Dadá: Bucarest, Zúrich, París

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Dadá: Bucarest, Zúrich, París DADÁ: BUCAREST, ZÚRICH, PARÍS. UNA HISTORIA DEL DADAÍSMO Data recepción: 2009-06-01 Cristina Alexandra Vlad Data aceptación: 2009-09-14 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Contacto autora: [email protected] RESUMEN Los experimentos modernistas de principios del siglo XX evolucionaron muy rápido en Europa Central y del Este con unas nuevas y radicales visiones artísticas. El germen del futuro vanguardismo mundial contaminó todos los medios antes de la Primera Guerra Mundial, pero sólo después de 1914 se constituye como un verdadero movi - miento. El Dadaísmo está conectado muy de cerca con los fenómenos modernistas de Rumanía. Artistas como Tristan Tzara, Marcel Iancu o Arthur Segall provenían de medios artísticos rumanos, en especial de Bucarest. La capital rumana representaba una metrópolis influenciada por las más diversas culturas y habitada por numero - sas etnias. Bucarest fue también el espacio donde Tristan Tzara desarrolló sus primeras actividades artísticas. Revistas como Simbolul y Chemarea tienen una gran importancia en la evolución del modernismo hacia el van - guardismo radical. En 1915, Tristan Tzara y los hermanos Iancu, se encontraron en Zúrich con Hugo Ball y cola - boraron juntos para abrir en febrero de 1916 el Cabaret Voltaire: un local donde en una atmósfera incendiaria de veladas artísticas nació el Dadaísmo. Dadá, desde sus orígenes, tuvo como figura central a Tristan Tzara, un personaje en continua actividad. Una vez acabada la Gran Guerra, Dadá-Zúrich desapareció, pero no el Dadaís - mo. Desde París, Tristan Tzara continuaría su incansable trabajo. Palabras clave: Vanguardia, Dadá, Tristan Tzara, Zúrich, Cabaret Voltaire ABSTRACT The modernist experiments of the early twentieth century developed apace in central and eastern Europe with the emergence of new and radical artistic visions. Before the First World War the germ of the international avant- gardism of the future influenced all media, though it was not until after 1914 that a genuine movement start - ed to come together. Dadaism is very closely connected to the modernist phenomena of Romania. Artists such as Tristan Tzara, Marcel Iancu and Arthur Segall all hailed from the Romanian art scene, the centre of which was Bucharest. The country’s capital was a metropolis influenced by the most diverse cultures and inhabited by a broad variety of ethnic groups, and it was here that Tzara engaged in his first artistic activities. Journals such as Simbolul and Chemarea played a hugely important role in modernism’s development towards radical avant- gardism. In 1915 Tzara and the Iancu brothers met Hugo Ball in Zurich and the following February they opened the Cabaret Voltaire: a nightclub that hosted inflammatory artistic gatherings and was the founding place of Dada. The tireless Tzara was a central figure of the movement from its very origins. And though Zurich Dada would dissolve at the end of the Great War, Dadaism lived on, with Tzara moving to Paris to continue his cease - less work. Keywords: Avant-garde, Dada, Tristan Tzara, Zurich, Cabaret Voltaire Los conocimientos occidentales con respeto de la caída del muro de Berlín y con la desapa - a las culturas de Europa Central y del Este son rición del comunismo, las oportunidades de bastante reducidos, en gran parte es una con - estudiar dichas culturas crecieron considerable - secuencia de los regímenes políticos que estos mente, pero aún ahora las barreras siguen exis - países tuvieron hasta hace veinte años. Después tiendo. Son barreras ideológicas y religiosas, QUINTANA Nº8 2009. ISSN 1579-7414. pp. 271-279 272 Dadá: Bucarest, Zúrich, París. Una Historia del Dadaísmo d burocráticas y, tal vez parecerá raro, pero siguen artistas rumanos Samuel Rosenstock (Tristan a l siendo también políticas. Para un historiador Tzara), Marcel Iancu (Marcel Janco) o Aron Siga - V a tratar de consultar archivos en un país ex-comu - lu (Arthur Segall) aparecen como personajes r d nista puede resultar una verdadera lucha con las poco conocidos en la gran máquina dadaísta. Si n a administraciones locales. La barrera del idioma Tzara es uno de los más conocidos, es porque x e fue una figura central del movimiento, pero l hace que las cosas sean aún más difíciles, son A pocos los investigadores que se lancen a apren - poco se sabe sobre sus orígenes y su trabajo a n der búlgaro, checo, rumano, ruso o cualquier antes de que Dadá llegara a ser mundialmente i t s reconocido. i idioma de Europa del Este. r C Otro obstáculo en el conocimiento de estos Para entender los principios de un movi - países, también de gran importancia, son los miento artístico, la ideología de sus promotores escasos estudios publicados sobre ellos en idio - y sus íntimas conexiones con la sociedad en la mas de uso mayoritario internacional. La litera - cual crearon es necesario el conocimiento de sus tura especializada del este de Europa se traduce antecedentes . Este background incluye la bio - poquísimo en occidente, dejando como única grafía del artista, los lugares donde vivió, sus opción para los investigadores de estos países la estudios, la historia de su país de origen, la len - de escribir directamente en un idioma extranje - gua materna y, en general, todo ese mundo con ro. Lo que se ha escrito en los últimos años en el cual el artista interaccionaba. El background Europa occidental o en Estados Unidos son, en intelectual y espiritual ofrece las bases necesa - su mayoría, libros en inglés, francés o alemán. rias para entender la personalidad del artista y, Añado esta información porque es una situa - como una extensión, también las del movimien - ción a la cual me he enfrentado en España to al cual se unió. muchas veces: la dificultad de encontrar libros El Dadaísmo es una fuente permanente de traducidos al español o el no poder acceder a investigación. Tuvo una difusión tan grande que ellos en su lengua original. Después de veinte llegó a ser un arte mundial y un lenguaje uni - años de democracias en el este de Europa, los versal para artistas de culturas muy diferentes. estudios realmente se han multiplicado e Inter - Lo encontramos desde Budapest, Bucarest o net ofrece cada día más y más información, Liubliana, hasta Tokio, pasando por Berlín, París pero también es cierto que para el ciudadano o Nueva York. Dadá fue en el siglo XX, cuando occidental corriente, Europa oriental continúa los viejos imperios europeos se desmantelaban y siendo un mundo exótico y casi desconocido. la guerra ofrecía un paisaje desolador, una iden - El presente artículo se propone explicar los tidad supranacional. Por supuesto que se meta - orígenes del Dadaísmo —un movimiento artísti - morfoseaba en cada lugar a donde llegaba, co de imprescindible importancia en el arte del sumando las características de la nación de aco - siglo XX—, que normalmente permanecen ais - gida o del grupo artístico local, pero tenía unos lados cuando se estudian las vanguardias. Para principios básicos que nunca perdió: su rebe - entender qué fue el Dadaísmo, dónde apareció, lión, su lucha contra el sistema y contra el pasa - quién lo creó y quién contribuyó a su promoción do (artístico, social o político). El espíritu Dadá te enfrentas con las barreras y obstáculos que tiene sus raíces en los grandes movimientos he enumerado antes. Pocas cosas se conocen artísticos que aparecieron en Europa a finales en el occidente sobre las vanguardias de Europa del siglo XIX y principios del XX, pero sin los fer - Central y del Este, que fueron realmente el ger - mentos políticos y sociales del siglo XX nunca men de muchas innovaciones artísticas en el habría podido llegar a la total originalidad o a la arte de principios de siglo XX. Estos pequeños creación de esa Gesamtkunstwerke 1. movimientos significan también los principios En muchos países centrales europeos las del Dadaísmo y de lo que, en general, se llama vanguardias no tuvieron unas bases políticas, el espíritu Dadá. Como nunca se unieron en como pasó en Rusia o en Alemania, los artistas grandes grupos y no tuvieron importantes pro - de este espacio eran más soñadores, filósofos o gramas-manifiesto, nunca llegaron a captar la poetas; esto no significaba que no existiera una atención de los investigadores occidentales. Los revolución, si no que surgía contra las ideas, la QUINTANA Nº8 2009. ISSN 1579-7414. pp. 271-279 Dadá: Bucarest, Zúrich, París. Una Historia del Dadaísmo 273 mentalidad y la vieja moral. Es muy importante culturas. Esta capital a principios del siglo XX d a tener en cuenta la contrariedad de Dadá: su representaba una metrópolis multicultural, l V inmensa difusión contrasta tanto con el efímero donde la lucha ideológica se daba entre occi - a r tiempo en el cual el artista quedaba bajo sus dente y oriente, norte y sur. La diversidad cultu - d n principios como con su espíritu perecedero. ral estaba perfectamente ilustrada por los a x e Muchos grupos y artistas se unieron al movi - artistas rumanos y no existía un lugar mejor l A miento, pero todos cambiaron finalmente de para la aparición de las vanguardias. a visión y abrazaron otras formas de expresión. El n Entre los años 1907 y 1910, se crea uno de i t s gran éxito del Dadaísmo, la prueba más verídica los grupos más activos en el ámbito modernista i r de que había cumplido su misión fue la innova - de Bucarest alrededor del poeta y crítico del arte C ción y el cambio. Dadá fue el principio de los Tudor Arghezi, un adepto de la estética de lo excéntricos movimientos artísticos del siglo XX y Feo en sus escrituras, pero también un admira - fue también lo que Tzara decía en el Manifiesto dor del Simbolismo y de la Secesión vienesa. Dadaísta de 1918: “entrelazamiento de los con - Arghezi, como muchos otros intelectuales de la trarios y de todas las contradicciones, de los época, era socialista y frecuentaba con regulari - grotescos, de las inconsecuencias: LA VIDA” 2.
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