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A New Astronomical Dating of Odysseus' Return to Ithaca Mediterranean Arhaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 12, No 1, pp.xxxxx Copyright @ 2012 MAA Printed in Greece. All rights reserved. A NEW ASTRONOMICAL DATING OF ODYSSEUS’ RETURN TO ITHACA St. P. Papamarinopoulos1, P. Preka-Papadema2, P. Antonopoulos3*, H. Mitropetrou1, A.Tsironi1 and P. Mitropetros2 1 University of Patras, Department of Geology, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece 2 University of Athens, Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanism, Faculty of Physics, 15784 Athens, Greece 3 University of Patras, Department of Physics, 26504 Rio Patras, Greece Received: 31/10/2011 Accepted: 02/12/2012 Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The annular solar eclipse, of 30 October 1207 B.C. (Julian Day-JD 1280869), calculated by NASA together with the analysis of the weather’s and the environment’s description (long nights, plants, animals and peoples’ habits) and the astronomical data (guiding con- stellations and Venus in the east horizon) mentioned by Homer in the epic, constitute an autumn return of Odysseus to Ithaca five days before the above characterized day. The latter offers a precise astronomical dating of the event and dates the legendary Trojan War’s end as well. KEYWORDS: Homer’s Odyssey; Theoclymenus’ prophecy; solar eclipse; guiding constel- lations; Venus; # Introduction dosiou et al. 2011). However, ancient re- searcher Heraclitus of Pontus (Allegories, In ancient Greece it was known what a 75, 1, 1-9, 3) had long recognized and ex- genuine myth meant. For instance, plained the passage Od.20.356-357 as a solar Ploutarchus (Fragmenta 157) says the fol- eclipse. He was the first to suggest that the lowing: “The old physical science for both, the Odyssey person, called Theoclymenus, de- Greeks and the Barbarians is natural logos scribed an incoming solar eclipse to suitors, (logos in antiquity meant fact) hidden deeply hours before its occurrence and before their within myths”. Much earlier than death. Plutarchus, Plato, in the 4th century B.C., One of us, Papamarinopoulos (2008) and defined Science in Phaedrus (277.b.5- two other authors Baikouzis & Magnasco 277.c.3) and mythology in Timaeus and (2008) independently to each other, had Critias (110.a.2-110.a.4). Plato himself knew proposed the 16th of April of 1178 yr B.C. the difference between genuine and fabri- (JD 1291264) as the day Odysseus returned cated myth. He wrote it in Timaeus and to Ithaca. All the three, mentioned above, Critias (26.e.4-26.e.5) and in Republic have interpreted Homer’s passage (Resp.377.b.6-377.b.6) respectively. Plato in Od.20.356-357: and the sun has perished out of the Republic (Resp., 379.a.1) says that “it is heaven and an evil mist covers all, as a spring`s appropriate for the founders to know the patterns total eclipse event. They based their inter- on which the poets must base their stories and pretation on NASA/Espenak and other from which they must not deviate”. This phrase studies respectively. However, all the three, means that in antiquity some of the poets authors had ignored other significant diag- were deviating, from time to time, from the nostic information mentioned by Homer. recorded tradition which passed orally to Before we focus in the Odyssey`s pas- them, and they had to be told. sages we studied initially what the ancient Homer is not different in this context. Greek authors, archeologists and historians This means that some of his passages might had said about the dating of the Trojan not be but mere fantasies. However, Kraft et War’s end because we intended to connect al (2003) offered compliments to Homer it with Odysseus` return since Homer says saying characteristically the following. “The that Odysseus returned 10 years after the reality of Homer’s description of place, event, Trojan War’s end (e.g. Od.5.106-108, and topography correlated with geologic inves- Od.2.174-176). Table 1 and Table 2 tabulate tigation helps show that the Iliad is not legend main opinions respectively. We even took but regularly consistent with palaeogeographic into consideration the ancient Greek textual reconstructions.” Kraft et al (2003) does not and pictorial mythological sources which understand the subtle difference between mentioned two successive Trojan Wars con- legend and fabricated myth from the stand ducted by Achaeans against Troy (Kakridis point of ancient Greek authors and for this 1986). The second, from the Trojan Wars, reason he calls it legend. The correct word was the legendary War mentioned by would be paramyth meaning fabricated Homer in which Ajax and his companions myth. Moreover, in the volume “Science and fought. The first was realized, a generation Technology in Homeric Epics” (2008) there are earlier from the second, in which Ajax’s fa- numerous papers in which Homer has been ther participated. The heroes of the two tested, with the principles of science, repeat- wars are presented in the temple of the edly and found correct. Athena’s Aphaea temple in Aegina Island. Also, a number of authors have consid- We note that Hiller (see Table 2) proposed ered different astronomical aspects, facts two Trojan Wars coinciding with the Greek’s and allusions in the Homeric Epics (Theo- mythological tradition. # Although Homer is not a historian, like Approach and Methodology Thucydides for instance, we took the liberty 2.1 Searching for the Homeric solar eclipse to examine specific Homeric passages in Homer describes a palace scene, during order to extract possible testable informa- noon in which δείπνον, dinner is offered. In tion in connection with Odysseus’ return in that the suitors, disguised Odysseus, his son Ithaca. Telemachus, and Theoclymenus are all to- TABLE 1: Trojan War’s dating in accordance to the ancient Greek authors Author’s name Years B.C Douris of Samos (Stromateis,1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5) 1454 or 1514* Cleitarchus of Alexandria (Stromateis,1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5) 1274 or 1334* Timaeus of Tauromenium (Stromateis,1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5) 1274 or 1334* Eratosthenes of Alexandria (Stromateis,1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5) 1184 or 1228 or 1288* Ephorus of Cymaeus (Stromateis,1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5) 1189 or 1249* Phanias of Eresus (Stromateis,1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5) 1169 or 1229* Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Histories, 2, 145, 16-17) about 1250 Dicaearchus of Sicily (Scholia vetera in Apollonii Rhodii Argonautica, 278,11-12, Fragment 58 a 4-5) 1212 Parian Chronicle (paragraph 24) 1208 Sosibius of Lacon (De die nat. , c. 21) 1171 *Clemens of Alexandria in his text, Stromateis, (1,21,138,1,1-139,5,5): The two different numbers do not signify two different Trojan Wars but only one. They are composed by three ‘time’ components. The coming of Heracleids, the commencing of the Olympiads and Alexander’s the Great coming to Troad. For the first there are two opinions. For the second there are three different opinions and for the third there is one historic opinion. The Eratosthenes dating of 1184 is composed entirely different from the others dating and presents a seeming contradicting opinion of the other ones. TABLE 2: Archaeologists’ and historians’ references on the Homeric Troy. Author’s name Layer* Years B.C. Dorpfeld W. (Zengel 1990) Troy VI ca 1250 but after Kadesh’s battle. Blegen C. (Zengel 1990) Troy VIIa 1270-1240 Mylonas G. (1964) Troy VIIa ca 1200 Desborough V. R. d’A (1966) Troy VIIa 1230-1250 Nylander C. (1963) Troy VI Not historic Trojan War. Finley M. et al. (1964) - Not historic Trojan War. Wood M. (1998) Troy VI 1250-1260 Hiller S. (1991) Troy VIh In the middle of the 13th century Troy VIIa End of the 13th /start of 12th century Hood S. (1998) Troy VII b2 10th century Mountzoy P. (1999a) - ca 1300 for VIh Mountzoy P. (1999b) - ca 1210 for VIIa Korfmann M. (2004) Troy VI/VIIa 1200- 1180** * The layers in Latin numbers illustrate the archaeologists’ stratigraphic differences in dating Homeric Troy. ** He proposes, the ratio VI/VIIa as being the Troy`s catastrophe layer VI. He does that by equating VIIa=VIi (Korfmann 2004b). # gether. Then, Theoclymenus predicts the we choose to begin from 1300 yr B.C. be- suitors’ death and the sun’s eclipse saying, cause in this latter period the Achaeans had for the latter, the following: the sun has per- reached the maximum political, economic ished out of heaven and an evil mist hovers over and military organization and there were all, (Od.20.356-357). As the suitors heard capable to organize a 1200 ships naval what Theoclymenus said, they called him power (Iliad.2. 494-762 and Iliad.2.816-877) mad, because there was still some day light ready to act away from Greece in Troy. We which they could see it themselves also extend it by 41 years until 1130 yr B.C. (Od.20.360-362). The suitors mocked the in order to include the Achaeans’ Palaces seer because they were incapacitated by ruling system destruction. From Xavier Ju- drunkenness and confusion because they bier’s website “Five Millennium (-1999 to did not realize the eclipses’ beginning. +3000) Canon of Solar Eclipses Database” Homer, further, describes a next palace (http://xjubier.free.fr/en/site_pages/solar_ecl scene. The suitors have eaten already their ipses/5MCSE/xSE_2_Five_Millennium_Can dinner, the hours passed, and they were in on.html) based on Espenak & Meeus (2006), late noon time before the supper δόρπον we found 64 solar eclipses (Total or Annular was offered (Od.21, 269-427). We notice that or Hybrid or Partial) which could be visible the suitors have not started this supper, be- from the Ionian Islands region during 1300- cause Homer says very clearly, in the fol- 1130 yr B.C.
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