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Transforming Technocultures Feminist Technoscience, Critical Design Practices and Caring Imaginaries

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TRANSFORMING TECHNOCULTURES ABSTRACT The digital era has brought forward many innova- The different projects present a complex scenar- TRANSFORMING TECHNOCULTURES tive technologies but their contribution to resilient, io of how technoscientific stories are power-lad- inclusive and sustainable societies remain ambig- en, contradictory and messy. I have located several Feminist Technoscience, Critical Design Practices uous. Innovation has often been considered a key dominant narratives that affect, and are also affect- component for production and economic growth, ed by, the actors in the different technocultures. and Caring Imaginaries but this notion is gradually changing. Innovation is The dominant narrative of a linear development of turning into a practice for societal responsibility economic growth and technological advancement and sustainable development, transforming the di- creates technocultures of marginality and inequal- rectionality of the grand challenges of our time. I ity that have ethical implications for individuals and address this transformation of directionality by fo- infrastructures in Uganda. Working with feminist cusing on the norms and values which are embed- and postcolonial technoscience I challenge the bi- ded in technology design. The main objective of this nary innovation systems of science and modernity thesis is to develop knowledge on how norms of in- and argue for a more heterogeneous approach to Linda Paxling novation, technology and development are embed- development and epistemology. Another dominant ded in technoscientific storytelling and how these narrative concerns the norms and values of how narratives affect and are affected by technocultural games and media technology can and should be practices. I have approached this objective by en- performed. Working with critical design practices I gaging with technocultures in Uganda and Sweden encourage a learning platform that creatively cri- where I have explored how assemblages of people, tiques design processes of ‘the no longer and the technologies and infrastructures merge, overlap and not yet’. contrast with each other in technological develop- ment. The empirical work has been quite different The historical present has created unjust relation- in scope and context and have tackled norms and ships that are systematically power-laden and vio- values differently. In Uganda I met with representa- lent. We cannot ignore these relationships. When tives from the urban ICT community to discuss the we choose to re-imagine science, technology and challenges and possibilities with the mobile phone innovation as transformative with the possibility of infrastructure. I held an Open Space Workshop on subverting these violent relationships, we may be mobile development, and met with the co-found- able to foster more response-able and caring rela- ers of two women’s tech initiatives. In Sweden I did tionships. When we acknowledge knowledge pro- a pilot study on a norm-critical game culture and duction as situated, partial and located we learn to worked with critical design practices in a higher listen for more stories than one. learning context. Linda Paxling Blekinge Institute of Technology Doctoral Dissertation Series No. 2019:02 2019:02 ISSN: 1653-2090 Department of Technology and Aesthetics 2019:02 ISBN: 978-91-7295-362-8 Transforming Technocultures Feminist Technoscience, Critical Design Practices and Caring Imaginaries Linda Paxling Blekinge Institute of Technology Doctoral Dissertation Series No 2019:02 Transforming Technocultures Feminist Technoscience, Critical Design Practices and Caring Imaginaries Linda Paxling Doctoral Dissertation in Technoscience Studies Department of Technology and Aesthetics Blekinge Institute of Technology SWEDEN 2019 Linda Paxling Department of Technology and Aesthetics Publisher: Blekinge Institute of Technology SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden Printed by Exakta Group, Sweden, 2018 ISBN: 978-91-7295-362-8 ISSN:1653-2090 urn:nbn:se:bth-17376 Abstract The digital era has brought forward many innovative technologies but their contribu- tion to resilient, inclusive and sustainable societies remain ambiguous. Innovation has often been considered a key component for production and economic growth, but this notion is gradually changing. Innovation is turning into a practice for societal re- sponsibility and sustainable development, transforming the directionality of the grand challenges of our time. I address this transformation of directionality by focusing on the norms and values which are embedded in technology design. The main objective of this thesis is to develop knowledge on how norms of innovation, technology and development are embedded in technoscientific storytelling and how these narratives affect and are affected by technocultural practices. I have approached this objective by engaging with technocultures in Uganda and Sweden where I have explored how as- semblages of people, technologies and infrastructures merge, overlap and contrast with each other in technological development. The empirical work has been quite different in scope and context and have tackled norms and values differently. In Uganda I met with representatives from the urban ICT community to discuss the challenges and possibilities with the mobile phone infrastructure. I held an Open Space Workshop on mobile development, and met with the co-founders of two women’s tech initiatives. In Sweden I did a pilot study on a norm-critical game culture and worked with critical design practices in a higher learning context. The different projects present a complex scenario of how technoscientific stories are power-laden, contradictory and messy. I have located several dominant narratives that affect, and are also affected by, the actors in the different technocultures. The dominant narrative of a linear development of economic growth and technological advancement creates technocultures of marginality and inequality that have ethical implications for individuals and infrastructures in Uganda. Working with feminist and postcolonial technoscience I challenge the binary innovation systems of science and modernity and argue for a more heterogeneous approach to development and epistemology. Another dominant narrative concerns the norms and values of how games and media techno- logy can and should be performed. Working with critical design practices I encourage a learning platform that creatively critiques design processes of ‘the no longer and the not yet’. The historical present has created unjust relationships that are systematically power- laden and violent. We cannot ignore these relationships. When we choose to re- imagine science, technology and innovation as transformative with the possibility of subverting these violent relationships, we may be able to foster more response-able and caring relationships. When we acknowledge knowledge production as situated, partial and located we learn to listen for more stories than one. 7 8 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 11 PART A 13 Introduction 15 A brief overview 23 Research objectives 25 Main objective and aim 26 Significance 27 The wondrous worlds of feminist technoscience 29 Background 30 A transdisciplinary field 32 Feminist interventions in science and technology 33 Situated knowledge 34 Feminist figurations 34 The cyborg figuration 36 Posthumanism and agential realism 38 Technoculture is culture 39 From Science and Society to society in science 40 A diffractive framework 45 Messy Matters 48 Heterogeneous research practices 50 Diffraction makes a difference 51 Critical thinking and academic writing 53 A transformative research process 54 PART B 57 Zones of transformation I 59 Postcolonial technoscience 64 The (post-)colonial era in Uganda 65 The different stages of ICT4D 65 Centre-periphery imaginaries 66 Mobile infrastructures of Uganda 68 Stories of infrastructural inversion 68 Infrastructuring as a hybrid practice 74 [the hybrid self] 75 The technological imagination 77 Transforming designers and users 78 Gendering the ICT community 79 Gender as a category 81 Zones of transformation II 85 A different media technology 90 A norm-critical game culture: exploring norms among media technology students 91 9 A participatory framework 92 Critical making and situated knowledge 95 Challenges of the second order 97 Design fiction and future-making practices 98 What is design fiction? 98 The design fiction workshop 99 PART C 103 Zones of transformation III 105 A personal reflection 108 Trying transformations in Kampala and Karlshamn 109 Transforming technoscience 110 Making kin in cyborg worlds 110 A cat’s cradle of viscous numbers 112 Response-able engagement 113 Matters of care 115 Caring imaginaries 116 An adaptive design manifesto 117 PART D 119 Paper 1: A conversation on mobile phone practices and development – writings by a feminist postcolonial technoscientific scholar 121 Paper 2: Exploring the technological imagination among young entrepreneurs in Kampala: a feminist postcolonial technoscientific perspective 135 Paper 3: Women’s tech initiatives in Uganda – doing intersectionality and feminist technoscience 153 Paper 4: A norm-critical game culture: exploring norms among media technology students 169 Paper 5: Exploring Situated Making in Media Technology Education 183 Paper 6: Design fiction as norm-critical practice 195 References 207 10 Acknowledgements This PhD has been quite an adventure. Far from easy but definitely worth it. I want to begin by thanking my research collaborators in Kampala and Karlshamn.
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