DOCSLIB.ORG

European Space Strategy in a Global Context

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Space Strategy in a Global Context Full Report European Space Strategy in a Global Context Report: Title: “ESPI Report 75 - European Space Strategy in a Global Context - Full Report” Published: November 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 75 - European Space Strategy in a Global Context - Full Report, November 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: shutterstock, ImageFlow TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objective and scope of the study ........................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Scope and Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 3 2 THE EUROPEAN SPACE STRATEGY: OVERVIEW .................................................................................... 5 2.1 Which European Space Strategy? ....................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Behind the strategy: a unique approach to space…........................................................................... 6 2.3 … reflecting a unique situation worldwide .......................................................................................... 8 3 THE EVOLVING GLOBAL SPACESCAPE ................................................................................................ 11 3.1 A rapidly expanding space sector ..................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 The expansion of actors and activities ........................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 A growing and diversifying space economy… ................................................................................ 15 3.1.3 … driven by a new sectoral dynamic ................................................................................................ 16 3.1.4 The evolving role of public stakeholders ........................................................................................ 19 3.2 A disruptive technological context .................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Change of paradigm in space technology production ................................................................. 21 3.2.2 Integration of broader breakthrough technologies in the space sector ................................... 22 3.2.3 The evolving role of the terrestrial component.............................................................................. 23 3.3 A more challenging operational and geopolitical environment ..................................................... 24 3.3.1 Increasing congestion and risks of collisions and interferences ............................................... 24 3.3.2 Growing geopolitical tensions extending into the space environment ..................................... 26 3.3.3 Ambivalent space governance developments .............................................................................. 31 4 CHALLENGES FOR EUROPE ............................................................................................................... 34 4.1 International challenges to the competitiveness of Europe´s space sector ................................ 34 4.1.1 Competition challenges ..................................................................................................................... 34 4.1.2 Market challenges ............................................................................................................................... 41 4.1.3 Policy challenges ................................................................................................................................. 44 4.2 International challenges to Europe´s autonomy, safety and security ........................................... 53 4.2.1 Safety and sustainability challenges ............................................................................................... 53 4.2.2 Security and stability challenges ...................................................................................................... 58 4.2.3 Autonomy and freedom of action challenges: .............................................................................. 64 4.3 Assessment of risks stemming from the challenges ..................................................................... 68 5 ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES: THE ROLE OF DIPLOMACY ................................................................ 69 5.1 Diplomatic actions to support competitiveness of European industry ......................................... 70 5.1.1 Promote rule-based global competition ......................................................................................... 73 5.1.2 Support European industry accessing foreign markets .............................................................. 74 5.1.3 Secure industrial activities in international cooperative ventures ............................................. 77 5.2 Diplomatic actions to address safety, security and sustainability challenges ............................. 79 5.2.1 Advance multilateral norms creation with a harmonised European approach ....................... 80 5.2.2 Build coalitions of like-minded spacefaring nations ..................................................................... 83 5.2.3 Foster agreements to guarantee security of supply and service delivery ................................ 84 5.3 The bottom line: a more assertive Europe and dedicated policies ................................................ 86 5.3.1 Towards a more assertive Europe in the international arena ..................................................... 86 5.3.2 Towards dedicated space policies .................................................................................................. 88 6 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 91 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................................ 94 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ............................................................................................................................. 95 ABOUT ESPI ........................................................................................................................................... 96 European Space Strategy in a Global Context 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Europe — the member states, the EU, the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) — is one of the most experienced actors in the international arena and operates a highly regarded space programme. Through its different constituents, it has mastered a wide array of capabilities and achieved many successes with breakthrough missions and programmes, such as the ESA-led Rosetta or BepiColombo missions, the EU´s Copernicus and Galileo flagship programmes, and world-leading commercial solutions for telecommunications and launch services. Remarkably, all these successes have not been piloted by a single, unified European space strategy, but rather by a tangle of different and inherently contending space strategies. There is an ESA strategy, as defined and approved by the ESA Council at Ministerial level every three to four years; an EU space strategy, which was enacted by the European Commission in 2016 and enriched with the political orientations of the Council and European Parliament, and many national space strategies adopted by the member states of the two organisations. Equally remarkable, there is neither a general coordination mechanism for decision-making, nor a coherent political control on the implementation at pan-European level. Be this as it may, important convergences and a set of common objectives shared across all stakeholders can be derived around the overarching ambition to “promote [Europe’s] position as a leader in space, increase its share on the world space markets, and seize the benefits and opportunities offered by space”. Towards this, a set of common goals and underlying requirements have been consensually identified, namely: ● To maximise the integration of space into European society and economy by increasing the use of space technologies and applications to support public policies, providing effective solutions to the big societal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commercial Space Industry Launches a New Phase
    Commercial Space Industry Launches a New Phase Updated December 12, 2016 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44708 Commercial Space Industry Launches a New Phase Summary Rockets, satellites, and the services they provide, once the domain of governments, are increasingly launched and managed by privately owned companies. Although private aerospace firms have contracted with federal agencies since the onset of the Space Age six decades ago, U.S. government policy has sought to spur innovation and drive down costs by expanding the roles of satellite manufacturers and commercial launch providers. Global spending on space activity reached an estimated $323 billion in 2015. Of this amount, nearly 40% was generated by commercial space products and services and 37% by commercial infrastructure and support industries. The U.S. government—including national security agencies and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)—accounted for about 14% of global spending; government spending by other countries was responsible for the remaining 10%. The satellite and launch vehicle supply chains are global, with a small number of manufacturers. In 2015, global satellite manufacturing revenues were $6 billion; launches booked $2.6 billion in revenue. Ground stations—the largest part of the commercial space infrastructure—generated more than $100 billion in revenue, largely from geolocation and navigation equipment. The face of the U.S. space industry is changing with a government shift toward use of fixed price contracts for commercial services, new entrants with new launch products, and an increase in the use of smaller satellites: NASA’s commercial cargo program and other federal contracts are supporting the growth of the commercial launch industry, with less expensive rockets, some of which are planned to be reusable.
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE ASTRONAUTS, EXPERTS, AND SPACE AGENCIES DISCUSS ASTEROIDS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND RISKS ON ASTEROID DAY, 30 JUNE LUXEMBOURG, 22 June 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The Asteroid Foundation returns with Asteroid Day LIVE ​ ​ ​ Digital from Luxembourg. This year, the event is a fully digital celebration of asteroid science and exploration. Panel discussions and one-on-one interviews with astronauts and world experts will be broadcast on 30 June 2020. Each year Asteroid Day presents the public with a snap-shot of cutting-edge asteroid research from the largest ​ telescopes on Earth to some of the most ambitious space missions. Topics of discussion this year include the ​ acceleration in the rate of our asteroid discoveries and why it is set to accelerate even faster, the imminent arrival of samples from asteroid Ryugu and Bennu, the exciting preparations for the joint US-Europe mission to binary asteroid Didymos, and much more. Asteroids are the leftover remnants of the birth of the planets in the Solar System, and many are the shattered fragments of these diminutive proto-planets that never made it to maturity. “Asteroid exploration missions tell ​ us about the birth of our own planet and reveal how asteroids can serve astronauts as stepping stones to Mars,” says Tom Jones, PhD, veteran astronaut and planetary scientist, and Asteroid Day Expert Panel ​ member. Each asteroid is an individual with its own story to tell. And that’s what Asteroid Day is all about: bringing those stories to the widest audience possible. “Space and science have been an endless source of inspiration ​ for SES! This is one of the reasons why we and our partners continue to do extraordinary things in space to deliver amazing experiences everywhere on earth,” says Ruy Pinto, Chief Technology Officer at SES.
    [Show full text]
  • Spacenet: Modeling and Simulating Space Logistics
    SpaceNet: Modeling and Simulating Space Logistics Gene Lee*, Elizabeth Jordan†, and Robert Shishko‡ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109 Olivier de Weck§, Nii Armar**, and Afreen Siddiqi†† Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139 This paper summarizes the current state of the art in interplanetary supply chain modeling and discusses SpaceNet as one particular method and tool to address space logistics modeling and simulation challenges. Fundamental upgrades to the interplanetary supply chain framework such as process groups, nested elements, and cargo sharing, enabled SpaceNet to model an integrated set of missions as a campaign. The capabilities and uses of SpaceNet are demonstrated by a step-by-step modeling and simulation of a lunar campaign. I. Introduction HE term “supply chain” has traditionally been used to refer to terrestrial logistics and the flow of commodities Tin and out of manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and retail stores. Rather than focusing on local interests, optimizing the entire supply chain can reduce costs by using resources and performing operations as efficiently as possible. There is an increasing realization that future space missions, such as the buildup and sustainment of a lunar outpost, should not be treated as isolated missions but rather as an integrated supply chain. Supply chain management at the interplanetary level will maximize scientific return, minimize transportation costs, and reduce risk through increased system availability and robustness to failures.1,2 SpaceNet is a model with a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows a user to build, simulate, and evaluate exploration missions from a logistics perspective.3 The goal of SpaceNet is to provide mission planners, logisticians, and system engineers with a software tool that focuses on what cargo is needed to support future space missions, when it is required, and how propulsive vehicles can be used to deliver that cargo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization
    American University National Security Law Brief Volume 11 Issue 2 Article 5 2021 The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization Elya A. Taichman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/nslb Part of the National Security Law Commons Recommended Citation Elya A. Taichman "The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization," American University National Security Law Brief, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2021). Available at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/nslb/vol11/iss2/5 This Response or Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University National Security Law Brief by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Artemis Accords: Employing Space Diplomacy to De-Escalate a National Security Threat and Promote Space Commercialization Elya A. Taichman* “Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it—we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the Moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Diplomacy in Asian Orbit
    Space Diplomacy in Asian Orbit EDA INSIGHT RESEARCH & ANALYSIS OCTOBER 2018 Space Diplomacy in Asian Orbit Dr N. Janardhan Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Emirates Diplomatic Academy, an autonomous federal entity, or the UAE Government. Copyright: Emirates Diplomatic Academy 2018. Cover Photo: Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre - http://www.khalifasat-thejourney.com Space Diplomacy in Asian Orbit Dr N. Janardhan Senior Research Fellow, Emirates Diplomatic Academy Dr N. Janardhan is Senior Research Fellow, Gulf-Asia Programme, Emirates Diplomatic Academy. His academic publications include – A New Gulf Security Architecture: Prospects and Challenges for an Asian Role (ed., 2014); India and the Gulf: What Next? (ed., 2013); and Boom amid Gloom: Spirit of Possibility in 21st Century Gulf (2011). Dr Janardhan is also Managing Assistant Editor, Journal of Arabian Studies. Executive Summary ◊ In international relations, expanding institutionalised ◊ As balance of power equations get reconfigured, channels of consultation is seen as enhancing there is evidence that international political- cooperation. Pursuing this, it is estimated that more security competition in space may supersede other than 80 countries (and many more private enterprises) considerations in the future. For now, however, there are are presently using space, either on their own or ample notable space-related developments in Asia that in partnership with others, to further individual or fall within the realm of soft power, which this Insight collective interests. explores. ◊ The West used the Cold War to further diplomatic ◊ It also suggests the following policy options for the influence and create ‘satellite’ states based on UAE to consider: geopolitical ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • ORF Issue Brief 59 Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan
    ORF ISSUE BRIEF OCTOBER 2013 ISSUE BRIEF # 59 Synergies in Space: The Case for an Indian Aerospace Command Dr. Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan Introduction he Indian Armed Forces have been mulling over the establishment of an aerospace command for close to a decade now. Over those years, international circumstances and Tgeopolitics relating to outer space have changed, making it imperative for India to make decisions now. Though outer space is part of the global commons, it is increasingly getting appropriated and fenced as powerful States are seen seeking to monopolise space. The growing advanced military space capabilities of some nations, which include the development of their anti-satellite missile capabilities, are also a worrying trend. With much of outer space having been utilised by a small number of great powers and the increasing presence of non-state players in the recent years, even a nominal increase in terms of space activity by some developing countries is leading to issues related to overcrowding and access. In order to protect its interests, India must institutionalise its own strengths in the form of an Aerospace Command. While all the three services are becoming increasingly reliant on outer space assets, the Indian Air Force (IAF) has taken the lead, at least going by open sources. Back in 2003, Indian Air Force Chief Air Marshal S Krishnaswamy had already articulated the need for an aerospace command: “Any country on the fringe of space technology like India has to work towards such a command as advanced countries are already moving towards laser weapon platforms in space and killer satellites.” Some years after that, in 2006, the IAF established a Directorate of Aerospace in Thiruvananthapuram in South India, which can be referred to as the initial avatar of the Indian Observer Research Foundation is a public policy think-tank that aims to influence formulation of policies for building a strong and prosperous India.
    [Show full text]
  • T He Indian Army Is Well Equipped with Modern
    Annual Report 2007-08 Ministry of Defence Government of India CONTENTS 1 The Security Environment 1 2 Organisation and Functions of The Ministry of Defence 7 3 Indian Army 15 4 Indian Navy 27 5 Indian Air Force 37 6 Coast Guard 45 7 Defence Production 51 8 Defence Research and Development 75 9 Inter-Service Organisations 101 10 Recruitment and Training 115 11 Resettlement and Welfare of Ex-Servicemen 139 12 Cooperation Between the Armed Forces and Civil Authorities 153 13 National Cadet Corps 159 14 Defence Cooperaton with Foreign Countries 171 15 Ceremonial and Other Activities 181 16 Activities of Vigilance Units 193 17. Empowerment and Welfare of Women 199 Appendices I Matters Dealt with by the Departments of the Ministry of Defence 205 II Ministers, Chiefs of Staff and Secretaries who were in position from April 1, 2007 onwards 209 III Summary of latest Comptroller & Auditor General (C&AG) Report on the working of Ministry of Defence 210 1 THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Troops deployed along the Line of Control 1 s the world continues to shrink and get more and more A interdependent due to globalisation and advent of modern day technologies, peace and development remain the central agenda for India.i 1.1 India’s security environment the deteriorating situation in Pakistan and continued to be infl uenced by developments the continued unrest in Afghanistan and in our immediate neighbourhood where Sri Lanka. Stability and peace in West Asia rising instability remains a matter of deep and the Gulf, which host several million concern. Global attention is shifting to the sub-continent for a variety of reasons, people of Indian origin and which is the ranging from fast track economic growth, primary source of India’s energy supplies, growing population and markets, the is of continuing importance to India.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNATIONAL Call for Papers & Registration of Interest
    ORGANIZED BY: HOSTED BY: st 71 INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL CONGRESS 12–16 October 2020 | Dubai, United Arab Emirates Call for Papers & Registration of Interest Second Announcement SUPPORTED BY: Inspire, Innovate & Discover for the Benefit of Humankind IAC2020.ORG Contents 1. Message from the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) 2 2. Message from the Local Organizing Committee 2 3. Message from the IPC Co-Chairs 3 4. Messages from the Partner Organizations 4 5. International Astronautical Federation (IAF) 5 6. International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) 10 7. International Institute of Space Law (IISL) 11 8. Message from the IAF Vice President for Technical Activities 12 9. IAC 2020 Technical Sessions Deadlines Calendar 49 10. Preliminary IAC 2020 at a Glance 50 11. Instructions to Authors 51 Connecting @ll Space People 12. Space in the United Arab Emirates 52 www.iafastro.org IAF Alliance Programme Partners 2019 1 71st IAC International Astronautical Congress 12–16 October 2020, Dubai 1. Message from the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) 3. Message from the International Programme Committee (IPC) Greetings! Co-Chairs It is our great pleasure to invite you to the 71st International Astronautical Congress (IAC) to take place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates On behalf of the International Programme Committee, it is a great pleasure to invite you to submit an abstract for the 71st International from 12 – 16 October 2020. Astronautical Congress IAC 2020 that will be held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The IAC is an initiative to bring scientists, practitioners, engineers and leaders of space industry and agencies together in a single platform to discuss recent research breakthroughs, technical For the very first time, the IAC will open its doors to the global space community in the United Arab Emirates, the first Arab country to advances, existing opportunities and emerging space technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012
    Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 February 2013 About FAA About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2013) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Dear Colleague, 2012 was a very active year for the entire commercial space industry. In addition to all of the dramatic space transportation events, including the first-ever commercial mission flown to and from the International Space Station, the year was also a very busy one from the government’s perspective. It is clear that the level and pace of activity is beginning to increase significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of European Commercial Spacecraft Manufacturing
    The Future of European Commercial Spacecraft Manufacturing Report 58 May 2016 Cenan Al-Ekabi Short title: ESPI Report 58 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print), 2076-6688 (online) Published in May 2016 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 58; May 2016. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 58 2 May 2016 The Future of European Commercial Spacecraft Manufacturing Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Introduction – Research Question 7 1. The Global Satellite Manufacturing Landscape 9 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Satellites in Operation 9 1.3 Describing the Satellite Industry Market 10 1.4 The Satellite Industry Value Chain 12 1.4.1 Upstream Revenue by Segment 13 1.4.2 Downstream Revenue by Segment 14 1.5 The Different Actors 15 1.5.1 Government as the Prominent Space Actor 15 1.5.2 Commercial Actors in Space 16 1.6 The Satellite Manufacturing Supply Chain 17 1.6.1 European Consolidation of the Spacecraft Manufacturing Industry 18 1.7 The Satellite Manufacturing Industry 19 1.7.1 The Six Prime Contractors 21 1.7.2 The Smaller Commercial Prime Contractors 23 1.7.3 Asian National Prime Contractors in the Commercial Market 23 1.7.4 European Prime Contractors’ Relative Position in the Global Industry 23 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateway Program EVA Exploration Workshop
    Gateway Program EVA Exploration Workshop Lara Kearney Deputy Manager, Gateway Program February, 2020 1 Gateway Deep Space Logistics with EVA Space Suits Gateway Gateway 2024 HALO Lander Crewed PPE Orion/SLS Uncrewed Orion/SLS 2023 late 2024 2023 early 2024 2023 2021 2 Gateway continues to build, adding International Habitat Refueler (ESPRIT) Robotic Arm Airlock 3 Gateway Program and Objectives • The Gateway will be a sustainable outpost in orbit around the Moon, which will serve as a platform for human space exploration, science, and technology development. – The Gateway shall be utilized to enable crewed missions to cislunar space including capabilities that enable surface missions to the lunar South Pole by 2024 (Crewed Missions) – The Gateway shall provide capabilities to meet scientific requirements for lunar discovery and exploration, as well as other science objectives (Science Requirements) – The Gateway shall be utilized to enable, demonstrate and prove technologies that are enabling for lunar surface missions that feed forward to Mars as well as other deep space destinations (Proving Ground & Technology Demonstration) – NASA shall establish industry and international partnerships to develop and operate the Gateway (Partnerships) 5 Gateway Program Philosophy • Incorporating lessons learned and best practices from International Space Station, Orion and Commercial Crew and Cargo Programs • Using fixed price contracts, commercially available hardware and commercial standards to the maximum extent possible • Pushing responsibility
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolving Launch Vehicle Market Supply and the Effect on Future NASA Missions
    Presented at the 2007 ISPA/SCEA Joint Annual International Conference and Workshop - www.iceaaonline.com The Evolving Launch Vehicle Market Supply and the Effect on Future NASA Missions Presented at the 2007 ISPA/SCEA Joint International Conference & Workshop June 12-15, New Orleans, LA Bob Bitten, Debra Emmons, Claude Freaner 1 Presented at the 2007 ISPA/SCEA Joint Annual International Conference and Workshop - www.iceaaonline.com Abstract • The upcoming retirement of the Delta II family of launch vehicles leaves a performance gap between small expendable launch vehicles, such as the Pegasus and Taurus, and large vehicles, such as the Delta IV and Atlas V families • This performance gap may lead to a variety of progressions including – large satellites that utilize the full capability of the larger launch vehicles, – medium size satellites that would require dual manifesting on the larger vehicles or – smaller satellites missions that would require a large number of smaller launch vehicles • This paper offers some comparative costs of co-manifesting single- instrument missions on a Delta IV/Atlas V, versus placing several instruments on a larger bus and using a Delta IV/Atlas V, as well as considering smaller, single instrument missions launched on a Minotaur or Taurus • This paper presents the results of a parametric study investigating the cost- effectiveness of different alternatives and their effect on future NASA missions that fall into the Small Explorer (SMEX), Medium Explorer (MIDEX), Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP), Discovery,
    [Show full text]