still shapes the basic structure of Marine amphibious operations. “Only about 15% of the world’s shorelines are accessible by World War II- era amphibious vehicles,” observes Smith. “Once the Marine Corps got the idea of ver- tical envelopment, of moving men and equipment by helicopters to the shore, am- phibious operations quadrupled the amount of shoreline we could access.” The Marines also deserve credit for having the vision in recent decades to adopt vertical/short take- off and landing Harrier aircraft for multi- role tasks and, along with the Navy and other services, the revolutionary V-22 tilt- rotor aircraft. Although the Vietnam War remains a sore spot in the nation’s collective memory, there is no doubt that Navy and Marine Corps aviation contributed admirably to the warfighting effort. The Marines used heli- A6-E Intruder copters effectively for behind-the-lines mis- sions throughout the Mekong River Delta. And throughout the war, U.S. carriers oper- ating about 150 mi. offshore from the de- militarized zone and South Vietnam’s Cam the Navy commissioned its first supercarrier Ranh Bay conducted quick-response mis- in 1955, the USS Forrestal. Six years later sions that Smith says allowed U.S. planes the Navy launched its first nuclear-powered “to be on station in a matter of minutes if carrier, the USS Enterprise. they were needed to support ground This argument about carrier aviation’s troops.” Navy jets also contributed to the relevance quickly subsided when the Ko- Christmas 1972 bombing of military targets rean War broke out. Following North Ko- in the Hanoi-Haiphong area. That opera- rea’s June 25, 1950, surprise attack across tion resulted in an uneasy negotiated peace the 38th parallel into the Republic of Korea, that brought U.S. prisoners of war home. the U.S. intervened to protect its South Ko- rean ally with the Navy’s Seventh Fleet, After the Cold War which was first on the scene. Throughout Since the fall of the Soviet Union, there has the war, USAF planes based in Japan had been a willingness by the services to work limited range once they reached the Korean more in concert with each other and with peninsula. Thus, says Smith, U.S. and South allied nations, and to conduct joint opera- Korean ground forces relied on the fact that tions. The maturation of advanced com- “carrier aviation could sustain tactical air mand and control, target identification, pre- support in proximity with bombs, with fuel, cision guidance, electronic warfare, and the with personnel, with supplies, with mainte- use of advanced composite materials and nance facilities right there. This was hugely stealth technology have been vital to en-

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abling such cooperation. They allow Navy aviation to work alongside the other mili- tary services in initiating devastating first strikes in combat and in conducting more effective search and rescue, antisubmarine and antisurface warfare missions, and spe- cial operations. In the run-up to the first Persian Gulf War, Navy carrier assets were used to dis- suade Saddam Hussein from attacking Saudi Arabia while Desert Shield, the coali- tion of the U.S. and its allies, built up troop strength on Saudi soil. These carriers then helped launch Operation Desert Storm. In that operation, the world witnessed a new approach to overwhelming an enemy in warfighting, with the Navy using Grumman Scan Eagle A-6 Intruder Strike aircraft, armed with pre- cision-guided weapons that helped quickly destroy the Iraqi air force and Iraq’s com- mand and communications facilities; E-2 strikes with no nearby land bases available Hawkeye airborne early warning propeller for coalition warfighters. aircraft, which provided essential communi- Similarly, when Operation Iraqi Free- cations links between the coalition’s dom began, Turkey’s unwillingness to host ground forces, air force, and the Navy; and allied forces underscored the importance of P-3 Orions, which identified and targeted having sea-based air assets available in Iraqi surface ships and provided electronic times of crisis abroad. and targeting information for the protection of U.S. and Saudi equipment. Looking ahead Navy and Marine aircraft also proved “The Future of Naval Aviation,” a 2006 vital to the 1999 NATO air campaign in Ko- study by Owen R. Cote Jr., associate direc- sovo, in which no U.S. casualties were suf- tor of MIT’s security studies program, notes fered, and to Operation Enduring Freedom, that ongoing geopolitical revolutions “will where carrier-based F-14 Tomcat and F/A- dramatically increase the future demand 18 Hornet fighters conducted vital first for a secure sea base capable of projecting

F-18F

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dominant power ashore in wartime against and strike mobile as well as fixed targets the full spectrum of possible opponents. It ashore, under all weather conditions, and is adapting to these demands by exploiting in timely enough fashion to produce the technologies and operational practices de- desired effects.” veloped in the last decade that will greatly Among the technologies Cote cites in increase naval aviation’s ability to surge the Navy’s recent decade-long recapitaliza- and concentrate forces rapidly; protect the tion strategy are advanced airborne early sea base from new air, surface, and under- warning aircraft; increased persistence and sea threats; and find, identify, locate, track, range for strike fighters; modernized air-

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borne electronic attack platforms; advanced to “have manned aircraft and an onboard surface, undersea, and mine warfare heli- intelligence that’s close to the action, and copters; and long-range, persistent, land- can see what’s going on from a broader based maritime patrol reconnaissance. perspective. America, I think, is the pre- Not mentioned in this litany are UAVs, dominant nation on Earth right now in used to great effect by the Navy in ongoing terms of power, resources, and moral intent. conflicts. Smith does not think the Navy And there are some things great nations just will move in the direction of relying prima- do. I think having capable aircraft carriers is rily on them, because of the continual need among those sorts of things.”

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Launch vehicles

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CY here are just a few achievements that Far more nations have used foreign CMY have become generally accepted indica- launch capabilities to place satellites into K Ttors that a country has achieved ‘First orbit, just as they have used the U.S. shuttle World’ status. One such indicator is the pos- and Russian Soyuz to send their citizens session of long-range missiles, from those into orbit, primarily to the ISS. Though this with regional ‘reach’ to full-fledged ICBMs. does not give them true ‘spacefaring nation’ Having an ICBM also is the first step to- status, it often stimulates national interest in ward an even more exclusive club—space- developing some level of self-sufficiency. faring nations, whose capabilities fall into Where we will be going in space in the four categories: launching satellites into next 50 years is difficult to forecast. But one thing is certain: The with- drawal of the U.S. govern- ment from indigenous hu- A worldwide roundup man spaceflight capability, the increasing capability of China, and the rise of India Earth orbit, launching unmanned missions and others to fill the resulting void will to the Moon and beyond, launching their change the future and the nature of human own astronauts into orbit using their own space exploration. launch system, and launching their own as- tronauts to the Moon or beyond. United States There currently are 10 members in the Americans were stunned in October 1957 first group, four in the second, three in the when the first artificial satellite orbited third (U.S., Russia, China) and one (U.S.) in Earth—the Soviet Sputnik. That achievement the fourth. There also is one private com- spurred the creation of what is now DARPA, pany in the third group: Scaled Composites tasked to ensure the U.S. would never again won the 2004 Ansari X Prize by launching experience a technological surprise. It also by J.R. Wilson three astronauts into suborbit twice, using led to creation of the Army Space & Mis- Contributing writer the same vehicle, in two weeks. siles Command, which was given the first

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A few major ‘space powers’ continue to dominate Falcon 9 the world’s launch activities, but the number of nations eyeing membership in that exclusive club is on the rise.

orders to turn military rockets into space closely at new private launch systems, and launchers, and NASA, which assumed re- at non-U.S. launchers. sponsibility for U.S. space programs. Until one of the private launchers be- Even as the U.S. struggled with its first comes successful, the only way to reach the attempts to launch satellites, President John ISS, at least through the end of this decade, F. Kennedy surprised the world by an- will be by buying a seat on Russia’s Soyuz.. nouncing the goal of sending astronauts to In its July 2010 report to Congress on C the Moon and returning them safely before the future of NASA, the Congressional Re- Delta IV

M the end of the 1960s. From Project Mer- search Service (CRS) noted, “While reliance cury’s first suborbital crewed flight in 1961 on Soyuz on an interim basis is acceptable, Y to astronauts setting foot on the Moon in longer term use would not be.” CM 1969, the U.S. caught up with and then sur- Teal Group analyst Marco Cáceres tells MY passed the Soviet Union in space. Over 40 Aerospace America, “We’re at a pause. We

CY years later, no other nation has sent hu- will not have a manned spaceflight capabil- mans beyond Earth orbit—nor has the U.S. ity we can call American—either government CMY since December 1972. or private—for the near term. The hope is K Unmanned launches, however, contin- that private industry will come through ued to advance. In the 1980s, President within a few years, certainly with regard to Ronald Reagan ‘privatized’ the launcher carrying cargo to the space station, but even- business, turning full ownership of the tually with human-rated vehicles. The hope highly successful Delta and Atlas systems now lies with companies like SpaceX and over to their builders, McDonnell Douglas Orbital Sciences. But it will take at least three (now Boeing) and General Dynamics (now or four more years to develop human-rated Lockheed Martin). Since 2006, the current vehicles and test them well enough that versions of both—the Delta II medium, everyone feels comfortable. Delta IV heavy, and Atlas V medium/ “I would identify Vir- heavy—have been built by United Launch gin Galactic as…more of a Liberty Alliance, a Boeing/Lockheed joint venture. joint venture. Sir Richard The space shuttle was to have replaced Branson owns the vehicle all ELVs, but the launch frequency envi- and is British, but the sioned for it never materialized. For now, manufacturer is American. the future of the Delta II remains murky as That traditionally has not its contract with the Air Force ends, leaving been the way things have NASA to maintain the vehicle’s infrastruc- gone—human-rated space ture. NASA, too, had intended to end its use has always belonged to of the Delta II this year, but recently an- some government. But nounced it would keep the vehicle on its when you open up to pri- list of available launchers, although produc- vate industry, they can tion has stopped. buy from other countries The change resulted from significant and claim it as their own, increases in Atlas V’s cost and the lack of a so you have to word it dif- proven vehicle below the Atlas V/Delta IV ferently—it’s not a national class. That also has led NASA to look more capability as in the past.

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launch VEhIclE roundup

Number of Successful/ Prime Contractor/ Vehicle First Failed Number Country Launch Sites Designation Series Launch Launches of Stages Propellant Payload Wt., kg

Argentina Space Activities National Commission/ Tronador Bahia Blanca 1 2007 1 of 2 2 Liquid 200 LEO

Brazil CTA Aerospace Technical Center/ Solid - Alcântara Launch Dec liquid Center VLS-1 V1-4 1997 0 of 2 3 upper 38 LEO Alfa (VLS-2) Solid LEO/GEO VLM 2016 3 of 4 Solid 150 2013 or 5,300 LEO Cyclone-4 2014 1,800 GEO

Canada Athena III* 3 Solid 794-1, 896 LEO Planet Space/ Liquid first; Cape Breton, Canadian solid Nova Scotia Arrow* 2 second Nova rocket first stage; lifting body Silver Dart* 2 second

China 1D 1 of 2 Liquid 1,500 LEO 2C 32 2,400 LEO 2D 14 3,500 LEO 8,400 LEO

2G 8,500 LEO 3A 17 2,300 GTO Long March 12,000 LEO (Chang Zheng) 3B/E 5,500 GTO 3B(A) 3C 4 3,700 GTO 4,200 LEO 4B 11 1,500 GTO 4,200 LEO 4C 4 1,500 GTO 25,000 LEO 5 2014 14,000 GTO 6 2013 500 SSO

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We do that already with ILS and SeaLaunch, launch it from Kennedy Space Center, using for example, where both are based in the existing facilities. U.S. but the rockets they use are built by For the U.S., the future of space launch the Russians and Ukrainians.” is split between military and government SpaceX, established in 2002, already use of commercial rockets and commercial has seven successful launches of its Falcon launch for civilian customers. It is further launch vehicle and Dragon reusable space- divided between manned and unmanned. craft, and a future 30-launch manifest through 2017 for 10 customers. In Decem- Russia ber 2008, NASA awarded SpaceX a $1.6-bil- With the end of the shuttle, Russia has re- lion contract for at least 12 Falcon/Dragon gained the lead in space for the fifth time missions to resupply the ISS through 2015, since it began the space race. Although with a roughly equivalent options package, China also now has both manned and un- as part of its commercial orbital transporta- manned capability, for at least the next few tion services program. The first cargo flight years Russia alone will have the combined is scheduled for late this year. capability to launch manned flights to the The Scaled Composites/Virgin Galactic space station, unmanned payloads to Earth effort, probably the first private manned orbit, and interplanetary probes. transport to go into operation, is intended to Unlike the U.S., which opted for a ma- provide tourists, at $200,000 a ticket, with a jor technological leap with the shuttle, the brief trip to the edge of space. Russians have stayed with essentially the The system comprises a twin-fuselage same rockets and spacecraft developed by mothership, WhiteKnight Two, which will the Soviet Union in the 1960s carry the reusable suborbital SpaceShipTwo and 1970s. Although that has to 50,000 ft, then release it to continue up- given them a record of relia- ward using its own hybrid liquid/solid mo- bility without significant new tor. It can carry six passengers and two investments, it is uncertain crew about 6 mi. beyond the Karman Line whether they will be able to (at 60 mi. altitude, the break point between stay ahead of the aggressive Earth’s atmosphere and space). Chinese space program, Another industry possibility is the Lib- which includes unmanned Soyuz erty launcher, a joint venture of Alliant interplanetary probes and the Techsystems (ATK), the Utah-based builder goal of landing taikonauts on the Moon of the shuttle’s solid rocket boosters, and by 2020. Astrium, a subsidiary of EADS and a pri- “Russia is in good shape. They have a mary contractor on the Ariane good fleet of vehicles—nothing commercial rocket. It would Proton spectacular, basically 1960s build on ATK’s efforts on technology, but it works,” NASA’s Ares rocket, part of the Cáceres says. “The Soyuz is the Constellation program planned only vehicle that is human- to replace the shuttle and can- rated and tried and tested to celed by President Obama get people to the space station shortly after he took office. and back. The vehicle also is Offered in response to very successful in satellite NASA’s Commercial Crew De- launches. Russia has a very di- velopment-2 procurement ini- verse customer base—military, tiative, the two-stage Liberty government, and commercial— would be able to carry 44,500 and has a captive market.” lb of cargo—or any crew vehi- The country is looking to cle currently in development— increase domestic launch capa- to the ISS. ATK Aerospace Sys- bilities with the planned Vos- tems Group President Blake tochny Space Center. Billed as Larson says because it is a a “new stage in the develop- combination of two proven hu- ment of Russian cosmonautics,” man-rated launch systems, the with two launch pads and a Liberty rocket could make its training center, it is scheduled initial test flight by the end of to begin satellite and cargo 2013 and reach operational ca- launches in 2015 and manned pability in 2015. Liberty will missions in 2018.

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LAUNCH VEHICLE ROUNDUP Number of Successful/ Prime Contractor/ Vehicle First Failed Number Country Launch Sites Designation Series Launch Launches of Stages Propellant Payload Wt., kg China, continued Kaituozhe 1 50 LEO

Denmark Copenhagen Hybrid 300 suborb. Suborbitals/ HEAT 1X* 2010 1 of 2 solid 50 LEO Baltic Sea TM65 2012 Bi-liquid

Europe European 2 SRB side Space Agency boosters; 21,000 LEO (Arianespace)/ Ariane 5 ECA 2002 31 2 cryogenic 10,050 GTO Guiana Space ES 2008 22main stage;>20 tons Center ME 2016 liquid 11.2 tons GTO Soyuz-2 ST* 2011 3 tons GEO 2 tonnes HEO Vega 2011 4 Solid-liquid 1.5 tonnes HPO

India 1,050 GTO Indian Space 9 of 10 3,200 LEO Research 2,100 LEO Organization PSLV CA 6 1,600 GTO (ISRO) 3,800 LEO XL 1 1,140 GTO 3,800 LEO HP 1,130 GTO GSLV 5,100 LEO Mk II 0 of 1 2,500 GTO III 5,000 GTO

Indonesia Spacetecx/ LAPAN Space 2012 to Center mobile pad RPS-01 RX-420 2014 4 Solid 25 LEO RX-750 2014 5 Liquid 50 LEO

Iran Semnan 1 2008 1 of 2 2 2 2009 2 Kavoshgar 3* 2 42 5* 2 1 2008 2 Liquid Safir 2 2009 2 Solid-liquid 50 LEO

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The space program also has involved has formed cooperative efforts with China, increasing cooperation with nations such as Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Nigeria, India, the U.S. and China, but also with others Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Germany, and seeking to develop their own space pro- ESA, in addition to its ongoing work with grams. These would be aimed primarily at Russia, the U.S., Kazakhstan, and Brazil, launching Earth-orbiting satellites or build- among others. ing launch facilities for use by other na- One major international effort is Sea tions’ rockets. Launch, a joint venture by Ukraine’s Yuzh- Russia reportedly has at least seven mash machine plant and Yuzhnoye State new launch vehicles at varying stages, from Design Office, Boeing Commercial Space ‘concept evaluation’ (the MMB nuclear- (U.S.), Energiya Rocket and Space (Russia), electric tug, with first launch planned for and Akar ASA (Norway). In its first decade 2018) to preliminary development (Rus-M (1999-2009), Sea Launch recorded 28 suc- for 2015) to development (Angara, 2012). cessful missions out of 30 launches, using a Rus-M and Angara are seen as replace- Ukrainian two-stage Zenit rocket and Rus- ments for the existing Soyuz and Proton sian third-stage launching from a modified rockets. The aging Soyuz manned capsule’s Norwegian ocean oil rig. The company replacement—currently called the New halted operations while working through Generation Piloted Transport Spacecraft— bankruptcy, but the National Space Agency was displayed in mockup form at the Paris of Ukraine expects operations to resume Air Show in July, but when it may be ready late this year with the Intelsat 18 communi- for flight is unknown. cations satellite, although the launch will be from Kazakhstan’s Baikonur Cosmodrome, Ukraine a land launch option that Sea Launch began When the USSR broke apart, Ukraine— offering around 2003. which had produced about 60% of Soviet launch vehicles and more than 400 satel- China lites—became an independent player in The Chinese space program is evolving far space. An estimated 20% of all satellite faster than many had anticipated, but cur- launches in the world today use Ukrainian rently is about where Russia’s was in the rockets, primarily the Zenit, Tsyklon (Cy- 1960s. It has some satellites in orbit—with clone), and Dnepr. Although Ukraine still the annual number of launches beginning does not have a domestic launch facility, it to close in on current U.S. and Russian officially became the 10th global ‘space numbers—and some manned orbital flights. power’—a nation able to launch its own It also has set a goal of putting its own satellite using its own vehicle—with the Au- space station in orbit by 2020 and landing gust 1995 liftoff of the Sich-1 Earth observa- Chinese taikonauts on the Moon by 2020- tion satellite aboard a Cyclone rocket from 2025 and on Mars in the 2030s. Russia’s Plesetsk launch facility. Some have called it a new space race, Long March In 2009, Ukraine hit a new high mark while others ask with whom China is rac- as the number of its rockets launched that ing. The U.S. essentially has abandoned year ranked fourth in the world—tied with manned spaceflight as a government effort. China behind Russia, U.S., and Europe/ESA. Russia remains active, but has advanced lit- Ukraine has provided post-Soviet Rus- tle beyond what was achieved by the mid- sia with military satellites and launch vehi- 1970s. India, which also has an active satel- cles since 1991 and has been aggressive in lite launch program and has said it wants to making bilateral agreements put its citizens on the Moon in the 2020s, Zenit with other nations and pri- has yet to achieve a manned launch and vate industry. These entail lags behind China on the unmanned side as making satellites, providing well. And while other nations are expand- launchers, and building and ing or pursuing unmanned launch capabili- operating new spaceports. ties, none is even close to China. Ukraine is working with “The Chinese have a huge fleet of ve- Brazil to build a new launch hicles, much more modern than the Rus- facility for the Cyclone-4 sians’, but this is a purely government pro- rocket and has been invited gram and they haven’t shown they can by Russia to participate in compete commercially. So as long as they construction of Vostochny. do not, the Russians don’t need to worry,” In recent years, Ukraine Cáceres says. “The Chinese would like to

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LAUNCH VEHICLE ROUNDUP Number of Successful/ Prime Contractor/ Vehicle First Failed Number Country Launch Sites Designation Series Launch Launches of Stages Propellant Payload Wt., kg Iran, 3 continued suborbital, Shahab 2007 1 orbital of 5 5 6 Liquid-solid Simorgh 2010 130 lb LEO

Israel IAE Shavit 63 160 LEO

Japan JAXA Epsilon Standard 2013 3 Solid 1,200 LEO (IHI Aerospace) Solid-compact 700 LEO Optional 3 liquid 450 SSO Mitsubishi Heavy A 17 of 18 15,000 LEO Industries 6,000 GTO H-II B2 19,000 LEO 8,000 GTO

New Zealand Rocket Lab/ Mercury Island Atea-1 2009 2 2 suborbital

North Korea KCST/ Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground Unha 2 2006 3 Liquid-solid 100 LEO

Romania Haas 3 400 LEO ARCA/ Helen 2B 2010 Black Sea Stabilo 2006 22

Russia Angara** 1.1 2012 Liquid 1.6 tonnes 3.5 tonnes LEO Khrunichev State 1.2 2013 Liquid 1.8 tonnes GEO Research and AS-I 8.8 tonnes GEO Production Center/ A4B Plesetsk 27 tonnes LEO Cosmodrome V3Liquid11.2 tonnes GEO (possible future 100 100 tonnes LEO from Baikonur 5-P* 6,350 LEO Cosmodrome) 14,600 LEO A3* 3,600 GTO A5 24,500 LEO

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get commercial, but they have a lot of gov- tells Aerospace America that the Chinese ernment and military launches—14 last year, approach may prove more successful, for all with Chinese payloads—so they really their purposes, than a cursory comparison don’t need to [go commercial]. with the U.S. or Russia might indicate. “Their focus is on building a national “China appears to have very advanced space program, and they’re perfectly happy capabilities in both electrooptical and radar with their expendable launch fleet—small, imaging, with very high resolution,” says medium, large, all segments of the market. Erickson. “These seem to be exactly the They would like to have a manned capabil- type of capabilities for which to further de- ity in orbit, so if they don’t join the ISS, velop space-based information, surveil- which I don’t know that they will, they’ll lance, and reconnaissance to support preci- probably develop their own space station. I sion weapons. also think they will move quickly to go to “What is especially intriguing is that by the Moon—probably before the end of the employing diverse small satellite designs decade, and definitely before the Indians.” based on common buses or standardized As with most high-tech programs in platforms, China may not need to develop China, separating fact from internal hyper- superior heavy spacecraft technologies, but bole and external speculation is difficult. A could end up with military space capabili- further complication is the Chinese pen- ties greater than the sum of their parts.” chant for calling almost every launch vehi- That may suit their purposes very effec- cle Long March, followed by a series num- tively, although quite differently from the ber. Of about 20 versions of Long March U.S. military space program, which uses built since 1970, nine remain in use and larger individual spacecraft. China’s current four are still in development, operating strategy, if it continues, could result in in- from four satellite launch centers in as creased future synergies, he believes, pro- many provinces around the nation. So it is pelling China to a more prominent position. likely any Chinese mission to the Moon or Mars also will begin atop a Long March. Europe Adding to the complexity of analyzing In 1965, France became the China’s launch capabilities is the apparent third nation to launch its own failure of the country’s efforts to match its satellite; the U.K. followed suit predictions of future success. China should in 1971. But no individual Eu- be benefitting from the way the U.S. and ropean nation had the money Soviet/Russian space programs dealt with or other resources to mount unknowns at comparable points in their expansive space programs like Vega histories, for example—including the loss of those of the U.S. and the So- space crews. But most Chinese advances viet Union/Russia. have come in the past decade, following 30 In 1975, France and the years of comparative lethargy. U.K. joined eight other western European China launched its first satellite in 1970, nations to create the European Space but in its first four decades in space, it Agency, merging two organizations set up launched only 132 rockets, 166 satellites, in 1964—the European Launch Develop- one unmanned lunar probe, and six taiko- ment Organization, a six-nation effort to de- nauts, who spent a total of nine days in velop a European launcher, and the Euro- space. By comparison, in its first decade pean Space Research Organization, estab- alone, NASA performed about 600 launches lished by 10 nations to pursue scientific re- involving 800 spacecraft—including multiple search in space, primarily through Euro- probes to Mars, Venus, and the outer plan- pean satellites launched by the U.S. ets—and placed 44 astronauts in space, in- Today ESA has 18 full members and cluding four who walked on the Moon. one associate, Canada. Further expansion is Cáceres notes that China has benefitted likely if efforts to make ESA an official from a steady, albeit small, stream of mili- agency of the European Union by 2014 suc- tary launches, while the U.S. military ceed. ESA continues to work with the U.S. launched most of its own satellites rather and Russia—projects with the latter include than using NASA. “China is really commit- developing a new medium-lift launch vehi- ted and is likely to pump more money into cle, the Soyuz-2—but relies primarily on its its space program than the U.S. ever did.” own rockets, the Ariane 5 ECA for heavy lift Andrew Erickson, a Naval War College to GTO, Ariane 5 ES for launch to LEO, and expert on China’s naval and space forces, the newly developed Vega for small pay-

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LAUNCH VEHICLE ROUNDUP Number of Successful/ Prime Contractor/ Vehicle First Failed Number Country Launch Sites Designation Series Launch Launches of Stages Propellant Payload Wt., kg Russia, RN-45 45 tonnes LEO continued RN-75 75 tonnes LEO RN-150 150 tonnes LEO 21,000 LEO Proton 294 of 333 6,360 GTO Rokot 13 of 14 1,950 LEO Strella 1 of 3 1,700 LEO Makeyev Shtil 2 430 LEO Volna 0 of 5 100 LEO 532 LEO MITT Start-1 6 167 SSO NPO Polyot Kosmos-3M 422 of 442 1,500 LEO TsSKB-Progress/ Soyuz FG 31 7,130 LEO Plesetsk launch 2,800-7,800 LEO Baikonour launch 2.1a/b/v 7 1,700 GTO 2 ST/ST 7,800 LEO K 3,000 GTO 6,700 LEO U 696 of 715 6,950 LEO 54,000 LEO Rus-M 2015 11,500 GTO

South Korea KARI Khrunichev/ Naro Space Center Naro-1 0 of 2 2 Solid-liquid 100 LEO

Ukraine Dnepr 1 15 of 16 Yuzhmash 5,500 LEO Tsyklon 4 1,700 GTO Yuzhmash/ 6,100 LEO RKK Energia Zenit 3SL 27 of 30 5,250 GTO 3SLB 4 3,750 GTO Yuzhnoye Zenit 2M (SLB) 1 13,920 LEO Zenit 3SLBF 1

United States ATK/Lockheed Athena Ic Martin IIc 1,712 LEO Space Launch 130,000 LEO System* Interorbital N30 2011 3 Liquid 30 PLEO Systems/ Neptune N45 3 Liquid 45 PLEO Spaceport Tonga N1000 4 Liquid 1,000 PLEO N4000 4 Liquid 4,000 LEO Minotaur I 10 580 LEO

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loads. Arianes have launched more than half probably India; the most the commercial satellites in use worldwide. likely to have the capabil- H-IIB ity to succeed would be India the Europeans, if they de- India became a space power in 1980 but cided to human-rate the has been limited to placing relatively small Ariane 5.” satellites into LEO—a total of 58 through 2010. Its first rocket, the ASLV (augmented Japan satellite launch vehi- Japan is eager to become a cle), was dis- full-fledged spacefaring na- continued tion, reasserting itself as an Asian power equal to China. The first all-Japan- ese rocket to launch a Japanese payload into or- bit from a domestic site was the H-II in 1994. Be- cause of cost issues, the vehicle was abandoned five years later; its follow- on, the H-IIA, made its first successful launch in 2001. The next year, Japan priva- PSLV tized H-IIA production, and Mitsubishi Heavy In- after four dustries became responsible for all devel- launches (in- opment and marketing. cluding two fail- In addition to the H-IIA, Japan Aero- ures and a partial success). The follow-on space Exploration Agency, or JAXA, has the PSLV (polar) rocket has achieved most of H-IIB and H-II transfer vehicle in its opera- the successful launches. tional fleet. It is also developing two others: The GSLV (geosynchronous), larger and the Epsilon launch vehicle and the LNG roughly comparable to Delta II or Ariane 4, propulsion system, which could be used as has had a difficult history since its first devel- the first stage of a reusable vehicle or alone opmental flight failed in 2001. The second to propel an interorbit transport or plane- developmental and first operational flights tary probe. succeeded in 2003 and 2004, respectively; however, three of four subsequent attempts Brazil through December 2010 failed, the fourth Brazil has long been a sleeper on the global being listed as a partial success. The next at- scene. It is one of the world’s tempt, carrying GSAT-11, India’s largest and largest nations by area, ‘rich’ post powerful communications satellite, is in largely unexploited nat- slated for late this year or early 2012. ural resources, and has Given its difficulties getting satellites the intellectual capital beyond LEO, India’s plan for sending astro- to join the ranks of nauts to the Moon and establishing a per- space powers, but VSB-30 manent base there in the 2020s seems un- has been slow to likely. The GSLV also will need to demon- capitalize through strate a solid string of successful launches needed infrastruc- to GEO before India can begin to compete ture construction, in the commercial launch arena with the in large part be- U.S., Russia, Europe, or China. cause of intermit- “The most important things are cost, tent economic and performance, and reliability. So far, the In- political instability. dians have not proven they can come up It also is part of with a reliable competitor to the Russians,” BRIC (Brazil, Russia, In- Cáceres says, but adds that this does not dia, China) or, sometimes, preclude their joining the manned space- BRICSA, which includes South flight club soon. “The most likely to try is Africa. This is a new political bloc

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LAUNCH VEHICLE ROUNDUP Number of Successful/ Prime Contractor/ Vehicle First Failed Number Country Launch Sites Designation Series Launch Launches of Stages Propellant Payload Wt., kg United States, Orbital Sciences/ Minotaur IV 3 1,735 LEO continued Cape Canaveral, V Vandenberg AFB, Pegasus 35 of 40 443 LEO Wallops - Kodiak Taurus 6 of 9 4 1,350 LEO II 2011 2 Solid-liquid 5,750 LEO SR-M 2 Suborbital Scorpius Space Sprite 482 LEO Launch Liberty 1,910 LEO Exodus 8,955 LEO Space Freighter 15,320 LEO 1 2006 2 Liquid SpaceX/Reagan 1e 2 Liquid 1,010 LEO Test Center From Cape: Kwajalein Atoll 23,050 lb LEO Cape Canaveral 10,000 lb GTO or Kwajalein Falcon From Kwaj: 18,870 lb LEO 9* 2010 22Liquid10,320 lb GTO 2 with dual side 53,000 LEO 9 Heavy* 2012 boosters Liquid 16,000 GTO 2 LEO 3 GTO United Launch plus 3-9 6.1 tonnes LEO Alliance (Boeing/ II 1989 156 of 158 strapons 2.2 tonnes GTO Lockheed Martin)/ Delta 2 Cape Canaveral and with 2 48,264 lb LEO Vandenberg AFB IV 2002 13 strapons Liquid 28,620 lb GTO IV Heavy 3 of 4 22,950 LEO 12,980 GTO 64,860 LEO Atlas V* 2002 25 of 26 2 Solid 28,660 GTO V Heavy* 2 Liquid 25 tons LEO

* Human rating planned or possible. ** A number of designation and configuration changes to the Angara family of launch vehicles in the past decade makes it difficult to determine which specs go with which name.

This chart shows only those launch systems currently in use or with the greatest likelihood of succeeding in the near term. Chinese, Iranian, and North Korean space launch companies, missions, and specs are among the most difficult to verify. The information in this chart is based on a compilation of multiple sources, looking for common names and details to avoid duplication or programs no longer active and to ensure the inclusion of new launch vehicles.

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formed in 2009 with the stated purpose of challenging the U.S. as the only global su- perpower, giving “emerging and develop- ing economies...a greater voice” and pro- moting “fundamental research and the development of advanced technologies.” BRIC could significantly improve Brazil’s future prospects as a spacefaring nation. It already is developing new satellites with China under the China Brazil Earth Re- sources Satellite program and is negotiating future launches from its two spaceports—Al- cantara and MECB (Brazilian Complete Space Mission)—for U.S., Russian, Chinese, and Ukrainian rockets. Late last year Brazil also launched its own mid-sized rocket, VSB-30 V07, on a suborbital flight. Baikonour Cosmodrome

Iran Iran is the world’s largest question mark, in however, includes one planned in Africa, terms of its ability to launch payloads into 18 in Asia (mostly China and Russia), four space. Russia and China both have been operated by (but not necessarily in) Eu- criticized in the past for selling missile tech- rope, 14 in or operated by the U.S. and nology to Iran. The fact that Iran has had Canada, two in South America, three in little known success, even with launching Australia, one in the Marshall Islands, and small satellites to LEO, indicates that either two at sea—a total of 45. what it bought was not a complete package Finding enough launch vehicles doing or, as every nation attempting spaceflight enough business to justify the cost of build- learns, getting a satellite safely into orbit is ing and maintaining a large number of not as easy as it may seem. spaceports, however, remains an uncertain prospect. The odds of new launch cus- QQQ tomers bringing new rockets into the mar- In terms of space launch, Russia leads the ket are far slimmer than existing countries/ world, followed by the U.S, with China a companies expanding services to meet any fast-growing third—passing Europe/ESA growth in demand. and Ukraine—and both India and Brazil se- “There probably are 50 or so compa- rious contenders. Working together, which nies working on launch vehicles, but most would be a first for such a group, they the- won’t actually have the capital to do any- oretically could leave both the U.S. and Eu- thing more than paper,” Cáceres predicts. rope far behind in future space launch and “China, the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, In- exploration capabilities. But thus far, little dia—maybe South Korea and Israel—but more than paperwork and rhetoric have that’s about it.” emerged from BRIC. Most experts agree the major U.S. rock- Cáceres says there will be newcomers ets—Atlas V, Delta II and IV, Falcon 9, Mino- to the list of launch-capable nations, but he taur I and IV, Taurus II—will be committed qualifies the prediction with an assessment almost exclusively to military and govern- of just what that will entail: “I’m sure Brazil ment launch, as will those of China, which eventually will do it, because it has the tech- will continue to seek a greater degree of nology and the money. The same with commercial diversity. North Korea and Iran—at least for tiny satel- Of the major players, that leaves Rus- lites. But if you look at who is launching sia, perhaps surprisingly, and ESA’s Ariane regularly, it’s basically the same five or six.” as the world’s primary sources of commer- Many nations are seeking a toehold in cial launches for the foreseeable future, space by providing launch facilities. While with their greatest challenge likely coming the number of spaceports—operational, from private industry, primarily in the U.S. planned, or just claimed—varies with every The future is likely to see a widening di- source, the ‘short list’ shows 20 nations op- vide between government and private launch- erating some 30 launch sites, not including ers, satellites and human spaceflight, Earth a host of new private ones. The longer list, orbital and interplanetary missions.

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Russia will soon launch an unmanned spacecraft to land on the Martian moon Phobos and return a sample of its soil and rock to Earth. Scientists will study the sample for signs of life on Mars, which bombards its moons with debris. The mission has breathed new life into the country’s planetary science programs, which had fallen into decline in recent decades. If successful, the e ort could add signicantly to scientic understanding of the solar system as well as Mars and its moons.

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ussia, which has not flown a success- a landing. But political hurdles in- ful planetary mission in 30 years, is volving planetary protection could Rabout to launch an unmanned space- arise—especially if a sphere with craft to the Martian moon Phobos to collect samples ruptures over U.S. territory—and Flight elements of the Phobos rock and soil samples and return them to will likely keep the target site in Russia. sample return include the Earth by 2014. The Phobos sample return will take orbiter/lander that will orbit Mars and match orbits with Also on board will be a small Chinese place some 20 years before NASA and ESA Phobos until landing is possible. piggyback satellite to be released into Mar- can return a much more significant sample The drilling rig is at left. Atop tian orbit as China’s first mission to Mars. It of Mars rock and soil. A later rover, the that is the return vehicle that will fire back toward Earth carrying will take images and atmospheric readings. NASA Max-C, is set for launch in 2016 and the descent module with soil The Russian mission is set for launch will select Martian samples for later pickup and rock samples that will land toward Mars from the Baikonur Cosmo- by ESA and NASA spacecraft. in 2014. drome on board a Zenit rocket around No- vember 8. Two weeks later, on November New life for planetary programs 25, NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) The former Soviet Union, which launched rover Curiosity will take off from Cape dozens of successful deep space probes in Canaveral on an Atlas V. the 1960s through the 1980s, has not flown a fully successful planetary mission of any Diverse goals kind since the 1984 Vega-2 Halley’s Comet/ Russian mission managers hope to score Venus mission. And it has launched no suc- several firsts, the most important of which cessful lunar or Mars missions in 30 years. is the first round trip from Earth to Mars or- In 1988, Russia launched two missions bit, with a stop on the Martian moon Pho- to Phobos, hoping to drop small one-way bos to gather the samples. landers onto its surface. But a software up- Although the Russian and U.S. flights link problem led to the loss of Phobos 1, are designed to do totally different things, and Phobos 2 died because of an onboard they both have important tasks to perform. computer error while maneuvering toward One goal of the Phobos mission, the ro- the roughly 16x14-mi. moon. The country’s botic return of rock and soil samples, could robotic Earth orbit and deep space science lead to the discovery of life on Mars. Mar- program has been largely suspended since tian meteoric impact debris has blasted the the mid-1990s in the funding crisis that fol- planet’s moons and is sure to be part of any lowed the collapse of the USSR. Phobos sample return. And the MSL, which Although tiny, Phobos holds great in- will remain on the surface of Mars, has a terest for those seeking to understand Mar- powerful suite of instruments capable of tian history as well as the nature of plane- characterizing organic carbon that could tary moons and asteroids. Some scientists have been part of past life. believe Phobos was formed from material Phobos samples could also put into knocked off Mars, and that samples could context the formation of Mars and its be genuinely Mars-like. Others think it is a moons, helping to scale the formation of captured asteroid and could instead pro- the solar system. The samples could make vide data on those ancient bodies—al- a major contribution to characterizing Mars. though it does not much resemble other as- If the mission is successful, the samples teroids seen so far. will be returned to Earth in 2014, landing at The spacecraft is being completed at Russia’s Sary Shagan missile test center, NPO Lavochkin, near the Sheremetyevo air- where advanced radars can track objects port in Northwest Moscow. The facility em- approaching from space. ploys 5,000 people and is Russia’s primary The Russians have quietly sounded out Earth-orbit and deep space science devel- by Craig Covault American officials on using U.S. territory for opment company. It has 40 years of plane- Contributing writer

AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 47 048_r1_Aerospace_SEP2011.pdf 8/17/11 1:27:52 PM

tary mission experience including 15 suc- turn spacecraft and into the Earth descent cessful flights to the Moon. module. Lavochkin is beginning to reenergize After launch from Earth, the combined An ESA Mars Express image of its robotic capability for both lunar and vehicles will spend 11 months in transit to 5.6-mi.-diam Stickney crater on Mars missions. The company has been Mars. The triple-deck spacecraft will be in- Phobos shows the largest feature tapped by the Russian government to lead serted into Martian orbit, where it will pro- on the Martian moon. Scientists all future robotic planetary development. vide imagery and data on Mars and Phobos. believe the brightest material is younger, with the many streaks The largest project in development is the Several weeks later it will be maneu- on the crater rim indicative of Phobos mission, for which the Russian vered to fly in formation with Phobos. After landslides and even major fallout Space Research Center (IKI) is designing extensive imaging to find a suitable landing of Martian material blasted loose by meteorites. the sensor suite. site, the spacecraft will be maneuvered to In addition to the make a gentle landing on the moon. Be- lunar and planetary cause Phobos has such minute gravity, the missions, Russia is Russian lander could bounce off the moon currently completing at touchdown or drift away during surface development of sev- sampling. To prevent either event, up-firing eral new astrophysics thrusters to hold the lander down onto the and other Earth-orbit surface will be fired until harpoon-like an- spacecraft, many of chors are spring ejected from the landing which involve IKI pads to physically secure the spacecraft to and Lavochkin. the surface. The same side of Phobos always faces Mission and Mars. Science managers want to land on C spacecraft design the Mars-facing side, because debris blasted

M The spacecraft con- at it from the Martian surface may have a sists of three stacked greater chance of being sampled there. Y vehicles. The lowest Such a landing site would also allow con- CM vehicle will be the tinuous observation of Mars from about MY propulsion and sys- 5,800 mi. away. But landing there also

CY tems bus for the trip poses more risk for Earth communications to Mars, as well as the launch pad for the and for spacecraft temperature control. Al- CMY return spacecraft. It will then serve as a though the question is still open for review, K long-life science station on the surface of it is likely the landing will take place on the Phobos, equipped with about 20 science side facing away from Mars, in the termina- instruments and a drilling-rig/manipulator tor area, where it can still see the planet but mounted on the side. The rig has a tube can also benefit from some shading. mechanism to transfer the sample up the Once the spacecraft is on the surface, side of the cruise/lander, past the Earth re- its first major task will be to image the stars and Sun to update its navigation platform RETURN VEHICLE for an accurate Earth return maneuver. RETURN CAPSULE The cruise/lander stage will also begin imaging the surface under the lander to pick a spot for sampling. The drilling rig will be able to swivel several degrees left or right to choose a spot suitable for both soil and rock specimens. PHOBOS LANDER Sampling plans Launch configuration shows The drilling and sampling process will re- the complex integration of YH-1 TRUSS multiple flight elements, quire three to four days. The objective is to including the propulsion obtain 200 grams. The amount is not as im- modules. Extra fuel and MAIN PROPULSION portant as getting below the surface and component weight contributed to a two-year also finding at least one small stone. Pre- launch slip from 2009 to serving the integrity of the core sample is 2011 and a shift to the also desirable, to show layering. much more powerful Zenit The return spacecraft with the sample booster instead of the Soyuz. The Chinese YH-1 JETTISONABLE BLOCK OF TANKS sphere will then be ejected off the top of Mars orbiter box is tucked the lander into its own orbit around Mars. midway in the truss. Its small rocket engines will be used to

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send the vehicle on an Earth return trajec- Chomik (Hamster) soil sampling drill, de- tory with the sample sphere riding on top. signed originally for the European Philae A 2009 launch had originally been lander now en route to land on a comet. planned for the mission, but several instru- Chomik will serve as a backup device in ments were not ready, especially the critical case the prime sample mechanism fails. sampling mechanism. Managers decided to delay the launch until this year to fix this Approach and return and address other problems. As the vehicle approaches Earth at the end According to Anatoly Shilov, deputy di- of the 11-month transit, the descent module Mars Express image of Phobos rector of Roscosmos, the Russian Academy with the samples should separate from the has two locations annotated of Sciences realized that the planned sam- Earth return spacecraft. The module should as primary spacecraft landing pling system was not powerful enough for then dive safely through the atmosphere for sites as determined by Russian project scientists and engineers. the possibly hard surface or the team’s de- recovery. About half the sample will be A key consideration will be the sire to have rock samples. It was the same opened and distributed globally for analy- ability of the lander to image kind of system featured on the three un- sis. The remaining 100 g will be held back the stars for mission navigators manned sample devices used on Earth’s for a time, for a second wave of analysis af- before liftoff to plot the best route back into Mars orbit and Moon, with a tiny auger-type component ter results are in from the first studies. ultimately to Earth. that moved material into a flexible tube Meanwhile, back on Phobos, the lan- placed in the Earth return device. It also der’s instrument suite will be obtaining im- had the potential for overturning the lander ages and direct compositional measure- during operations in the extremely weak ments to complement and back up the gravity on Phobos, managers say. sample return. Several spectrometers, heat The new sample device will be more of probes, cameras, and other instruments will a pounder/crusher that can break soil and take detailed data on Phobos from its sur- small rocks without rocking the lander. face. The lander is designed to survive there Poland is supplying Lavochkin with its for a year.

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25 Years Ago, September 1986 Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. I, p. 110; Aviation Week, Sept. 18, 1961, Sept. 22 Six days after its launch, the Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking pp. 32-33. (SARSAT) spacecraft receives its first distress signal from stranded Canadians whose Cessna has crashed in a remote region of Ontario. Their location is easily relayed to Sept. 13 The Soviet Union begins tests rescue workers and the Canadians are saved. Part of the COSPAS/SARSAT system, of a larger launch vehicle, “a more SARSAT includes one U.S. and four Soviet satellites built to locate downed aircraft powerful and improved multistage and ships. NASA, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1986-90, pp. 69-70. carrier rocket,” to ranges of more than 12,000 km (7,450 mi.). Flight, 50 Years Ago, September 1961 Sept. 21, 1961, p. 467.

Sept. 2 The Navy and Air Force agree on specifications for the TFX superiority Sept. 18 Bell Aerospace Systems vice fighter aircraft to fulfill the requirements of both services. The 1962 Aerospace president Walter Dornberger, former Year Book, p. 471. commanding general of Peenemünde, the famed German rocket development Sept. 7 NASA announces that the government-owned Michoud Ordnance Plant center that produced the V-2, the near New Orleans will be the site for the fabrication and final assembly of the world’s first large-scale liquid-fuel Saturn C-3, the first stage of Project Apollo’s Saturn launch vehicle and also of rocket, during WW II, publishes a paper larger vehicles. The site becomes NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility. I. on space as a military area. His paper Ertel and M. Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. I, p. 109. advocates the development of systems for space bombardment from manned Sept. 9 The first full-scale firing of the Nike Zeus antimissile missile space stations and other military uses takes place at Point Mugu, Calif. Two of its three solid-propellant of space technology. Aviation Week, stages are fired; however, an internal malfunction causes the missile Sept. 18, 1961, pp. 11, 57-58. to explode about 20 sec into the flight. Aviation Week, Sept. 8, 1961, p. 34; Flight, Sept. 21, 1961, p. 469. Sept. 19 NASA chooses a site close to Houston, Texas, as the Manned Sept. 11 NASA selects North American Aviation to develop the S-II Spacecraft Center for the design, second stage of the advanced Saturn launch vehicle for Project Apollo. The S-II is development, and testing of the Apollo to use four LOX/hydrogen J-2 engines, each producing 200,000 lb of thrust. I. Ertel spacecraft. The center will also train and M. Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, astronauts for lunar flights. I. Ertel and Vol. I, p. 109. M. Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. I, p. 111. Sept. 11 Air Force and NASA officials inspect a full-scale mockup of the Dyna-Soar Sept. 21 A Soviet Mil-6 helicopter boost-glide vehicle at sets a new world’s record, averaging Boeing’s Seattle facilities. D. Baker, Spaceflight and 198.8 mph over a 9.3-15.5-mi. course. Rocketry, p. 125. This beats the previous mark Sept. 12 Pilots Bell Bedford and Hugh Merewether, of 192.9 mph, flying the prototype of Britain’s Hawker P.1127 set by a U.S. V/STOL aircraft, conduct the first Navy Sikorsky in-line transition from vertical to HSS-2 over a horizontal flight and back. The plane is also the first V/STOL 1.86-mi. straight-line course. Aviation type to take off vertically, hover, and translate to forward flight Week, Oct. 2, 1961, p. 32. at near supersonic speed. D. Baker, Flight and Flying, p. 377. Sept. 21 Boeing’s Sept. 13 The first Earth orbital test of a Mercury spacecraft is Vertol YHC-1 (later made with the Mercury-Atlas 4, which carries an astronaut CH-47 Chinook) simulator. The Atlas, with unmanned spacecraft atop, lifts off helicopter makes from Cape Canaveral, Fla., and after a single 85-min 3-sec orbit its first flight and is successfully recovered. I. Ertel and M. Morse, The Apollo subsequently

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An Aerospace Chronology by FrankFrank H. H. Winter, Winter, Ret. Ret and Robertand Robert van vander derLinden Linden

becomes one of the most versatile Sept. 12 Two Deutsches Lufthansa Do-18 flying military transport helicopters ever boats, the Zephyr and Aeolus, successfully flown. It features two 57-ft-diam rotors inaugurate an experimental transoceanic service and can carry up to 33 troops, 27 between the Azores and New York. The planes paratroopers, or 24 stretchers. The are catapulted from the mother ship Schwaben- 51-ft-long craft has a cruising speed land, which is anchored off the Azores. The of 150 mph and an operating radius of Zephyr flies the 2,830-mi. distance nonstop. Aero Digest, Oct. 1936, p. 98. 200 mi. D. Baker, Flight and Flying, p. 377. Sept. 19 British aviation pioneer Thomas Campbell-Black dies in an aircraft ground collision at Speke Airport, Liverpool. Sept. 28 The Tory IIA-1 atomic reactor Born in 1899, Campbell-Black served in the Royal Naval undergoes further successful tests, Air Service and RAF during WW I. In 1931 he rescued mounted on a railroad car at the Ernst Udet, the famed German aviator, who was Atomic Energy Commission’s Nevada stranded and starving on an island in the Upper Nile. test site. The tests are part of the Pluto Campbell-Black achieved his greatest fame as copilot nuclear ramjet program, a planned with C.W.A. Scott in the winning De Havilland D.H. 88 development of a flight-type reactor Comet at the MacRobertson England-Australia Race of for use in a cruise missile. The Tory IIA-1 1934. Flight, Sept. 24, 1936, p. 315. is the world’s first nuclear ramjet engine and had its first tests on May 14, 1961. Sept. 19 Benito Mussolini opens the new military airport at his native However, the Pluto program, which town of Forli, Italy, after which 250 aircraft of the Aquila Air Division take off and began in 1957, is eventually canceled, fly around in formation. The new facilities cover an area of about 296 acres and ending in 1964. Aviation Week, Oct. 16, include aircraft sheds, underground fuel and oil tanks for holding several months’ 1961, p. 32. supplies, and air raid shelters. The Aeroplane, Sept. 30, 1936, p. 416.

75 Years Ago, September 1936 100 Years Ago, September 1911

Sept. 5 Beryl Markham completes the Sept. 9 Following his success in India in sending air mail, Royal Navy Capt. Walter first east-west solo crossing of Windham organizes the first such exercise in the U.K., conducting an experimental the Atlantic by a woman, air mail delivery between London and Windsor. The mailbag, with specially printed landing near Baleine, cards and envelopes, is flown on a Gnome-Blériot by Gustave Hamel from the Nova Scotia, 24 hr 40 London aerodrome at Hendon to Windsor. Additional mail trips follow a few days min after leaving later. Flight, Sept. 16, 1911, pp. 798-799. Abington, England. Flying a Percival Vega Sept. 17 Calbraith Perry Rodgers—great-grandson of Commodore Matthew Gull low-wing mono- Perry, who opened the door to Japan for the U.S. in his 1853 expedition—achieves plane, Markham the first U.S. transcontinental flight. Rodgers flies his custom-built Wright Model planned to land at EX, named the Vin Fiz, from Sheepshead Bay, New York. In New York’s Floyd many stages, and with many breakdowns and Bennett Field, but head- accidents en route, he flies to Chicago, winds caused excessive fuel Kansas City, Dallas, San Antonio, El Paso, and consumption and necessitated a landing eventually Pasadena, a total distance of 4,231 mi., about 2,000 mi. into the 3,700-mi. in 49 days. He lands 69 times and route. Aero Digest, Oct. 1936, p. 98. has 15 accidents during the flight. American Legion, June 1979, pp. Sept. 7 Louise Thaden sets a new 20-23. women’s transcontinental speed record of 14 hr 55 min 1 sec, flying a Wright- Sept. 24 Earle L. Ovington delivers the first U.S. air mail. Using a Queen monoplane powered Beechcraft in the Bendix patterned after the Bleriot XI, he transports 640 letters and 1,280 postcards from Trophy race from Floyd Bennett Field in Garden City, Long Island, to New York City. The authorities name his latter stop New York to Los Angeles. Aero Digest, the N.Y. Post Office Aerial Postal Section No. 1 and designate Ovington Air Mail Oct. 1936, p. 98. Pilot No. 1. Aero, Sept. 30, 1911, p. 561.

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DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING WICHITA STATE UNIVERSITY Positions in Aerospace Structures and Flight Mechanics

The Wichita State University (WSU) Aerospace Engineering department has two faculty positions available in aerospace structures and ÀLJKW mechanics. The tenure track positions, at the Assistant Professor rank, include teaching, research, scholarship, and service responsibilities.

Applicants must hold a doctorate in aerospace engineering or a strongly related engineering discipline. Additionally, applicants must have at least one degree in aerospace engineering or have notable aerospace industry/research lab experience. A demonstrated ability to teach, conduct research, publish, communication effectively, and a commitment to diversity are also required.

WSU, located in the Air Capital, has a proud history. The department’s undergraduate and graduate (MS & PhD) programs are strong and play an important educational and research role in the city, region, and nation. In fact, the National Science Foundation ranked WSU third among all U.S. universities in aerospace research and development expenditures (for ¿VFDO year 2007). Furthermore, the department and National Institute for Aviation Research (NIAR) are home to an outstanding collection of wind/water tunnel, aircraft icing, composites, structural testing, fatigue/ IUDFWXUHÀight mechanics, crash dynamics, and computational laboratories.

The WSU campus is an attractively landscaped architectural showplace with approximately 15,000 students. Wichita, a community of ap- proximately 450,000 people, is home to aerospace leaders Cessna Aircraft, Hawker-Beechcraft, Bombardier Learjet, Boeing, Airbus, and Spirit AeroSystems.

U.S. citizens or permanent residents with an undergraduate degree in aerospace engineering are preferred. Applicants should clearly state their VWDWXVRUDELOLW\WRZRUNLQWKH866DODU\LVFRPPHQVXUDWHZLWKTXDOL¿cations and experience.

If interested, apply online - submitting a resume, a letter of introduction discussing your teaching and research philosophies, and contact infor- mation for at least six references located in the United States. The closing date for these positions is September 30, 2011, or the end of each successive month until the position is ¿lled. WSU is an EEO/AA employer.

Offers of employment are contingent upon completion of a satisfactory criminal background check as required by Kansas Board of Regents policy. Candidates must go online at http://jobs.wichita.edu to apply for the positions.

DEPARTMENT HEAD SEARCH Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department www.aoe.vt.edu Nominations and applications are being solicited for the position of Head of the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department (AOE). Candidates should have demonstrated intellectual leadership and management skills to further elevate this department, which is one of the premier aerospace engineering and ocean engineering departments in the nation. Candidates must qualify for tenure in the rank of professor and should have achieved international distinction in university-level teaching and research and have a record of superior scholarship, administrative ability, and academic leadership. Virginia Tech, a land-grant university of the Commonwealth, is located in Blacksburg, Virginia. The University has a total student enrollment of 26,000, with approximately 7,500 students in the College of Engineering. The AOE Department offers B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degree programs in both Aerospace Engineering and Ocean Engineering with a current enrollment of 400 undergraduate and 130 graduate students. The department has 19 full-time faculty members with research expenditures exceeding $4 million annually. Blacksburg is consistently ranked among the country’s best places to live (http://www.vt.edu/where_we_are/blacksburg/index.html). Home to the Blacksburg Electronic Village, it is a scenic and vibrant community nestled in the New River Valley between the Alleghany and Blue Ridge Mountains. The town is proximal to state parks, trails, and other regional attractions of Southwest Virginia, renowned for their history and natural beauty. Interested persons should apply on the Internet at http://jobs.vt.edu (Posting No. 0110789). Applicant screening will begin February 1, 2012 and continue until the position is filled. Applications should include a curriculum vitae, a cover letter, and contact information for at least five individuals providing references. References will only be contacted concerning those candidates who are selected for on-campus interviews. Inquiries about the position should be directed to: Professor Roger L. Simpson Chair, Search Committee for the AOE Department Head 215 Randolph Hall, MC 0203 Blacksburg, VA 24061 [email protected] 540-231-5989 Virginia Tech has a strong commitment to the principle of diversity and, in that spirit, seeks a broad spectrum of candidates including women, minorities, and people with disabilities. It is the recipient of a National Science Foundation ADVANCE Institutional Transformation Award to increase the participation of women in academic science and engineering careers. Virginia Tech is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Institution.

52 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 AA_SEP2011_COPP_Layout 18/10/1110:56AMPage3

your job at TUDelft WORLDWIDE ARIZONA FLORIDA ¼ Maximum gross salaryis Propulsion Performance and Flight Full Professor full timeappointment 7 WR¼SHUPRQWK

















procedure: More information about thejob and substantial research funding. In addition, he/she isable toacquire responsibility. amain groupbe the of will quality management and the education task comprehensive research strategy. Overall of MSc and PhD studentsand pursuea responsible for supervisingand coaching who canlead the research, whowillbe renowned and expert inspiringteacher, We are looking for aninternationally innovative aircr À for educationand resear Engineering. Theresponsible FPPchairis ispart(FPP) oftheFaculty ofAerospace The Flight Performance andPropulsion chair recognizedlevel. internationally the technicalsciencesatanwithin educational and researchopportunities UniversityDelft ofTechnology offers ight mechanics, propulsion and designof






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FACULTY POSITION ANNOUNCEMENT MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY (Aerospace Engineering - Unmanned Aerial Systems)

An endowed Chair/Professorship with a tenure track faculty position at the level of Professor or Associate Professor is available with starting date negotiable, but beginning no earlier than January 2012. Applicants should have teaching and research interests and experience in area that relate to Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). It is expected that the successful candidate will have the ability to teach undergraduate courses in aerospace engineering, and graduate courses that support the candidate’s research as well as our new UAS Options for the MS and PhD degrees. Good oral and written communication skills, as judged by both students and faculty, are also necessary. An earned Ph.D. in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, or engi- neering mechanics is required, together with an earned B.S. degree in aerospace engineering from an ABET accredited or equivalent program. The successful candidate must have demonstrated potential for excellent teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels, and for developing a strong externally funded research program. The research areas of the successful applicant must be in an area that directly supports Unmanned Aerial Systems in order to support the rapidly growing UAS programs at OSU. Post doctoral or industry experi- ence is desired. Excellent opportunities exist for the successful applicant to collaborate in the UAS area with the University Multispectral Laboratories (www.okstate-uml.org), which owns and operates a fully equipped, full scale UAS DLU¿HOG together with other relevant facilities. A second UAS DLU¿HOG operated by the School of MAE for lighter UAVs became fully operational in 2011. Applications will be accepted until the position is ¿OOHG Send (electronically) letter of application, statement on teaching interests and philosophy, statement on spe- FL¿F plans for securing extramural funding for at least two research projects, including contacts already made with funding agencies, curriculum vitae, and list of ¿YH references to: Dr. A. S. Arena, [email protected], Chair, Aerospace/UAS Engineering Search Committee, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 218 Engineering North, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-054 ( www.mae.okstate.edu ). OSU LVDQDI¿rmative action/equal opportunity/E-verify employer committed to diversity.

54 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 AA_SEP2011_COPP_Layout 1 8/10/11 10:57 AM Page 5

The Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department (MAE) at the University of Miami (UM) invites applications and nominations for tenure-track positions at any professorial level in all areas of mechanical and aerospace engineering, with the emphasis on aerodynamics, energy, and biomechanics.

MAE is seeking candidates with a strong record of scholarship with a focus on ob- taining external funding, a demonstrated excellence in graduate and undergraduate teaching, and a thoughtful commitment to university and professional service. For a senior-level appointment, a proven record of extramural funding support is re- quired.

A Ph.D. in mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, or a related discipline and one year work related experience is required prior to the appointment. Salary: Competitive. 4XDOL¿HG applicants should mail (a) a letter of interest, (b) a resume and (c) at least three (3) references to:

Dr. Shihab Asfour, Associate Dean for Academics College of Engineering University of Miami 1251 Memorial Drive, McArthur Engineering Bldg., Room 247 Coral Gables, FL 33146.

The University of Miami offers competitive salaries and a comprehensive EHQH¿WV package including medical and dental EHQH¿WV tuition remission, vacation, paid hol- idays and much more. The University of Miami is an Equal 2SSRUWXQLW\$I¿UPDWLYH Action Employer.

Full-Time, Tenure-Track Faculty Position in Aerospace Engineering Department at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona The Aerospace Engineering Department invites applications at the assis- tant- or associate-professor level for a tenure-track faculty position beginning September 2012 or January 2013 to teach a broad range of courses in aerospace engineering with primary responsibility in the following areas: aerospace struc- tures, ¿QLWHHOHPHQW analysis and mechanics of composite materials. A Ph.D. in aerospace engineering or a closely related discipline is required. A B.S. Degree in aerospace engineering from a U.S. accredited institution as well as U.S. in- dustrial and teaching experience are preferred. A strong interest in curriculum development, computer-based static and dynamic structural modeling and analy- sis (such as NASTRAN), design of aircraft and spacecraft structures, laboratory development in our B.S. and M.S. programs, pursuing grants and supervising stu- dent research, and demonstrated ability to provide hands-on education in a multi- disciplinary environment, as well as excellent oral and written communication skills are required. Research, consulting, and summer employment in aerospace industry are available in the local area. Initial review of applications will begin January 9, 2012 and will continue until the position is ¿OOHG Applicants should send a curriculum vitae and a list of teaching and research interests to: Dr. Ali Ahmadi, Chair Aerospace Engineering Department California State Polytechnic University 3801 W. Temple Avenue Pomona, CA 91768 Request applications from Ms. Carol Christian, Aerospace Engineering Department, at (909) 869-2470 or at [email protected]. The Univer- sity hires only individuals lawfully authorized to work in the United States. The university is an equal opportunity, DI¿UPDWLYH action employer. For full ad see: http://www.csupomona.edu/~engineering Click on faculty positions.

AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2011 55 TENURE TRACK FACULTY POSITIONS Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering College of Engineering and Mineral Resources

The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE) at West Virginia University (WVU) seeks applications for six (6) tenure-track faculty positions at the rank of Assistant or Associate Professor with demonstrated teaching and research experience in the following areas:

• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (#71101): aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, aircraft design. • Space Systems (#71102): orbital mechanics, spacecraft systems, stability, controls, launch, reentry. • Hybrid Electric Transportation (#71103): vehicle drive-trains and controls, auxiliary power units, alternative fuels, lightweight structures. • Clean Energy Harvesting, Storage and Distribution (#71104): solar, wind, geothermal, or hydro systems, batteries, reservoirs, smart distribution and control, lightweight storage tanks. • Multi-Scale Computational Modeling (#71105): advanced methods with applications to energy sciences, materials science, aerodynamics, propulsion, biomedical sciences and bio engineering. • Robotics and Mechanical Systems (#71106) (joint position with the Lane Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department): autonomous aerial or ground systems, vehicle guidance, navigation and controls, sensor fusion. All positions require strong oral and written communication skills along with a proven commitment to innovative engineering education and a clearly demonstrated potential to develop externally funded in- terdisciplinary research programs. The successful candidates will be expected to assume leadership roles in the development of corresponding specialty tracks in the undergraduate curricula offered by the depart- ment in either Aerospace or Mechanical Engineering. An earned doctorate in engineering or applied sci- ences is required, with preference given to Aerospace, Mechanical or related engineering fields, depending on the specific selection criteria for each of the above positions. WVU is a comprehensive land-grant institution with an enrollment of more than 29,000 students. We are a Carnegie High Research University at the center of a developing high-technology corridor. The MAE Department is nationally ranked by the National Science Foundation in the top 25 departments of mechan- ical engineering in research expenditures (NSF, 2008, 2009, 2010). It currently employs 31 tenure-track or tenured faculty members and is offering B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in both Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering to about 450 undergraduate students, 80 M.S., and 75 Ph.D. students. Additional information may be found on the website of the MAE Department at www.mae.cemr.wvu.edu or by contacting Dr. Jacky Prucz, Professor and Chairman, via e-mail at [email protected], or by regular mail at P.O. Box 6106, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6106.

Review of applications will begin on August 16, 2011 and will continue until the positions are filled. Electronic applications are required and should be sent to [email protected]. They should include a cover letter specifying the position title and number that the applicant is applying for, highlighting his/her qualifications for that position, the curriculum vitae, concise descriptions of a research plan and a teaching plan, as well as contact information for three references. West Virginia University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer and encourages ap- plications from women, minorities, and individuals with disabilities, in commitment to building a diverse body of faculty and staff. West Virginia University is the recipient of an NSF ADVANCE award for gen- der equity. AIAAAIAABulletinBulletin

SEPTEMBER 2011 AIAA Meeting Schedule B2 AIAA Courses & Training B4 Program Schedule AIAA News B5 AIAA Publications B10 AIAA Call for Papers B11 AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition AIAA Courses and Training B18 Program Standard Conference Information B20

Aeroacoustics Award recipient Martin Lowson (center) with Walter Eversman (left) and Brian Testor (right) at the 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference in Portland, Oregon.

AIAA Directory

AIAA HEADQUARTERS AIAA Western Office To join AIAA; to submit address changes, mem- 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500 999 North Sepulveda Blvd., Suite 440 ber inquiries, or renewals; to request journal

Reston, VA 20191-4344 El Segundo, CA 90245 fulfillment; or to register for an AIAA conference. www.aiaa.org 800/683-AIAA or 310/726-5000 Customer Service: 800/639-AIAA† 310/726-5004 FAX

Aerospace America / Greg Wilson, ext. 7596* • AIAA Bulletin / Christine Williams, * Also accessible via Internet. Other Important Numbers: Use the formula first name 7575 AIAA Foundation 7518 Book Sales 800/682-AIAA 703/661-1595 ext. * • / Suzanne Musgrave, ext. * • / or , Dept. 415 • last [email protected]. Example: Corporate Members / Merrie Scott, ext. 7530* • International Affairs / Megan Scheidt, ext. 3842*; Emily Springer, ext. 7533* [email protected]. † U.S. only. International callers Editorial, Books / Heather Brennan, ext. 7568* Editorial, Technical Journals / Amanda Maguire, ext. 7507* Education / • • • should use 703/264-7500. Lisa Bacon, ext. 7527* • Exhibits / Fernanda Swan, ext. 7622* • Honors and Awards / Carol Stewart, ext. 7623* • Proceedings / 800/682-AIAA or 703/661-1595, Dept. 415 • Professional Development / Patricia Carr, ext. 7523* • Public Policy / Steve Addresses for Technical Howell, ext. 7625* • Section Activities / Chris Jessee, ext. 3848* • Standards, Domestic / Amy Barrett, ext. 7546* • Standards, Committees and Section Chairs International / Nick Tongson, ext. 7515* • Student Programs / Stephen Brock, ext. 7536* • Technical Committees / Betty can be found on the AIAA Web http://www.aiaa.org Guillie, ext. 7573* site at .

We are frequently asked how to submit articles about section events, member awards, and other special interest items in the AIAA Bulletin. Please contact the staff liaison listed above with Section, Committee, Honors and Awards, Event, or Education information. They will review and forward the information to the AIAA Bulletin Editor. DATE MEETING LOCATION CALL FOR ABSTRACT (Issue of AIAA Bulletin in PAPERS DEADLINE which program appears) (Bulletin in which Call for Papers appears)

2011 20–22 Sep 11th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Virginia Beach, VA Sep 10 7 Feb 11 (ATIO) Conference (Jul/Aug) including the 19th AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Technology Conference and the AIAA Balloon Systems Conference 21–22 Sep AIAA Centennial of Naval Aviation Forum (Jul/Aug) Virginia Beach, VA Sep 10 7 Feb 11 “100 Years of Achievement and Progress” (Jointly held with ATIO) 27–29 Sep AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition (Jun) Long Beach, CA Sep 10 25 Jan 11 3–7 Oct† 62nd International Astronautical Congress Cape Town, South Africa (www.iac2011.com) 13–14 Oct† Acoustic Liners and Associated Propagation Techniques Lausanne, Switzerland Contact: H. Lissek, [email protected], http://x3noise.epfl.ch 23–26 Oct† 20th International Meshing Roundtable Paris, France Contact: Jacqueline Hunter, 505.284.6969, jafi [email protected], www.imr.sandia.gov, 24–27 Oct† International Telemetering Conference USA Las Vegas, NV Contact: Lena Moran, 575.415.5172, [email protected], www.telemetry.org 26–28 Oct† 2nd Aircraft Structural Design Conference London, UK Contact: Hinal Patel-Bhuya, [email protected], www.aerosociety.com/conferences 2–4 Nov† 6th International Conference “Supply on the Wings” Frankfurt, Germany Feb 11 31 Mar 11 Contact: Prof. Dr. Richard Degenhardt, +49 531 295 3059; [email protected]; www.airtec.aero 28 Nov–1 Dec† Japan Forum on Satellite Communications (JFSC) and Nara, Japan Contact: http://www.ilcc.com/icssc2011 29th AIAA International Communication Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC) 2012 9–12 Jan 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Nashville, TN Jan 11 1 Jun 11 Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition 23–26 Jan† The Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS) Reno, NV Contact: Patrick M. Dallosta, [email protected]; www.rams.org 24–26 Jan AIAA Strategic and Tactical Missile Systems Conference Monterey, CA Jun 11 30 Jun 11 AIAA Missile Sciences Conference (SECRET/U.S. ONLY) 29 Jan–2 Feb† 22nd AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting Charleston, SC Apr 11 3 Oct 11 Contact: Keith Jenkins, 480.390.6179; [email protected]; www.space-flight.org 3–10 Mar† 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana Contact: David Woerner, 626.497.8451; [email protected]; www.aeroconf.org 23–26 Apr 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, Honolulu, HI Apr 11 10 Aug 11 and Materials Conference 20th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference 14th AIAA Non-Deterministic Approaches Conference 13th AIAA Gossamer Systems Forum 8th AIAA Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Specialist Conference 14–18 May† 12th Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference Kitakyushu, Japan Contact: Mengu Cho, +81 93 884 3228, [email protected]. ac.jp, http://laseine.ele.kyutech.ac.jp/12thsctc.html 22–24 May Global Space Exploration Conference (GLEX) Washington, DC 4–6 Jun 18th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference Colorado Springs, CO Jun 11 9 Nov 11 (33rd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference)

B2 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 DATE MEETING LOCATION CALL FOR ABSTRACT (Issue of AIAA Bulletin in PAPERS DEADLINE which program appears) (Bulletin in which Call for Papers appears) 4–6 Jun† 19th St Petersburg International Conference on Integrated St. Petersburg, Russia Navigation Systems Contact: Prof. V. Peshekhonov, +7 812 238 8210, [email protected], www.elektropribor.spb.ru 19–21 Jun AIAA Infotech@Aerospace Conference Garden Grove, CA Jun 11 21 Nov 11 25–28 Jun 28th Aerodynamics Measurement Technology, New Orleans, LA Jun 11 17 Nov 11 Ground Testing, and Flight Testing Conferences including the Aerospace T&E Days Forum 30th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference 4th AIAA Atmospheric Space Environments Conference 6th AIAA Flow Control Conference 42nd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit 43rd AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference 44th AIAA Thermophysics Conference 11–14 Jul† ICNPAA 2012 – Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Vienna, Austria Aerospace and Sciences Contact: Prof. Seenith Sivasundaram, 386/761-9829, [email protected], www.icnpaa.com 14–22 Jul 39th Scientific Assembly of the Committee on Space Research Mysore, India and Associated Events (COSPAR 2012) Contact: http://www.cospar-assembly.org 15–19 Jul 42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) San Diego, CA Jul/Aug 11 15 Nov 11 30 Jul–1 Aug 48th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit Atlanta, GA Jul/Aug 11 21 Nov 11 Future Propulsion: Innovative, Affordable, Sustainable 30 Jul–1 Aug 10th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC) Atlanta, GA Jul/Aug 11 21 Nov 11 13–16 Aug AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference Minneapolis, MN Jul/Aug 11 19 Jan 12 AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference 11–13 Sep AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Expostion Pasadena, CA Sep 11 26 Jan 12 23–28 Sep† 28th Congress of the International Council Brisbane, Australia 15 Jul 11 of the Aeronautical Sciences Contact: http://www.icas2012.com 24–27 Sep† 30th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Conference (ICSSC) and Contact: Frank Gargione, [email protected]; 18th Ka and Broadband Communications, Navigation and www.kaconf.org Earth Observation Conference 1–5 Oct 63rd International Astronautical Congress Naples, Italy Contact: www. iafastro.org

To receive information on meetings listed above, write or call AIAA Customer Service, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191-4344; 800.639.AIAA or 703.264.7500 (outside U.S.). Also accessible via Internet at www.aiaa.org/calendar. †Meetings cosponsored by AIAA. Cosponsorship forms can be found at http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=292.

AIAA BULLETIN /SEPTEMBER 2011 B3 DATE COURSE VENUE LOCATION

2011 18–19 Sep Missile Design and System Engineering ATIO/LTA/Balloons & Weapons Conf w/Naval Aviation Forum Virginia Beach, VA 19 Sep Fundamentals of Lighter-Than-Air Systems ATIO/LTA/Balloons & Weapons Conf w/Naval Aviation Forum Virginia Beach, VA 25–26 Sep Introduction to Space Systems SPACE Conference Long Beach, CA 25–26 Sep Systems Engineering Verification and Validation SPACE Conference Long Beach, CA 25–26 Sep The Space Environment: Implications for Spacecraft Design SPACE Conference Long Beach, CA

To receive information on courses listed above, write or call AIAA Customer Service, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500, Reston, VA 20191-4344; 800.639.2422 or 703.264.7500 (outside the U.S.). Also accessible via the internet at www.aiaa.org/courses.

REGISTER TODAY!

TM The Evolution of Early Bird Deadline Aviation Technology 22 August 2011 AIAA Honors Naval Aviation Pioneers and Pacesetters

11TH AIAA AVIATION TECHNOLOGY, INTEGRATION, AND OPERATIONS (ATIO) CONFERENCE 11-0336 20–22 September 2011 www.aiaa.org/events/atio 8–11 August 2011 Oregon Convention Center and the CENTENNIAL OF NAVAL AVIATION FORUM Portland, Oregon 100 Years of Achievement and Progress 21–22 September 2011 www.aiaa.org/events/NAVY2011 Virginia Beach Convention Center in conjunction with the NAS OCEANA AIR SHOW

11-0349

B4 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 REACHING OUT OF OUR These indicators of not understanding the contributions of our COMFORT ZONE aerospace endeavors are hard for those of us in the industry to understand. Consider that in early October, the Global Positioning Several coincident, or perhaps System will be recognized by the International Astronautical serendipitous, recent events have Federation with a special award as the “space program having made me increasingly aware the greatest benefit to humanity” over the first 60 years of the that both AIAA and the entire space age. Everybody uses it—in their car, in their boats, while aerospace community must really hiking, even walking in new neighborhoods—but most don’t know focus on outreach to the non-tech- its source or origins. The same thing can be said for the commu- nical public much more than we nications satellite constellations enabling our wired world where do. Of course, we all talk about everybody has at least one cell phone at all times. That also outreach quite a bit. And many in holds true for the weather satellites that save countless lives by our community are already very making our hurricane, tornado, and other severe weather warn- proactive. But the net result is that ings possible. And the list goes on. all of these efforts are not having AIAA is initiating some small steps to try to address these much of a noticeable impact. challenges in public awareness. A few years ago, we spon- A recent poll I saw indicated sored a daily radio program initiated by the National Institute of that almost 47% of Americans either did not think the U.S. space Aerospace for national broadcast on public radio. Now AIAA is program generated enough benefits to justify the cost (38%) or initiating an interstitial distributed for unlimited broadcast to Public else were unsure (9%) (Investor’s Business Daily, July 25, 2011). Television Stations nationwide with cross-promotional segments To me, that’s a stunning number! It’s even more remarkable when on Discovery, CNN, Fox News, CNBC, MSNBC, or equivalent the same poll had 78% of Americans believing that it was “very networks. These are all good starts, but we must do more— important” (36%) or “somewhat important” (42%) that the United much more! States maintain its leadership in space exploration. So the public Help us explore not only the universe, but also the very tough thinks leadership is important, but doesn’t know what they get out challenges of public awareness. How can we get non-technical of it. I think that’s amazing! professions to understand what we do and what’s in it for them? Some are starting to see the handwriting on the wall. We need to start in the schools, but not only with the students. Recent focus group studies conducted by AIAA among Young We need to convince teachers and parents too. Then we need Professionals and students indicated that AIAA should be more of to continue those awareness activities throughout the public an advocate in public policy issues and general education of the domain. All these efforts won’t be effective, but some will be. public. It appears that the next generation of aerospace profes- The national level of exposure and the duration needed make sionals has realized that although our chosen profession consists this a daunting task, but we need to start. If you have any of technical and engineering endeavors, we must tell (and sell) our thoughts on what we can do to have a national reach, let us story better and more often if we hope to maintain U.S. aerospace know. We are looking for ideas. Contact me at [email protected]. leadership and the concomitant funding that enables us to practice Let’s see if we can start an effort that will make a difference in our profession. The public wants to know “What’s in it for me?” the long run!

Lisa Bacon, who manages AIAA’s STEM K–12 Programs, AWARD RECOGNIZES INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION sent the following e-mail to the volunteers with whom she works as Atlantis launched on her final journey. Her sentiment The International Cooperation Award recognizes individuals who of thanks and inspiration is shared by many on the AIAA staff; have made significant contributions to the initiation, organization, therefore, we would like to communicate it to all our members. implementation and /or management of activities with significant United States involvement that includes extensive international From: Lisa Bacon cooperative activities in space, aeronautics, or both. Sent: Friday, July 08, 2011 12:19 PM An ideal candidate for this award must have demonstrated a To: AIAA Volunteers personal and long-term commitment to the encouragement of Subject: Thank You! international cooperation among individuals and/or organizations What a beautiful launch……and what a way to end 30 within the worldwide aerospace community. This commitment to years. I want to thank each of you for educating and inspir- cooperation should be demonstrated by more than a professional ing me about the wonders of space exploration. From being assignment, and should involve unique and innovative leadership a little girl with my face pressed to the black and white TV, of such cooperation, and/or voluntary contributions to internation- to being a theater major, I never dreamed of the big part that ally cooperative efforts or even personal writings or speeches space exploration would play in my life so many years later. advocating this cause. Thank you for the job that each of you do every day to press Nominations are encouraged from both the aeronautics and on and continue the dreams of many. Thank you for using astronautics communities. The nominee does not have to be your talents to explain the little details that mean so much an AIAA member. To download a nomination form, please visit and inspire others to realize that math and science are so http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=292#Honors and much more than what the “book” says. Thanks for sharing a Awards. little bit of your day over the years with me…..and for helping Supporting letters from appropriate individuals from countries me be that little excited girl again. other than that of the nominee are strongly encouraged. I know for some the next few weeks are bittersweet….. Nominations for the 2012 award must be submitted to AIAA no and one thank you doesn’t quite say it all……but you are all later than 1 October 2011. The recipient will be invited to receive amazing talented people and I am so happy that I wandered the award during AIAA Aerospace Spotlight Awards Gala in May into the AIAA doors 15 years ago and became friends and 2012. For further information, contact AIAA Honors and Awards associates with all of you!—Lisa at [email protected].

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B5 AIAA WESTERN OFFICE CLOSES

The Western Region Activities Committee met on 4 June at the AIAA Western Office in El Segundo, CA. The office is scheduled to per- manently close as of 31 August 2011. This ends 70 years of continuous Institute presence on the West Coast, beginning with the estab- lishment of the Pacific Aeronautical Library by the Institute for Aeronautical Sciences. (Front row: Jane Hansen, Stephen Brock, Ryan Carlblom, Emily Springer, Karen Thomas; back row: Ranney Adams, John Rose, Larissa Noutong, Richard Van Allen, Corrine Cho, Charlie Vono, Eliza Sheppard, Steve Goad, Brian Holm-Hansen, Bruce Wilson; not pictured: Kirk Hively, Matthew Angiulo, Dean Miller, Scott Beatty, Steven Cerri, Karl Rein-Westin, Kimberly Castro)

AIAA HAMPTON ROADS SECTION AWARDS SCHOLARSHIPS

Paresh Parikh, Ph.D., Chair, AIAA HRS Scholarship

During its Annual Awards Banquet on 26 May 2011, the Hampton Roads Section (HRS) of AIAA awarded two $2,000 scholarships to two outstanding graduating high school seniors. The AIAA HRS “Futures in Aerospace” scholarship program is funded through a fully endowed scholarship fund and from proceeds from a yearly golf tournament. Beginning with a single scholarship award of $1,000 in 1985, to date 54 awards have been made totaling $84,850. The scholarship is open to graduating seniors from all high schools located in the area served by the Hampton Roads Section, who plan to pursue undergraduate studies in the field of engineering, physical, or applied sciences. This year the committee received 21 applications. The qualifica- tions and academic and extracurricular achievements of the applicant Katelyn Fariss receiving the certificate from Dr. Chris Rumsey, Chair pool were spectacular. The average weighted GPA of the top five of the Hampton Roads Section, and Dr. Paresh Parikh, Chair of the Scholarship Committee. The other winner (not shown) was Eric applicants was 4.5 and an average SAT score of 2100 out of the pos- Swenson. sible 2400. The two winners were Eric Swenson from Tabb High School, Yorktown, VA, and Katelyn Fariss from Norfolk Christian School, Norfolk, VA. In addition to the scholarship check, the winners each received a certificate, and their names were added to a plaque that is on permanent display at NASA Langley Research Center.

AIAA’s Aerodynamic Decelerator Technical Committee with Edwin Vickery (2nd from left)—2011 recipient of the Theodor Knacke Aerodynamic Decelerator Award at the 2011 Conference in Dublin, Ireland.

B6 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 MEMBERSHIP ANNIVERSARIES OBITUARIES

AIAA would like to acknowledge the following members on their AIAA Fellow Edwards Died in June continuing membership with the organization. 40-Year Anniversaries Kyoichi Kuriki Japan John W. Edwards, an internationally respected NASA aero- Kumar Bhatia Pacific Northwest Frederick Kuster Southern New Jersey nautics engineer, passed away on June 3, 2011. He was 71 John Brizendine Orange County Jaynarayan Lala National Capital Brian Cantwell San Francisco Michael Landy Pacific Northwest years old. Raymond Colladay Rocky Mountain Russell Lenz Cape Canaveral Dr. Edwards graduated from Yale University in 1961, and William Colley Tennessee David Lilley Oklahoma held a Ph.D., in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford Vincenzo Conticelli Italy Carlos Lopez Central Florida Jonathan Coopersmith Houston Thomas Loucks University. He served in the Peace Corps in Ethiopia as a Roy Cox North Texas James Luckring Hampton Roads physics teacher from 1963 to 1965. In 1965, he began work Mark Craig Houston Michael Mackowski Phoenix for NASA, in aircraft flight control systems, at Dryden Flight Willy Crans San Fernando Pacific Lucio Maestrello Cape Canaveral Peter Curran Hampton Roads Frithjof Mastrup Los Angeles Research Center. In 1980, he transferred to NASA Langley Raymond Curts National Capital Thomas Matoi Pacific Northwest Research Center in Hampton, where he was a senior research Donald Daniel Tennessee William Maxwell Indiana engineer in the Aeroelasticity Branch. After retiring in 2007 Gerry Daugherty Dayton/Cincinnati Robert Mc Fall Wichita Robert Davey Orange County Ajax Melo Brazil from NASA, he continued his research there as a Distinguished Jay DeJongh Dayton/Cincinnati Miroslav Mokry Canada Researcher, Emeritus. He was recognized as an international Peter Downes, Jr. Arrowhead John Montgomery Orange County authority in the fields of flight control systems analysis and Rodney Dreisbach Pacific Northwest Charles Nardo Vandenberg Tadeusz Drzewiecki Northwest Florida John Niles Northern New Jersey design, and aeroelastic analysis and testing. His career achieve- Robert Duerr Cape Canaveral Ronald Nishinaga Los Angeles ments included more than 80 technical publications, and solving Howard Eisner National Capital Colin Osborne New England critical problems in programs ranging from the B-2 bomber to the Charles Ernst Mid-Atlantic David Ostrodka Wichita Richard Fling Los Angeles Avery Owen, III Central Florida Space Shuttle. John Fosness Columbus Larry Pinson Hampton Roads His unique expertise played a significant role in the Space Roger Foster Twin Cities Scott Pitcher Palm Beach Shuttle program. He designed a digital filter to quench pilot- Michael Francis San Diego David Poland Los Angeles Peretz Friedmann Michigan Jeffry Purse Connecticut induced oscillations upon landing, which has been active on all Alon Gany Israel Herbert Rabin National Capital orbital missions of the Space Shuttle and for which he received Robert Gardner Wichita William Ragsdale Hampton Roads a patent and several awards. After the loss of the Space Shuttle Larry Godby San Fernando Pacific James Raisbeck Pacific Northwest Columbia, he led a team in testing and analysis of the foam Gustav Goetsch, Jr. St. Louis Edward Rice Northern Ohio William Goldberg Alabama/Mississippi Tommy Rickords San Fernando Pacific ramps on the external tanks, which contributed to decisions that Marvin Goldstein Northern Ohio John Rivers Houston allowed the Shuttle return to flight. Armand Gosselin Central Florida Jeffrey Rubin Cape Canaveral William Griffin Los Angeles Edward Ruth San Gabriel Valley Anthony Gross San Francisco Lester Sackett New England AIAA Fellow Widmer Died in June Donald Hagen New England Oddvar Sangesland Pacific Northwest David Hall Vandenberg Kent Schreyer North Texas Robert H. Widmer Wayne Hamilton San Diego David Secomb Australia died on 20 June, at the age of 95. He Jack Heberlig Carolina Frederic Smalley St. Louis led the design and development of major aircraft such as the Preston Henne Savannah Carolyn Smith New England F-111 “Aardvark” and the F-16 “Fighting Falcon,” as well as the Thomas Honeycheck Houston Henry Snodgrass Cape Canaveral John Horine Wichita Darrell Stamper Houston Tomahawk cruise missile. Larry Howell Michigan James Stassinos San Fernando Pacific Attending Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, he built a Frank Hughes Houston Demetri Telionis Hampton Roads small racing biplane as his thesis project and was named the Ned James Gary Thompson Phoenix Susan Johnson Northern Ohio Richard Traverse Palm Beach outstanding aeronautical engineer in his class. Mr. Widmer J. Jost Orange County Philip Turner Albuquerque also earned a master’s degree at the California Institute of Robert Kalny Long Island Frank Vigneron Canada Technology. James Karam, Jr. Central Florida Roger Wagner Los Angeles Working for Convair, he honed the wing of the B-24 Clarence Kitchens, Jr. National Capital Terry Weisshaar Indiana John Klineberg San Francisco James Wilson Dayton/Cincinnati “Liberator,” the most-produced American military aircraft. Mr. Gerhard Kriechbaum Germany George Wright, Jr. Albuquerque Widmer also presided over wind-tunnel tests for the B-36, which James Kruse Tucson Kevin Yelmgren National Capital became the Air Force’s largest bomber ever. Convair won the Terrel Kuhn Phoenix Mohamad Yousef San Francisco Donald Kunz Dayton/Cincinnati contract for the B-58 bomber with Mr. Widmer’s design. He named the plane the Hustler. Able to fly as high as 15 miles and at a speed twice the speed of sound, it carried some of the most sophisticated military systems yet developed. The Russians had nothing that came close. Mr. Widmer later defied his bosses by secretly pushing ahead on the F-16, a lightweight fighter, even though there seemed to be no market for it. When the Pentagon decided it wanted such a fighter, the company, now General Dynamics, was ready. With the success of the F-16, Mr. Widmer was promoted to vice presi- dent for science and engineering for all of General Dynamics. Among his later projects was the Tomahawk cruise missile, which was used extensively in the Persian Gulf War and the Iraq war, and a more fuel-efficient engine for automobiles that car- makers declined to buy. In 1962, Mr. Widmer was awarded the Spirit of St. Louis Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for his work in aeronautics. He was honored by AIAA in 1983 when he Philip Morris (left) of The Pennsylvania State University was presented with the Reed Aeronautics Award for having pio- receives an AIAA Sustained Service Award to recognize more neered “the eras of supersonic cruise and fly-by-wire computer- than 30 years of service to AIAA. With Morris is K. Viswanathan ized flight control.” (right). AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B7 CALL FOR NOMINATIONS Air Breathing Propulsion Award is presented for meritori- ous accomplishment in the science of air breathing propulsion, Nominations are now being accepted for the following awards, including turbomachinery or any other technical approach and must be received at AIAA Headquarters no later than 1 dependent on atmospheric air to develop thrust, or other aero- October. A nomination form can be downloaded from www. dynamic forces for propulsion, or other purposes for aircraft or aiaa.org, or AIAA members may submit nominations online after other vehicles in the atmosphere or on land or sea. logging in with their user name and password. Chanute Flight Test Award recognizes significant lifetime Premier Awards & Lectureships achievements in the advancement of the art, science, and tech- Distinguished Service Award gives unique recognition to nology of flight test engineering. (Presented even years) an individual member of AIAA who has distinguished himself or Engineer of the Year herself over a period of years by service to the Institute. (Current is presented “To an individual member national officers and directors are ineligible for this award.) of AIAA who has made a recent significant contribution that is worthy of national recognition.” Nominations should be submitted Goddard Astronautics Award is the highest honor AIAA to the appropriate AIAA Regional Director. bestows for notable achievement in the field of astronautics. Fluid Dynamics Award is presented for outstanding contribu- International Cooperation Award recognizes individuals who tions to the understanding of the behavior of liquids and gases in have made significant contributions to the initiation, organization, motion as related to need in aeronautics and astronautics. implementation, and/or management of activities with significant U.S. involvement that includes extensive international coopera- Ground Testing Award recognizes outstanding achievement tive activities in space, aeronautics, or both. in the development or effective utilization of technology, proce- dures, facilities, or modeling techniques or flight simulation, space Public Service Award honors a person outside the aero- simulation, propulsion testing, aerodynamic testing, or other space community who has shown consistent and visible support ground testing associated with aeronautics and astronautics. for national aviation and space goals. Information Systems Award Reed Aeronautics Award is presented for technical and/ is the highest award an individual or management contributions in space and aeronautics comput- can receive for achievements in the field of aeronautical science er and sensing aspects of information technology and science. and engineering. Intelligent Systems Award Dryden Lectureship in Research recognizes important funda- emphasizes the great impor- mental contributions to intelligent systems technologies and tance of basic research to the advancement in aeronautics and applications that advance the capabilities of aerospace systems. astronautics and is a salute to research scientists and engineers. (Presented odd years) Durand Lectureship for Public Service is for notable achieve- Jeffries Aerospace Medicine & Life Sciences Research ments by a scientific/technical leader whose contributions have led Award is presented for outstanding research accomplishments to the understanding and application of the science and technol- in aerospace medicine and space life sciences. ogy of aeronautics and astronautics for the betterment of mankind. Theodor W. Knacke Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems von Kármán Lectureship in Astronautics recognizes an Award recognizes significant contributions to the effectiveness individual who has performed notably and distinguished himself and/or safety of aeronautical or aerospace systems through technically in the field of astronautics. development or application of the art and science of aerodynam- Wright Brothers Lectureship in Aeronautics emphasizes ic decelerator technology. significant advances in aeronautics by recognizing major leaders Plasmadynamics and Lasers Award is presented for out- and contributors. standing contributions to the understanding of the physical prop- Technical Excellence Awards erties and dynamical behavior of matter in the plasma state and Aeroacoustics Award is presented for an outstanding techni- lasers as related to need in aeronautics and astronautics. cal or scientific achievement resulting from an individual’s contri- Propellants and Combustion Award recognizes outstanding bution to the field of aircraft community noise reduction. technical contributions to aeronautical or astronautical combus- Aerodynamics Award is presented for meritorious achieve- tion engineering. ment in the field of applied aerodynamics, recognizing notable Jay Hollingsworth Speas Airport Award is presented to the contributions in the development, application, and evaluation of person(s) who have contributed outstandingly during the recent aerodynamic concepts and methods. past toward achieving compatible relationships between airports Aerodynamic Measurement Technology Award recognizes and/or heliports and adjacent environments. The award consists continued contributions and achievements toward the advance- of a certificate and a $10,000 honorarium. ment of advanced aerodynamic flowfield and surface measure- Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Award is ment techniques for research in flight and ground test applications. presented for an outstanding sustained technical or scientific con- Aerospace Communications Award is presented for an out- tribution in aerospace structures, structural dynamics, or materials. standing contribution in the field of aerospace communications. Survivability Award is presented to recognize outstanding Aerospace Design Engineering Award recognizes design achievement or contribution in design, analysis implementation, engineers who have made outstanding technical, educational, or and/or education of survivability in an aerospace system. creative achievements. Thermophysics Award is presented for an outstanding sin- Aerospace Software Engineering Award is presented for gular or sustained technical or scientific contribution by an indi- outstanding technical and/or management contributions to aero- vidual in thermophysics, specifically as related to the study and nautical or astronautical software engineering. application of the properties and mechanisms involved in thermal

B8 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 energy transfer and the study of environmental effects on such properties and mechanisms. Wyld Propulsion Award recognizes outstanding achievement in the development or application of rocket propulsion systems. Service Award Sustained Service Award recognizes sustained, significant service and contributions to AIAA by members of the Institute. A maximum of 20 awards are presented each year. Answers to frequently asked questions or guidelines on submit- ting nominations for AIAA awards may be found at http://www. aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=289. For more information on AIAA’s awards program, contact Carol Stewart, Manager, AIAA Honors and Awards, at 703.264.7623 or at [email protected].

CALL FOR PAPERS ICNPAA 2012 World Congress: Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Sciences and Aerospace Vienna, Austria, 11–14 July 2012 On behalf of the International Organizing Committee, it gives us great pleasure to invite you to the ICNPAA 2012 World Jim Albaugh, executive vice president of The Boeing Company and Congress: 9th International Conference on Mathematical president and chief executive officer of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Problems in Engineering, Aerospace and Sciences, which spoke with attendees, including Dr. Ramin Eshaghi, AIAA Senior will be held at Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Member, after his plenary address at the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Austria. This is an AIAA and IFIP cosponsored event. Technologies Conference on 9 August in Portland, OR. He praised Please visit the Web site: www.icnpaa.com for all details. attendees for all that modeling and simulation has enabled the aero- space industry to achieve.

Exhibit Space Still Available. Hurry!

New October 24-27, 2011 | Bally’s Las Vegas Venue! Las Vegas | USA

Telemetry is based on sound science and engineering and the > Short courses on telemetry topics technology that enables the exploitation of those principles. and technical sessions on the Telemetry professionals, over time, have combined the available latest solutions and technologies science and technology with decades of real-world testing. The > Exhibits from over 100 of the effective combination of modern technology with unique testing industry’s traditional and experience creates the “art” of telemetry engineering. The current newest suppliers and next generations have much to gain from their predecessors > who developed the technology and advanced the state-of-the-art. Keynote speaker and panel discussions ITC/USA 2011 will provide telemetry professionals the opportunity to present and share experiences where the art of > Special events and drawings telemetry blends with the science and technology.

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B9 New and Forthcoming Titles

Boundary Layer Analysis, Second Edition Introduction to Theoretical Aerodynamics and Joseph A. Schetz and Rodney D. Bowersox Hydrodynamics AIAA Education Series William Sears 2011, 760 pages, Hardback AIAA Education Series ISBN: 978-1-60086-823-8 2011, 150 pages, Hardback AIAA Member Price: $84.95 ISBN: 978-1-60086-773-6 List Price: $114.95 AIAA Member Price: $54.95

List Price: $69.95 Introduction to Flight Testing and Applied Aerodynamics Eleven Seconds into the Unknown: A History of Barnes W. McCormick the Hyper-X Program AIAA Education Series Curtis Peebles 2011, 150 pages, Hardback Library of Flight ISBN: 978-1-60086-827-6 2011, 330 pages, Paperback AIAA Member Price: $49.95 ISBN: 978-1-60086-776-7 List Price: $64.95 AIAA Member Price: $29.95 Space Operations: Exploration, Scientific List Price: $39.95 Utilization, and Technology Development Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics, Third Edition Craig A. Cruzen, Johanna M. Gunn, and Patrice J. Amadieu John M. Seddon and Simon Newman AIAA Education Series Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, 236 Published by John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 3rd Edition, 264 2011, 672 pages, Hardback pages, Hardback ISBN: 978-1-60086-817-7 ISBN: 9-781-60086-861-0 AIAA Member Price: $89.95 AIAA Member Price: $49.95 List Price: $119.95 List Price: $74.95

Spacecraft Charging Shu T. Lai Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems Bernie MacIsaac and Roy Langton Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, 237 AIAA Education Series 2011, 208 pages, Hardback Published by John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 368 pages, ISBN: 978-1-60086-836-8 Hardback AIAA Member Price: $64.95 ISBN: 9-781-60086-846-7 List Price: $84.95 AIAA Member Price: $84.95 Exergy Analysis and Design Optimization for List Price: $119.95 Aerospace Vehicles and Systems Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering: Jose Camberos and David Moorhouse 9-Volume Set Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, 238 Richard Blockley and Wei Shyy, University of Michigan 2011, 600 pages, Hardback ISBN: 978-1-60086-839-9 2010, 5500 pages, Hardback AIAA Member Price: $89.95 ISBN-13: 978-0-470-75440-5 List Price: $119.95 AIAA Member Price: $3,375 List Price: $3,750 Engineering Computations and Modeling in MATLAB/Simulink Oleg Yakimenko View complete descriptions AIAA Education Series and order 24 hours a day at 2011, 800 pages, Hardback www.aiaa.org/new ISBN: 978-1-60086-781-1 AIAA Member Price: $79.95 List Price: $104.95

B10 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 and challenges encompass a large number of topic areas, AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition including: 11–13 September 2012 • Suborbital and orbital transportation and tourism Pasadena Convention Center • Orbital commercial facilities, propellant depots, and Pasadena, California infrastructure • Orbital transfer vehicles Abstract Deadline: 26 January 2012 • Microgravity commerce and research Final Manuscript Deadline: 21 August 2012 • Commercial lunar and NEO • National space policy • Legal and regulatory Event Overview • International markets and cooperation The AIAA SPACE 200X Conference is AIAA’s premier event • Business and financing on space technology, policy, programs, management, and education. Nowhere else will you get the depth and breadth of For questions, please contact: sessions and information-sharing on space systems and technol- ogy. At this three-day event, attendees can expect discussion Mari Gravlee with government and industry leadership in plenary panel and United Launch Alliance keynote sessions; interactive exhibits, demonstrations, presen- E-mail: [email protected] tations, and poster sessions in the exposition hall; networking Bruce Pittman activities for all participants, including students and young pro- NASA Space Portal Ames Research Center fessionals; and fun and unique learning opportunities in the cap- E-mail: [email protected] stone events, AIAA Education Alley and the William H. Pickering Lecture. Participation at the 2012 event is beneficial for industry Intelligent Systems executives, government and military officials, program manag- Papers are sought on applications of Intelligent Systems ers, business developers, engineers and scientists, government across the spacecraft development and operations lifecycle. affairs staff, consultants, professors, and students. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Technical Topics • Autonomous payloads The conference organizers welcome the submittal of abstracts • Autonomous telemetry monitoring systems on all aspects of space systems and technologies. The program • Data fusion and reasoning is structured around 14 technical tracks: • Decision support systems 1) Commercial Space • Human-machine interaction 2) Intelligent Systems (AIAA ISTC) • Integrated System Health Management and Intelligent Fault 3) National Security Space Management systems 4) Robotic Technology and Space Architecture (AIAA SARTC • Intelligent and adaptive control and AIAA SATC) • Intelligent data/image processing 5) Space and Earth Science • Knowledge-based systems and knowledge engineering 6) Space Colonization and Space Tethers (AIAA SCTC and • Machine learning AIAA STETC) • Planning and scheduling algorithms 7) Space Exploration • Robust execution and sequencing systems 8) Space History, Society, and Policy (AIAA HISTC, AIAA For questions, please contact: SATTC, AIAA LA3TC, and AIAA IAC) 9) Space Logistics and Supportability (AIAA SLTC) Christopher R. Tschan 10) Space Operations (AIAA SOSTC) Intelligent Systems Technical Committee 11) Space Resources (AIAA SRETC) The Aerospace Corporation 12) Space Systems and Sensors (AIAA SSTC and AIAA E-mail: [email protected] SENTC) 13) Space Systems Engineering and Economics (AIAA SETC National Security Space and AIAA ECOTC) The National Security Space track invites papers in the follow- 14) Space Transportation and Launch Systems (AIAA STTC ing areas: and AIAA RLVPC) • Advanced concepts: Including advanced CONOPS, material Track Descriptions solutions, and architectural solutions • Technology transition: Including updates on existing programs Commercial Space working on technology transition from any partner toward the The established community of commercial space companies NSS customer tracing their lineage to the mid-1960s is being joined by an • Enterprise architecting analysis: Including requirements analy- emerging new group of entrepreneurs. The newer companies sis, military utility analysis, multi-mission analysis and one-on- (called NewSpace) have characteristics very different from their one engagement analysis, acquisition simulation analysis, and predecessors, and partnerships between the old and the new procurement are developing. The Commercial Space track is soliciting papers • Emerging trends: Including descriptions of the latest trends that document the various aspects of emerging commercial affecting the MIL space applications and development space sectors and their collaboration with the established com- • Prototypes and demonstrations: Including updates on existing mercial space community. Discussions of NewSpace successes prototypes in the NSS pipeline

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B11 Co-Chaired by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center Organized by AIAA Official Media Sponsors Aerospace America Sponsored by Lockheed Martin Corporation Space News

Technical Program Co-Chaired by AIAA Technical Activities Committee (TAC) Space & Missiles Group The Aerospace Corporation

Executive Chairs Charles Elachi Lt Gen Ellen M. Pawlikowski, USAF Director Commander NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center

Technical Program Chairs Jeffrey R. Laube Michelle Permann Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems The Aerospace Corporation Northrop Grumman Corporation Program Committee Col. Scott W. Beidleman Randy Kendall U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center The Aerospace Corporation

Joseph Betser Virendra Sarohia The Aerospace Corporation NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Roberta Ewart Trevor Sorensen U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center University of Hawaii at Manoa AIAA TAC Space & Missiles Group Director

• Science and technology efforts: Including those aimed at key Shahzad Khaligh science and technologies for revolutionary MIL applications AIAA Space Architecture Technical Committee (SATC) DOD-AF-ENI For questions, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] Joseph Betser François Lévy The Aerospace Corporation AIAA Space Architecture Technical Committee (SATC) E-mail: [email protected] synthesis intl. E-mail: [email protected] Roberta Ewart U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center Gregory P. Scott E-mail: [email protected] AIAA Space Automation and Robotics Technical Committee (SARTC) Kary Miller U.S. Naval Research Laboratory U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Steven E. Fredrickson Robotic Technologies and Space Architecture AIAA Space Automation and Robotics Technical Committee This track will explore robotic technologies for orbital and (SARTC) planetary surface applications and space architectures, including NASA Johnson Space Center systems supporting robotic construction techniques. Abstracts E-mail: [email protected] are being solicited on the following technical topics: Space and Earth Science • Advanced technologies for space robotics Sessions for the Space and Earth Science track are by invita- • Unique applications of space robotics tion only. If interested in participating, please contact: • Self-sustaining/self-repairing systems • Robotic EVA or IVA servicing Virendra Sarohia • Robot and spacecraft automation NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory • Crew cabin architecture E-mail: [email protected] • Orbital and planetary surface construction • Unique space architecture design Space Colonization and Space Tethers The goal of space colonization is to create permanent human For questions, please contact: settlements beyond Earth. A logical implementation approach

B12 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 to would be to develop outposts and colonies in key locations • Enabling technologies: The development of critical tech- in space (e.g., Lagrange points) and on the moon, near-Earth nologies to enable human exploration missions, including asteroids, and Mars, as technological advances enable progres- advanced propulsion; cryogenic propellant storage and sively more ambitious missions. The Apollo missions demon- transfer; high-efficiency space power systems; life support strated that humans can land on and explore other bodies in our and habitation systems; radiation shielding; entry, descent, solar system. The Shuttle and ISS missions demonstrate that and landing technology; EVA technology; advanced robotics; humans can live and work in LEO for extended periods of time. autonomous systems and avionics; high-data rate communi- Humanity is ready for exciting and challenging exploration mis- cations; in-situ resource utilization; and lightweight structures sions beyond LEO that will open the door for future expansion and materials into the solar system. The development of advanced science • Robotic precursor missions: Mission concepts and plans for and technologies needed for space settlements will help human- robotic precursor missions to characterize space environments ity improve life on Earth and shape a better future. Space tethers and scout potential destinations for future human activity show great promise for enabling a variety of future space mis- • Flight systems: Flight experiments to demonstrate critical sions, both as engineering components and as scientific compo- capabilities, and development of crew exploration vehicles nents. Applications of space tethers include propulsion, space and in-space transportation systems structures, remote sensing, and artificial gravity, among others. • Using ISS for exploration: Using ISS as an analog for long- To date, several tethered missions have flown and many more duration missions, and as a test bed for demonstrating tech- have been proposed for flight. This track will include missions nologies and operational concepts for exploration enabled and the technologies necessary for exploiting the use of space tethers. Papers are invited that address the following top- For questions, please contact: ics related to space colonization: Chris Moore • Drivers: Desires for exploration, commerce, tourism, and Space Exploration Program Committee adventure NASA Headquarters • Destinations: Space, the moon, asteroids, and Mars, including E-mail: [email protected] missions • Challenges: Environment, distance, isolation, logistics, and Space History, Society, and Policy financing The Space History, Society, and Policy track examines the • Designs: Concepts for robotic and human vehicles, outposts, history of our time in space, space law and policy, international and colonies cooperation, the societal impacts of aerospace technologies • Exploitation: Mining, utilization of in-situ resources, and and an educated and trained workforce, and the evolution of our terraforming spacefaring society. Topics addressed include: • Enablers: Needed research and development of key tech- nologies • History of aerospace—Legacy and lessons learned: • Space law: Claims, property rights, extraction of resources, Collection, preservation, and analysis of historical materials and commerce. related to spaceflight and space technology, manned space programs, launch systems, unmanned programs—with an Papers are invited that address the following topics related to emphasis on understanding the significance of people and space tethers: organizations, programs, facilities, and infrastructure • Space law and policy: Current and emerging policy and legal • Theory: Physics, kinematics, dynamics, and material issues affecting space acquisition, operations, sustainment, requirements and the future of space activities; national space policies of • Applications: Advantages gained by using space tethers the United States, other countries, and the United Nations; • Missions: Unique missions enabled by space tethers the U.S. National Space Strategy; liabilities and legal obliga- • Enablers: Needed research and development of key tech- tions associated with space debris and end-of-life and orbital nologies operations; space warfare; insurance, contracting, and liability For questions, please contact: issues; jamming threats and telecommunications regulation, and legal institutions Anita Gale • International cooperation: Risks and opportunities of coopera- AIAA Space Colonization Technical Committee (SCTC) tive engagement; recognizing and surmounting legal impedi- The Boeing Company ments to cooperation, including ITAR and technology transfer E-mail: [email protected] control regimes; successful and unsuccessful international Sven G. Bilén approaches to acquiring, organizing, operating, and sustaining AIAA Space Tethers Technical Committee (STETC) space systems; international institutions The Pennsylvania State University • Space science, technology, engineering, and mathematics E-mail: [email protected] (STEM) perspectives: Shortfalls in the space workforce’s STEM education and training and their impact; and policy, Space Exploration programmatic, and economic solutions to education and work- The Space Exploration track spans mission architectures, force shortfalls advanced technologies, and flight systems to enable robotic pre- • Spinoffs and technology transfer: Space technologies and dis- cursor and human exploration missions to the moon, Lagrange coveries transferred or commercialized outside of the industry; points, Near Earth Objects (NEOs), and Mars and its moons. policies enabling technology transfer and technology transfer Abstracts are being solicited on the following topics: lessons learned; analyses of the societal impacts of space technology spinoffs • Mission architectures: Studies, systems analysis, and opera- • Interactions with society: Impact of space systems on commu- tional scenarios for human exploration missions beyond Earth nication, trade, and access to information; the impact of space orbit systems and technology on global emergency response to

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B13 disasters or acts of terrorism; space stakeholder risk tolerance • Spaceport ground processing and launch logistics and perceptions; analyses of the intangible benefits of space- • Commercial space logistics opportunities flight and of space themes in media and literature • Astrosociology: Social, cultural, psychological, ethical dimen- For questions, please contact: sions, and the institutional responses associated with space Richard Oeftering medicine and isolated long-duration space missions; psy- AIAA Space Logistics Technical Committee (SLTC) chological, sociological, and anthropological perspectives on NASA Glenn Research Center space-based natural disasters E-mail: [email protected] In addition, this track will host a Best Student Paper Competition. Submitted and accepted papers by student authors Leif Anderson will be presented within a session of the Space History, Society, AIAA Space Logistics Technical Committee (SLTC) and Policy track. Papers will be judged based on merit with the The Boeing Company winning paper(s) receiving a certificate and a monetary award. E-mail: [email protected] For further information, including the complete rules and guide- Space Operations lines of the competition, please visit the SATTC Web site at https://info.aiaa.org/tac/ETMG/SATTC, or contact the competi- This track is calling for papers in a number of areas that are tion administrator, Brad Steinfeldt, at [email protected]. key to the success of spacecraft and launch systems, with an For general track questions, please contact: emphasis on the operational aspect. Technical topics include: James D. Rendleman • Space operations in the 21st century AIAA Legal Aspects of Aeronautics & Astronautics Technical • Space operations automation and reducing cost of operations Committee (LAAATC) • Future human and robotics space exploration operations AIAA International Activities Committee • Mission operations assurance Rendleman & Associates • Responsive space operations E-mail: [email protected] • Human factors in space operations • Advanced technologies for space operations Brad Steinfeldt • Network-centric space operations AIAA Society and Aerospace Technology Technical • Space operations policy Committee (SATTC) • Improving space operations (Panel) Georgia Institute of Technology • Spaceport operations (Panel) E-mail: [email protected] • Future satellite operations (Panel) Space Logistics and Supportability For questions, please contact: Space Logistics is the theory and practice of driving space Shirley Tseng system design for operability, and of managing the flow of AIAA Space Operations and Support Technical Committee materiel, services, and information needed throughout a space (SOSTC) system lifecycle. It includes management of the logistics sup- MorganFranklin Corporation ply chain from Earth and on to destinations throughout the solar E-mail: [email protected] system. Supportability considers system architecture strategies to minimize both logistics requirements and operational costs of Space Resources human and robotic operations. Supportability strategies include Utilization of the natural resources found in space offers a processes and technologies to minimize maintenance complex- uniquely sustainable approach to human exploration. By lever- ity, exploit in-situ resources, scavenge and reuse flight hardware, aging available materials on planetary bodies, the constrain- and recycle consumables. Representative areas include the ing supply chain can be broken. The Space Resources track servicing and sustainment of the International Space Station, will examine alternatives to the classic resupply challenge by lunar and planetary outposts, the optimization of logistics launch providing many of the needed commodities for human sustain- vehicles for responsiveness and serviceability, and modeling of ment using locally available resources. The current focus on the supply chain in space for human and robotic mission cam- developing technology for multiple exploration destinations has paigns. Technical topics include: renewed interest in Mars in-situ resource utilization and sparked • International Space Station on-orbit resources management new interest in prospecting and utilizing resources on near-Earth • In-space spacecraft and satellite servicing objects. Papers are solicited on all aspects of the resource uti- • Advanced supportability concepts: In-situ repair, in-situ fabri- lization cycle, from prospecting and precursor missions through cation, flight hardware scavenging and reuse, resource pre- production, storage, and delivery. Technical topics include: positioning, consumables recycling • Resource prospecting and precursor missions • Advanced destination logistics: Outpost management and pro- • Resource collection and transport visioning, in-situ resource logistics, EVA logistics • Lunar resource utilization technologies • Advanced space logistics infrastructures: Solar power sta- • ISRU for Mars and beyond tions; on-orbit fuel depots; refueling in space, planetary, or • ISRU for fabrication and repair asteroid resource infrastructures • ISRU hardware demonstrations • Logistics of NASA, DoD, and commercial programs: Space operations affordability, design for commonality, integrated For questions, please contact: logistics concepts • Space logistics campaign planning: methods, modeling, simu- Leslie Gertsch lation, and cost analysis tools AIAA Space Resources Technical Committee (SRETC) • Automated spaceflight supply chain asset tracking and Missouri University of Science and Technology monitoring E-mail: [email protected]

B14 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 Space Systems and Sensors • New developments in economic analysis and cost models The Space Systems and Sensors track seeks to present • Examples of trade studies incorporating economic analysis, important findings from recent work on emerging space systems, affordability, or value engineering space science, and sensor technologies. In particular, papers • Space systems engineering efficiencies in a constrained bud- are sought that address technical, operational, and economic get environment feasibility of current and future space systems that address the full range of civil, military, and international applications. Papers For questions, please contact: by students are especially encouraged. Technical topics include: Edmund H. Conrow • Architectures and concepts of operation AIAA Systems Engineering Technical Committee (SETC) • New and emerging technologies and applications Management and Technology Associates • Remote sensing for climate and weather E-mail: [email protected] • Space and planetary science missions and technologies • Rapid and responsive space systems Jairus M. Hihn • Enabling technologies for distributed or fractionated space AIAA Economics Technical Committee (ECOTC) • Proximity sensing of space objects and orbital space situ- Jet Propulsion Laboratory ational awareness (SSA) E-mail: [email protected] • Space sensor technologies Space Transportation and Launch Systems • Laser communication • Cubesats The success of all space endeavors—military, scientific, • Workforce development for space systems and sensors engi- exploration, and commercial—depends upon low-cost, highly neering (Panel) reliable access to space. Since the retirement of the Space • Space systems lessons learned (Panel) Shuttle, current worldwide space deployments are achieved through expendable launch vehicles (ELVs). New emerging For questions, please contact: space companies have offered the promise of low-cost space access, and some of them are proceeding with development Jerry Sellers and testing efforts. NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation AIAA Space Systems Technical Committee (SSTC) Services Demonstration Program is designed to demonstrate Teaching Science and Technology, Inc. low-cost, reliable commercial cargo delivery, and potentially crew E-mail: [email protected] delivery, to the International Space Station (ISS). NASA has Amy Lo contracted for ISS Commercial Resupply Services for resupply AIAA Space Systems Technical Committee (SSTC) and return of ISS cargo. NASA’s human exploration program Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems promises to continue the U.S. civilian human spaceflight effort by E-mail: [email protected] developing and operating new vehicle systems for human explo- ration of the solar system and continuing missions to the ISS. Timothy L. Howard Within the U.S. DoD, RLV activity is gaining momentum with AIAA Sensor Systems Technical Committee (SENTC) the Air Force’s pursuit of a Reusable Booster System (RBS) as EOSESS seen with the release of the broad agency announcement for the E-mail: [email protected] Reusable Booster System Flight and Ground Experiments pro- gram. Papers are invited that address the issues and challenges Space Systems Engineering and Space Economics associated with space transportation. Papers may be submitted The role of systems engineering in space programs has within, but are not limited to, the following categories: become more important as systems have become increasingly complex, architectures have become expansive, and integration • Space transportation system, technology, design, and integra- across architectures has become commonplace and essential. tion challenges As the utilization of space increases, driven by technological • In-space transportation systems and architectures, including advances and mission need, the cost and economics of space propellant depots will remain a formidable challenge. These challenges can be • Advanced concept vehicles and systems met by analyzing data and developing models to clarify the best • Launch vehicles value and key economic insights for decision makers. A goal of • Designs, concepts, and developments (ELVs, RLVs, or par- the systems engineering and space economics community is to tially reusable LVs) develop and apply capabilities to facilitate robust future space • RLV development, programmatic (including economics), and systems. Aspects of systems engineering and space economics industry-related strategies that may be included in this track are: • Lessons learned from previous RLV-related programs and design studies • Definition and application of space system architectures • Operationally responsive space • Advances in systems engineering processes and tools applied • Operations of spaceports and ranges to space systems • Space transportation for space tourism • Systems engineering lessons learned from current and previ- • Space transportation analytical tools, materials, and ous space programs technologies • Space systems requirements generation, verification, and • Suborbital vehicles and systems validation • Space systems integration and associated tests For questions, please contact: • Systems engineering for autonomous space systems • Space systems risk management Douglas Stanley • Evaluating and balancing space systems cost, performance, AIAA Space Transportation Technical Committee (STTC) schedule, and risk National Institute of Aerospace • Space workforce development and industrial base challenges E-mail: [email protected]

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B15 Randy Kendall STEP 1: Type or paste the title of your abstract into the Title AIAA Space Transportation Technical Committee (STTC) field and the presenting author’s biography (if requested by the The Aerospace Corporation conference) into the Presenter Biography field. Upload your E-mail: [email protected] abstract file. Accepted file types are .pdf (preferred), .doc, and .docx. Scroll down to read through the Rules and Reminders Barry Hellman section and check the box noting you agree. Click “Save & AIAA Reusable Launch Vehicle Program Committee (RLVPC) Continue” to proceed to the next step. Air Force Research Laboratory STEP 2: Select your Presentation Type, and the Topic Area, of E-mail: [email protected] your abstract. Click “Save & Continue” to proceed to the next step. Adam Dissel STEP 3: In this system, affiliations are added before author AIAA Reusable Launch Vehicle Program Committee (RLVPC) information. The information will be filled in for the person logged Lockheed Martin Space Systems in to the site. Add additional author affiliations, if necessary, by E-mail: [email protected] clicking the “Add” button after each new affiliation. Click “Save & Continue” to proceed to the next step. Proposals for Special Sessions STEP 4: To create a list of co-authors for this submission, click Individuals who wish to organize special sessions embedded the “Add Author” button and enter the required information. Click within the technical program (e.g., invited oral presentations, pan- “Save” after entering each one and then associate each author els, or demonstrations) should submit a short proposal describ- with their respective affiliation by entering the appropriate refer- ing the nature of the session as it relates to a specified technical ence number from the drop-down boxes to the right of each name. track. Be sure to include the names of the organizers and partici- When you have finished entering all authors YOU MUST put them pants. Please e-mail your proposal by 17 January 2012 to Jeffrey in the order they should appear on the abstract and program. R. Laube, AIAA SPACE 2012 Technical Chair, at laube.jeff@ Use the drop-down boxes in the far left column of the list to do gmail.com. Please do not upload an abstract for the proposal. this. Failure to order the authors properly will result in them being incorrectly listed when the submission is published. After you have Abstract Submittal Procedures reordered the authors, click the “Save” button at the bottom of the Abstract submissions will be accepted electronically through list. Click “Save & Continue” to proceed to the next step. the AIAA Web site at www.aiaa.org/events/space. Once you STEP 5: Select at least one technical area that best repre- have entered the conference Web site, on the right-hand side, sents your work. While only one selection is required, you may click “Submit a Paper” and follow the instructions listed on the list up to six for your submission. Click “Save & Continue” to pro- screen to follow. This Web site will be open for abstract submittal ceed to the next step. starting 3 October 2011. The deadline for receipt of draft manu- STEP 6: If you have no errors or omissions in your abstract, scripts and abstracts via electronic submission is 26 January a “Submit” button will appear at the end of the proof. If the Error 2012. Authors will be notified of paper acceptance via e-mail by Box appears, you must correct all errors before the abstract can 10 April 2012. Please note: Abstracts meeting the high stan- be submitted. Once the errors have been resolved the “Submit” dards for inclusion in the conference technical program may be button will appear at the bottom. If you exit the system without assigned to either poster or podium sessions. Poster presenters submitting the abstract, it will be logged in the system as a draft will have the opportunity to present their work in two separate and will appear in the “Draft” section of your “View Submissions” poster sessions, while podium presenters will have the opportu- page when you reenter the system. After you submit the nity to present in a single technical session. abstract, you will receive a confirmation e-mail. All final manuscripts will be published in the conference pro- ceedings if uploaded by the final manuscript deadline. An Author’s Special Notes Kit, containing detailed instructions and guidelines for submitting 1) If authors wish to revise an abstract that has already been papers to AIAA, will be made available to authors of accepted submitted, they must go to “View Submissions” and select papers. Authors of accepted papers must provide a complete “Return to Draft” to make any corrections. This removes the manuscript online to AIAA by 21 August 2012 for inclusion in the abstract from the organizers’ view. Authors then need to submit online proceedings and for the right to present at the conference. the abstract again for it to be considered. An abstract cannot be The electronic submission process is as follows: returned to draft if it has been reviewed. 2) Once the abstract submission deadline passes, authors 1) Access the AIAA Web site at www.aiaa.org/events/space. will no longer be able to submit new submissions or return previ- 2) On the right-hand side click the ‘Submit Paper’ button. ous submissions to draft for revisions. Be sure that all of your 3) To access the submission site, you must be logged in to submission data—authors, keywords, title, and abstract file—are the AIAA Web site. accurate before finalizing your submission as no modifications a. If you already have an account with AIAA, enter your User can be made to this data after the submission site closes. Name and Password in the “Login” box on the left-hand side and hit the arrow button. Authors having trouble submitting abstracts electronically b. If you do not have an account with AIAA, complete the should contact ScholarOne Technical Support at ts.acsupport@ steps for “Create Account”. thomson.com, or at 434.964.4100 or (toll-free, U.S. only) 4) Once logged in, you will be provided an active link for “Begin 888.503.1050. Questions about the manual abstract submission a New Submission or View a Previous Draft/Submission”. Click the or full draft manuscript themselves should be referred to the link to be directed to the Welcome page of the submission site. appropriate Track Chair. 5) Click the Submission tab at the top of the page to begin your submission. “No Paper, No Podium” and “No Podium, No Paper” 6) Once selected, you will be provided with general information Policies on the conference’s abstract submission requirements and policies. If a written paper is not submitted by the final manuscript To begin the submission, click the “Create a New Submission” link deadline, authors will not be permitted to present the paper at the on the left-hand side. Note: If you have previously visited the site conference. It is the responsibility of those authors whose papers and begun a draft submission, click the “View Submissions” link on or presentations are accepted to ensure that a representative the left-hand side to resume your submission. attends the conference to present the paper. If a paper is not pre- B16 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 sented at the conference, it will be withdrawn from the conference International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) proceedings. These policies are intended to eliminate no-shows AIAA speakers and attendees are reminded that some top- and to improve the quality of the conference for attendees. ics discussed in the conference could be controlled by the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). U.S. nationals Publication Policy (U.S. citizens and permanent residents) are responsible for AIAA will not consider for presentation or publication any ensuring that technical data they present in open sessions to paper that has been or will be presented or published elsewhere. non-U.S. nationals in attendance or in conference proceed- Authors will be required to sign a statement to this effect. ings are not export restricted by the ITAR. U.S. nationals are Please note: AIAA policy precludes an abstract or paper from likewise responsible for ensuring that they do not discuss being submitted multiple times to the same conference. Also, once ITAR export-restricted information with non-U.S. nationals in a paper has been published, by AIAA or another organization, attendance. AIAA will not republish the paper. Papers being submitted to the Student Paper Competition being held in conjunction with this con- Exposition ference may not be submitted to the general sessions. Author(s) AIAA SPACE 2012 is AIAA’s premier conference on space must choose to submit to the Student Paper Competition OR to technologies, systems, programs, and policy. Exhibit space the conference. If your paper is selected for competition, it will be is available to showcase your company’s products and ser- published along with the conference proceedings. vices before an audience of aerospace decision makers and practitioners. To reserve your booth space now, please con- Warning—Technology Transfer Considerations tact Fernanda Swan, AIAA Exhibit Sales Manager, phone: Prospective authors are reminded that technology transfer 703.264.7622; cell: 703.835.5798; e-mail: [email protected]. guidelines have considerably extended the time required for review of abstracts and completed papers by U.S. government Sponsorship Opportunities agencies. Internal (company) plus external (government) reviews Raise the profile of your company by becoming a prominent can consume 16 weeks or more. Government review if required industry sponsor of AIAA SPACE 2012. A variety of sponsor- is the responsibility of the author. Authors should determine the ship opportunities are available to achieve your overall brand- extent of approval necessary early in the paper preparation pro- ing objectives. For information regarding AIAA SPACE 2012 cess to preclude paper withdrawals and late submissions. The sponsorship, please contact Cecilia Capece, AIAA Sponsorship conference technical committee will assume that all abstracts Program Manager, phone: 703.264.7570; e-mail: ceciliac@ papers and presentations are appropriately cleared. aiaa.org.

Professional Development Short Courses

Registration is now open for the following courses co-located with the AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference (and co- located conferences) in Virginia Beach, Virginia; and the AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition in Long Beach, California.

17–19 September 2011 • Virginia Beach, VA Spacecraft Design and System Engineering 18–19 September 2011 • Virginia Beach, VA Tactical Missile Design and System Engineering 25–26 September 2011 • Long Beach, CA The Space Environment: Implications for Spacecraft Design Introduction to Space Systems Systems Engineering Verifi cation and Validation

Register for a Course Today and Receive FREE Conference Registration (sessions only) to the conference where your course is scheduled!

www.aiaa.org/courses

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11-0079

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B17 Upcoming AIAA Professional Development Courses

18–19 September 2011 Free Conference Registration to the 11th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference, including the AIAA Balloon Systems Conference and 19th AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Technology Conference in Virginia Beach, Virginia, when you sign up for the two-day Course!

Missile Design and System Engineering (Instructor: Eugene L. Fleeman) This short course provides the fundamentals of missile design, development, and system engineering. A system-level, integrated method is provided for missile configuration design and analysis. It addresses the broad range of alternatives in satisfying missile perfor- mance, cost, and risk requirements. Methods are generally simple closed-form analytical expressions that are physics-based, to provide insight into the primary driving parameters. Configuration sizing examples are presented for rocket, turbojet, and ramjet-powered mis- siles. Systems engineering considerations include launch platform integration constraints. Typical values of missile parameters and the characteristics of current operational missiles are discussed as well as the enabling subsystems and technologies for missiles. Sixty-six videos illustrate missile development activities and performance. Attendees will vote on the relative emphasis of types of targets, types of launch platforms, technical topics, and round table discussion.

19 September Only: Fundamentals Of Lighter-Than-Air Systems (Instructors: Rakesh Kapania, Ron Hochstetler, Brandon Buerge, and Rajkumar S Pant) Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) systems belong to a class of aerospace systems that get most of their lifting capability from “static” lift using gases that are lighter than air, unlike heavie-than-air systems that derive lift because of their relative motion with ambient air. Airships and Aero- stats are the most commonly used LTA systems. In essence, a large fraction of the energy expended by conventional aerospace systems is used to overcome gravity, while most of the energy used by an airship is used to propel it forward. LTA systems are gaining attention all over the globe because of widespread concerns about climate change, the effects of economic and political turmoil on the price of petroleum, and the need for security organizations to maintain cost-effective persistent surveillance. This course is aimed at people who are interested to update themselves with the current developments and future trends in design, development, operations, and applications of Lighter-Than-Air Systems.

25–26 September 2011 Free Conference Registration to the AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition in Long Beach, California, when you sign up for a two-day Course!

Introduction to Space Systems (Instructor: Mike Gruntman) This two-day course provides an introduction to the concepts and technologies of modern space systems. Space systems combine engi- neering, science, and external phenomena. We concentrate on scientific and engineering foundations of spacecraft systems and interac- tions among various subsystems. These fundamentals of subsystem technologies provide an indispensable basis for system engineer- ing. This introductory course is designed for engineers and managers—of diverse background and varying levels of experience—who are involved in planning, designing, building, launching, and operating space systems and spacecraft subsystems and components.

Systems Engineering Verification and Validation (Instructor: John C. Hsu) This course will focus on the verification and validation aspects that are at the beginning, from the validation point-of-view, to the final verification of the systems engineering process for a program/project. It will clarify the confusing use of verification and validation. This course will be of interest to researchers, engineers, program/project managers, software engineers, and other professionals that involve in verification and validation work, especially for complex system.

The Space Environment: Implications for Spacecraft Design (Instructor: Alan C. Tribble) This course is designed to provide an introduction to the subject of spacecraft-environment interactions, also known as space environ- ments and effects or space weather effects. The course addresses each of the major environments: vacuum, neutral, plasma, radiation, and micrometeoroid/orbital debris. In each section, the basic physics behind the environment is reviewed, but the emphasis is on quan- tifying the magnitude of the various interactions and identifying mitigation techniques and design guidelines. This course would be of interest to spacecraft designers and operators, payload providers, space scientists, and anyone having an interest in the space environ- ment and its effects.

B18 AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 AIAA Courses and Training Program Registration Form

Select your registration options below. Payment by REGISTRATION FORM (or register online at www.aiaa.org) check, credit card, or money order—payable to AIAA— must accompany registration. To pay the member rate, B0911 2 your membership must be in good standing. All registrants please complete the information below. —REGISTRATION OPTIONS—

AIAA Non- AIAA Non- AIAA Non- Member Member Member Member Member Member 1 Conference Badge Name First/Given Name M.I. Last/Family Name COURSES OFFERED AT ATIO CONFERENCE Early Bird by12 Aug 2011 Advance (13 Aug–9 Sep) 10–18 Sep 2011 Organization Name/Division/Mailstop Missile Design and System Engineering Address $995 $1145 $1195 $1345 $1345 $1495 Fundamentals of Lighter-Than-Air Systems City State Country/Zip/Postal Code $250 $400 $350 $500 $450 $600 E-mail Address Daytime Phone Number COURSES OFFERED AT SPACE CONFERENCE Fax Number (include country code) Job Title/Rank Early Bird by19 Aug 2011 Advance (20 Aug–16 Sep) 17–27 Sep 2011 Introduction to Space Systems AIAA MEMBERSHIP: If you are registering for one of the collocated professional $995 $1145 $1195 $1345 $1345 $1495 development short courses at the nonmember rate, included with your registration fee is Systems Engineering Verification and Validation 3 one year of AIAA membership. Included in your AIAA membership will be periodic communications about AIAA $995 $1145 $1195 $1345 $1345 $1495 benefi ts, products, and services. Check here if you prefer not to receive membership The Space Environment: Implications for Spacecraft Design information via e-mail. $995 $1145 $1195 $1345 $1345 $1495 From time to time, we make member information available to companies whose products . or services may be of interest to you. Check here if you prefer not to have your name Please indicate if you qualify for the: and address used for non-AIAA mailings. __ Prepaid Group Discount (One 5% discount per registrant) Signature______Date______Check here if you are renewing or reinstating your membership. (You must pay the full nonmember conference fee.)

RETURN FORM TO: 1) For fastest, easiest 2) By mail: return completed 3) By fax: send the signed, 4 service, register form with payment to completed form with credit online at AIAA, Professional Development card payment to TOTAL DUE: $ ______www.aiaa.org/courses 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Ste 500 703.264.7657 Reston, VA, 20191 Cancellations Substitutions may be made at any time. Cancellations must be postmarked four weeks before the course start date and are subject to a $100 cancellation fee to cover administrative overhead. AIAA reserves the right to cancel any program due to insufficient registration or any situation beyond its control. Each course will be reviewed three weeks prior to the start date and may be canceled if a minimum enrollment has not been reached. Participants will be notified immediately and a full refund will be issued. AIAA cannot be responsible for expenses incurred because of course cancellation. AIAA reserves the right to substitute speakers in the event of unusual circumstances. For additional information, call Chris Brown at 703.264.7504 or 800.639.2422; FAX 703.264.7657; E-mail: chrisb@ aiaa.org.

Check here if you need to make special arrangements due to a disability. 5 Attach requirements on a separate sheet of paper.

FORM OF PAYMENT: All registrants must provide AIAA Member Number: ______a valid ID (driver’s license or 6 passport) when they check in. Purchase Order American Express For student registration, valid Check VISA student ID is also required. Travelers Check MasterCard Wire Transfer Diners Club 5% Group Discounts Deduct 5% for three or Credit Card Number: more students from the same organization, if ______registered simultaneously, Expiration Date: ______Month ______Year _____ prepaid, and postmarked four weeks before the first Signature: ______day of the course. Please E-mail address of cardholder for receipt: register each person on a separate form. Photocopies ______are acceptable.

AIAA BULLETIN / SEPTEMBER 2011 B19 Standard Information for all AIAA Conferences This is general conference information, except as noted in the individual conference preliminary program information to address exceptions.

Photo ID Needed at Registration VHS VCR and monitor, an overhead projector, and/or a 35-mm All registrants must provide a valid photo ID (driver’s license slide projector will only be provided if requested by presenters on or passport) when they check in. For student registration, valid their abstract submittal forms. AIAA does not provide computers student ID is also required. or technicians to connect LCD projectors to the laptops. Should presenters wish to use the LCD projectors, it is their responsibil- Conference Proceedings ity to bring or arrange for a computer on their own. Please note This year’s conference proceedings will be available in an that AIAA does not provide security in the session rooms and online format only. The cost is included in the registration fee recommends that items of value, including computers, not be left where indicated. If you register in advance for the online papers, unattended. Any additional audiovisual requirements, or equip- you will be provided with instructions on how to access the con- ment not requested by the date provided in the preliminary con- ference technical papers. For those registering on-site, you will ference information, will be at cost to the presenter. be provided with instructions at registration. Employment Opportunities Young Professional Guide for Gaining Management Support AIAA is assisting members who are searching for employment Young professionals have the unique opportunity to meet and by providing a bulletin board at the technical meetings. This bul- learn from some of the most important people in the business letin board is solely for “open position” and “available for employ- by attending conferences and participating in AIAA activities. A ment” postings. Employers are encouraged to have personnel detailed online guide, published by the AIAA Young Professional who are attending an AIAA technical conference bring “open Committee, is available to help you gain support and financial position” job postings. Individual unemployed members may post backing from your company. The guide explains the benefits of “available for employment” notices. AIAA reserves the right to participation, offers recommendations and provides an example remove inappropriate notices, and cannot assume responsibil- letter for seeking management support and funding, and shows ity for notices forwarded to AIAA Headquarters. AIAA members you how to get the most out of your participation. The online can post and browse resumes and job listings, and access www.aiaa.org/ guide can be found on the AIAA Web site, other online employment resources, by visiting the AIAA Career YPGuide . Center at http://careercenter.aiaa.org. Journal Publication Messages and Information Authors of appropriate papers are encouraged to submit them Messages will be recorded and posted on a bulletin board in for possible publication in one of the Institute’s archival journals: AIAA Journal Journal of Aircraft Journal of Guidance, Control, the registration area. It is not possible to page conferees. A tele- ; ; phone number will be provided in the final program. and Dynamics; Journal of Propulsion and Power; Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Membership Transfer Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and ; or Professionals registering at the nonmember rate will receive Communication http:// . You may now submit your paper online at a one-year AIAA membership. Students who are not members mc.manuscriptcentral.com/aiaa . may apply their registration fee toward their first year’s student Speakers’ Briefing member dues. Authors who are presenting papers, session chairs, and co- Nondiscriminatory Practices chairs will meet for a short briefing at 0700 hrs on the mornings The AIAA accepts registrations irrespective of race, creed, of the conference. Continental breakfast will be provided. Please sex, color, physical handicap, and national or ethnic origin. plan to attend only on the day of your session(s). Location will be in final program. Smoking Policy Speakers’ Practice Smoking is not permitted in the technical sessions. A speaker practice room will be available for speakers wishing Restrictions to practice their presentations. A sign-up sheet will be posted on Videotaping or audio recording of sessions or technical exhib- the door for half-hour increments. its as well as the unauthorized sale of AIAA-copyrighted material Timing of Presentations is prohibited. Each paper will be allotted 30 minutes (including introduction International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and question-and-answer period) except where noted. AIAA speakers and attendees are reminded that some top- Committee Meetings ics discussed in the conference could be controlled by the Meeting room locations for AIAA committees will be posted International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). U.S. Nationals on the message board and will be available upon request in the (U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents) are responsible for registration area. ensuring that technical data they present in open sessions to non-U.S. Nationals in attendance or in conference proceedings Audiovisual are not export restricted by the ITAR. U.S. Nationals are likewise Each session room will be preset with the following: one LCD responsible for ensuring that they do not discuss ITAR export- projector, one screen, and one microphone (if needed). A 1/2” restricted information with non-U.S. Nationals in attendance. how far can you see

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