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Pdf 262.12 K International Journal of Political Science ISSN: 2228-6217 Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2019, (pp.65-78) The Emergence and Evolution of Political Parties of the Constitution: The First and Second Periods Ghaffar Zarei * Department of Political Science, Lamerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lamerd, Iran Received: 2 July 2018 ; Accepted: 20 June 2019 Abstract: The evolution of studies of political parties of constitution: The first and second periods show that the evolution of parties indicates that researchers' attitude to political pheno- mena also coincide with the evolution of political realities has been transformed, and the consideration of ideologies in the analysis of the parties have replaced with religious perspectives and anti-authoritarian and constitutionalism. Contrary to the first studies conducted about parties that had deep attention to party organizations and their ideolo- gies, over time, the methods of achieving political power and achieving constitutional constitution in the first phase of examining a brief overview of different perspectives on parties separate from that is a way to get acquainted with the most important aspects of the life of the parties illustrates the fact that in the political sciences can refer to a new knowledge called "sociology of political parties"; a knowledge, which has placed a set of coherent insights and in practice undergone significant changes. The purpose of this paper is an overview on the emergence and development of political parties of the con- stitution, focusing on the first and second periods. Instead of examining the theory of all the authors that is about political parties of the constitution, it might be better to ex- amine the evolution of views in this regard, and only to analyze the views of scholars who have specialized studies on the emergence and evolution of political parties in con- stitution specially the first and second periods. Keywords: Political Parties, The Constitution, National Consultative Assembly, Consti- tutional Revolution, Interregnum Introduction The 19- year periods of the Constitutional it. Under the influence of this political com- Revolution (1305-1285 AD) is the first expe- petition, the stability of the political system rience of political forces' rivalry with each of Iran has undergone various fluctuations. In other to achieve political power and preserve this paper, these fluctuations have been stu- * Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] 66 The Emergence and Evolution of Political Parties of the Constitution: The… died with regard to various indicators of po- against the Shah's regime formed and the rea- litical stability in the form of the emergence son of hiding of the constitution of the asso- and evolution of political parties of constitu- ciations was the fear of the government and tion in the first and second periods, and the the fear of imprisonment and murder, to the overall conclusion is that: Instead of political extent that even causes the formation of the competition to be an effective factor in con- secret association accompanied with great solidating the political stability of the system concern. (Kermani, 1992: 178). led to its weakening. In other words, between After the secret association, the National the political competition and political stabili- Association was secretly constituted in Mu- ty during this 19- year period, the adverse harram 1943 with 60 members. The goals of ratio has been established. the National Association had a revolutionary Therefore, it can be said that the period of nature, and its members played an effective constitutional revolution (1305-1285 AD), role in the constitutional revolution (Union, based on various criteria and criteria, can be 2002: 119). The activity of the secret associa- converted into smaller periods of time, and tions that had more organized form in the according to these criteria, several divisions period of Muzaffar al-Din Shah than before have been done. For example, government the era of Mohammad Ali Shah and several cabinets or different periods of the National associations were created. Associations Consultative Assembly or the ups and downs played a major role against Mohammad Ali of the press, etc., can be used in this division. Shah until he was dismissed. In the month of Safar 1944 (May 1904), fifty seven progres- 1. The first period of the formation of par- sive intellectuals who went to the National ties in Iran (constitution) Library, were invited to a secret meeting in 1-1-Associations in constitution Tehran, where they formed the Revolutionary The secret associations can be considered as Committee. Malik Al-Mutakalemin and influential factors in the formation of the Seyyed Jamalodin Vae'z lectured at that constitutional revolution (Haeri, 1981: 54, meeting (Afari, 2006: 65). In the conditions 55). Their emergence time dates back to the of the conflict between Mohammad Ali Shah late Nasser al-Din Shah monarchy and the and the Assembly, the associations began to early of the rule of Muzaffar al-Din Shah. form armed groups. The activity of these as- The similarity of the secret associations that sociations became more important with the grew during the middle ages of Islam or the government's resistance to the parliament. literary associations that grew during the After the Constitution victory, many new reign of Fath Ali Shah was far more similar associations were created and the activity of to Western political parties. But these associ- associations was expanding. Although the ations gradually used the new nationalist early associations were secret, and in particu- elements to overthrow despotism (Lampton, lar some associations with pseudo-Marxist 1996: 393). These associations were demand- tendencies concealed their identity, after the ing reforms, and they tried to get together Constitution victory, most of the associations different groups, especially scholars and were formed publicly and semi-publicly, and businessmen, and their desire caused succeed were often engaged in explicit activities with in the revolution. (Union, 2002: 117) All as- charter and statute (Adamit, 1991: 133-131). sociations in the hidden space of the struggle In this period, during a short period, the phe- 67 International Journal of Political Science, Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2019 nomenon of association was motivated by ri, 2006: 61). These two judgments are not in any incentive. According to Kasravi, if at the contradiction with each other, and there are beginning of the Constitutional Revolution, indications in confirming both patterns for night letter writing was common and hun- the political structure of Iranian societies dur- dreds of people did that and everything they ing the constitutional era. Among the forums, wanted, they wrote on paper and distributed, from the nucleus of resistance and armed op- this habit replaced by play association at this erations and assassination to circles without stage. (Kasravi, 1991: 265). The associations constitutions was found for dialogue and that were most active in Tehran and Tabriz, close contact between people. had a radical and opposite effect on the first A year after the establishment of the first parliament. They acted as primary political constitution assembly in August 1286 (Au- parties and primary political tools to encour- gust 1907), the first major political murder age popular participation. In other provincial took place by a member of secret association. centers such as Mashhad, Rasht, Esfahan, Amin al-Sultan was shot and murdered by a Shiraz, Kerman and later smaller cities, a young man and a member of political associ- range of associations often emerged with the ations called Abbas Agha. In the pocket of least organizational experience. In some ci- the killer, a paper was found containing this ties, they served as local associations with writing: (Abbas Agha, Sarraf Azarbaijani, responsibilities in security, judicial and ex- member of the association, Fedation of the ecutive matters that they themselves estab- nation, grade 41). At that time, it was not lished them (Yarshater, 1949: 68). clear which association he belonged to, but In a relatively comprehensive study about the emergence of the term (Fadaei) and that constitutionalist associations, Kharabi has at least forty other members in this forum listed the name of 502 official and informal were ready of the exchange of life against life associations by extracting the names of the could have had a profound effect since then, Association from various sources, and espe- no one dared to openly oppose the assembly cially the constitutional press, (Kharabi, (Brown, 2001: 153). Heydar Khan Amu Og- 2007: 544-518). Kharabi examines these as- hli later wrote in his memoir that the secret sociations in a split into three groups: party of the Social Party of Tehran members The first category is the unofficial asso- voted for the execution of Atabak, and the ciations that have been formed since the con- executive committee had notified the verdict stitutional movement's struggles and are con- to the delegation headed by him (Ajudani, stantly increasing; the second category are 2005: 426 and 427). This assassination, official associations that have apparently be- which apparently was done by Marxist gun their activity after the adoption of the groups, was in fact the beginning of terrorist law of provincial associations; And the third acts by groups and parties; an activity that is the opposition and active associations con- early expanded in a large number of areas. trary to constitution that has been gradually 2.1 Important criticisms to procedures of created since Mohammad Ali Shah. (Lamp- forums ton, 1996: 393). Some scholars also consider The first criticism was the involvement of these popular councils to be the head of the associations in the work of the parliament "Savitos of Russia," the peasants' councils and the judiciary. The associations allowed and workers of the Russian Revolution (Afa- themselves to interfere in everything from the 68 The Emergence and Evolution of Political Parties of the Constitution: The… price of alfalfa to collecting taxes, dismissing clergy and the court doubted his activities.
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