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Culture and Public Action SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/20042:58PMPagei Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Culture and Public Action Culture andPublic SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page ii Contributors Anita Abraham Sabina Alkire Arjun Appadurai Lourdes Arizpe Fernando Calderón Monica Das Gupta Shelton H. Davis Mary Douglas Simon Harragin Carol Jenkins Arjo Klamer Timur Kuran Jean-Philippe Platteau Vijayendra Rao Amartya Sen Alicia Szmukler Marco Verweij Michael Walton SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page iii Culture and Public Action Edited by Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton Stanford Social Sciences an imprint of Stanford University Press Stanford, California 2004 SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page iv Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org E-mail [email protected] Chapter Three © 2004 by Arjun Appadurai All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work.The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher,World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. Printed in the United States of America On acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Culture and public action / edited by Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8047-4786-5 (cloth : alk. paper)—isbn 0-8047-4787-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Culture. 2. Economic development—Social aspects. 3. Developing countries—Cultural policy. I. Rao,Vijayendra. II.Walton, Michael, date– hm621.c8575 2004 306—dc22 2004001629 Original Printing 2004 Last figure below indicates year of this printing: 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 Typeset by BookMatters in 10.5/12.5 Bembo SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page v Contents Prefacevii Contributorsxi 1. Culture and Public Action: Relationality, Equality of Agency,and Development3 Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton 2.How Does Culture Matter?37 Amartya Sen 3. The Capacity to Aspire: Culture and the Terms of Recognition59 Arjun Appadurai 4.Traditional Culture—Let’s Hear No More About It85 Mary Douglas 5. Appendix to Douglas: Cultural Theory and Development Studies110 Marco Verweij 6. Cultural Obstacles to Economic Development: Often Overstated,Usually Transitory115 Timur Kuran 7. Cultural Goods Are Good for More than Their Economic Value138 Arjo Klamer 8. The Intellectual History of Culture and Development Institutions163 Lourdes Arizpe SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page vi vi Running head verso 9.Culture,Poverty,and External Intervention185 Sabina Alkire 10.Participatory Development:Where Culture Creeps In210 Anita Abraham and Jean-Philippe Platteau 11. State Policies and Women’s Agency in China, the Republic of Korea, and India, 1950–2000: Lessons from Contrasting Experiences 234 Monica Das Gupta, Sunhwa Lee, Patricia Uberoi, Danning Wang, Lihong Wang, and Xiaodan Zhang 12.HIV/AIDS and Culture:Implications for Policy260 Carol Jenkins 13.Political Culture and Development281 Fernando Calderón and Alicia Szmukler 14. Relief and an Understanding of Local Knowledge: The Case of Southern Sudan307 Simon Harragin 15. The Mayan Movement and National Culture in Guatemala328 Shelton H. Davis 16. Conclusion: Implications of a Cultural Lens for Public Policy and Development Thought359 Vijayendra Rao and Michael Walton References373 Index415 SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page vii Preface Some may find it incongruous that two economists who work for the World Bank are editing a book about culture. It reflects an increasing recognition of the centrality of cultural process to the reproduction of inequality and human ill-being among development policy makers and economists. However, we are well aware that economists are newcomers to this field and that anthropology and sociology have made seminal con- tributions to it for over two centuries. On the other hand, over the last fifty years, economists have been engaged, for better or worse, much more centrally with making policy than the other social sciences. It thus seems obvious that policy would be better served by a cross-disciplinary dialogue among the social sciences—on equal terms—on “why” and “how” culture matters for development and the implications of this for public action. This book is an effort in that direction. We have targeted the book to a broad audience—anthropologists, economists, political scientists, other academic social scientists, as well as development practitioners and policy makers of all stripes. We are also keen that the book be read by undergraduate and graduate students inter- ested in development.To achieve this, all the contributors to this volume have written their articles trying to stay clear of excessive jargon, and assuming a minimum level of prerequisites.We realize that this may mean that some disciplinary or practitioner perspectives may not be as ade- quately represented as would be possible in a book targeted to a special- ized audience. Acknowledgments We have been privileged to have had Amartya Sen as our guru and main advisor through this process. His wisdom and critical guidance have played a central role in shaping the book. We have also greatly benefited from SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page viii viii Preface Arjun Appadurai’s deep insights and cogent suggestions on both substance and style. This project would have never been completed without the unstinting support of Nick Stern, who served as chief economist of the World Bank during the time when this book was being produced. Tia Duer was a crucial ally in seeking funding and institutional support, and we are grateful for her help. Much of this effort was sparked by World Bank president James Wolfensohn’s vision for a more inclusive and cul- turally sensitive development. We would also like to acknowledge our gratitude to Mary Douglas for agreeing to contribute to this volume despite several obstacles. Our con- tributors were most responsive to pesky requests and policing, and many also served as peer reviewers and commentators on other essays. For this, we thank Anita Abraham, Sabina Alkire, Lourdes Arizpe, Fernando Calderon, Monica Das Gupta, Shelton Davis, Simon Harragin, Carol Jenkins, Arjo Klamer, Alicia Szmukler,Timur Kuran, Jean-Philippe Platteau, and Marco Verweij. The contributions in this volume served as the basis of a conference held on June 30, 2002, in Washington, D.C. Several distinguished scholars and practitioners participated in that conference as commentators and dis- cussants, and others provided their inputs as peer reviewers.Their insights have contributed greatly to revisions of the chapters and the overall per- spective on the book. For this, we express our gratitude to Yonas Admassu, Kaushik Basu, Sarah Berry, Michael Cernea, Kamala Chandrakirana, David Dollar, Andreas Eshete, Ian Goldin, Stephen Gudeman, Isabel Guerrero, Jeffrey Hammer, Keith Hart, Karla Hoff, Michael Kremer, Peter Lanjouw, Glenn Loury, Alexandre Marc, Deepa Narayan, Mieko Nishi- mizu, Hnin Hnin Pyne, Mamphela Ramphele, Debraj Ray, Jo Ritzen, Gayatri Reddy, Sita Reddy,Andrew Steer, and Michael Woolcock. There is a Web site that accompanies this book where digital videos of the conference proceedings, discussants’ comments, and additional read- ings and links can be obtained: http://www.cultureandpublicaction.org. Caroline Archambault did a superb job as the main organizer of the conference, and she and Jerry MacLean were primarily responsible for the initial development of the Web site, along with Saumitra Jha and Mattihias Vom Hau.We thank them all for their excellent work.The proj- ect was funded by Dutch Trust Funds provided by the Netherlands gov- ernment, and we are very grateful for their generous support. Our colleagues at the World Bank provided input and support without which this project would have never got off the ground. In particular, we thank Martin Ravallion,Anis Dani, Emmanuel Jimenez, Karen Mason, and Lynn Bennett. SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page ix Preface ix At Stanford Press, Patricia Katayama, our editor, was a cheerful, enthu- siastic, and patient guide in moving this book through the publication process, and we are indebted to her for her help.We are deeply grateful for thoughtful and insightful comments provided by two reviewers for the press—Keith Hart, and an economic theorist who chose to remain anonymous. Last, we acknowledge the role of our spouses, Isabel Guerrero and Sita Reddy, whose insights, input, and moral support, as, respectively, a devel- opment practitioner and economist, and a sociologist and museum stud- ies practitioner, have contributed immeasurably to our work. VR, MW SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page x SUP_Rao.qxd 3/30/2004 2:58 PM Page xi Contributors Anita Abraham has wide experience in development research and ac- tion both in India and Africa and teaches at the University of Namur, Bel- gium, on development problems.
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