MACHT UND MYTHOS: Bedeutung Und Ursprünge Ideologischer Macht

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MACHT UND MYTHOS: Bedeutung Und Ursprünge Ideologischer Macht 2 Martina Frank Karlstr. 5 70839 Gerlingen Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Doktorgrades (Dr. phil) im Fachbereich Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaft zum Thema: MACHT UND MYTHOS: Bedeutung und Ursprünge ideologischer Macht aufgezeigt am Beispiel des italienischen Nationalismus mithilfe der Figurationssoziologie Norbert Elias', des IEMP- Modells Michael Manns und der Mythostheorie nach Roland Barthes ERKLÄRUNG: Ich versichere hiermit, dass ich die Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen Quellen und Hilfsmittel als die angegebenen benutzt habe. Ferner habe ich die Stellen der Arbeit, die anderen Werken dem Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach entnommen wurden, in jedem einzelnen Fall unter Angabe der Quelle als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht. Außerdem habe ich eine Hausarbeit oder Prüfungsarbeit mit gleichem oder ähnlichem Thema weder an der FernUniversität Hagen noch an einer anderen Hochschule jemals eingereicht. Gerlingen, den 2. Dezember 1996 Martina Frank 3 0. EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................................. 6 I. THEORETISCHER TEIL............................................................................................ 10 I.1 DIE HYPOTHESEN........................................................................................................ 10 I.2 WISSENSCHAFTSTHEORETISCHE VORBETRACHTUNG .................................... 12 I.2.1 Berücksichtigung der menschlichen Wahrnehmung.................................................. 12 I.2.2 Elias: Engagement und Distanzierung......................................................................... 13 I.2.3.1 Der Modellbegriff bei Max Black .....................................................................................................18 I.2.3.2 Der Metapherbegriff bei Max Black ................................................................................................19 I.3 DAS INSTRUMENTARIUM (I)..................................................................................... 22 I.3.1 Norbert Elias: Figurationssoziologie............................................................................ 23 I.3.2 Spielmodelle: Modelle normierter Verflechtungen .................................................... 34 I.3.2.1 1) Zweipersonenspiele........................................................................................................................35 I.3.2.2 2) Vielpersonenspiele auf einer Ebene..........................................................................................37 I.3.2.3 Vielpersonenspiele auf mehreren Ebenen ...............................................................................40 I.3.2.4. 3a) Zweistöckiges Spielmodell...........................................................................................................42 I.3.2.5. 3b) Zweistöckiges Spielmodell: .........................................................................................................43 Vereinfachter Demokratisierungstyp........................................................................................43 I.3.2.6. Zusammenfassung und Problematik .........................................................................................44 I.3.3 MICHAEL MANN: ....................................................................................................... 46 DIE VIER QUELLEN DER MACHT (IEMP) ........................................................... 46 I.3.3.1 Gesellschaften als organisierte Machtgeflechte.......................................................................46 I.3.3.2 Menschliche Natur und soziale Macht ............................................................................................49 I.3.3.3 Organisationelle Macht.....................................................................................................................51 I.3.3.3.1 Kollektive und distributive Macht.................................................................................... 51 I.3.3.3.2 Extensive, intensive, autoritative und diffuse Macht........................................................ 53 I.3.3.4 Manns Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen Schichtungstheorien .....................................55 I.3.3.5 »Ebenen« und »Dimensionen« von »Gesellschaft«................................................................57 I.3.3.6 Das Durcheinander von Organisationen und Funktionen..................................................60 I.3.3.7 Machtorganisationen .........................................................................................................................61 I.3.3.8 Die vier Quellen und Organisationsformen von Macht.......................................................64 I.3.3.8.1. Ökonomische Macht......................................................................................................... 64 I.3.3.8.2. Militärische Macht........................................................................................................... 66 I.3.3.8.3 Politische Macht .............................................................................................................. 67 I.3.3.8.4 Ideologische Macht.......................................................................................................... 68 I.3.3.9 Das IEMP-Modell:..............................................................................................................................69 Was es umfasst, und was es nicht umfasst ................................................................................69 I.3.4 SIGMUND FREUD: ÜBER-ICH, ICH UND ES ........................................................ 72 I.3.4.2 Der psychische Apparat....................................................................................................................73 I.3.4.3 Bewusstsein und Unbewusstes .......................................................................................................77 I.3.5 DER STRUKTURALISMUS........................................................................................ 81 I.3.5.1 Saussure ..................................................................................................................................................81 I.3.5.1.1 »Parole« und »langue«.................................................................................................... 82 I.3.5.1.2 Die Arbitrarität des Zeichens........................................................................................... 84 I.3.5.1.3 Bezeichnetes und Bezeichnendes ..................................................................................... 87 4 I.3.5.1.4 Synchronie und Diachronie ............................................................................................. 91 I.3.5.5 Jacques Lacan: Der Vorrang der parole ...................................................................................92 I.3.5 Das Mythos-Konzept Roland Barthes'........................................................................101 I.3.5.1 Das semiologische System des Mythos..........................................................................................104 I.3.5.2 Wie liest und entziffert man einen Mythos? .................................................................................106 I.4 DAS INSTRUMENTARIUM II:....................................................................................110 DIE ELEMENTE............................................................................................................110 I.4.1 Die Ebene der Gesellschaft: .........................................................................................110 I.4.1.1 Menschengruppen als Figurationen:.............................................................................................110 Die Figurationssoziologie Norbert Elias' ....................................................................................110 I.4.1.2 Die Figuration der Machtquellen: .................................................................................................111 Die Übertragung der Figurationssoziologie auf........................................................................111 das Modell Michael Manns ..............................................................................................................111 I.4.2 Die Ebene des Individuums..........................................................................................113 I.4.2.1. Die Figuration der Persönlichkeit: ................................................................................................113 Die Übertragung der Figurationssoziologie auf........................................................................113 das Persönlichkeitsmodell Sigmund Freuds................................................................................113 I.4.3 Strukturen der Sprache................................................................................................115 I.4.3.1 Das Strukturmodell Ferdinand de Saussures und seine Modifikation bei Jacques Lacan.................................................................................115 I.4.3.2 Strukturen ideologischer Macht: Das strukturalistische Modell Roland Barthes' ....................................................................117 I.5 HANDHABUNG DES INSTRUMENTS ......................................................................119 II. PRAKTISCHER TEIL.................................................................................................120 II.1. EXKURS: ABRISS DER ITALIENISCHEN
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