NATIONAL COMMITTEE, I 1 I Labor Must Take the Offensive to C.P.U.S.A. STin Substantial \Vage Increases!

I 5 I The Defense Prosecutes

JOSEPH CLARK 120) The Peace Can Be \7on!

GEORGE SISKIND I28l How "Historicus" Caricatures History

ABNER \7. BERRY 137) The Struggle for the Lincoln Heritage

I. TAPTEV 147) The Triumph of Mitchurin Biological Science

HILARY MINC 152) \Vhat Is National Income?

JAMES \7. FORD I70l The 1948 Elections in Bedford- Stuyvesant

HOWARD SELSAM & I82l The Philosophy of John Maynard HARRY K. TTELLS Keynes

J. MARTIN 1931 Communication TOMORROW'S CHINA

bY Anna Louise Strong voL. xxYlll, No. 2 FEERUARY 194? political affairs

Anna Louise Stron'g is the only Joreign corresponl'ent in' to haue penetrated' th'e Liberated Areas ol China' BERRY' ALEXANDER BITTELMAN' Editorlal Board: V. J. JEROME, Edltor' ABNER W' the clud,ing Manchuria, shortly alter its liberation by JACK STACHEL, MAX WEISS Communists. Tomorrow's China is baseil on a year's stay, lrom luly, 1946, to luly, 7947, in these newly liberated areas. lake the 0llensive to By jeep, donkey anil airplane, t'his in'ilomitable reporter tabor Must places lwrilly to be otu maps' She has has aisited, lound lncreases!* intentieweil not only leailers like Mao Tse-tung and [rlin Suhstantial tilage Chou En-lai, bu't spoken to worhers, pedsants, lactory ntanagers, iloctors, in'tellectuals, an'il hundreils ol others' If you work in steel, Your PaY reforrn, Fellow Workers! ller on'th'c'spot description ol the agrarian is worth an average of $ro'94 American workers urgently need check military principles are applied' in a week. But been sPeeded how Mao'Tse-tung's wase increases tday, to meet the less You've up to produce more in hours the fighting against Cltiang Kai'shek's arrnies, Chinese .r..?s of their families. TheY need 4o -to- day thin you did in hours during attituiles to the Marshall Pan and, U.S- interoention, 48 the war. the establishment ol a antl the tleaelopmerrts lead,ing to If you work in auto, Your Purchas- new clernocratic all-China goaerwnenl, lhrows a brilliant ing power has dropped $13.56 a week' out czrrs searchlight on the China ol today. Published, by Com- But now you're turning 40 an hour, instead of 3z' a Democrati.c Far Eastern Policy. lige the N'A'M' mittee lor the picture in two of the big the fourth round That's 65 cents industries. The Pfice: This time we'd monopoly-controlled the Negro worker, an answer"t woman worker, and the other lowest workers National Distributors But the $zr billion net raked Paid Profit even worse ofi. by the big moaoPolies in 1948 are NEW CENTI]BY PUBLISHDRS in But, in addition to concern for came out of a cut in real wages. 532 tsroad.wtY, l\'lcw York 3, N' Y' Your their take-home pay-most workers Purchasing Power and @los since r945, while are now worried also about iobs social security. They feel in their Y' under the has been increased second class maiier January 4, 1945, at the Post Office al New York' N' bones that tl're soCanada, $3'00 first time in many years sharP in'- " ;rl"i:: il"iJ: ir:i.'i: of thicommunist Prtv'm Janusrv 5, 1949. -. POLITICAL AFFAIRS LABOR MUST TAKE THE OFFENSIVE creases in unemployment and the head ofi the growing rank-and-6le those put over on G.M. workers by and coverage for the maritime, agri- short work week are hitting industry demand for wage increases. They are Walter Reuther last year. It's a reason cultural, professional, domestic, and after industry. trying to dodge a real wage fight in for rejecting all proposals for wage- young lvorkers-as well as the doub- The "cold war," of which the Mar- order not to embarrass the big trusts freezing, or for raising prices to "keep ling of all social security benefits and shall Plan is a part, has taken around and the Truman Administration. up" with wages. adequate state appropriations to as- $5o billion out of the national in- That is why they are trying to split Substantial wage increases aren't sure speedy handling of applicants. come, and a good chunk out of your labor's ranks by ourdoing the N.A.M. handed out as a "gift" by Wall Street. Additional measures to defend the pay envelope. Many workers believed Red-baiters. But they can be won by militant and economic interests of the workeru in- the lie that the Marshall Plan would These reactionary trade union ofr- united trade union struggle, real in- clude a Federal minimum wage of help European economic recovery- cials argue that if the workers give dependent labor political action, and $r an hour; strict curbs on specula- and so beat the old cycle of boom up the fight for higher wages they joint action of labor and all demo- tion and hoarding by the food trusts; and bust at home. But, instead, a tnay get lower prices; and that the cratic forces. In the last few months and an extensive public works pro- "normal." crisis of overproduction is way to check the developing bust is we have seen what can be done, for gram to provide low-rent housing, developing while war preparations by supporting Wall Street's arma- example, in the successful wage expanded school and hospital facili- lncrease. ment program and "get tough" pol- struggles of the west coast longshore ties, new roads, etc. The cost of strch Instead of helping, the Marshall icy. They don't deny that the work- workers, a Federally financed program should Plan has hurt European recovery as ers need a substantial wage increase Growing unemployment is no ar- be met through a steep tax on high well as independence threatening the -yet they argue that "this is not the gument against wage struggle. It's incomes and corporate profits, by of other nations and world peace. It time" to fight for one. an argument for combining the ending the "cold war" and sharply has contributed to a z4 percent de- The Communist Party, the Party struggle for wages with the struggle reducing armament appropriations. cline in America's foreign trade, and of the working class, the Party of so, for jobs and social security. As an elementary measure of rclf- is directly responsible for mounting cialism, at all times defends the im- In addition to a determined strug- defense, every union should main- unemployment at home. mediate as well as the long-range S.le for wage increases, unions enter- tain its unemployed members in good While the projected $r5 to $zo bil- interests of the American workers ing netr., contrdct negotiations should standing, and advance the trade un- lion war budget will help the Wall and people. We declare that today also genuine tneasules to ion organization of the unemployed. 'Street fght lor profiteers-it won't raise your the workers can raise their living reduce speed-up; remouol of all The Southern organizing drives wa8'es, or give you jobs and social standards and defend their economic clawses in any way limiting the right should be stepped up, the present security. By stepping up their war security. We declare that this can to stike; and introductiot of the jo- anti-Communist and |im-Crow prac- preparations, the bipartisan monopo- only be done at the expense of mo- ltour weefr uithout any pay-cuts. I-a- tices wiped out, and real Negro-white lists are making the economic situa- nopoly profits and Wall Streer's arm- bor should also press its dernands for unity established, tion worse. ament program-and by united, mili- a guaranteed annual uagc. Concern for the rights of thc Ne- The N.A.M. repeats the Billion tant struggle against the trusts and Of course, the workers will have to gro workers is vital to the whole Dollar Lie that wage increases are warmongers, carry this fight into the 8rst Congress struggle for wage increases and eco- responsible for inflation. To cool off Even a return to the living stand- and state legislatures-in the first nomic security. The Negro worker labor's wage demands, it is staging ards of 1945 would require a wage place to secure repeal of the Tafr is still first to be fired last to be a sit-down against excess profits increase of z5 percent. But workers Hartley slave law and reenactment, hired, and Iowest paid. Whole indus- itaxes and threatening more lay-offs. don't join unions only to hold their without compromise, of the Wagner tries, for example, textile and electri- And those trade union leaders who own. Progressive unions constantly Labor Relations and Norris-LaGuar- cal, are still virtually "lily white." In 'play the part of Wall Street's labor strive clia Anti-Injunction addi- some 'lieutenants to improve living standards. Acts. In industrieg Negro workere are are also trlnng to use the That is one reason against rying tion, they should demand unernploy- being denied jobs, fired, or dorryn- threat of -"s *.-ployment to wages to escalator clauses such as ment insurance for a 4o-week period, graded because the employers frar POLITICAL AFFAIRS thcir splendid record as militant trade struggle of all their shop-mates in de- unionists and organizers. fense of labor's interests-regardless Ihe [Iefense Proseeutes Negro and white workers should of political differences. struggle together for enactment and Rank-and-file initiative, leading to rigid enforcement of national and united mass action aflainst the big state F.E.P.C. laws; the opening of all corporations, can win the most imme- two weeks have expired that the Supreme industries to equal opportunities in diate wage and security demands of [Before Court, in denying since the set the this petition, acted on the assumption employment, job training for skilled the workers. It can stimulate inde- datc for trial of twelve indicted members of the Na- that the lower court would hear thcir trades and promotion for the Negro pendent labor political action and so donal Committee of the Communist evidence on the corrupt system workers. New moves to exclude Ne- help create conditions favorable to iury Party, the prosecution's case is begin- put into operation by Chief gro workers from the basic industries the establishment of a real people's ]udge burst thc seams. And Clark Knox District must be stopped. The right of Negro government, Ied by labor. Such a gov- ning to at John of the what is being revealed is not any con- Court of the United States the trade unionists to hold any office in ernment, capable of curbing the giant for spiracy against the government, with Southern District of New York. As any union must be recognized, and monopolists, would make it possible which the accused were falsely we go to press, that evidence is being their representation in all levels of for the workers to save themselves charged, but rather a sordid conspir- presented over the objection thc leadership increased. from the full misery of the develop- of acy by the agents of the government prosecution-T h e itors.) The Communist Party rejects the ing economic crisis. Of special impor- themselves. *Ed phony arguurent that "when the eco- tance is the united action of the key accused have become the ac- nomic situation is getting worse- unions in the mass production indus- [The PBrrrroNrns were indicted by a grand cusers in the New York District it's no time for labor to fight." tries, such as steel, auto, electrical jury which was constituted, and face Federal courtroom. The Communist Methods of struggle naturally vary and mining, around one common trials before a petit jury to be selected defendants now stand forth as de- with circumstance#ut without a fighting wage and security program. from a venite which was drawn, fenders, not alone of themselves and fight the workers never get anything. For unitcd labor actioa to ain under a system planned and operated the Communist Party, but of the There were never fewer than mil- substantial uage increases ! by the Judges, ]ury Commissioner 7 consritutional rights of the whole lion unemployed in But, be- More the uor\ers, nothing and /ury Clerk of the District Court ry3638. for for American people. That is the mean- cause in those years most of the the "cold usr" ! for the Southern District of New ing of the current legal challengc of C.I.O. leaders were guided by a pol- Equal righx the Negro worft- York, whereby the rich, the proper- for the corrupt, discriminatory method icy that rejected Red-baiting, they ers-Ncgro-uhite unity in strwgglc tied and the well-to-do are deliber- by which juries are selected in the were able to make substantial gains againsl thc trusts! ately, purposefully and systematically courts of the Southern District of in the great united struggle that Organize nou to maftc 1949 a year included in, and other classes or New York. cracked the openshop mass produc- ol aduancc economic security, de- groups-including the unemployed, lor following is an excerpt from economically tion industries. mocYacy and peace! [The the depressed, manual the brief submitted in support of the workers, persons the Successful struggle depends above who work by petition asking the Supreme Court to day or hour, Negrocs and members all on the fighting policy of labor, EUGENE DENNIS, exercise its supervisory authority over of other racial and national minori and on united trade union and other General Secretary the District Court for the Southern ties, and members of minority politi- popular mass action against the WTLLTAMSON, District of New York to void the cal parties-are deliberately, purpose- trusts. It depends on rhe initiative of JOHN Secretary indictments against the twelve Com- fully and systematically excluded the rank and 6.1e, especially the mosr Labor munist leaders. from the fury List, hereinafter de- progressive workers and leaders. It is for the National Committee, Communist leaders have scribed, from which both grand and their job to keep their unions on the C.P.U.S.A. IThe produced evidence in court showing petit juries are regularly drawn. bcam, and to promote the united January 5, 1949. POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE DEFENSE PROSECUTES

,{r a result, such grand jury and a conspiracy to organize the Com- "better" and "more select" "quality," petit iurors, who are regularly drawn the venire of petit jurors are the organ munist Party of the United Srates, to serve "regularly" as jurors, grand therefrom, constitute the organ of an of a particular group or class, the an organization alleged to "teach and petit, in said court. . . This economic class or group consisting of rich, the propertied and the well-to- and advocate the overthrow of the plan was executed by the Jury Com- the rich, the propertied and the rvell- dq and do not represent an impar- Government of the United States by missioner and Jury Clerk of said tial cross-secrion of the community. force and violence," and to advocate Court.* This petition involves a vital mat- and teach "the duty and necessity" 3. This plan was intended to result ter as to which this Court has ulti- of such overthrow. On the same day in, and l-ras resulted in, the creation mate discretionary jurisdiction by each of petitioners was separately in- by the lury Commissioner and the certiorari. Because of the extraor- dicted under the aforementioned Jury Clerk of the Jury List here- propertied and the well-to-do, includ- dinary circumstances herein de- Smith Act, charged with member- in described. This Jury List con- ing the economically powerful, execu- scribed, the imminent threat of irre- ship in the Communist Party of the sists of such persons that the ar- tives, proprietors and salaried ofrcers, parable injury to petitioners, and the United States. The essential basis of rays, venires and panels of grand and directors and supervising agents of public importance of 'maintaining the the indictments against petitioners is corporations; and, concomitantly, by integrity of the jury system and the that the Comrnunist Party of the the deliberate, purposeful and syi- proper administration of justice, pe- United States is based upon rhe prin- tematic exclusion, in whole or in sub- titioners aver that the immediate ciples of Marxism-Leninism and stantial part, from the Jury Lists of exercise of the supervisory authority teaches and advocates the same. . . . persons qualified to serve as jurors of this Court is peculiarly appropriate B. The Unlauful, Disciminatory who are among the following classes and necessary. and Unconstitutional Method ol In view of the importance and Selection of the Grand ?,lL,1n: urgency of the matters herein con- lwry and tained the petitioners respectfully re- the Venire of Petit lurors In- uolued. (b) persons of humble station in quest the immediate consideration of life; r. The Grand hancled the Court thereon. Jury which up the aforementioned indictments, (c) laborers, mechanics, craftsmen In support of their position, peti- "'Now, ates io bui- and other manual workers; and the panel of veniremen from ness, have it tbat the tioners respectfully allege: litig.a.tions rested are at (d) persons who work by the clay which the petit or juries will be lmst iorell iury or hourl A. The Indictments and Impending selected for the trials of petitioners, (e) persons Trials. were illegally selected, designated whq by reason of lack of means, are compelled r. At the time of the indictments and constituted in the unlawful, dis- to, and do, referred to, petitioners comprised ttrre criminatory and unconstitutional te and defined geo- National Board of the Communist manner hereinafter set forth. of the community re low and housing Party of the United States of Amer- z. Shortly before r94o, the |udges ica, a political party in existence since of the United States District Court inferior; Negroes 19196 and presently are mernbers of for the Southern District of New (f) and other racial and national the National Committee thereof. York, by mutual agreement and upon minorities; (g) women; z. On |uly zo, l948, petitioners were the initiative o[ the Hon. fohn Clark (h) persons who are not members indicated by a Grand lury in qhe Knox, Chief fudge thereof, devised Southern District of New York un- a plan for the ostensible-and un- of, or closely allied with, the upper strata scrcial der the Srnith Act (Title r8, Sections lawful-purpose of obtaining "supe- of life in the community; ro, rr, 13, U. S. C. A.), charged with rior," "very high type" citizens of (i) persons who are affiliated to the minority politieal parties, particularly POLITICAL AFFAIRS TTIE DEFENSE PROSECUTES

the American Labor Party and the City and their geographical distribu- (:) By adding to the list persons legally qualified and cligible persons Communist Party, tion." The purpose of such appoint- personally known or introduced to into two classes: The names of those resulting thereby in deliberatg pur- ments was to exploit such knowledge them as "good material," including who were "suitable material" wcre poseful and systematic discrimination ar1d connections to accomplish the persons recommended by the office put on a "qualified list," which is thc against said excluded classes and discriminatory, illegal and unconsti- of the United States Attorney in said Jury List herein referred to. Thc groups, in favor of the rich, the prop- tutional inclusions and exclusions re- district, and by the Federal Grand names of those who were "inferior" ertied and thc well-to-do. ferred to in paragraph 3. . . . Jury Association of said district. or "not likely material" were placed ,g. The Jury List consists of the 7. Under the immediate direction (+) By arranging with "personnel on a "deferred" list. Arrays, venires names of between approximately of the Chief ]udge, and with the directors of large corporations" to and panels were and are drawn only ror@o to r4rooo persons selected by knowledge and acquiescence of the make employees of such large corpo- from those on the Jury List, and the other the Commissioner rations available for jury service.* "deferred" list is not used at all. the ]ury Commissioner and the fury Judges, Jury gy Clcrk of the District Court in pursu- and Jury Clerk efiected such inclu- G) accepting volunteers who Inquiries from persons not callcd, ance of the plan or system described. sions and exclusions with the aid of met the "personality and intelligence" including those on the "deferred" Scrvice on the juries in the said the following steps: standards of the Jury Clerk, pro- list, as to why they have not becn Court is limited to and rotated (a) They obtained names for con- vided, however, that they were not summoned for jury service, werc among persons on said list. sideration for inclusion on the ]ury unemploycd or women. Women were uniformly and deceitfully answercd 5. The plan and system under List: accepted if they were in business or to the effect that it is "entirely a mat- which the lury List was established (r) By extensive use of such "selec- were housewives with previous busi- ter of chance" as to when they and is now maintained, is essentially tive" and "suitable" lists as Who's ness experience, might be called. described in a memorandum dated Who in Ncu Yorft,Poor's Directory (b) They then sifted the names (c) The Jury Commissioner end ]anuary 2, rg4r, which Leland L. Tol- of Directors, the Engineers Directory, drawn for preliminary consideration ]ury Clerk institutcd a method of man, Assistant Chief, Division of thc Social Re gistet, and various col- by questionnaires and personal inter- "requalifying" persons who had pre- Procedural Studies and Statistics of lege and university alumni directo' views as follows: viously scrved as jurors in order tc the Administrative Office of the ries. (r) The |ury Clerk obtained from "weed out the unfit iurors." In con- United States Courts, prepared for (r) By extcnsive resort to the sub- the potential jurors preliminary writ- nection with such "requalification" Henry P. Chandler, the Director of scription edition of the New York ten data concerning themselves, in- the prospective iuror's record "is par- thc Administrative Office. Copies of Telephone Directory, a directory ar- cluding information concerning their ticularly scrutinized as to his present this memorandum were circulated ranged by street numb€rs and loca- education, employment and property residence and age." The real pur- under date of February 5, rg4r, to tion, to enable the selection of resi- holdings. He simultaneously inter- pose of such requaliEcation was to all United States Circuit and District dents from neighborhoods occupied viewed them in order to "judge gen- eliminate persons who, tlough legally ]udges by the said Henry P. Chand- by the rich, the propertied and the erally" their "intelligence and per- and properly qualified to serve, were ler under the authority of thc fudi- well-to-do, such as Park Avenue, sonality." not compatible with the deliberate, cial Conference of Senior Circuit Fifth Avenue, Sutton Place, Gracie (z) On the basis of such inter- purposeful and systematic plan of |udges. . . . Square and the like; and to avoid views and questionnaires, the |ury discrimination described herein. 5. Pursuant to said plan, the |udges the selection of residents in neighbor- Clerk then divided the names of all B. The plan and system provided jurors of the said Court placed in charge of hoods occupied by the groups and ' As shown bclow, the reprsenation on the for apportionment of potential Jury ]-ist of manual rkers is insignifient. Even counties the selection of iuries a fury Com- classes who were and are the victims such reprcrenurion, among three of the eight of white-collat worke within the Southern District of New missioner with so-called "good busi- of such exclusion and discrimination, systematielly, ro thce ness and social connections," and a such as Harlem (the Negro ghetto), tioos. sch as the Co York. It contemplated, however, that Xetropoliran Life Insuran Clerk with "a thoroughly prac- the lower East Side, thc West Side Telephme Cmpany, and baoks, whose employes, there be no apportionment within lury rhen drawn, rre paid their saluie by thcit em- tical knowledge of the social, racial below Tznd Strect, and the like, as ployers durin3 thcir iury rcrvice. the said counties as shown bclow. aod economic groups of New York more specifically described below. IO POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE DEFENSE PROSECUTES II 9. The Jury List was further re- e) Against trade unions; Indeed, for many years Asso- juries 6ned in the assembly of a main body f) Against the Communist Party. this well as the venire of petit ciation has of names to be used as grand jurors The principal speaker invited to sought to mold the char- drawn for the trials herein, were and acter and composition in the said Court. First, and gen- address the Association's annual din- of the grand are in violation of the Constitution jury system in New York. As early of the United States, and particularly erally, only those who have "satis- ner meeting rn was J. Farnell ry47 1932, was reported Amendments factorily" served on petit juries are Thomas, then Chairman o[ the it to have ex- the Fifth and Sixth pended^s considered for service on the grand House Committee on lJn-American substantial sums of money to thereof, and of the standards for the obtain a "better" grand jurors proper jus- Activities, and presently under indict- list of administration of federal IUnes. (The Federal Second, a dominant role in this ment and awaiting trial for defraud- luror, March, r93z). tice, in that they deprive the defend- refinement was played by a certain ing the Government of the United The political, social and economic ants of due process of law, and of attitudes association known as The Federal States. Mr. Thomas has notoriously and prejudices o[ the Asso- the right not to be required to stand ciation Grand Association for the misused his official position to spread may be inferred from the trial except upon an indictment re- I,r.y jury, Southern District of New York, com- anti-Communist hysteria, without ba- status of its officers, as follows: Presi- turned by an impartial grand dent, investment and the at the posed of persons who meet its stand- sis in fact, and to persecute the Com- A. Vere Shaw, of right to a fair trial ards for membership. munist Party and the defendants. counsel, A. Vere Shaw & Company, hands of an impartial pedt ,ury. The Association meets in the Furthermore, the "impartiality" of 4 Irving Place, New York City (at C. The Results in Actctol Opnation United States Court House and in- the membership of said Association the offices of the Consolidated Edi- of the Unlaulul Method of Select- son Company) cludes as honorary members the may be inferred from the fact that it ; First Vice-President, ing luries. Robert Bragonier Grove, vice-presi r. The necessary and inevitable re- Judges of the Court and the United purports to have forwarded to the States Attorney. Department of "confidential dent of Consolidated Edison Com- sult of putting into operation the Justice pany Members of this Association served information on Communistic propa- and director and executive system of selecting iuries described member on the grand jury which returned the of several other public utili- above has been the creation of an un- ganda." jury indictments herein. The.Association has exerted great ties in the Southern District; Second democratic system under which The Association publishes The influence upon the composition of Vice-President, ]ames F. Lafrerty, there has been, on grand and petit labor relations director, Western juries, gross over-representation of, Fedcral luror, which is distributed to grand jury panels in the District" It Electric Company; and an class all federal grand jurors in the Court, has supplied to the Jury Commis- Secretary, Cole- domination by, economic man B. McGovern, stock broker and consisting of the rich, the propertied, judges, United States attorneys and sioner nimes of "good" iurors, who member of the New York Stock Ex- and the well-todo, as hereinbefore others. Although nominally devoted were added to the Jury List. change. The executive committee is described, and a gross under-repre- to the improvement of the efficiency Reporting on the "improvement" composed of officers, directors and sentation of the excluded groups de- of the Grand ]ury system, the Asso- in the caliber of the panels, the Asso- executives of manufacfuring, bank- scribed in paragraph 83 hereof. This ciation has gone far afield into politi- ciation's Executive Committee re- ing, insurance, radio broadcasting, vice has tainted the Grand cal and ecooomic matters. (The Fcderal Mry Jury ported furor, securities and railroad corporations, which indicted petitioners and taints The Federal lwror has actively r94r) : campaigned: stock brokers, chain store.s and other the panel selected for their trials. a) For universal fingerprinting of giant corporations. Officers in previ- In order to ascertain the extent to . Your Executive Committee is years persons citizens and aliens; ous have been of sim- which the actual composition of very, very glad indeed that our relations ilar status and position. juries in the above court refects the b) Against slum clearance and them rest on such foundations with ro. By reason of the foregoing, the systematic effectuation of the dis- low-rental housing; of reciprocal confidenct, that wc haoe system of jury selection in the said criminatory and illegal methods and c) Against President Roosevelt's been permitted to cooperate tuith thcm District Court, and the composition techniques embraced the court reform planl to a material degree in their perennial within juries therein, both petit and above described plan jury selec- d) For exclusion and expulsion of tasft of mafting ,the Gratd lury Panel of of aliens; ct)er better snil better. (Italics supplied.) grand, and of the grand iury which tion, petitioners undertook an exam- returned the indictments herein as ination and analysis of the composi- POLITICAL AEFAIRS T}]E DEFENSE PROSECUTES 13" tion of juries in said Court. Petit This study, embracing in num- 4. f. Thcre are Dot more than 2oo,ooo ber more than per cent of the vice; and the continuous erclusion in 5o cxccutives in che Counties of Bronx, names on the basic List, ex- part of voters Jury Manhattan and Westchester. Some tending over a nine-year period, and r geographical covering all seasons of the year with- stematic illcgal e. During the time available since out special selection, accurately re- November r, 1948, when the prob- flects the composition of the entire able existence of this system first basic Jury List. Thus, the conclusions "Came ners, of fact established on the basis of it has hibi- these z8 panels has equal validity for total of r,r55 Manhattal jurors tivcly ana- the entire Jury List. . . . on the six panels for Novembcr lyzc all the jury panel lists drawn 5. . . . d. The composite evidence end ,during the period of approximately obtained from study and analysis of ten years in which the above de- occupations of the names of the 7,487 g. There are manual scribed systcm of jury selection has jurors 935,ooo work- establishes the following facts: crs in the Counties been in operation. of Manhattan, Bronx and Westchester in the South- Hence, petitioners caused to be 'l tuit i ls ern District of New York. There are stocking" ,conducted an examination and analy- Executives (includ- district, residcs perhaps the, i ii iS$i at least 6oo,ooo among these manual sis of representadve panels in each ing proprietors qTi of extremely t-t'" workers who are fully qualified to year, commencing with r94o. To this and officials) .. g% in any locality . 45% as jurors. Alihoigh these end, copies of panel lists were pur- Professionals 1erre (irr- 6oo,ooo manual workers ionsritute ,chased from the Clerk of the Court. i. There were 582,8-36 voters in the cluding semi-pro- more than per cent A total of z8 panels was subjected to 50 of the total 1948 Congressional elections in the, fessionals) n% zn/o number of persons detailedstudy.... in said three coun- r8th,.r9th, zznd,z1rd, and z4th Con- Clerical and sales 25% 30% These z8 panels gressional Districts. This'number included 7,487 Manual workers 55% 5% nanres, which constitute more than comprised p Wr cent of all votcrs .5o per cent of the total number of e. Our study and analysis establish Irom Manhaftan and the Bronx in names in the basic fury List, as de- that the economic status of the four the 1948 elections. Of the total of scribed in paragraph hereof. r,695 jurors on the six aforementioned 4 groups referred to above is as follows: ers. Indeed, for the total of the z8 panels from the Boroughs of Man- panels, only per cent are manual 5.o hathn and the Bronx, only ry3, or A?lnxi^trt workers. ro.2 APProti%tc lerceBr4E, per cent, were drawn from the.se lq6tzgc uitbin eqb ol oue! gro*P tba five Congressional Districts. These A2Foiwtc }ncno receioed ournt tilcoffi- districts are in the main co-cxtensive Pr@tdg6 lrw gahlil Prod*c.iog ol Ooqtlatioc ttctfrt, rcc*irios r,rrith the sections knovvn as Harlem, the Lower East Sicle, and East Bronx. Executives and Professionals 20% 40% 25% T'hey are overwhelmingly *,orking- class in composition, they include thc Clcrical and sales 25% 30% rc% great maiority of the Negro citizrns Manual workers 55% 30% 3% ,,t the Southern District, and large oyer-age and property quaiifications, numbers of ]ewish cirizens, of citi- be regarded as qualified for jury ser- zens of Italian descent, and of puerto r+ POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE DEJ'ENSE PROSECUTES r5

Ricans. These are the districts of percenr of the population of zr yearc hercin on |uly zo, 1948, presents the of Bronx, with more than 6oopoo crowded, inadequate housing and low and over of the entire counry. following occupational picture : voters, is represented by r juror. . . . incomes, areas economically de- l. The 649 jurors from the rTth of Gehl*tlt Despite a certain unavoidablc 'District No. %t 7. pressed. Congressionil appearing on Occryci degree of incompleteness of the facts Executives rr The contrast between the treat- the J* panels for Novemte, ,.rIDo 52% and evidence submitted herewith, the Professionals . 14% m vileged, and cember- 1948, and 1949, 3 analyses referred to above amply es- - January Clerical and sales th ses, is sharp- amounted i"' +l.Z 1"i"r, fi, eiJy persons tablish the following demonstrable ly fact. Thoie ro,ooo voters in ihL,'gaA.ong..rrional 7 34% conclusions: Manualworkers... o o7o in the rgth Congressional District elections- Of the toiai vote"for con- a. That all panels are closely and (Lo^wer Total with gainful East side) who voted in the gressional candidates in that district, consistently unrepresentative of the occuPations 2r roo/o 1948 elections equalled 75 Re1 clnt i3., p.r...rt was Republican and only major occupational groupings within of the rotal number of voters ' Housewives ... . I in the 6-.0 ,^....rr, American Labor party. the eligible population; ict. - Retired .. . I .(silk- ,,i. th. ,3 b. That the occupational of patterns iurors Congressiona-l of the jury panels gressional Grand Total 23 are so nearly iden- the slame six pa tical as to refute any possibility that when suL jurors are number chosen from the,Tr"l?:!:,';:riH:i"Hr"gressionarcandidates chosen at random or in ographical accordance gressional District. . . . Expressed in with methods of chance; i"--ifri,-..", congressional district, rr.7 following c. That the outstanding ratio terms, rhese are the figures: feature of f., was Republican and 36.9 the jury panels is its gross overrepre- ry!. tTtb percent American Labor Party. The exclusive village of Bronxville, sentation cons' Ditt' cong' Ditt' ^ of the economic class of n. Approximately rr3oo,ooo Man- in Westchester, with fewer than Voters executives, proprietors and managers, 3 : 4 hattan, Br.n* and Wesrchester voters 5,ooo voters in the 1948 elections, is and gross underrepresentation of the Jurors ..... r i 25 enrolled in political parties in the represented by 3 jurors. The County class of manual workersl . . . k. of zB8 jurors from west- L:T,ir:f;.:[:l'Tj: [il."rt ::lfi:: Manhattan chester County on the six panels for enrollment records are available. Out the months of November and De- of these, 34.6 percent enrolled in the o cember 1948, and ]anuary 1p49,-.r16 Republicin' pirty,55.z percent in the .6 or 4o.3 the locahUes Democraric Party, and ro"2 percent .I of Sca and Larch- in the American Lab,or parry. r9o ,o mont, tial areas oc- persons Iisted on the jury panel f6r 3 cupied substantial i"rur.y 17, 1949, r.. ...oid.d as par- I zzCong.Dist. (Harlem) o Bronx til::::,Tsi :ffi1XT1.ln:H:':#fi$?j' cent of the the Re-pu-b z3 Cong. Dist. o years and over of the the County of the Demo z4 Cong. Dist. o Westchester. In contrast, only' z3 percent in z5 Cong. Dist. r (Riverdalc) jurors or 8.o percent of the total weri iv.'r. . . . z6 Cong. Dist. o dyaly_n from Yonkers, the largest city The Grand fury, consisting of Westchester County IO of westchester, which is well popu- 23 persons, which rli,r.ned the in- Rockland County I latod by workers and Grand Total containi 24.8 di.t-ent, against the fetitioners 23 ta POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE DEFENSE PROSECUTES t7

d. That thcse features are not inbefore described, for the purposes tem would bc void. Thus thc District thc workers, farmcrs, and all who labor peculiar to any particular panel, series hereinbefore set forth, and wirtr thc Court lacks jurisdiction to proceed by hand and brain, against capitalist of panels, season of year, or portion of results herein referred to, can qualify further against the defendants on the exploitation and oppression. As the ad- the period subjected to study; in the minds of disinterested and indictments, and the trials now sched- vanced party of the working class, it stands in the forefront of this struggle- e. That thc pands demonstrate the democratic persons as a fair system uled for tJt 1949, would be January (Preamble') cxistenc'e of a persistent method, of dispensing justice, or as a system a nulliry. * * iF syEtem and schcme of jury selection in which justice can be obtained at z. Petitioners have been indicted The Communist Party recognizes and composition, with only minor, all. and face trial bccausc of their advo- that the final abolition of exploitation slight and insignificant variations 9. The methods of jury selection cacy and teaching principles of the of and oppression, of economic crises and which in no instance constitute a sub- aforesaid have made it impossible for Marxism-Leninism and their partici- unemployment, of reaction and war, stantial departure from the all-per- the juries in said Court to be, and pation in the Communist Party of will be achieved only by the socialist design; juries are irnpartial bodies meating said not, the United States based upon such reorganization of society4y the com- f. That within the framework of truly representative of the commu- principles. For many years petitioners mon ownership and operation of the the system of jury selection in use in nity and drawn from a cross section have devoted themselves to the wel- national economy under a government said court, room cxists for the play thereof. Said methods and the re- fare and interest of the working class, of the people led hy the working class. of manipulation and the application sults thereof are incompatible with the unemployed, the poor, the op- (Preamble') of subtlc methods of achieving prc- the requirements of the law of the pressed and the victims of economic, {$ * * conceived objectives. land, and have served to, and did, racial, national and political discrimi- The purposcs of this orgaoization g. That the petit jury panel for destroy in the said Court the foun- nation, all of whom are within the are to promote the best interess andl ]anuary 17, 1949, before which the dations of an impartial democratic excluded groups described herein. In welfare of the working class and the people of the United States, to defcnd, petitioners are scheduled to be tried, iury system as guaranteed under the so doing petitioners personally and and extend the democracy of our coun- indisputably reflects in its composi- Federal Constitution, the laws other- as members and officcrs of the Com- the rise fascism, and tion the full contaminating infuences wise applicable thereto, the public try, to prcvent of munist Party of the United States to advance the cause of progress and of the illegal, discriminatory and un- policy of the United States, the due did for nuny years and now do peacc with the ultimate aim of ridding democratic system jury and proper justice of selection adminisuation of espoirse, advocate and teach social, our country of the scourgc o[ economic cmployed in the said court since in said Court, and the appropriate political and economic views which crises, unemployment, in*curity, pov- about the year rg4o, brought about supervision thereof. are antagonistic to the interests of the erty and war, through thc realization by the deliberate, purposeful, and sys- D - T he Extraordinary Circumstances class or group comprising the rich, of the historic aim of the working. tematic inclusions and exclusions de- in This Case. the propertied and the well-to-do as class--the establishment of Socialism scribed in paragraph B3 hereof. r. By reason of the discriminatory by the frec choice of the majority of herein describcd, of rvhich the iuries h. That the Grand Jury which rc- practices described above, the jury in said court are the organ. the American pcople. (Article II,. Sec. r.) turned the indictments against the system in the District Court for the 3. Thc constirution of the Com- petitioners undisputably refects in its Southern District of New York is munist Party of the United States Thus the interests of the group or composition the full contaminating invalid, illegal, unconstitutional and rderred to in the indictments pro- class favored by the illegal discrimi- influences of the illegal, discrimina- contrary to public policy. Petit and vides in part as follows: tory and undemocratic system of jury grand juries constituted thereunder natory system of jury selection are aflectcd advo- rclection employed in the said Court are illegal and void and the indict- The Comrnunist Party of the United most dircctly by the since about the year r94o, brought ments issued against petitioners by Sutcc is a political party of the Ameri cacy of the principles and purposes. about as aforesaid. the grand jury are void and of no can working cla*s, basing itsclf upon of the Communist Party of thc 8. No system of jury selection effect and convictions thereunder by the principles of scientiGc socialism, United States above enunciarcd. r,vhich opcrates in the manner here- petit iuries constituted under this sys- Marxism-Lcninisrr. It champions the 4, Pctitioners and cach of them immediate and fundemental interests of fall within one o{ more sf the classes, I8 POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE DEFENSE PROSECUTES r9 groups persons or of discriminated the present case, in which the defend- tions referred to in paragraph 5. . . . Judge, and the knowledge thereof against by the systematic inclusions ants are on trial for the teaching and 8. The disclosure of the discrimi- and the acquiescence therein of all and exclusions described. Petitioners advocacy of their said social, cco- natory class nature of the jury system the ]udges of said District Court, and Henry Winston and Benjamin J. nomic and political views based on of the said District Court, the busiest the substantial interest of the said Davis, Jr.,* are Negroeg the former Marxism-Leninism, and for alleged in the country, resulting from the Judges, therefore, in maintaining and a carpenter by trade. The trades of participation in the organization of examination and analysis made by perpetuating the same, and their bias the other petitioners are as follows: the Communist Party. To require the petitioners hereinabove referred to, in favor thereof, as well as the neces- Petitioner Potash, furrier and officer defendants to stand trial upon the presents a question of obviously great sity that such Judges testify with re- of the International Fur and Leather said charges before a jury whose importance requiring the immediate spect to the operation of the system, Workers Union; petitioner Thomp- composition is determined in accord- and close attention of this Court. . . . no Judge of said District Court can son, machinist; petitioner Hall, lum- ance with the aforementioned sys- ro. By reason of the immediate di- sit or preside over a proceeding to berjack and steel worker; peririoner tem of exclusion, limitation and dis- rection over and supervision of the determine the facts here alleged and Foster, sailor, construction worker, crimination, makes a fah tial impos- establishment, maintenance and re- the validity of the method of jury railroad worker and labor organizer; sible, makes a mockery of due pioc- finement of said system by the Chief selection. . . . petitioner Dennis, teamster, electrical ess, and commits the defendants to worker, lumberjack; petitioner Gates, trial before a veritable conviction ma- construction laborer; petitioner Wil- chine, with the cards stacked from liamson, pattern maker; petitioner the beginning against the defendants. Green, metal worker; petitioner Win- 7. The trials on the thirreen indict- ter, draftsman; petitioner Stachel, ments herein have every promise of capmaker. being of extended duration, requir- 5" The issues raised by the indict- ing the testimony of hundredi of rnents are of profound and unprece- witnesses and the introduction into dented constitutional, legal and polit- evidence of innumerable, voluminous ical significance and of vital public exhibits, thus irnposing a sragger- importance. The indictments, which ing burden upon all concerned-and in effect,seek to outlaw the Commu- particularly upon petitioners, none nist Party of the United States, affect of whom is rich, propertied or well- not merely the petitioners, but the to-do. Further, in the event of an ap- lives and liberty of the tens of thou- peal, a staggering load of time and sands of American citizens who be- expense will be imposed, all of which are unnecessary and improper by rea- s_9n 9f the patent and transparent illegality of the fury List in thi said case, an ap- the injury own choice. a conviction 6. Irreparable prejudice ra,'oulcl exist on indictments returned by a grand in any case, but particularly exists in jury following trials before a petit ' Benimin J. Davis, Jr., holds ao eleoive office jury drawn and selected as herein in the-Cicy of Nry York st a mmber rf rhe Ciry Council. described in view of the considera- THE PEACE CAN BE WON! 2t

hard time after the great trial was co-operation as the basis for a ruc- I[e Peace Can Be tTon! over. The criminal in the dock was cessful world organization. Whcn not chastened. The mighty but just the relentless politics of imperialism angels came in collision with this rock upon by Josepl Oert prosecutor and all his assistant came home with what they had de- which the U.N. charter was founded, parted. As a matter of fact, things the debacle of Paris was one of the didn't end the way such a grand trial results. Ir rs wlv easy to dismiss the Unitcd cxactly why the Paris. meetings lcft usually does in the movies, comic A brief examination of the main Natione as a good idca gone wrong such a hangover irmong peoples pages, radio stories, and newspaper issues that came before the U.N. in and to write it off completely on the thirsting for peace. serials. Hardly was the refuse swept Paris bears out that simple conclu- basis of the recent Paris session of Every newspaper, movie newsreel, out of the Palais De Chaillot when- sion. We leave the main issue for last the Gencral Assembly and the Secu- radio receiver, in Palestinc gave hints of and school in the coun- -war -Germany. rity Council. Unfortunately, it is try exerted itself through the summer the "real thing"-but strangely it was Korea. The voting majority de- easy to do this because-using the and fall to misinform Americans British planes, not Russian, that cided to sanction cootinued U.S. charter of the U.N. as a criterion for about what was happening at the seemed to be messing around the military occupation of the Southern what is right or wrong with that or- U.N. The idea hammered home with Negev; half of Korea and to recognize a ganization-so much did go wrong the ruthless repctition wofthy of -war in Indonesia became the Korean puppet regime based on U.S. at Paris- "Harmonizing the actions Goebbels' propaganda was that a cruel and unrelenting aggression of military occupation forces, a regimc of nationc" gocs one phrase in the great trial r,vas taking place in Paris. a colonial power-but, stranger still, including those Korcans who had charter. But how could you even Russia was the criminal in the dock. the power wasn't Russia and the sided with the ]apanese during the hope for harmony when the U.N. In some mysterious manner, 6ght- weapons were American, not Polish war. All this was given a cloak of met to the tune o6- ing and troubles on the fabulous is- or Czech; legitimacy by continuation of the U.N. Temporary Commission on -an Arab invasion of Palestine- lands of Indonesia, on the hot sands -war in China turned the entire sanctioned when the Assembly voted of Palestine, in the cold plains of trial into a shambles; here nothing, Korea. down the Soviet proposal for the Manchuria, in the cra'ggy peaks of but nothing, went according to the But the Korean issue is a simple withdrawal of all foreign troops from Greece were all the fault of Russia. newspaper, movie newsreel, radio, one. All the newspapcrs in America Palestine; And a great Assembly of Nations and school conccption. can't convince the Korean people -thc continued military interven- was meeting as a tribunal in a beau- -And a few weeks after the ses- that they are narurally ordained to tion and instigation of civil war in tiful palace in Paris to end all these sion was ovcr, not the Soviet Union, live under military occupation. B€- Greece by American troqps-sancti- troubles. At this great Assembly the but the U. S. State Department fore the Paris session of the UN. 6ed by an Assembly majority; high and mighty prosecuror ap- wrote oIf the United Nations, sub- ever met, the Soviet Union proposed issue pointed stituting a North Atlantic military that its troops be withdrawn frorn -introduction of the German and anointed by God himself into the Security Council in direct was IJncle Sam, also known as John alliance for the covenant of the Northern Korea and that American cootradicdon to article ro7 of the Foster Dulles or George Marshall. United Nations. troops leave the South, charter which endorses the s€trle- The prosecuting attorney had many That very covenant was predicated What Korea needs is indepcnd- mcnt of thc peace treaties by the Big assistants, chief among whom were on the accord that the United Nations ence. Its own people should decide Four. such angels of pcace as diplomats would be the instrument for main- its own destinies. Under foreign mili- Beforc decidiag whether the go- from Great Britain, Holland, France, taining peace only if the five perma- tary occupation and dictation this is inp-on in the Palais De Chaillot Syria, Belgiuln, Greece, Turkey, ancl nent members of the Security Coun- obviously impossible. The last Soviet wrecked thc U.N. or rvhether that many other cherubs. cil were united against aggression, soldier left Korea during the Christ- organization can still hopc to "mail- But thc 6ame ncw$papcrs, movie with the principle of unanimiry and mas holidays, But the yoting majority tnin peacc and sccurity,' let's sce ncwsreelg radios, and rchools had a 22 POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE PEACE CAN BE WON! 23

in Paris decided that Korea should the Big Five during the coming year, atomic energy controls that worked and indirectly the Soviet [.Jnion, were remain divided into two parts and the majority voted to "study" the so mechanically at the Palais De condemned for not supporting the that U.S. troops should continue to question still more. fohn Foster Chaillot. And by "U-.N. ownership" Truman Doctrine. But then Presi- occupy the Southern half. Our land Dulles' speech was tantamount to a of atomic plants, socialist countries dent Truman himself officially an- and air forces were exceedingly busy declaration that as long as there was would be surrendering a vital ele- nounced the bankmptcy of his doc- in Southern Korea, building air strips a socialist Soviet Union he would see ment of their socialist economy to trine. tr{eporting on the Greek capable of accommodating the larg- to it that U.S. armaments were in- control by U.S. rnonopolists. rnilitary aid program, Truman ad- est bombers, and generally building creased, not curtailed. Palestine. As in the instance of mitted that there was a larger Peo- a remendous military base a few The same majority then rejected Korea, China, Greece, and Indonesia, ple's Ar-y fighting against the miles from Soviet boundaries. The a Soviet Ukrainian proposal on in- Palestine is plagued by foreign mili- monarcho - fascists than before the establishrnent of a people's govern- ternational atomic control. This plan tary intruders. Invading troops in U.S. had intervened. Using the Presi- ment in the North, however, gives called for the simultoneous signio.g Palestine are there in utter disregard dent's figures, we learn that it cost promise that Korea will take the of agreements for international con- of international law and of U.N. de- the American taxpayer $3o,ooo to kill path toward its own liberation, de- trol and inspection, and for the de- cisions. each Greek anti-fascist fighter. spite the efforts of the men striped in struction of all atom bombs. The U.S. military forces are in Pales- Germany. This issue did not come trousers in Paris. However, the sitrl- Baruch plan was endorsed again, prc. tine ostensibly as U.N. representa- before the Assembly, but before the ation does pose a grave responsibility cartel viding for an international tives. Israel must be freed from the Security Council, where it had as lit- for the American pmple. Much controlled by the U.S.-controlled vot- threat of intervention and aggression, tle place under the charter as it would bloodshed can be averted if the ing majority to take over the uranium and Palestine should consist of two have had in the Assembly. As Daily American people resources do their part to and ownership of atomic independent states, as was decided W orfter correspondent Staro- prevent the colonization Joseph of a heroic energ-y piles and plants all oyer the in the historic U.N. decision of No- bin wrote when the Berlin question people who fought against world. ]apanese vember ry, ry47. was brought before the U.N.: "The rule for three decades but who must While the Soviet delegation modi- But the dutiful voting majoritv re- Security Council is not going to settle still fight to unite and free their coun- ficd its stand on this issue, by sup- jected the Soviet proposal calling for the Berlin issue, and the men who try. porting simultaneous destruction of the withdrawal of all foreign troops brought that issue to the Council Disarmamenr. On this issue the the bomb and establishment of a from Palestine. The decision to estab- knew it." Assembly took a giant stride back- system U.N. of control and inspec- lish a "Conciliation Commission" The Berlin issue was brought be- ward compared with the first session tion, the State Department clung to consisting of Turkey, France, and fore the U.N. by the U.S. for two of the Assembly in Baruch New York. In its original position. This the United States was another blow principal reasons. First, because December 1946, the U.N. Assembly plan has been brilliantly analyzed in at Irsael. Both Turkey and France American imperialism sought, under unanimously voted for general re- a the recently-published book, Fem, voted with the aggressors on crucial all circun-rstances, to prevent the pos- duction of armaments arma- S. all War, and the Bomb, by P. M. questions concerning Palestine, while sibility of peaceful agreement. Sec- ments, including weapons- of mass Blackett, Nobei prize winner. Black- the U.S. sided with the British in ondly, because the State Departmer-rt destruction. In all lands that decision shows ett that adoption of the U.S. support of the Bernadotte plan which had long in advance planned to cre- was hailed as a great event. proposal on atomic energy would in would have deprived Israel of the ate a Berlin crisis in order, at the But the Paris voting majority re- efiect establish all the uranium and Negev, of Galilee, of Jerusalem. IJ.N. session, to Lrrand the U.S.S.R. versed that decision when confronted all the atomic energy plants in thc Greece. True to form, the military an "aggressor," to issue a U.N, ulti- with a proposal begin carrying under direct American to world control. intervention by U.S. troops was sanc- matlrm, and to press its present and out the 1946 resolution. Instead of By eliminating the Big Power una- tioned and the voting majority con- potential satellites into an anti-Soviet adopting the Soviet proposal for a nimity clause, the Baruch plan in- demned instead Albania, Bulgaria, war front. This strategy boomer- one-third cut in the armed forces of sures the same voting majority on and Yugoslavia. Greece's neighbors, anged. Marshall and Co. suffered a I 2+ POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE PEACE CAN BE WON! rnaior setback. Fearing the peace simultaneously and thus cut the knot The negotiations dragged on at can we learn about the attitudes of f,orces at horne, and faced by their of contention between the powers: Paris till once more, on November the ruling circles here regarding the deteriorating economic situation and all restrictions on com- r. Lifting r( a basis for agreement was reached possibility of the peaceful co-exist- political unccrtainty, the assorted sat- municarions, transportation, and but vetoed in Washington. Austral- cnce of the two systems-{aPitalisrn ellites were impelled to resist the commerce betwecn Berlin and the ian delegate and Assembly President and socialisml intensified U.S. pressure to war. Western Zones of Germany, as well Herbert V. Evatt and U.N. Secretary American imperialist spokesmen Hcnce, when the issue came up, as transport and trade to the Sovict General Trygve Lie proposed that are waging a strenuous ideological evcn many members of the club of Zone. the Big Four undertake peace talks campaign to shift the onus for war- thc voting majority found that thc z. Unifying Berlin's currency on and negotiations regarding Berlin mongering from Wall Street where, only way the Berlin issue could be the basis of the German Mark of the and Germany. Vishinsky replied that by the facts, it rests, to the Soviet .solved was through Big Power nego Soviet Zone, this to be carried out his government agreed to such talks. Union. Thc article by a State De- tiations-that is, in precisely the man- under the supervision of the four Hc told Evatt and Lie: "The Soviet partment representative signing him- decided upon the occupying powers Berlin. ner during war by in government also shares your point of self "Historicus" in the January is- the United States, the Soviet lJnion, On October 25, thc United States, view regarding thc importance of sue of Foreign Affairs is among the and Britain. Security Council Presi- Britain, and France rejected the Bra- personal contact and mutual confi- latest eflmts in this demagogic cam- dcnt ]uan Atilio Bramuglia of Ar- muglia-Vishinsky agreement. dence among the heads of the powers paign. "Historicus" labors in the gentina assumed the role of mediator Why was this agreement the natu- in the improvement of relations." vineyard of Marxist-I-eninist litere- among the Big Four on the Berlin ral solution for the impasse in Bcr- On the same day that Vishinsky ture in a vain eflort to "prove" that issue. While it was far from his in- lin ? Because the introduction o[ the ma& this reply, President Truman the socialist state and the capitalist tention, Bramuglia's efforts exposed Western Zone Mark into Berlin prc- told reporters that he was rejecting countries cannot live at peace to- the U.S. attempts to use the United cipitated the crisis and led to the peace talks among the Big Four. He gether. But, for all its trappings of Nations as a club against the Sovict Soviet restrictions on transportation took the occasion to reaftrm his sup- "scholarship" and "objectivity," this Union on this issue. Bramuglia pro- and communication with the West- port of Marshall's cold-war policies. piece is but another sordid attemPt ceeded Zones. to draft proposals, not for ern Establishing two curren- What must be noted, however, is that to justify the present foreign policy consideration by the Security Coun- cies in one city was as vicious as it there is something new and encour- of the American capitalist class-to cil, but for approval by the Big Four. was absurd. It would wreck the econ- aging in the situation. The indecent justify the cold war, and to thro,w Each time, the State Department omy of the city and would make as hastc with which U.S. imperialism the blame for conflict in the world managed to extricate sensc itself from such much as the circulation of was driving to the showdown of a today on the forces of socialism and a terrible eventuality. The crisis con- British pounds and American dol- "shooting war" strengthened the democracy. More than that, it is an tinued and agreement was prevented lars as legal tender in the ciry of possibilities of a rift in the war camp. effort to rationalize Wall's Street not bcfore many people who Chicago. The conditions were facilitated for drive for world domination as a pol- do-but not live by our newspapers, radios, Bramuglia did not have to be a negotiated peaceful agreement on the icy "forced upon us" by the Soviet newsreels, Solomon and schools saw more to devise a plan providing basis of co-operation of a number of Union. clearly than ever who wanted agree- for a simultaneous action that would European capitalist states with the But, cutting through all the cal- ment.on Germany and who wanted remove the immediate causes of fric- U.SS.R. for ending the cold war, for urnnies, distortions, and falsifications a erlsrs. between tion the powers in Berlin. making advances toward peace. that are the stock-in-trade of bour- On 24, October Bramuglia came up Rejection of that proposal on Octo- In summary, the Paris meetings of geois "studies" of Soviet policy, the a compromise with proposal on Ber- ber z5 placed the onus for the Berlin the United Nations became another most diligent research serves only to lin, which was agreed to by Soviet crisis on those who prefer crisis to episode in the cold war. What light confirm the unswerving confidence representative Andrei Vishinsky. solutions, cold war to agreements, does this cast on the overwhelming of the Soviet leaders in the possibility This agreement provided two things war to Peace. issue of the day: war or peace? What of the peaceful co-existence of the 26 POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE PEACE CAN BE WON! two systems-a position that is vali- Can we expcct the actions of this icy that evolved under Truman rep- the unprecedented budget in which dated in the proven peace policy of world organization to be sufficiently resented the open abrogation of those President Truman proposed a 50 per- the U.S.S.R. effective? They will be efiective if the wartime agreements. Senator Arthur cent ($zr,ooo,ooo,ooo) expenditure for great powers which have borne the It is this principled peace policy Vandenberg admitted as much when war, indicated that policy in Wash- brunt of the war against Hitler-Ger- of the socialisr state which led Stalin he said he "never to ington was running counter to the many continue to act in a spirit of una- would return to declare on November r944t peace promises made during the elec- 6, nimity and accord. They will not bc Yalta." The history of the German question then became shameful tion campaign. To win the war against Germany eflective if this essendal condition is a really prove is to accomplish a great historical task. violated. race to convert Germany into an "Historicus" and Co. But vrinning the war is not in itself arsenal and military base for an ever- one thing-that the peaceful cotxist- The late President Roosevelt was expanding American imperialism. ence of the two systems is endangered na- must firm in his belief that the U.N. The wars in China, Indonesia, Pales- because aggressive imperialism is the Power il? rest on the principle of Big tine, and Greece became expressions warmaker. But war is not inevitable. der unanimity and co-operation. As El- of that world-wide expansion which There can be peace, but it will be Roosevelt notes his of new aggression and new war impos- liott in record* uses war as a continuation of the pol- because the forces of anti-imperialism sible, not forever the Yalta conference, was F.D.R. if rhen at least for a it itics of capitalist exploitation here and peace, of democracy and social- long time to come. . . . who was responsible for the U.N. and throughout the world. ism the world over, are daily growing Well, what means are there to pre- clause. "The solu- unanimity ("veto") And the North Atlantic military stronger and are capable of checking clude fresh aggression on Germany's tion of the dilemma," Elliott Roose- alliance proclaimed by the State De- the war incendiaries. Therein lies part, and, if war should start neverthe- velt wrote, "posed by this procedural less, to nip it in the partment was a fist punched through the hope for the future of the United bud and give it no question was Father's. The Big opportunity to develop into a big warl the charter of the United Nations. Nations, for a future of peace. Threg plus China and France, must There is only one means to thls end, This military alliance, along with in addition to the complete disarma- agree unanimously, so said the solu- ment of the aggressive nations: that is, tion, before the world organization to establish a special organization made can take economic or military action against an aggressor." The steady deterioration of Ameri- can-Soviet relations since the forma- tion of the U.N. in ry45 can be traced directly to the violation of the prin- posal of the directing body this of or- ciple of Big Power co-operation. As ganization, and to obligate this organi- "'Whatever fate may bdall the great Chinese republic against which soon as the united Nations was zatr'ol to employ these armed forces various 'civilized' hyenas are now sharpening their teeth, no power in the transformed without delay if it becomes necessary into a convenient cloak world will re-establish serfdom in Asia, or wipe out the heroic democ- to avert or stop aggression and punish for covering Western political and racy of the masses of the people in Asiatic and semi-Asiatic countries.' the culprits. military alliance, it could no longer This must not be a repetition of the serve in the spirit of its charter. The V. I. Lenin, in Mar*Engcl*Mancisn. ill-starred League of Nations which had so

demagogy has ternporarily misled the Un-American Committee, must considerable sections of the masses, be the people's increased resistance The Struggle For the Linuolm tleritage the people are definitely opposed t

the South. For this group, chattel block to further progress. And it was to sign the Emancipation Proclama- view of the interrelationship between slavery was a great obstacle to the Lincoln who best represented the tron. the military and political aspects of further development of the newer coalition that was forged in the com- In England, Karl Marx and his the war is what enabled him to pro- means of production, to the spread of mon struggle for the abolition of followers played a prominert role pose a battle plan fully a year before machine production. the slave system. in preventing British and West Eu- the Federal armies adopted it. For the working class being born In its early stages, Lincoln waged ropean intervention on behalf of the Nor should it be forgotten that in the Northern factories, and inter- the war against the slave states with slavocracy by conducting mass agita- American Communists, far from be- ested in improving its lot, in organ- the limited aim of preserving the tion in support of the war against ing falsely branded and hounded as izing and struggling for better work- Union. As late in the ionflict a; Au- slavery and by mobilizing the work- "foreign agents" or "conspirators ing and living conditions, and ulti- gust24 1862, he could write (to Hor- ers in mass protest actions. At. the- plotting the overthrow of the govern- mately for a better society, Negro ace Greeley) : same time, Marx pressed for a turn 1n6n1"-xg is the current vogue slavery in the South was a heavy from the purely constitutional wag- among the real enemies of the nation, millstone weighing down its further . . . My paramount object in this ing of the war by the North, to the the men of the trusts-were oficially struggle is to save the Union, and is development, or ganization, and strug- waging of a reuolutionary ,ao.t'for the recognized as having performed out- not either to save or to destroy slavery. gles. The working class readily un- uprooting of slavery. standing services for the preservation . . . What I do about slavery and the derstood the truth rhe ut- of the Union, the defeat of the slave in words colored race, I do because I believe it Lincoln's Proclamation of Eman- power, and the extension democ- tered by Lincoln in March of 186o: helps to save the Union; and what I for- cipation, issued on ]anuary r, 1863, of racy. "If you give up your convictions and bear, I forbear because I do not believe was a coalition document, fought for, Symbolic of the acknowledged call slavery right . . . you let slavery it would help to save the Union. from the beginning of the conflict, by contributions of the Marxists to the in upon you. Instead of white labor- the most advanced sections of the Northern cause is Lincoln's commis- At the same time, however, he reas- ers who can strike, you'll soon have antislavery coalition. sioning of Joseph Weydemeyer, a sured Greeley that: ". I intend black laborers who can't." . . The contributions of the Commu- leading American Marxist, as briga- no modification of my oft-expressed Lincoln himself stemmed from nists were not limited to the po- dier general, following his service as personal wish that ,il *..r'.r..y- the class of farmers, small store- litical sphere. As early as March 27, commandant of the St. Louis mili- where could be free." keepers, and small traders. This class, 1862, writing on the military aspects tary district; and also the commis- Lincoln's early reluctance, too, was fettered by the "mon- as dis- of the struggle, Marx noted in bril- sioning as general, in 186z, of August played in this letter, to pursue a rev- strous injustice of slavery itself" liant fashion that "Georgia is the Willich, who had been a prominent olutionary course, was reflected con- member (Lincoln). Slave production meant key to Secessia South]," and of the Communist League cretely by the acceptance within his [the for the death of agriculture conducted by proceeded to outline an audacious which Marx and Engels wrote the political coalition of the border slave- free men, it placed distinct limits on plan for the conquest of Georgia Communist Manilesto. holders in Maryland and Missouri. the growth of commerce. The growth which was designed to split the But he learned-both from BASIS and spread of plantation farming the war Confederacy in two. This was, in THE OF LINCOLN'S itself and from the Abolitionists and GREATNESS based on slave labor signified an end outline, the plan which General to the frontier, to the free lands in Communists who pressed for an Sherman later executed, there\ re- Lincoln was well-fitted for his tasks the West available to farmers faced Emancipation Proclamation. ducing the Civil War to a mopping- as leader of the anti-slavery coalition. with exhausted soil and domineering The Negro leader Frederick Doug- up campaign. But Sherman's march Despite his middle-class hesitarions, cities springing up in their midst. lass, by his untiring work in the could be undertaken only after the he matured politically and person- For all of progressive humanity, Abolitionist movement and his re- political line of the war had changed ally in the course of struggle. His interested in the extension of democ- cruitment of Negro regiments for from one of merely saving the Union unwillingness to compromise with racy, of civil rights, of science; edu- the Federal armies, was an important to one of saving the Union by abol- the slave power against the national cation, and culture, slavery was the figure in Lincoln's coalition. Doug- ishing slavery. Marx's dialectical interest made his transition to the central issue of the dan the road- lass did much to influence Lincoln 40 POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE STRUGGLE FOR THE LINCOLN HERITAGE 4r revolu_tionary form of struggle in- pathy, outside of the family relation, where. One o[ the reasons whv am evitable. I shouid be one uniting all working opposed to slavery is just here. ' Five years before he was elected tcr people, of all nations, and tongues, ttre Presidency, Let those apologists of the bor.rr- Lincoln wrore (to and kindreds." George Robertson) : "Experience geoisie who whined when the people has Lincoln's interchange of correspon- demonstrated, think, labelled Taft-Hartleyism as i slive I that there is dence with Karl Marx and the Inter- no peaceful extinction labor set-up, take no e of Lincoln's of slavery in national Workingmen's Association prospect for us." intimate linking up of the rights of is well known. Through the U.S. In the same letter, Lincoln criti- labor with freedom from slavery. Ambassador to Britain he not only Again, these cized the compromisers, among in days, when official thanked the International, but wel- whom he named Henry ship of the working class, the stature representatives of the U.S. imperialist Clay, for comed the political seeking and hoping for "gradual of Lincoln as a great democratic supporr rendered government cynically requesI the the Union cause by emancipation": leader must be seen, not only with Communists and Dutch imperialists to remove IJ.S. European relation to his role in 'the struggle workers. labels from the weapons used to When we were the political slaves against slavery, but also in terms of Lincoln was not a Socialist, but his drench Indonesian soil rvith the blood of King George, and wanted to be free, great social his outspoken declarations on such insight and his kinship of patriots struggling for their ry76, we called the maxim that "all men are questions as with the toiling people from whom it is fitting to recall that Lincoln created equal," a self-evident truth, but the rights of labor to strike, to organize, and to struggle he sprang were such as to enable wrote: "That it is the right of any him for a better life; the rights of the to tell Congress (in his annual people, sufficiently numerous for na- foreign born and defense against message of December'3, 186r): tional independence, to throw ofi, to revolutionize, their persecution; the right of the their existing form of T,abor is prior evident lie." enslaved to, and independent of, government, and to establish such colonial peoples to revolt; capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, other in its stead as they rnay choose." the right of the Negro people to and could never have existed ln comlnenting upon the "utter- if labor (Written in r}5z, shortly'after the ances vote; and the inalienable right of the had not first existed. Labor is the supe- of Lincoln in which he reso- arrival in this colrnrry of Louis Kos- people to change their system of gov- rior of capital, and deserves much [he lutely declares thar he will not devi- suth, leader of the ernment when they so desire. higher consideration. Hungarian revolu- from his [pre- tion of 1848, In the early days of the formation this was part of a reso- ion [dated Sep- lution prepared of the Republican Party, Lincoln de- by Lincoln for a Marx quoted a meeting held nounced the Know-Nothing move- iri behalf of Hungarian as follows: freedom.) ment, which was conducting a vi- The tragic death He [Lincoln]-observes The Morn- cious, chauvinist .crusade against im- of Lincoln at the ing Star with justice-has by successive migrants. Unlike Truman, Lincoln hands of an unreconstructed Dixie- exhibitions of firmness, taught the did not order his Attorney-General crat assassin occurred before the world to know adoption him as a slow but solid to start deportation proceedings of the r3th, r4th, and r5th man who advances with excessive cau- I am glad to see that a sysrem of labor Amendments against revolutionary democrats like to the Constitutibn. tion, but does not go back. Each step prevails in New England under which Nonetheless. Carl Schurz- he appointed such men the deeply democratic of his administrative career has been in laborers can strike when they want to, sentimenrs and ideals of the "rail- the right to government posts. Lincoln, the where they are not obliged direction and has been stoutly to work splitter" on the subject of Negro maintained. Starting from the resolu- great patriot, did not fear the appella- under all circumstances, and are not rights were expressed as early ar rBjz, tion to exclude slavery from the terri- tion "internationalist." He told a tied down and obliged to labor whether 'free in his words ttr a group of tories, he has come within sight of the committee from the New York Ylu pay them or not! I like the system Ne- groes in Cincinnati: ulterior result of all anti-slavery move- Workingmen's Association that: which lets a man quit when he wants ments-its extirpation from the whole "The strongest bond of human sym- to, and wish it might prevail every- . . . AIl legal distinction between in- THE STRUGGLE FOR THE LINCOLN HERITAGE 43 42 POLITICAL AFFAIRS our country, acquiesced the that the capitalist class has long for- dividuals of. the same community, Macio Snipes, who sought to vote, who in as place as leader founded in any such circumstances as and of countless other innocent men, death of the F.E.P.C.--campaign feited its political in the Truman's the cause integrity and color, origin, and the like, are hostile women, and children, occupies his defender of civil rights! of national Barkley, the nation's progress. to the genius of our institutions, and time hounding Communists, trade running mate, Alvin W. imcompatible history of now Vice-President, joined year This was already made mani- with the true unionists, and other progressives. last fact American liberty. Slavery and oppres- Truman's "loyalty order" intimidates in sponsoring a Dixiecrat bill in the fest in the cynical Hayes-Tilden com- sion must cease, or American liberty Senate for freezing Jim Crow in promise of fi76, which crystallized must perish. government workers, demanding their views on the subject of equal Southern schools. the abandonment by the bourgeoisie I embrace, with pleasure, this oppor- Contrast, can, spectre have to rights for Negroes. His F.B.I. agents if you the of of any intentions it may had tunity of declaring my disapprobation Communism which stalks throrrgh uproot the plantation system, which of that clause of the,Constitution which persecute Negro post office employees and haunts Truman's Inaugural Ad- course alone could create the material denies to a portion of the colored peo- and other government workers who dress 2c., 1949, the basis for implementing the r3th, r4th, ple the right of sufirage. are fighting to realize an equal rights of January with True Democracy makes no inquky program nocu. Instead of invoking shining statement of the right of the and r5th Amendments in real life. about the color of the skin, or place of the r4th Amendment, which calls for people to agitate and work for a After the Civil War, the newly- nativity, or any other similar circum- "supremacist" appointees, Truman better society which permeated Abra- arising monopoly capitalists entered stances of condition. I regard, there- countenances the attempt to jail Eu- ham Lincoln's first Inaugural Ad- into a firm alliance with the South- peo- rulers keep subju- fore, the exclusion of the colored gene Dennis, the bold challenger of dress of 186r: ern Bourbon to in ple as a body tlte electiue gation, in a state of peonage and from franchise the whole rotten system. This country, with its institutions, as incompatible uith true democratic fim-Crow semi-slavery, the millions of Negroes And under the President's direction, belongs to the people who inhabit it. principles. (My emphasis-A.W.B.) who had achieved their liberation on Tom Clark secures from a Jim Crow- Whenever they shall grow weary of the These ringing words were uttered empaneled Grand ]ury the uncon- existing government, they can exercise Paper. amending Wall Street pays the piper and calls one hundred and seven years ago. stitutional indictments designed to si- their constitutional right of their revolutionary right dis- the tune in the South. The goateed Yet what is the shameful reality of lence the voice of the Communist it, or to member or overthrow it. slavemaster on the cotton plantation the present day ? Millions of Negroes Party, the champion of Negro rights, has given way to the absentee mort- in the South trive under a constant the leader in the struggle against fas- MONOPOLIES NEW gagee and land shark in the plushy reign of terror, of force and violence cism and imperialist war. The pres- LORDS OF THE PLANTATION offices of Northern corporations. The if you please, designed to prevent ence among the indicted Communist The military victory won by the plantation hells-where cotton profits them from exercising their funda- leaders of Henry Winston and Ben- North achieved the abolition of the are sweated from unpaid Negro la- mental Constitutional right to the jamin Davis, true sons of the ]. Jr., institution of chattel slavery. But the bor-are owned by the sleek in- ballot. The poll tax is still the law of Negro people and valiant fighters for economic basis which underlay surance executives of Metropolitan the land in the South. Mr. Truman's full Negro freedom, is not a mattetof that institution-the plantation sys- Life and by the Morgan and Dixiecrat partners in imperialist pi- accident, but a fact in the /ogrc of the tem-was left intact after Lincoln's Rockefeller banks. And it is these racy sit in the House, in the Senate, situation created by the bipartisan death. And is this plantation sys- same robber barons, bloated with four and in his Cabinet, in flagrant vio- drive toward war and fasciim un- it tem which is the source of strength billions in super-profits derived from lation of the r4th Amendment. His leashed by the Presidenr and his monopoly oppression, who are norv Attorney-General, that Bourbon- Administration. for those forces today-the Jim-Crow capitalists and their Southern part- feverishly militarizing the country minded Southern gentleman, Tom With what shameless hypocrisy, white "supremacy" rule- and arming their reactionary allies Clark, instead of tracking down the then, did Harry Truman-who by ners in which dam up the streams of na- throughout the world in their efiort Ku Klux Klan gangsters who are the stroke of a pen could abolish seg- tional progress. to become global emperors. responsible for the cold-blooded mur- regation in the armed forces and end Today, eighty-four years after the For Forrestal, Vandenberg, Taft, der of the young Negro veteran, all discrimination in the capital of death of Lincoln, it is patently clear Dulles, and Harriman and Co., who

-! 44 POLITICAI AFFAIRS THE STRUGGLE FOR THE LINCOLN HERITAGE 45 national oppression of the Negro ers, the labor movement is frittering people. away its heritage and binding be- Labor followed Lincoln and sup- hind its back its "strong black arm" ported Emancipation because the without which there can be no final elimination of slavery meant the victory. It was the need for that growth of the labor movement and strong black arm which led the Lin- the creation of a more favorable coln coalition to turn the Civil War arena within which the workers from a purely constitutional war could fight for their immediate de- into an anti-slavery war, a demo- tionally has branded its brow with Northern coupon clippers. mands and advance to higher stages cratic revolution. the word VICHY. Nor should we overlook the "re- of struggle. Carrying forward the Lincoln tradition in the present situa- THE CONTINLIING LINCOLN tion demands of the working class TRADITION that it come forward as leading force The Lincoln tradition is alive in in the democratic coalition of the the Progressive Party, which chal- people in the fight against the drive lenges the modern monopoly con- of the men of t}te trusts toward war spiracy to tear up the Bill of Rights and fascism. But such leadership is no and destroy all freedom in America more possible while travelling in the and throughout the world. wake of Red-baiting monopolists It took a political party unwilling Throughout the Bunche as assistant the Truman country, the Ne- to than would Lincoln's victory have to compromise with slavery to push gro people are rising Administration charting the im- to their re- in been possible with a battle plan America forward in the r85o's and handed him by Confederate generals. r86o's. In today's social context, *re Van Bittner, leader of the C.I.O.'s need is for a mass party oriented "Operation Dixie," addressing a toward an uncompr-omiiing fight C.I.O. organizing conference in At- against the heirs of slavery and the lanta, Georgia, on January 8, pussy- preserves of its decadent plantation replying with wholesale labor leadership. of a program ized Instead footed on the Negro question and remnants. The Progressive Party of philanthropy. Rockefellers, fighting against educa- The ]im-Crow ducked the fight against the Ku Klux represents the beginnings of this conspicuously absent in the fight tion in the North and South, the KIan. He was brazen, however, in type of party, an inheritor of the tra- against Crow Jim in education, are officialdom of organized labor still advancing the N.A.M.-bred line of dition of Lincoln's third party. Wal- o College lerled Negro union-splitting through Red-baiting. lace's anti-Jim-Crow tour through Northern He declared that "there is no place the South last year served to arouse in this campaign [the Sotrthern or- the Negro people and Southern pro. ?::?:Ti: 5:,,'xl iffi; ganizing drive] for a single, solitary gressives to a level of political strug- a memorial to Booker T. Washing- who speak on February the rz of Communist." So it can be assumed gle not equalled since Reconstruction ton, as part of the dissemination Lincoln tradition are fashioners of the that Dixiecrat and anti-Negro em- days. And it is to the lasting shame the philosophy that the Negro can of the secondline of dbfense for the ployers now can "trust" the leaders of'the majority of ofrcial labor lead- fare well under Crow. Still modern slavemasters. the best Jim an- To of of Southern labor not to harm their ers that they were either silent or other group, which includes their abilities, converting such they are Crow racket. But by being openly hostile to Wallace while he imperialists as V. Forrestal, the labor movement into an adjunct Iim /ames "trustworthy" to Southern employ- was the butt of Southern missle- Winthrop Aldrich, Henry Luce, etc., of frnance capital with its Jim-Crow 46 POLITICAL AFFAIRS

hurlers instigated by reacuon leaders are now on trial, victims of throughout the country. the traducers of the Lincoln tradi- The Triumph 0f Mitchurin Biological Science tion. The Lincoln tradition is not dead. by l. Laptev It cannot be forever distorted by the enomies of everything for which Lincoln stood. It lives in the strug- promise of Reconstruction - the gles of the American people against [During the summer of 1948, there lackey to Wall Sffeet was Professor Wall Street for the political control crcurred an event of enormous sig- H. ]. Muller's shar-neful obeisance, of the country's destinies. It lives in nificance for the Soviet people, who on the front page of a prominent the large body of organized workers are systematically advancing toward "literary" journal, to the warmon- who are daily fighting to pull the Communism, as well as for world gering corrupters of science and sci- labor movement from the opportun- science. We refer to the session of entists. In its reply to Muller's letter ist mire of pro-monopoly politics. It the Lenin All-Union Academy of of resignation from the Academy of dema_nds the national liberation of lives in the heroic struggle which Agricultural Science, which regis- Sciences of the U.S.S.R., the Presi- the Negro people, their right to the the Negro people are waging for tered great progress toward the ful- dium of that body aptly stated: land, and their right to relf determi- their second Emancipation. It lives in fillment of Engels' scientific forecast nation-in the central area of their the Communist Party of the United of the historic significance of Social- It is amazing that Professor Muller centuries-long oppression, the planta- States, the Party of Socialism, clear- ist emancipation: rises not against the utilization of scien- tion Black Belt. est voice against the exploitation and ti6c achievements by American imperi- Because the Communist Party, oppression of capitalism, and uncom- . . . Man finally cuts himself off from alism with the objeet of rrnass annihila- wi-th an unequivocal program, fighis promising fighter for Negro libera- the animal world, leaves the conditions tion of people and cultural values, but valiantly for full Negro freedom, its tion. of animal existence behind him and against the Mitchurinian biology which enters conditions which are really hu- seeks to improve with the utmost speed man. The conditions of existence form- the well-being of the people. . . . ing man's environment, which up to The Academy of Sciences of thi now have dominated man, at this point U.S.S.R. parts without any feeling of ex-member pass under the dominion and control of regret with its who has be- interests man, who now for the 6rst time be- trayed the of real science and joined comes the real conscious master of na- openly the camp of the enemies ture, because and in so far as he has of progress and science, peace and de- mocracy, become master of his social organization (Social*m: Utopian and Scientific). lPolitical Affairs is pleased to pre- They could not of course sell them, but they retained the power to sent, on the occasion of the English starve t}rem to death, and wherever this power is held, there is the [The ideological running dogs of power of slavery." imperialism everywhere, particularly translation of T. D. Lysenko's in the United States and England, speech,* the following article which have seized upon this occasion (as appeared in Prauda, September rr, From the Emancipation Addrcss they have upon so many others) to ry48.*x-The Editors.l by Frederick Douglass (Washington, 1888). rrnleash a renewed campaign of anti- * Tro6m Lysenko, TDe Science ol Biology To Soviet, anti-Socialist calumny, in da1. lnretnariooal Publishers, New York, 1948, 62 pp., 25 cents. r which no tale is too fantastic to cir- r This mnslatioo is republished, with 1rermis sion, from Soaie, Prert Tratd4tiqu, December 15, oulate. An example of scientist turned 1948. 47 iu 48 POLITICAL AFFAIRS TRIUMPH OF MITCHURIN BIOLOGICAI SCIENCE 49 (On the publication of the book the laws of the origin and develop- tr,ansformer of nature, and the reac- eternal, natural lawr" to the eflect Tbe State of Biological Science. ment of life, is one of the important tionaryr idealistic, represented by the that living beings multiply more rap- Stenographic Record of the session elements of the natural seientific W ci sm ann (Mendel-Morgan) school, idly than the quantity of food at of the V. I. Lenin AII-Union Acad- basis of the Marxist-Leninist world founded by Weismann, the German their disposal permits. In this way ecry of Agricultur.al Sciences, from outlook. In this science an biologist; the monk Mendel, an Aus- he explained the impoverishment of July 31 to August 7, 1948. OGIZ field of 19481 536 pp. price: intense ideological struggle is in trian biologist; and Morgan, the the working class under conditions -Sellrhozgiz,12 rubles, 200r0OO copies.) progress between materialism and American biologist. of capitalism. idealism on questions .pertaining to The history of biological science This Malthusian scheme, which We have before us a bulky, beauti- knowledge and the changing world. has always been an arena for ideo- Darwin borrowed in order to explain fully printed scientific work. This is Biology is immediately bound up Iogical struggle. Charles Darwin the struggle for existence in naturg the Stenographic Record of the ses- with the solution of the historic prob. (rBo9-r882) laid down the principles radically contradicted the material- sion of the Lenin All-Union Acad- lem of creating an abundance of o[ scientifrc biology in his work Tle istic principles of his own doctrine. emy of Agricultural Sciences. The products in our country. Origin of the Species, published in But Darwin was unable to free him- Record contains a report by Acade- The Stenographic Record of thc 1859. With his theory of natural and self from the errors he admitted. mician T. D. Lysenko on "The State session is of enormous scientific value. artificial selection, Darwin gave a sci- They were revealed and pointed out of Biological Science," and complete The profound theoretical report by endfic explanation of the origin and by the classical writers of Marxism. stenographic accounts of the discus- T. D. Lysenko and the detailed development of life and thereby re- The reactionary biologists made sion on this report. Taking part in comments by Mitchurin scientists futed the idealistic and theological every effort to discard the material- the debates were fifty-six participants have breathed new life into ou1 sci- explanation, which had prevailed up istic elements of Darwinism, and, in the session of the Academy-reg- ence. The report and the comments to his time, of the origin of plants, conversely, to develop the erroneous ular members of the Academy, scien- on it sum up many years of theoreti- animals, and man himself. The classic aspects of Darwinian theory, based ti6c workers from agricultural and cal stiuggle between the Mitchurin- writers of Marxism-Leninism set a on the Malthusian scheme of over- scientific research institutes, profes- ites and the Weismannites, as well high value on this contribution of population, sors of agricultural colleges and bio- as the practical achievements of pro- Darwin. "While setting a high value gle within logical institutes, agronomists, mech- gressive Mitchurin biological science. on the importance of the Darwinian lowing ther anization experts, and managerial The record not only enriches the theory," says T. D. Lysenko, "the fortunately, personnel from the Ministry of Agri- reader's understanding with the most classical writers of Marxism at the Weismannism and Morganism culture of the USSR and the Ministry recent discoveries in one of the most same time pointed out the errors ad- I. I. Schmalhausen, B. M. Zavadov-- lor Sor\hozi of the USSR. important fields of natural science, mitted by Darwin. The Darwinian sky, A. R. Zhebrak, N. P. Dubinin, The session of the Lenin All-Union but testifies graphically to the enor- theory, while indisputably material- and others. Truckling to the reaction- Academy bf Agricultural Sciences mous role that science plays in the istic in its basic features, contains a ary biologists, they propagated the was one of the major events in the building of communism when this number of substantial errors. Thus, doctrines of the latter and were ideological life of the Soviet people. science serves the people. for example, it was a serious blunder guided by these doctrines in their The report by Academician T. D. In his report, Academician T. D. I when Darwin introduced reactionary own scientific work. Lysenko and the numerous state- Lysenko has shown the existence of t Malthusian ideas into his theory of The founders of reactionary, ideal- ments by our scientists on the subject sin cvolution side by side with material- istic biology, proclaiming themselves of this report elicited enormous inter- and istic principle. In our time this seri- as "Neo-Darwinists," completely de- est from the scientific public, practi- the ous blunder is being made worse nied, in efiect, the materialistic side cal workers in socialist agriculture, its by reactionary biologists." of Darwinism and dragged idealism and Party workers. This is quite un- founder, I. V. Mitchurin, the out- The English parson, Malthus, prop- and mctaphysics into biology. derstandable. Biology, as a siience of standing Soviet naturalist and great agated the reactionary idea of "an Reactionary, idealistic biology is TRIUMPH OF MITCHURIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 5r 5o POLITICAL AFFAIRS . . . the influence of the war upon representatives of Russian biological based on a denial of the efiect of en- and to the recognition of a divine chromosome changes in fruit flies! science. The outstanding Darwinian vironment on the development of the principle in the origin of plants and The pseudo-scientific character of biologists, I. L Metchnikov, I. M. organism and on a denial of the in- animals. For example, the physicist, Weismannism-Morganism is further- Setchenov, A. N. Severtsov, and, in heritance of the features and charac- E. Schrodinger, applauding theWeis- more to be found in the fact that it particular K. A. Timiryaze\' waged teristics acquired by plants and ani- mann theory in his book What Is denies the possibility of consciously an irreconcilable struggle against re- mals under the infuence of changing Life the Vieutpoint of Physics?, from planned infuence upon the develop- actionary biology in all its various conditions of life. came to the concltxion: pri- ". . . A ment of plant and animal organisms. forms, while defending and develop- The Weismannites regard the body vate, individual soul is equal to an But a science that does not offer clear ing Darwinism. as isolated from the environment in omnipresent and omniscient soul." perspectives and practice the power I. V. Mitchurin, the great trans- which it exists. They divide the liv- This conclusion, he says, is ". . the of orientation and certainty in achiev- former of nature, Iaid the founda- ing organism in a mechanical fash- most that can be ofiered by the biolo- ing a set goal is unworthy of being tions for a new school of biologY, ion into two basically difierent enti- gist who attempts to prove at one called a science. legitimately named after him the ties: the inherited substance in the stroke both the existence of God and The idea of the independence of Mitchurin school. Mitchurin biologi- nucleus (genes, chromosomes), which the immortality of the soul." not If the organism's inherited character- cal science is the most advanced and according to their theory is the bearer all the adherents Weismannism of istics from the conditions of the en- progressive biological scielce, because of heredity, and the body, which is and Morganism speak so frankly, vironment has led the Weismann- it has dialectical materialism as its supposed to have no relation to they only exhibit their inconsistency. Morganites to the assertion that char- firm foundation, the all-conquering heredity. Unequipped comprehen- with a acteristics due to heredity are de- power of which has been verified by They regard the inherited sub- sion of the laws of the animate world, pendent upon accident. It was not the entire experience of history, in stancesLalcc as immortal,lrnlltortal, as never repro- the Weismann-Morganites have been by accident that I. V. Mitchurin all fields of the social sciences and ducing itself, while the living body is powerless to offer anything the in called Mendel's laws "pea-brained." in the natural sciences. "Dialectical only the repository, the culture me- way of methods for its rransforma- The Weismann - Morganites look materialism," writes Comrade Stalin, dium. T. D. Lysenko has exposed rion. characteristic A feature of re- upon animate nature as a chaos of "is the philosophy of life of the Marx- these reactionary views and has sub- actionary biology is its divorce from accidents and unrelated phenomena. ist-Leninist Party. It is called dia- jected them to minute and scientifi- practice and the requirements from But a science that does not recognize lectical materialism because its ap- cally founded criticism. He points and demands of the people. T. D. the laws of nature yields its place in proach to natural phenomena, its out: Lysenko has shown the sterility and the comprehension of the latter . . . method of investigating natural phe- worthlessness practical An immortal hereditary substance, of the and to Providence. It does not equip prac- nomena, and its method of compre- theoretical independent of the qualitatiue peculiar- work of the Weismann- tical workers in the struggle for the hending these phenomena is dialec- ites by the example of of ities ol the deuelopment ol the liaing the work transformation of the world. As a tical, while its interpretation of Professor body; controlling the perishable body, N. P. Dubinin, Corre- result it becomes fortune-seeking and natural phenomena, its conception of bu, not produced by it-such is Weis- sponding Member of the Academy of quackery. "We must steadily keep natural phenomena and its theory mann's conception, openly idealistic Sciences of the USSR, who "labored" in mind rhat science is the enemy of are materialistic." The report by and mystical in its essence, which he for many years to ascertain the dif- accidents," says T. D. Lysenko, re- AcademicianT. D. Lysenko on "The brought forward in the guise of a dis- ferences between the cell nuclei of cussion of "Neo-Darwinism." calling one of the basic theses of Science of Biology Today" is a clear fruit flies in the city and in the coun- Marxism-Leninism. example of the application of dialec- try. During These idealistic views of the Weis- the war, when Soviet sci- The consistent defense and devel- tical materialism in the struggle maeniteo and Morganites led them enti ing all their opment of the materialistic principles against reactionary and idealistic the- to the id6a of the incomprehensibility effo our people's of Darwinism represent tlte enor- ories in biology, in the comprehen- of the i$frierited substance, to a denial stru man usurpers, mous contribution of the progressive sion of the laws of development of of the laws of development of life, this investigaling TRIUMPH OF MITCHURIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 52 POLITICAL AFFAIRS 53 the animate world, and in its active The mutated tyPe ol deueloPment is, only been purged of faults and errors, gle for an increased yield of agricul- transformation. thus, the original source ol changc has not only been raised to a higher tural crops. The theory of the devel- Mitchurin biological science pro- in heredity. All those organisms level, but has to a considerable degree opment of plants by stages, worked ceeds from the basic thesis of dialec- which cannot change in conformitY undergone alteration il a number of out by T'. D. Lysenko, made it pos- tical materialism, which states that with changed conditions of life do its theses. From a science which er- sible to discover the laws of the de- the conditions of life determine the not survive and do not leave descend- plained, preEminently, the past his- velopment of plant organisms, to con- origin and development of the liv- ants." tory of the organic world, Darwin- trol the conditions of their existence, ing organism, changes in its heredity, The strongest side of the Mitchurin ism has become a creative, effectiae and to create and alter, in a controlled and the acquisition by it of new theory is its efiectiveness, its close as- medium for planned mastery, from manner, varieties possessing the he- features and characteristics, which sociation of theory and practice, and the viewpoint of practice, of the, ani- redity that we need. The conversion are tlereupon transmitted through its enrichment of practice with sci- mate world." of spring wheat to winter whiat, heredity. It completely refutes the entific generalizations drawn from Mitchurin went farther than Dar- for example, is of great theoretical basic thesis of Weismannism- Mor- practice ibelf. win in the development of biological and practical importance. ganism of the complete independence On the pedestal of the monumeDt science. Mitchurin biology not only The vernalization of grain crops of the properties of heredity from the to I. V. Mitchurin has been cut his embodies everything better and pro- according to the method of T. D. conditions of life of plants and ani- famous maxim: "Man can and must gressive that the leading scientists Lysenko has made it possible to ex- mals. It does not recognize the exist- create new forms of plants better of the whole world have contributed tend varieties of spring wheat to more ence of a special substance in the than nature." to biology, but is a new and higher northerly regions and to guarantee a organism governing heredity. The Developing this Mitchurin thesis, stage in the development of biologi- considerable increase in their yield. entire organism possesses the prop- T. D. Lysenko says: "The scientific cal science. Mitchurin biology has This year plantings of vernalized erties of heredity. A change in the solution ol practical ptoblems is the become the most progressive in the seed have been earmarked for an conditions of life leads to a change truest path to a protoilnd comprehm- world. area totalling 7,ooo,ooo hectares.* in the organism, and to the acquisi- sion of the laws ol deaelopment of T. D. Lysenko's great contribution Snmmer plantings of potatoes, which tion by the latter of new features and the animate anild." These principles is that he has raised the banner of have eliminated degeneration of characteristics, i-e., to a change in of Mitchurin biological science com- Mitchurin biplogy aloft; has success- plantings in southern regions, are tak- its heredity. The organism and the prise one of those radieally new fully defended it in the struggle ing place over an area of hundreds of conditions of life necessary to it rep- theses that has placed it above Dar- against Weismannism - Morganism, thousands of hectares. Academician resent a unit. This is a unit of form winism. surreptitiously introduced into our T. D. Lysenko has made a great con- and content, in which the organism In their scientific research the country by certain Soviet scientists tribution to the scientific basic of seed represents the form while the condi- Mitchurinites proceed from Darwin- truckling to'Weismann, Mendel, and culture in our country. He has tions and sources of life represent its ian theory. But Darwin's theory is Morgan; has developed the tearhings worked out new measures for culti- content. The form changes with a by no means sufficient to solve the of I. V. Mitchurin theoretically, and vating rubber plants, such as, for change in the content. Quantitative practical problems of socialist agri- has embodied them extensively in example, cluster sowing of ko[- changes become qualitative. This culture. Darwinism is a science that the practice of socialisr agriculture. saghyz. The system of agro-technical transition proceeds irregularly. The e)cpla;ns, pre€minently, the history of Agrobiology, an outstanding work measures for increasing the crop yield old heredity is exploded, so to speak. ttr organic world. Mitchurin biologi- by Academician T. D. Lysenko, and of millet, worked out by T. D. Ly- senkq has made New properties of heredity appear. cal science is a further development a number of his other studies, have it possible to obtain "Changes in the conditions ol life," of Darwinism as a science directed set forth the theoretical principles of more than fifteen centners** of this says T. D. Lysenko in his report, toward the practical and revolution- Mitchurin genetics and have made valuable crop per hectare over an "cotnpel cuen the type ol deaelop- ary alteration of the world. "Darwin- available to the public the enormous + A hetare is the equivaleot of 2.477 arc, o * ment of plant organisms to change. ism," says T. D. Lysenko, "has not experience gained during the strug- A centoer is equal to 110.23 1mnds. AFFAIRS 54 POLITICAL TRIUMPH OF MITCHURIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 55 culture has been advanced great dis- P. P. Lukyanenko spoke on wheat jected the idealistic views of the Mor- tances in the Far North and in the rtnd couch grass hybrids, citing the gan-Mendelites to sharp arid regions of the Soviet Union. criticism and experience of the Krasnodar Selec- justly expressed The Weismann-Morganites, such surprised in regard tion Station in creating high-yielding to the fact that philosophers, as Academician Schmalhausen, Pro- our for and high-standard varieties of winter incomprehensible reasons, have tol- ticed over an area totalling 85 to fessor N. P. Dubinin, and certain 9o wheat for the Kuban. The wide ap- erated these views. In contrast to the percent of all cotton plantings. others, for example, have repudiated - plication of the hybridizarion method Morgan-Mendelites, who have never This is by no means a comPlete list vegetative hybridization stubbornly of selection work with winter wheat set themselves the task of develop- of T. D. Lysenko's scientific discov- and without evidence. Nevertheless, at the Krasnodar Station, points out ing new varieties, she demonstrated eries, which have been extensivelY it is known that I. V. Mitchurin de- P. P. Lukyanenkq has shown the the achievements of the Gribov Se- incorporated in the practice of social- extraordinary effectiveness of the lection Station, where new to the great kinds of ist agriculture-testimony Mitchurin principle of crossing vari- tomatoe power of the Mitchurin teach- vitaf eties of difierent geographical origin. peas ha irrg. All the hybrid varieties o{ winter melons The session showed that Mitchurin wheat developed by the Krasnodar raised for mass cultivation the science in our country can be justly in Station and widely introduced in the Kolfthozi of the Moscow R.egion. proud of its achievements. This is production scheme were obtained on G. P. Vysokos, rhe director clearly evident from the statements come widely distributed in nine- of the the basis of the application of this Siberian Scientific Research Institute of our Mitchurin scientists. teen regions of the Soviet Union. principle of selecting pairs during for Grain Culture, speaks Academician I. G. Eichfeld sPoke In his speech Academician P. N. of the crossing. Nouou\rainfta-8j, in par- promising experiment of introducing on the work of the All-Union Insti- Yakovlev stated that: ticular, a high-yielding variety of seedings of winter wheat Siberia-. tute of Plant Culture. In their daY in winter wheat, was developed by In the course of many decades neither the Weismann-Morganites attempted numerous investigators working under crossing Uftrain\a with Marquis, a science nor practice had to convert this Institute into their the direction of Academician T. D. been able to Canadian variety of spring wheat. solve the problem of the own stronghold, which impeded the Lysenko in diverse localities of .the So- freezing of Doctor of Agricultural Science I. A. this crop under Siberian development of creative work. Its viet Union have conducted brilliant conditions. Minkevitch cites telling figures on Academician T. D. Lysenko scientific collective has achieved great studies during the last eight or ten was the years on the vegetative hybridization the achievement of Mitchurin teach- first to discover the reason this. successes on the basis of Mitchurin for of annual herbaceous plants with ing in the field of olive crops. "Suf- He explained the winter teaching. "The practical significance destruction sharply contrasting features. Over a fice it to sayr" he points out, "that of winter wheat in Siberia as due to of the new approach in the study of ten years this school period of eight or 70 percent of the area of the Soviet a mechanical injury to the subsoil universal complexes (seeds-/. L.)," has obtained more facts concerning Union sown in olive crops is being portion of the plants and their leaves says Eichfeld, "is evinced by the in- vegetative hybridization than have planted with varieties selecred by the when the soil froze. disputable fact that the Institute di- been obtained throughout the world He discovered Institute for Olive Crops." The stud- that in the steppe portion rectly produced more than r7o new during the last r5o years. of Siberia ies of this Institute have proved that receiving little snowfall varieties under the difficult conditions winter wheat free cross-pollination between high- can of and the postwar period, while Academician A. A. Avakyan spoke war yielding varieties resistant to broom if it in this number will reach zoo." of the wide application of the hybrid- ry49 rape is an extremely promising culti During the war years the Institute ization method in selection work, method for obtaining new starting crop did a great deal in consolidating the telling of the crossbreeding of winter material in selection work on the sun- the agrotechnical measures foodstufi base for industry in the varieties of common wheat with recom- flower. mended by him. "Our institute Urals. On the basis of its studies, agri- branchy wheat, while Academician and Academician E. I. Ushakova sub- the Karagandinsk soufthoz," says TRIUMPH OF MITCHURIN BIOLOGICAI SCIENCE 57 56 POLITICAL AFFAIRS G. P. Vysokos, "have been cultivat- Board of rhe Gosp:l.an of the USSR; branches of agricultural science and and at the same time, create feeding ing winter wheat for six years, ob- and others, spoke of achievements mechanical engineering, in particu- and maintenance conditions cote- taining abundant harvests in recent in this field. lar. Proceeding from the require- sponding to breeds, athich is insep- years. Last year the Omsk Obfrom of I. I. Khoroshilov showed the enor- ments of Mitchurin agrobiology, So- arably connected uith this." the ACP(b) and the OblisPol\om, mous role played by the proper sys- viet scientists have created machines V. A. Shaumyan, director of the taking note of the positive experience tem of agriculture in the experience of such design that they can aid the State Pedigree Breeding Farm for agriculture to infuence Long-Horned Kostroma Cattle, of our institute, projected the neces- of. the frollfiozi of the Millerov MTS workers of nature and to increase the fertility spoke of the experience in developing sary measures for introducing winter and the Sralin frolfthoa of the Salsk the soil in a planned manner. To- a new native breed of cattle-the wheat in the \olfthoz freld." District, Rostov Region. In the face of Academician D. A. Dolgushin of the unusual drought of 1946, this day our factories manufacture only Kostroma breed. The collective of colters, insure the Karavayevo soufthoe and the severely criticizes the followers of ftolfthoz achieved a yield of grain plows with which Weismannism-Morganism, who have crops equaling fourteen centners per high-standard plowing, while Soviet ftolfthoznifri of the leading farms combines work on a low cut. The have succeeded in making every cow held up the development of our work hectare. ln ry4J, which was still less on selection and seed culture. His favorable for this region, the yield of situation in the USA, says Academi- in the best herds of the new Kostroma report on experiments with branchy grain crops equalled 16.z centners cian Vasilenko, is quite difierent. breed produce from 4,8oo to 6,3oo wheat have given rise to special inter- per hectare. It is characteristic that There, agronomy is divorced from kilograms of milk a year. There are biology. Plows with colters are not dozens and dozens of cows that pro- est. Branchy wheat yields up to ten at the Stalin frolfthoz the total yield grams of grain per ear as compared of grain per able-bodied worker used. During threshing in the USA duce from ro,ooo to r4,ooo kilograms with two grams per ear of ordinary equaled fifty-seven centners as com- a high cut is used on the plants, only of milk. "These many years of wheat raised under the best condi- pared with thirty-nine centners on the grain is gathered, while the work," says V. A. Shaumyan, "con- straw is strewn about the field by a firm the fact that no law of the inal- tions. Given a corresponding agro- an average throughout the ftolfthozi technical level, branchy wheat can of the Salsk District; correspond- special whirligig. An enormous quan- terability of hereditary traits and in- yield harvests on the order of 8o to ingly, the monetary income of each tity of weed seeds is thrown to the stincts exists." ground together with the chaff and Academician L. K. Greben threw roo centners per hectare! "I think able-bodied worker equaled 4,470 ru- that I am not wrong in saying that bles as compared with r,656 rubles, straw. Shallow ploughing of stubble light on the work at Askania-Nova, we stand today on the threshold of while the milk yield per forage cow fields is not practiced. As a result where new breeds of livestock, sur- a new era in our seed culturer" says equaled'r,857 liters as compared with the USA is among the first countries passing foreign livestock in many the point of view of po- ways the Askanian Rambouillet, D. A. Dolgushin. r,297 liters, The introduction of the in world in - Enormous vistas are unfolding be- Dokutchayev-Williams complex has tential contamination of the soil. producing up to twenty-one kilo- fore socialist agriculture in connec- created a high standard in agriculture The achievements of Mitchurin grams per ram per shearing, the tion with the wide introduction of and has increased the welfare of the biology are also to be found in the Ukrainian white steppe hog, which field cattle breeding. "Our zo- produces up to eleven pigs per far- the Dokutchayev-Williams complex, \olfthoz peasantry. of that is, with the introduction of ,ra- Socialist agriculture is the most otechnical science and practice," said rowing on an average, and the tionalized crop rotation, the plant- highly mechanized agriculture. The T. D. Lysenko in his report, "pro- Ukrainian speckled steppe hog - ing of windbreaks, etc. Academicians speech by Academician I. F: Vasi- ceeding from the state plan for ob- developed on the basis of methods I. V. Yakushkin and S. F. Demidov; lenko is of great interest. He spoke taining products of animal husbandry worked out by Academician M. F. 'agronomists I. I. Khoroshilov, A. V. of the strong bond between progres- of the requisite quantity and quality, Ivanov. E. M. Tchekmenev, USSR Krylov, director of the Dokutchayev sive Mitchurin agrobiology, which is must align their work in accordance Vice-Minister for Sou\hozi, noted Agricultural Institute for the Cen- based on the works of Timiryazev, with the principle: select and perlect that K. D. Filyansky, S. F. Pastuk- tral Blacksoil Belt; V. S. Dmitriev, Dokutchayev, Williams, Kostytchev, breeds in accordance with feeding, hov, G. R. Litovtchenko, N. A. Vasil- director of the Agricultural Planning Mitchurin, and Lysenkq and all maintenance, and climatic conditions, yev, and Balmont had created valu- 58 POLITICAL AFFAIRS TRIUMPH OF MITCHIJRIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 59 able breeds of fine-wooled sheep on boiled down to the statement that clemned Menshevik idealism inahi- ical inanity and the practical sterility the basis of the progressive Mitch- "we must not think of throwing losophy and natural science as early of a number of other Morganites, I. urin school of animal husbandry. At Mendelian genetics out of our Soviet as r93r. In his interpretation of the Prezent states: the same time he cited a number of science." He asserted that "the Mitch- teaching of I. V, Mitchurin he em- Today Darwinism is not what it was facts serving as evidence that the urin school cannot alone replace, ex- phasized the importance of Soviet in Darwin's day. The law of selection Weismann-Morganites, Serebrovsky, haust, and eliminate all those schools patriotism in science. is not formulated in the light of Mit- Glembotsky, and others, were im- of thought that we possess alongside 'We can be proud that our Soviet churin theory as Darwin himself for- peding the rate of qualitative im- the Mitchurin school," and attempted scientist, L V. Mitchurin, discovered mulated it. This law of selection must breeds of contrast the works of T. D. Lysen- provement of the various to and gained mastery of the laws of include the role of the environmental Mitchu- livestock in our country and were ko with the teaching of L V. conscious control of the development conditions, and when we consider inflicting serious economic damage rin. All the "scientific arguments" of of organisms, Let all the cosmopolites of artificial selection, it now emerges or upon animal husbandry. B. M. Zavadovsky amounted, in the science assert that "questions of priority a Mitchurin basis, as planned, environ- The comments by the followers end, to a mere juggling of citations, in science are of no importance." But mental selection. Darwinian science ignorant this level of selec- of reactionary Weismann biology inadmissible for the scientific worker. we cannot avoid being filled with a was of tron. . . . again demonstrated the shameful Academician V. S. Nemtchinov rose legitimate pride at the fact that this enormous contribution biological bankruptcy of Weismannism - Mor- to V. N. Stoletov devoted his address science is the work of a Soviet Russian ganism. consequence their As a of scientist. to exposing the Morgan-Mendelites, theoretical paucity and practical ste- their sterility, and their divorce from rility, they could say nothing rational Academician I. Prezent began his practice. He demonstrated by strik- in defense of their views, nor could al Acad- address with an exposition of the his- ing facts that A. R. Zhebrak, M. S. they demonstrate anything of prac- ition, he tory of the struggle of progressive- Navashin, B. M. Zavadovsky, and tical value from their studies. of noise materialistic biology against reaction- I. A. Rapaport, in spite of their Academician I. I. Schmalhausen, and laughter in the chamber, that ary, idealistic biology - a struggle boastful promises that the Morganites who is considered to be the leader "the chromosome theory of heredity that has continued for several dec- would allegedly bless humanity in of the Weismann-Morganites in our has become part of the gold reserve ades. He exposed the attempts by the the f uture with great discoveries, counffy, attempted to prove in his of the science of humanity" and that followers of Mendelism-Morganism, were in eflect barren fig trees. V. N. statement that he is a follower . . . this had been allegedly proved . . . such as, for example, B. M. Zava- stoletov states: of I. V. Mitchurin. Actually, how- by statistics. dovsky, and S.I. Alikhanyan to mold All the investigations of T. D. ever, Academician I. L Schmalhausen The comments by Academicians Mitchurin science along the lines of Lysenko and the Mitchurinites are su- P. P. Lo- cleaves to the principles of Weis- M. B. Mitin, I. I. Prezent, Morganism, and thus reconcile the bordinated to the solution of this or mannism-Morganism on the basic banov, as well as the address by V. N. irreconcilable. Such a falsification of that important practical problem. On 'questions of biology in his study Stoletov (now director of the Timir- Mitchurin ideas has met a determined this basis Mitchurin science is growing Factors in Euolution and in many of yazev Academy), in all of which the rebuff. I. Prezent also exposed the in stature and strength. his other works, as a number of the W'eismann - Morganites were sub- ridiculous attempts by Academician A vital cause is the foe of formalism. statements showed. S. I. Alikhanyan jected to detailed criticism, are of Zhukovsky to deny the existence of In the light of the vital Mitchurin attempted to prove that the Weis- great interest. vegetative hybrids. The Mitchurin- cause which is gaining strength in our country, the scholasticism, metaphysical mann chromosome theory of heredity Academician M. B. Mitin criticized ites, by the actual demonstration of nature, and sterility of Morganism Filiptchenko, N. K. Koltsov, vegetative hybrids plants is not idealistic and that "Mendel's Y. A. of various have become especially apparent. And fol- session laws" allegedly do not contradict the I. I. Schmalhausen, and other at the itself, proved by facts this has therefore proved a deterrent teaching of I. V. Mitchurin. The lowers of Mendelism-Morganism. He the absurdity of such assertions. FIav- for the Morganites. They do not desire pedantic speech by B. M. Zavadovsky recalled that the Party had con- ing convincingly proved the theoret- to occupy themselves with a vital cause 6o POLITICAL AFFAIRS TRIUMPH OF MITCHURIN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 6t that would quickly cure them of their ple to create an abundance of Prod- graphic Record, the decisions of the tural science to present a united formalism. But ihe investigation of ucts in our country and to make it session are cited, which emphasize front, under the leadership of the worthless questions, such as those that the richest country in the world. the importance of Mitchurin science Party of Lenin and Stalin, in devel- interest Dubinin . . . only intensifies- Before passing to his concluding xs a new and higher stage of mate- oping Mitchurin science, which is this formalism. remarks, Academician T. D. LY- rialistic biology and which condemn capable of successfully solving the Science is the vital organism bY senko made the following statement: the idealistic, metaphysical Weis- problems involved in the further de- mann school biology. session velopment agriculture. One of the notes asks me what the of The of attitude of the CC of the Party toward appealed to the workers of agricul- my report is. My reply is that the CC of the Party has examined mY rePort and has approved it. Weismannism. Evidence of this is to be found at thc This statement evoked a storm of present session of the Academy that applause which became an ovation. lrars the name of the immortal knin; All rose to their feet, greeting with "To thc fourishing of science! Of such science as does not let its an Academy watched over bY the enormous enthusiasm the great friend old and recognized leaders smugly retire into their shells as pontiffs of paternal care of our great Stalin. and coryphaeus of science, our leader science, as monopolists of science; of the science which appreciates the meaning, significance, and omnipotence of a union of the old scientists deliberations of and teacher, Comrade Stalin. At the end of the the young scientists; and willingly throws open The sessicrn revealed the complete with which voluntarily the session, P. M. ZhukovskY, S. I' its gates the youthful forces our country, offering them the triumph of the Mitchurin school over all to of Alikhanyan, and I. M. PolYakov, in opportunity to conquer the peaks of science; which recognizes that the Morganism-Mendelism. It repre- the face of the indisputable achieve- future belongs to the youth in science. ments of Mitchurin biological sci- sented an historic landmark in the "To the fourishing of sciencel Of such science whose devotees, while ence, declared that theY renounced development of biological science. In Stalin realizing the force and significance of the traditions established in science erroneous views and would con- the letter to Comrade f. V. their and making skillful use of them in the interests of science, yet refuse to from cited in the Stenographic Record, the tinue their work' in the future science which has the daring and determi- participants of the session wrote: be slaves to these traditions; of the standpoint of progressive, Mitch- nation to shatter old traditions, standards, and methods when they be- urin biological science. Practical ex- In continuing the work of V. I. come obsolete, when they turn into a brake on progress, and which is perience will show ttre extent to Lenin you have rescued the teachings able to establish new traditions, new standards, new methods," which their statements are sincere. of I. V. Mitchurin, the great transfor- The addresses by the rePresenta- mer of nature, for progressive, mate- |oseph Stalin, In Praise ol Learning. dves of progressive, Mitchurin biol- rialistic biology; and you have elevated ogy showed that it has become in- the Mitchurin school of biology before separably incorporated in the practice all science as the only true and progres- sive school of all branches of biological of socialist agriculture; has become a science. This has, at the same time' close ally of the and the frol\hoznifri further consolidated the natural scien- workers of the soufthozi; and is rais- tific foundations of the Marxist- ing the level of our agriculture to Leninist world outlook, the all-conquer- unprecedented heights, inaccessible ing power of which has been confrrmed to the countries of capitalism. by the whole of historical experience. Mitchurin biological science is a powerful force aiding t}re Soviet peo- At the conclusion of the Stene WHAT IS NATIONAL INCOMET 63

goods produced in a given year; fla- which does not consist in it-whether * tional income, or a new ualue, cre- necessary or not-is only an ideal Wtrat ls }|ational lncome? uted in a giuen year; rret production, reflection of productive work. Work or elements of national income in the which does not reflect the relations by Hilary Minc various branches of national econ- of man to nature but reflects the re- omy. lations of man to the community is Frnsr-the problem of assessment of that is, raw materials, fuel and other After establishing this terminology, not productive work-it is, in the national income. Let us define the let us pass to the problem of the Marxist sense, non-productive work. Marxist terminology with regard to creation of national income. It has The famous Marxist example re- the problem of national income. been said that national income is the lating to the work of bookkeeping is Marxist terminology introduces, first sum of new values created in a given very revealing and instrgctive. Marx of all, the total or social product, un- year as a result of work expended underlines the importance of this derstood as the whole of material during t}re year. The question arises work, but says at the same time that goods produced within a year. The national income, now-is it a result of expending all it tonsists a- iotal oi social product is the sum of Thus we have the second element kinds of work, and if not all kinds tio_n of pro ly gross production of the various of our terminology-national income of work, which? A result of work reflects the a- branches of national economy. In as part of the total product obtained performed in all spheres of human terial production, directed to the har- a symbolic equation the Product as a result of work in a given Year, activities or only in some, and, if nessing of the goods of nature. As will be expressed by the formula as a sum of neu values created dur- only in some spheres, in whichl this is only a reflection of the real C+V+S, where C represents the ing the year. In the symbolic Presen- National income arises not as a process and only generalization of value of elements of constant capital triio.r, national income will be equal result of expending all kinds of work, the real process, in Marxist terminol- engaged in production, that is, the to V*S. In practice it is possible to but as a result of expending work ogy the work of bookkeeping is non- wear and tear of machinery, build- assess national income by deducting which is productive in the sense of ' productive work. the ings, raw materials, fuel auxiliary from the gross production of Marxist political economy. National The division into productive and materials; V the value of elements various branches of national econ- income results from work expended non-productive work has nothing to of variable capital in the process of omy the total material expenditure not in all its spheres, but only in the do with the division into manual and production, that is, the labor force of these branches and the total of sphere of materidl production and intellectual work. Marx says: "To used; and S the surplus value pro- administrative costs. material services. The concept of total make work productive, it is not nec- a third termino- duced in that period by the labor We shall introduce product and national income in essary directly to work with one's force. logical element, namely, the so-called Marxist doctrine refers only and ex- hands. It suffices to be an organ of The first element in our ter' net production. We shall not call the clusively to the sphere of material the collective worker and to perform minology is thus established-the new value, produced for instance in production. one of his functions." The division total or social product, which is the the textile industryr the national in- What is productive and what non- into productive and non-productive sum of gross production of the vari- come of the textile industry; the new productive work? Productive work work cannot be made according to industry ous branches of national economy. value produced by the textile is work in the sphere of material an objective criterion. It cannot be One part of this total product, the will be called the net production of production. Marx defines material said that productive work is only constant (C) is used for the replace- the textile industry. The sum total of production as the direct harnessing work materialized in a given object. ment of the means of production ex- net productions of the various by man of goods of nature. Work Similarly, all work which is not ma- economy pended in the process of production, branches of natiosal will which is direct harnessing of the terialized in a given object cannot be give us the total national income. goods of nature is, * From a statement by Hitary Miqc, Minister of in Marxist termi- considered as non-productive. Industry and Trade, in a disossion on the Na- Summing uP, we have the total nology, productive work, and work To elucidate this matter further, tional Economic Plan for Polaod. Reprioted from I the Brirish Commanitt Reaiew, September 1948. product, or the whole of material 6z AFFAIRS 64 POLITICAL WHAT IS NATIONAL INCOME? 65 Pt from The division into productive and services, education, furance, rchoole, student non-productivc work is thc funda- culture, art, scicnce, etc., cannot be entitled mental clement of dialectical mate- included among branches of mate- e Marx' rialism. "Productivc workers create rial production. ia-Leninist Theory ol Productiue a material basis for the maintenance, Of coursg a numbcr of border- material production. Such Worfr: sphere of that is, for the existencc, of non- line instances might be found, and in work is the work of transPort, com- oft are productivc workers"-Marx. The di- those clearly a decision one way or signals. This is produc- ,:::,:; munications, vision into productive and noo-pro- another will not be casy. Here is an tive work consiiting in man infuenc- ductive work is an important elemcnt cxample of such a controversial prob- ing the surrounding nature; it is pro- are a of the Marxist Cifferentiation be blem, solved by * agreed "short du"ctive work, although it does not administration in thc rcsult ol woVfr erpendcd in the proc' tween foundation and suPcrstructure. cut." Public create sePar Thus, thc diuiion betucct Sovict Union is included among of Pro- processes ductisc ond. non-prodwiac a)ork- branches of non-material production. produc into an indispcnsable clcma* in the the- But how should one deal with Pub- work is not ory of thc crcatiot ol aational incontc lic administration in governmcnt dc- objective criterions, or ac- mechanical at thc smc time a partmcnts whose task is to manage mechanical division into lundamcntil cording to part-is of the Moxist theory ol uolue dirc*ly production ? Hcre Soviet and manual work, but ac- intelleaual and ol dialcctical mauriolisn. classification applies "short cuts." It a dialectical criterion of cording to Income is created by productivc considcrs work in various govern- man's nature. productive functions in thc into and rvork; The division Productive branchcs of. material production. work has nothing to non-productive This is a living dialectical criterion, do the division into useful and with but one which does not and caonot useless work, that is, work useful so- operate automatically. An important llhere are a numbcr of such contro' and socially useless. Non-pro- ciallv question arises--the question o[ clas- versial instances, but all of thesc con- d,rct'ir. work-this must be emPhati- sification, which must decide what stitutc a small part of the problem as is and what is not a branch of matc- a whole. Somebody once said that it rial production. To this classifrcation is also difficult to establish a definite volumes have been devoted in the dividing line betwecn z,cr,logy atd Soviet Union, based on rescarch into botany. However, we have no diIfi' various enterprises and various phe- culty in saying tirat a cow belongt to is a direct relaion ol man tuith the na- nomena of economic activities. the animal kingdom and a rosc ture su im, but in a re- In this classification therc are a plant. flection ortnation in the numbcr of clear and uncontroversial In the sphere of economy therc ex- 'human woild"' points. It is clear that industry is a ist a number of controversial and dif- material the sphere of material or in the in branch of material production, that ficult matters which require detailed sphere of spiritual production. Some It is not the obiective materializa- agriculture, building, transport, com- classification. The problem of trade kinds of work function in the sphere tion of work which is the criterion munications, are also branches of is one. The functions performed by such as work in the of division into productive and non- of consumption, material production. On thc othcr tradc can bc dividad into two groups. work household, which Marx comPares to productive wotli. Not everY hand, it is clcar, too, that national de- To the first bclong functions which expenditure on consumPtion. it i.t produces things and is realized fensg sccurity, administration, hcalth ere the direct extension of meterial 6 POLITICAL AFFAIRS WHAT IS NATIONAL INCOME? 67 production in the sprere of distribu- that an enormous, a dominating part result of the pation of the various social classes in national income. As a tion: the storing, packing, sorting, of these $r7,4oo million results not ihe crcation of national income. Ac- primary 8T, weighing, etc., of goods. These func- from the material functions of trade, cording to Marx's theorY, the size capitalist the tions create a new valug which must from an addition of new values to of national income in the various earnings eas' be included among the values created the values created in the sphere of thc ycars must be arranged into a dY- ants are by industry. But there exist a num- industrial production, but from func- distribution or, namic series. To Present the dY- turn of the secondary ber of other functions which domi- tions resulting from the formal meta- secondarY distribu- namics of national income undoubt- to be exact, of nate in trade, especially in capitalist morphosis of goods into money and cdly requires the application of con- tions. On the one hand, these are trade, functions which result from money into goods. budget, by waY of stant prrces. made through the the task of transforming commodity A large, important, as yet un- taxes and dues; on the other hand, We haue stared thal national in' value to money values, or the reverse. touched problem, without which no especially in capitalist countries, by come is the result of productiue uor\ The performance of these funcdons planning is possible in Poland, is to way of payments for individual scr- in material branches of prodwction. requires naturally a great outlay of decide what place is occupied by vices. A worker pays, for instance, his We haue stated that cont' work which, however, is non-pro- trade in Poland's mixed economic lurther doctor's fees from his wages, a caPi' mercial profits, the seraices of admin' ductive. Marx wrote about it as fol- structure, how to classify trade, how talist pays the services of a teacher, istraion, incorne resulting Iows: "Neither the difficulties of this to discover in it the material proc- finance, painter, sculptor from his profits: the the seraices of the professions, metamorphosis nor the extent of the esses of accruing values on the one lrom State, by a secondary distribution of ciuil ieraice salaries, erPenditure on operation can transform this work hand and the non-productive formal national income through the inter- militio, security, national delense, etc-, which does not create values, but functions on the other hand. mediary of the budget, pays the ad- dre not elements creating ,tdtional only serves to change the form of There are still other problems of ministration, defense, etc. As a result income. Il they Are not, what exactly value, into work which creates classification. The division of of the secondary income, and sec- is nature? values." branches of production into material their ondary distribution o[ national in- In the Soviet Union in recent years and non-material ones does not ex- The answer to this question is: come, the final result is achieved. the total trade is included among haust the matter. Within branches they do not contribute to the ctea- This final result arises by the sub- branches of material production. It of production , recognized as material, tion ol national income, but dre an traction of the secondary from the is considered there that commercial it must be decided what refers to in- act of consumption, of distribution ol primary income. This final result functions consist mainly in material come, to a value newly created, and national income. must be, according to Marxist prin- functions, that material functions what to values previously created. Thus, after discussing the problem ciples, divided according to class cri- within the scope of trade are an enor- In the Soviet Union a great num- of creating national income, we pass terions-must be ranged into a dy- ber of books has been devoted to to the problem of distribution of na- namic file (in constant prices). The these problems. A detailed plan of tional income. srnn ol all these operations uith re- dealing with different themes, dif- The Marxist theory of creation and gard to national income and their ferent for every branch of produc- distribution of national income dif- crowning, so to sPeak, mwst be the Unlon cornmerce provides only five tion, resolves this matter in a specifrc ferentiates between the primary and dssesstnent of incomc and expendi- per .cent of the material income. In way. Lhe secondary distribution of na- ture, lnust be a clear-cut anstuer to the- United States where, according Further problems of classification tional income and parallel to it hre- the question of how much national to American statistics, the value of include the rational division into tween fundamental income, which income has been created, by whom, branches of production and the nec- originates as a result of the primary and how much they haue receiued essary, from the Marxist point of distribution of national income and lrom it as a result ol the final proccss view, division into social classes, the secondary income, which results of distribution. aim of which is to define the partici- lrom the secondary distribution of This is how the Marxist theory of WHAT IS NATIONAL INCOMEI 69 68 POLITICAL AFFAIRS sets in the commodity market, the is efficient. (Theories ol Surplus Valw, creation and this newly added was less and distribution of national work income shown by the American cap- Vol. I.) income effrcicnt. lf. capitalisa and workcrs might be represcnted. italist method under the heading of wanted, as before, to consume the same It will not bc out of place to pre- values as material goods, thcy would "trade" will increase. An observer What are thc theoretical founda- sent now, even in gencral terms the have to purchase fewer scrvices of rnight then come to the following tions of this bourgeois method of bourgeois theory of creation of na- doctorg teachers, etc., and if they were conclusion: the larger the margin of assessing national income I Just &5 tional income. One principle lies at forced to spend thc same amount on trade as a result of speculation, the the theory of value is the basis of the source of all therc rheories: in- services, ctc., they would have to greater the increase in national in- the Marxist method of assessing na- come is created where it is realized. diminish the consumption of other come. tional income, so the subjective the- Following this most general princi- things, Thus it is clear that the work Let us consider something else- ory of value is the fouudation of thc teacher docs not create ple, the non-Marxist, bourgeois for- of a or doctor war. During war, expenditure on bourgeois method of assessing na- a direct fund frorn which it can bc mula is: national income is the sum national defense shows a violent rise. tional income; according to it in- Valuc, total of individual incomes, plus the paid. (Theories of Surplus Vol. I.) The earnings of soldiers, included by come is a reward for services of tlrc undistributed profits of enterprises. capitalist economists in national in- so-called factors of production-capi- It is clear that after what we have This much Marx said on certain comg are increased. The interpre- tal, land, administration, work. The said here, it is easy to state that the respcctable categories of non-produc- tation should be thus: the greater the bourgeois political science cannot ac- creation of income and its distribu- tive work, namcly on the work of expenditure on defense, the greater cept any other foundation becaurc tiou are mixed together here as well mean the necet- doctors and teachers. And yet it is the expenditure on the army, the to accept it would as primary with secondary incomes. problem possible-and Marx does it with his larger the increase in national in- siry of explaining the of It is clear that according to these must op- characteristic irony to enumerate come. The Americans have found surplus value. Therefore it principles, trade, finance, adminiv - themselves concretely "factors" production, scores of other parasitical, useless, facing such an erate with of tration, education, culture, etc,-are and socially harmful categories of absurd notion, which forced them it must put the equation sign be- ail branches which create national in- non-productive work. The absurdity even to introduce certain changes in tween the income and the servis come. of similar methods of assessing na- deducting the earnings of members rendered. A classical cxample of such an ap- mate- tional income becomes apparcnt here of the armed forces as elements of We have seen that dialectical proach ro the problem cao be found in all its magnitude. The results of national income. rialism lies at the basis of the Marx- irr the rvritings of Alfred Marshall, applying these bourgeois principles Marx approached this problem ist theory of national income, that one of the leading lights in bourgeois clearly productive when assessing national income arc and distinctly. the division of work into political science: if, for instance, rhe cri- clear. On the one hand we have an and non-productive and the very income of a landowner is {ro,ooo The number persons Iiving on tcrion of productive work, are meafis apology for capitalism, the conceal- of and out of his income he pays his their income is considerable only bc- ment of all parasitical, non-produc- of perceiving the economic basis of secretary * year, and the secre- cause the efficienry of productive work- {5* tive functions behind a screen o[ society and of difierentiating betwecn tary, in turn, maintains a s€rvant, ers is high, and therefore the additional foundation and superstructure. At rvould-be creation of national in- product on which parasites can be payin.g him {5o ayear, the sum total the basis of bourgeois theories of na- come, on the other hand we have the maintained is great, In this case, the of incomc, according to Marshall is tional income lies philosophical ideal- diminution of the role of truly pro- work of productive workers is efficient Marx deals with this point: {ro,55o. ductive work. not because many parasites live on the ism, a basic negation of difierentia- One of the results of such a method additional product, but on the contrary tion between foundation and supcr- Let us suppose drat that part of the of assessment is naturally the faulty -the number of parasites is great be- structure, sociai prexlrrct, whose value is equal to cause the work of productive workers incotne, diminishes as a rcsult of the interpretation of thc size of national fact that during thc past year a smaller incorne. Lct us imagine that as a nrnourlt of fre*r work has bcen added result of market spcculation or up- THE T948 ELECTIONS IN BEDFORD.STUYVESANT It

lrrcc and his program, was therefore The strategy of the Big Business tweedledum- TIre tr 948 Eleetions in Bedford-Sttlyuesant rr key aim. forces in conirol of the ljurther, there was the objective of tweedledee parties also had to bc lrringing forward the Negro work- Ford by James W. crs in the Negro people's movement, together with the working-class sec- rions of the other national minorities in the area as the leading force in IN run NovrMstn elections, the Ne- with the struggle against the Admin- the community and in the anti-mo- gro people, together with their white istration's war policies. u- progressives allies, made a dent in The people's forces had a number d- by sowing division and confusion the armor of )im Crow. They broke of polidcal objectives in the election among the people bY means of in- through the fim-Crow policies of the struggle. First, there was the aim of i1 creased Red-baiting and chauvinism' warmongers, and, for the first time shattering the lim-Crow policies of ing people who are bearing the ma.in BACKGROUND OF THE history of Brooklyn, succeeded the major parties, which prevented in the brunt of the reactionary ofiensive. CAMPAIGN in electing a Negro, Bertram L. Negro candidates from being nomi- Not least of all, the Communist Baker, to the State Assembly. nated and elected, by'electing one or Party had the objective of meeting The Bedford-stuyvesant section o{ This achievement, together with more Negro candidates to office. Such headon the vicious campaign of Red- Brooklyn is one of the largest ghcto other notable advances made in the a victory would spearhead the drive ireiting and of affirming its independ- communities in the North. Its Negro Bed- Bedford-stuyvesant area of Brook- against Negro oppression in ent, traditional program and role as inhabitants live under highly oPPres- lyn, has aroused considerable inter- ford-stuyvesant; but it would also champion of the rights of the Negro sive and discriminatory economic, est locally as well as on a national strengthen the people's coalition and people, as well as vanguard of the social, and political conditions. It is scale. The purpose of this article is facilitate a breakthrough on this working class. Our Party had the therefore easy to see why the strug- to discuss the election campaign in question nationally. task of helping to build the coalition gle to nominate and elect Negro Bedford-Stuyvesant and to indicate Secondly, there was the aim of and of inspiring the forces gathered candidates was one of the mosE cru- the lessons which may prove of value asserting the will of the people's in and around the American Labor cial issues in the campaign, and why elsewhere. forces, Negro and white, of solidify- Party (A.L.P.), the New York arm the Democrats and the Republicans ing the coalition against fascism and of the Progressive Party. have long conspired to prevent this OBIECTIVES OF THE war, against U.S. imperialism. The PROGRESSIVE FORCES The achievement of these obiectives from taking place. More than this, the need here was to bring forward clearly required a powerful campaign the twin parties of chauvinisrn and The campaign in Bedford-Stuyve- key role of the Negro people within to forge the greatest possible unity of war have long pursued the tactic of sant was conducted as an integral that coalition. For, without the Negro the Negro people and to challenge misrepresenting the position of the part of the campaign nationally to people's active and leading role, the and defeat the white "supremacy" Communists and the progressive defeat the war-and-fascism program coalition could not achieve its ob- artacks which tend to divide Negro forces generally on this question, of jectives; of monopoly capital. The residents and, conversely, the Negro and white; to expose the anti-demo- falsely accusing the people's forces of this ghetto area-particularly people could not succeed in advanc- large cratic, /im-Crow, warmongering pol- of responsibility for the lack of Ne- the Negro people, but also the white ing their own struggle for freedom icies of the two parties; and to link gro representation in public office. par- population-have felt the full force and equality except by full-scale up the oppressive conditions of the This strategem had achieved certain coali- of the postwar oflensive of the trusts. ticipation and leadership in the Negro and white masses in Bedford- successes, in that many Negroet Accordingly, the struggle for Negro tion. The building of a solid base for Stuyvesant with the reactionary war caine to believe these false charges. rights and for democratic liberties the Progressive Parry, as well as the clrive of Wall Street. The only means of decisively re- generally was intimately bound up achievement of a mass vote for Wal- 7o 7 POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE 1948 ELECTIONS IN BEDFORD-STUYVESANT 73 futing these attacks, and of exposing intimidate the Negro peoplc and to a policeman on every block." And a FIRST BROOKLYN NEGRO the real )im-Crow and white-suprcm- divide them from their white allies. "citizens' committeer" set uP at the ELECTED TO THE STATE acist forces, was to conduct a full- One of the most outrageous condi- headquarters of the rTth A.D. Repub- ASSEMBLY rcale campaign for Negro rights, for tions in Bedford-Stuyvesant is the lican Club, passed resolutions calling is against this background rhat the full economic, social, and politi- reign of brutal police terror. Thc for more policc "protection," ostensi- It one is able to assess the outcome of eal equality of the Negro people, and police secm to consider it their duty, bly because an alleged "curfew" had the elections in Bedford-Stuyvesant. to wage an unyielding struggle let alone their privilege, to beat Ne- bcen imposed upon (white) residents The results of the elections werc a against white chauvinism. During the groes on any and eve.ry pretext. In in Bedford-Stuyvesant as a result of complete shock to the Republicans. course of the r94B campaign, it be- one instance, the unborn child of a "the rowdyism of Negroes." They had been so sure of victory that eame increasingly clear exactly which pregnant Negro woman was dis- It is within the context of this sit- the end of the campaign they camp stood for Negro rights, and lodged when she was pounced upon uation that one must see the other toward addressed a letter to thc Communist which forces for Jim Crow and chau- and knocked down by detectives. In pressing problems of Bedford-Stuyve- Party boasting that they were going vinism. the "Case of the Lipscomb Brothers," sant, particularly of its Negro resi- elect their candidate for State As- two Negroes-who had given no pro- dents. to Thus, on October ro, at the sembly over the Democratic-A.L.P. height of the national election strug- vocation whatever-were shot down Unemployment is rising. It is candidate, and that the Communist people by a drunken policeman who was gle, the of Brooklyn were estimated that one out of evcry six Party could not prevent them frsm offered large dose white "su- ofi duty.* There was the case of the a of families in the area is dependent on winning. premacy" poison the Brooftlyn two Negro school boys beaten with by welfare aid. Thc wages of Negro The election of Bertram L. Bakcr Eagle, a newspaper which has long rubber hoses by police officers in their workers who are fortunate enough meant a shattering defeat for the posed as a friend the Negro peo- schoolyard, the charge being that of to be employed are miserably low. G.O.P. candidate and for the Rcd- ple. This paper carried the story they were "drunkards." And there of Small home-owncrs are unable to baiting campaign of thc Republi- an interview Monsignor was the brutal murder by policernen with )ohn meet taxes, and the claims of mort- cans, who had shouted that Mr. Belford, pastor the Church of in nearby Williamsburg of William L. of gagees are hanging over their heads. Baker was a "prisoner of the Corn- the Nativity located the Bedford- Milton-a case which caused wide- in Child welfare is neglected in criminal munists." The Republicans had de- Stuyvesant section. spread indignation and deeply af- "I want to make fashion. (For example, the Stuyve- clarcd that the Cornmunists were clear," declared Monsignor Bel- fected the people of Bedford-Stuyve- it sant Interracial Community Center "un-American" and out to "rob f;ord, "we are not dcaling civil- sant. with lacked the funds with which to con- Negroes of their right to hold pubhc ized people. We are a But this record of police brutality, dealing with tinue to operate, yet the city and office." But their anti-Communist from which we have cited only a bunch of savages." He went on to state welfare agencies, and Mayor campaign was repudiatcd by the say: "This was once a very fine par- few cases, apparently is not yet suf- O'Dwyer, did nothing to prevent the voters. ish. Now among persons who ficient for the reactionaries. Monsig- many closing of this institution's doors.) The support of Bertram L. Bakcr are fine nor Belford cried out that "We need and civilized, we must deal The housing situation is terrible, but by the progressive forces, including with a minority who are savages, not there is nothing being done to relieve the Communist Party, on the ALP.- eivilized." These slanderous words, 'This ose, which wro proseoed by the it. New schools, playgrounds, recrea- Democratic coalition ticket was uttered cleric Roman N.A.A.C.P., rsulted in a ooviction. The oFmd- by a of the iug probationary parolman, Francis T. Hogan, tional centers, and child nurseries are based upon the policy of guarantec- Catholic Church-which frequently was seorenced ro six months in the penitentiart. In prooorrocing ssmce, Conry Judge Nathaa all badly needed-but nothing is be- ing the election of a Negro to the boasts about its supposedly unpreju- Sobel declared that if he had discovered rhat Hogen was morivated b,y "hatred tward Negroc, it ing done to provide them, although State Assembly of New York around diced and non-chauvinistic position, would have been a plasant duty to smd him away for rhe maximum term possible. mo and e some of the existing schools date back the issues of Negro equality, civil nothing less than a lynch-incite- half years." Yet all the oidence in the os -is sbowed obvious aoti-Negro prejudicmod werT- to about the Civil War period and liberties and peace. nent against Negroes designed to body iovolved kn* ir- are literally falling down. This support was based upon lqs41 THE T948 ELECTIONS BEDFORD.STUYVESANT 74 POLITICAL AFFAIRS IN 7' conditions and relations of forces, as are mernbers of the International l)cmocrats make the mistake of Jackson, also aroused intense inter- distinct from the imperialist war- Ladies Garment Workers' (Jnion, lr.rrsting that their man defeated Mrs. est among the people of Bedford- mongering policy of the national and of the Amalgdmated Clothing l{ichardson "on the Democratic line Stuyvesant. The interest in both the Democratic Party and the O'DwYer- Workers'Union-both of which are :rlore." This is a false conclusion, be- local and national campaigns in this Cashmore democratic machines. It under Social - Democratic control. ,:ruse it is one which leaves alto- area was already testified to in Octo- was ilso based upon assuring the Strong pressures were brought to ricther out of account the powerful ber, when the registration figures- clefeat of Republican reaction, headed bear on the memberships of these rrnity movement forged by the pro- in this district alone, of all the assem- for the forces, by Thomas Dewey. unions to vote on the-line .1iressive including the Com- bly districts in Brooklyn - climbed Liheral Party, whose mein reason rrrunist Party-a movement which higher than in 1944. The Communist Party was itself a for existence is to attempt to smash rvas decisive for Baker's nomination The roth Congressional District in and its suPPort part of the coalition the American Labor Party.* ;,nd subsequent election. It must be Brooklyn is composed of three assem- in of the local Democratic nominee rroted, also, that the Democratic lead- bly districts: the rst, r7h, and r8th. and The Iirst victory scored by the pro- the coalition was conditional t:rship conducted a listless campaign Because of its large Negro popula- peo- gressive forces in this campaign oc- aimed at achieving the broadest lrrcking initiative and aggressiveness tion, the rTth A.D. is the key politi- struggle curred when a mass picket line at ple's unity to advance the rrn the issues confronting the people. cal unit among them. The rst and for Negro rights, civil liberties, de- Democratic Party headquarters, con- 'fhe Wal- Democrats hitched their cam- rSth A.D.'s consist mainly of three mocracy and peace. ducted by the A.L.P. and the lace-for-President Committee (which l)aign to the spurious civil rights pro- national groups-Jewish, Italian, and gram In the conditions of Bedford-Stuy- included aiso Democrats, RePubli- of President Truman, and let Irish-with the Jewish people pre- it go at that. dominating.* vesant and despite Mr. Baker's tie-up cans, and Communists), forced the They distributed very with the County Democratic ma- little literature, and what they did Democratic Party chieftains to sub- Because the Negro people have chine, this general policy was in the issue was mainly centered on the per- stitute a Negro nominee (Baker) special interests of their own which best interest of the people's forces of sonality of their candi&te. for their white incumbent assembly- are, however, parallel to the demo- progress, ancl these forces will ad- It is true that many Negroes voted man (lohn Walsh). cratic interests of the other national vance their interests still further, on the Democratic line, largely in groups in the area, and because Mrs. providing a broad progressive unity When, in 1946, Mrs. Richardson rhe belief that President Truman was G.O.P. Jackson is a Negrq political observers rnovement is developed around a missed being elected on the "less dangerous" than Dewey. But sav/ her as a commanding figure people's program. ticket by the margin of 77 votes, she the Democrats had better not forget around whom the progressive, inde- accused the Communists of respon- that the Negro people are determined Baker received zr,o% votes, 15,694 pendent A.L.P. ticket could be united sibility for her defeat. But the results to win a real change of policy to- on the Democratic line, and 5A92 on to the maximum. of the 1948 elections, even more than ward their pressing problems, and the A.L.P. ticket. The G.O.P. candi- The following table shows the re- those of 1946, show that Mrs. Rich- that if it were not for Truman's date, Mrs. Maude B. Richardson, also turns in the Congressional campaign: ardson was rejected by the voters for shameless demagogy, Wallace and the a Negro, was given 8,57r votes on the her Red-baiting and her allegiance Progressive Party Republican line, and 2.,777 ot the would have rolled to Governor Thomas E. Dewey. up a really Liberal Party slate. Her vote piled mass vote. up mainly in the Republican-con- The r948 election returns also .THE CONGRESSIONAL trolled Christian-Front election dis- point up lessons for the Democratic CAMPAIGN IN THE TTTH A.D. tricts. leaders in Bedford-Stuyvesant, in- cluding Mr. Baker himself. These Most of the Liberal Party voters The Congressional campaign, con- were trapped into support of the ' The G.O.P.-LiberaI Pary alliaoce wr thc rc- rlucted around the independent, sult of a trick writein of thirten signanrre for G,O,P, candidate. Many of them lr{rs, f.ich4rdsoq iq the Liberal Parry primario. A.L.P. candidacy of Mrs, Ada B, POLITICAL AFFAIRS 76 THE 1948 ELECTIONS IN BEDFORD-STLIYVESANT ltt A,D. Utb 1.D. IStb A.D. Tolalt samc sive Party nationally, and in build- 2r,4O7 l.iberal Parry candidate for the Somers (D.to.) 2245o t5ra22 59'o79 ing the A:-.p.-Oemocratic cmlition ,Somers (Liberal) 2,o84 rc,464 1xrst. Hc topped 3,8t2 4,568 foi the election of Bertram L. Bakcr. r5,o39 8,r44 9'I02 32,285 Ur the rTth A.D. In both of these aims, the AJ,P. was 7rt87 7'294 7,58r zz,o6z in the rSth A.D. vote comPares fav able to build up consideraHc united action which involvcd rank-and-6le Of the elcctions districts in the lem. The Executive Board of the rlre highest votc rcceived by an A.L.P- 46 Republicaos. This f Ne- N.A.A.C.P., in an action exposing candidate for City Court |udge Demcrcrats and policy resulted in euengti- rs of the organization's "non-partisan" po- (,l9,ooo). fones' splendid campaign coalition ening thelndependent position of the )ack- sition as hypocritical, also put in a llroves again that Negro candidates AI.P. and in advancing 6c immedi- son carried zo of the first group over- strong "plrg" for Somers. have a real chance of elecrion on the atc iaterests of the peoph. The poli- whelmingly over her G.O.P. oppo- Thus we see the kind of heavy ;rrogressive ticket. and program of thc AI.P. also nent, and election districts of the artillery which was called into ac- cies 5 THE significanily improved fraternal rela- sccond group. Her total vote in the tion in order to keep Somers in of- ANALYSIS OF PROGRESSIVE CAMPAIGN tions between the Negro pcoplc and r7h A.D. was while Wallace fice, and to frustrate again the 7,294, their white progressive allicq and got votes on the A.L.P. line. legitimate desires of the Negro peo- As the New York State Committee 5,o84 laid thc basis for an evcu stronger Inasmuch as the rst and rSth A.D.'s ple to be represented by a Negro o[ the Communist Parry noted in its alliance in futurc struggles. are predominantly white areas, Mrs. Congressman. analysis of "The Election Results in gn, in which vote here was very encour- Mrs. lackson's candidacy was of New York,"* an important factor in Jackson's y aa extraordin- aging. Thc New York Amsterdam great significance. She emerged from the achicvemcnt of more than one- a LP. issued an Ncuts, for instance, wrote that politi- the election campaign as an outstand- half million votcs by the A.L.P. in e literaturg and cal observers were "very pleased with ing national political figure of sterl- New York Statc organized suuggles around its pro- the showing Ada B. made." ing character and wide infuence, |ackson was the @rrtct two-fold policy followed gram. Is campaign litcrature called Her vote "definitely illustrates that and after the elections she was chosen by the AI.P.: that of building thc for: an end to Crow; abolition a Negro has a chance. Mrs. as a delegate to the World Congress political Iim Jackson r\.L.P. as an independent of the slums and the construction of should be congrarulated for her very of Women at Budapest, thus achiev- force, while achieving electoral agrec- housing, playgrounds, artd bctter 6ne effort." ing even greatff international stature. ment to defeat the most reactlonary schools; an end to policc tcrrorisml Mrs. showing relative to candidates wherever this would ad- |ackson's THE CAMPAIGN FOR CITY the enactment of antiJynch legisla- the G.O.P. candidate in all three as- vaoce the bcst interests of the progrcs- COURT JUDGE tion; the elimination of the poH tax; rmbly districu was remarkable. So sive forces. The outstanding achieve- ment of this policy w'as the election to rhe restoration o[ rent and price con- far as the Democratic candidate was In the campaign for City Court the Starc Assembly of Bcrtram L. trols; the repeal of thc Taft-Hartley concerned, she was considered a real the A.L.P. set another prece- I,rdg., Baker from rhc lTth A-D., Kings, giv- Act; the repeal of the draft; thc lift- threat to a man who had served in dent by running a Negro attorney, ing reprcsentation to the Negro people ing of the embargo on Israd; a halt Congress for z4 years. As a result, Thomas R. Jones, as its candidate, of Brooklyn for the first time. to military aid to Greece and Turkcy the Democratic national campaign The A.L.P. is thus the first political and an end to the cold war; the ex- leaders sent none other than Senator party to nominate a Negro as candi- The keynote of the election strug- tension of vcterans' bencfits; lower Claude Pepper into the District to date for tlle post o[ fustice in the gle waged by the progressive forces taxes on small home owoers; etc. campaign against her. In addition, borough of Brooklyn. in Bedford-Stuyvesant was thc two- Somers circulated widely a statement fones garnered r45,ooo votes in the fold plicy of tbc AI.P. in uniting ROLE OF THE COMMI'NIST praising him by A. Clayton Powell, county-wide campaign, running rhe pcople around the issues raised PARTY |r., Negro Congressman from Har- 66,996 votes ahead of the highest by Henry Wallace and the Progres- As an o{ficial part of thc progres- -lfir;ri"a r{7farr, Dxrmber 1948, p. 108?. sive coalition, thc Communist Perty 78 POLITICAL AFFAIRS THE 1948 ELECTIONS IN BEDFORD-STUYVESANT 79 played an active role in building and organizations to plan the election of , ()mmunity in defense of Negro tine Struggle, was shown to be an supporting the coalition. In addition, a Negro to the State Assembly. The r ights. agent of the imperialist Anglo-Amer- it conducted its own independent oLltcome of the election now expos€s l)uring the course of the campaign ican policy in Israel. The N.A.A.C.P. carnpaign for the Communist can- the libel that the Communists sought tlrc Party distributed more than two was sharply criticized for dismissing didate for City Council, Simon W. to "rob the Negro people their of lrrrndred thousand pieces of lirera- Dr. W. E. B. DuBois as part of its Gerson. At the same time that our right to hold public office" de- and rrrrc. The circulation of the weekend design "to minimize the struggle for Party forces sparked the campaign livers a sharp rebufi those who to ll/orfter and the sale of Marxist liter- American Negro rights before the around the anti-monopoly, anti-war sought to blackmail the Communists ,rtrrre were boosted. U.N. and also to weaken the strug- program of the A.L.P, and of the into unprincipled support G.O.P. of 'fhe Party's activity was felt among gles of the African masses against Progressive Party nationally, the pro- reactron. rvirle circles. It was not unusual, for imperialism." The Party exposed the gram of socialism was also brought The Party mobilized its forces for ilrstance, to see former figures of the hollowness of the charge that Dr. to the people as the only basic perma- the campaign thror-rghout r948. In l{cpublican Party speaking from the DuBois was violating the "non-par- nent solution to their immediate and February, there were eight Commu- of the Communist Party at tisan policy" of the N.A.A.C.P., long-range problems. nist Party clubs tsedford-stuyve- ;'l:rtform in ,,lrcet-corner meetings. The Party also since some members of the Executive The broadest uniry in the election sant. By the middle of the summer ,;r'rrt out a special "News Letter" to Board themselves took a decided campaign in Bedford-Stuyvesant was there were already eighteen clubs in lcrrrling personages in the commu- stand for Truman. the area. This came about in two il rty. The Party was also very active on ways. Large clubs were reduced in Our campaign exposed the danger- the key questions of the day, ranging size, and during May and rz5 fune ,rrrs, anti-democratic character of Red- from such local questions as play- new members were recruited. All this l,rriting and of the Un-American Ac- grounds, housing, etc., to such na- required the training of many new tivities Committee. The Party leaflet tional issues as the struggle against leaders. In addition, the Section Com- crrtitled "Who are the Friends and the Mundt-Nixon Bill and for the mittee, particularly its organizational W'ho are the Enemies of the Negro defense of the indicted Party leaders, and educational departments, gained I'cople?" replied to the G.O.P. at- the campaign to free Mrs. Rosa Lee cc,nsiderably in strength. These meas- t:rck on the Communists and progres- Ingram and her two sons, etc. ures enabled the Party spread its to sives according to which the people's activity throughout viriually all of the WEAKNESSES lrrrces were "carpet-baggers" out to IN THE sued the call for the election a election districts in the rTth CAMPAIGN of 46 A.D. "rob Negroes of their right to hold Negro to the State Assembly: The Party in Bedford-stuyvesant public office." The Republicans were One of the main objectives of the u,as also strengthened by the special t'xposed as distorters of Negro his- campaign was to highlight the candi- The Communist Party will work for attention given it by the County the election tory who twist the facts of the Re- dacy of Mrs. Ada B. as the of a Negro to public office Committee, and by a county concen- ]ackson from Bedford-sruyvesant. construction period and malign the central 6gure around whom maxi- fo that end tration policy. Experienced forces rcal leaders in the struggle for Negro mum unity of Negro and white were brought in and a harmonious r ishts and Negro representation in could be achieved for the Progres- cadre of old and new forces sparked prrblic ofiice. sive Party ticket. But despite the ex- the work of the Party. One of the The Party also exposed the role cellent results here, the progressive solidating o[ certain misleaders among the Ne- forces, including some of the top the Party r;ro people who serve U.S. imperial- leaders of the Progressive Party it- The Party fought vigorously to fraternity ism at home and abroad. Ralph self, did not grasp early enough the implement this policy in real life. members, llunche, U.S. representative in the importance of this approach. And We met with a number of people's This strengthened the struggle in the LI.N. and "mediator" in the Pales- we, the Communists, did not suffi- t POLITTCAL AFFAIRS THE 1948 ELECTIONS IN BEDFORDSTUYVESANT 8r cicntly promote understanding of partial responsibility. The attacks on Association (A. F. of L.). Their Conference of the broadest possible this approach among the f,orces of thc Negro people and the growth of 1,light, as well as that of other Negro scope based on a people's program. thc coalition. This fact hampcred anti-Semitism wcre not combined trade unionists in the area, is a com- Measures need to be undertaken the gencral campaign considerably sufficiently so as to organizc a broad, rnunity, as well as trade-union, prob- by the progressive forces to consoli- and prevcntcd the maximum mobili- joint suuggle on thesc issues. Thcre lcm. A struggle around the key issues date the old and new recruits to thc zation of the progressive forces. was an underestimation in the cntire which they face must be one of the progressive movement by building up Although the 1948 registration in area of the significant issue of thc rurrin objectives of the progressive the membership of the clubs of thc the r7h A-D. exceeded the figures war in Israel. As a resul6 dcspite the lr>rces, if the leading role of the work- A.L.P. and by working out concrete for 1944 sornc 2,ooo cligible votcrs betrayal of Israel by the Truman Ad- ing class in the community and in programs of activity. United front failed to corne our on November znd. ministration, Represcntative Somers the people's coalition is to be actions centered around the burning This was due in paft to the fact that, was able to capitalizc on this issuc. ;rchieved, immediate issues of the people must as the campa.ign developed, the choice In addition, despite thc many griev- While considcrable respoqsibiliry get under way. A consistent cam- between Truman and Dewey did not ances of the peoplc which found f

'I'he Editor. position on Heisenberg's eo

"'Science must not be a seifrsh pleasure. Thosc who are so lucky PEOPLE COME FIRST as to be ablc to devote themselves to scientific pursuits should bc ttre first to put their knowledge at the service of mankind.' Onc of his By Jesslce Svrrrs 2-50 fovorite rayings was, 'Work for thc world.' GIAIIT AT THE CROSSROADS: Karl Marx, quoted by Paul Lafargue, ln Rcminisccnccs ol Marr. TIIE STORY OF ANCIENT CIYILIZATION By M. Ilin and E. Segal $2.50

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b :,':'x:i,il:"J;ffT,"lli# ::: a pages pass great names and gr nin and vanzetti-scottsboro-Mooney-Dimitroff. -Sacco Here is the living panorama of the workers' 'washington-the struggles in the Great Depression-the march on sit-down strikes-and tle inexorable forward march of history-Munich- Spain- Pearl Harbor-stalingrad-Suchow. The heroic record of labor's day-to-day battles led by the communist party against monopoly, against warmongers and racists, against exploiters and profiteers. Here, also, is gathered selections from tle best of the Daily Worker,s reportage, editorials, news stories, columns, cartoons-by William Z. Foster, Eugene Denais, Robert Minor, Elizabeth Flynn, Ben Davis, John Gates, Milton H Rob Hall, George Morris, Abner Berry, Fred Ellis, th, Sender Garlin, So-uel Sillen, and many, many others, including the humor of AIan Max, Ted Tinsley, Chips, Redfield and Royden.

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