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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85040-7 - Martyrdom in Islam David Cook Index More information Index Abbasid/Abbasids (see caliph), xii, 49–52, 56, Antiochus IV Epiphanes (see Greek, 59, 62, 102, 168 Hellenization), 5–6 Abd al-Aziz b. Umar, 103 apocalypse, 125–26 Abd al-Salam Faraj, Muhammad, 141 apocalyptic, 6, 125, 126 al-Farida al-ghaiba (The Neglected Duty), “Daniel Apocalypse,” 125 141 ascetic, 11 Abdallah b. Ghalib, Abu Firas (see al-Harrani), asceticism, 63 118, 120 Ashura, 4 Abu Adam Jibril al-Amriki, 180, 182 al-Asmar, Hilmi, 174 Abu Aysha, Darin (see suicide attacks), 157 Aurengzeb, 76, 79, 80 Abu Bakr (see caliph), 13, 47, 120 Ayyash, Yehye, 157, 158, 174 Abu Muslim (see martyr), 108–10, 166–69 Azzam, Abdallah, 145, 158–61 Abu Rahma, Talal, 156 Afghanistan, 64, 76, 107, 108, 145, 146, 150, al-Balkhi, Shaqiq, 64 (see martyrs, Sufi) 154, 158, 163, 175–78 Battal, Sayyid, 112 Africa, 90, 92, 97 baraka, ix, 94, 181 East, 90–94, 104 Battle of Ethiopian, 10 Badr, xii, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24, 93 North, 26 the Camel, 53 Swahili, 118 the Harra, 46 slavery, 14 the Khandaq, xii slave/slaves, 13 Manzikert, 83 West, 50, 74–75, 86–90, 94 Magnesia, 5 ahl al-sunna, 181 Muta, 25, 60 al-Akhras, Ayat (see martyr), 163 Nahrawan, 54 al-Albani, Nasir al-Din, 153 Siffin, 53, 54 Albania, 145 Uhud, xii, 15, 18, 24, 37, 43, 72, 93, 103, Alexander the Great, 5 114 Allah (see God), 13, 152 Bedouin, 16 and martyrs, 17, 31–32, 126, 174 belief system, 1, 2, 4, 5, 13, 63, 97 approval, 169, 182 Bektash, Haji, 84 blessings of, 181 Bible, 5, 16, 19 enemies of, 180–81 Bilal (see Africa, slave), 13, 14, 21, 22, 25, 87 Quranic verses, 12–13, 16, 41, 126, bin Laden, Osama (see Osama bin Laden; 183 al-Qaida) rewards, 19, 42 Birqa, Allah-Yar, 81 thanks to, 180 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 145 “Allahu akbar!,” ix, 38, 54, 177, 181, 182, Bosnian-Herzegovinan War, 178 Allahumma, 172 Buddhist, 74, 117 “An American Shahid,” 180–183 Zen, 23 al-Ansari, Abu Ayyub, 27 al-Bukhari, 124 antinomianism, 64 Byzantine Empire, 25, 26, 30, 84, 112 202 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85040-7 - Martyrdom in Islam David Cook Index More information Index 203 Byzantines, 25, 26, 30, 64, 65, 83, 112, 122, Fuzuli (see martyrs of love), 111–13 125 Layla and Majnun, 104, 110–13 caliph, 120, 130 Gamaat al-Islamiyya, 141–43 Abbasid, xii, 49–52, 56, 59, 62, 102, 168 Ganges, 74, 79 caliphate, 26, 46, 47, 53, 55, 60, 159 al-Ghazali (see Sufi), 42 Chechnya, 145, 147, 152, 177 ghulam, 172 children, 35, 36, 56, 57, 58, 100, 123, 131, 141 God (see Allah), 1, 9, 13, 16, 32, 123 China, 166 glory of, 9 Christian/Christians, 7, 10, 12, 30, 74, 138, 144 path of, 19, 36, 126, 181 Anatolia (Turkey), 70, 74, 83, 84, 112 power of, 22, 146 Maronite, 141 relationship with, 9 Najran, 9, 20, 71 will of, 10, 54, 66, 128 Nestorian, 74 word of, 1, 36, 50n, 51, 142 Nubian, 92 government, 142 Communist, 136, 145, 166 anti-government jihad, 143 companions (see Muhammad) Great Britain, 135–36 of the Pit (Ashab al-ukhdud)(see narrative), Greek, 5 ix, 20, 71, 138, 139, 148, 152, 165 Alexander the Great, 5 of the Right, 32 Antiochus Epiphanes IV, 5–6 Constantine, Emperor, 10 Hellenization, 5 Constantinople, xii, 27, 41, 84, 105, 134 Selucid Empire, 5–6 conversion, 3, 11, 39, 53, 74–76, 79, 83, 166 Grenada, 85 Marxist interpretation, 76 Moriscos, 85–86 hadith, ix, 11, 33, 36, 71, 144, 152, 153 Crusaders, 40, 112 literature, 21, 27, 33, 44, 126, 127, 147, 160, Crusades, 40, 106, 123 167 collection, 126 Dajjal, 126 collectors, 33 Dan Fodio, Shehu Usuman (Uthman) (see hagiography, 158, 159 Africa, West), 89, 94 hagiographical, 1, 2, 51, 58, 60, 74, 78, 84, Day of Resurrection (see apocalypse), 128 149, 154, 160 Death, 69, 94, 114, 116 hajj, ix, 34, 35, 65 Diwan al-Hamasa,62 al-Hallaj, Husayn b. al-Mansur, 67 al-Durra, Muhammad, 156 Hallajian (referring to al-Hallaj), 98 al-Hamadani, Ayn al-Qudat (see martyr, Sufi), Egypt, 26, 29, 40, 47, 48, 54, 69, 183, 141, 162 69 Eleazar, 6, 7, 9, 10 Hamas (Harakat al-muqawama al-Islamiyya), epic heroes, 104–07 144 Antara b. Shaddad, 105 Hamza, 17, 24–25, 114 Ethiopian (see Africa, East), 10 al-Haqq, General Zia, 145 evil, 9, 68, 114, 126, 130, 152 al-Harith b. al-Sharid, 102 absolute, 3 al-Harrani, Abdallah b. Ghalib (see Abdallah exegesis of Quran, 32 b. Ghalib), 116 expiation, 4, 36, 61, 117, 126–29 al-Hashimiyya, Umm Ibrahim, 122 hell (see reward/punishment), 36, 38, 42, 46, Fatima, 53, 88, 125, 133 49, 128, 129 fatwas, 151, 153 hijra, ix, xii, 14, 15, 23, 82, 89 al-Fazari, Abu Ishaq, 36, 121 Hindu, 74–81 Ferdinand II of Aragon, 85 Hizbullah, 141, 155 fighters (see jihad, mujahidin), 145 homosexual (see also martyrs of love), 98, Firdawsi, 107 103 Shahnamah, 104, 107 houris, ix, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 90, 91, 112, 117, France, 26, 93, 136, 156 120, 144, 156, 157, 160 Fulani (see Africa, West), xiii, 87–90, 94 women of paradise, 32, 33n, 119, 122, 163 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85040-7 - Martyrdom in Islam David Cook Index More information 204 Index Hunwick, John, 89 al-Mazini, Qutari b. Fujaa, 62 Husayn, 4, 46, 48, 55–61, 109, 154 Kharijism, 54, 62, 87 Khattab (see al-Suwaylam, Sami), 21, 26, 119, Ibn Abi al-Dunya, 120 177 Kitab al-marad wa-l-kaffarat (The Book of Khost, 176 Sickness and Expiation), 127 Khubayb b. Adi, 21–22 Ibn Abi Zaminayn (see sex), 39 Khurasan, 64–5, 73, 103, 108–09 Qudwat al-ghazi,39 al-Khumayni, Ayatullah Ruhullah, 138 Nujayh, 39 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 180 Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani, 43 Krishna, 77 Ibn al-Duri, 103 Kufa, 4, 47, 49, 56, 61, 129 Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 50 kufr, 180 Ibn Hanbal, Salih b. Ahmad, 51 al-Kuwaiti, Abu Muadh, 178 Sirat al-Imam Ahmad b. Hanbal (The Life of the Imam Ahmad b. Hanbal), 51 Lebanon, 112, 140–41, 143, 151, 155 Ibn al-Mubarak, Abdullah, 36, 38, 40, 66, 126, Lodi, Sikandar, 78–79 169 Ibn al-Nahhas (see jihad), 30, 40, 41, 122, 149 Maccabean, 5–6 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, 100 Eleazar (see Martyrs, Jewish), 6–7 Ibrahim b. Adham, 64–66, 113–14, 169 Revolt, 6 Idumeans, 5 Mahmud of Ghazna, 76–77, 83 India, 68, 74–80, 97, 175 Majnun and Layla (see Firdawsi; Jami), Indian Mutiny of 1857, 83 99–100, 104, 110–13 Indonesia (see Malaysia), 94–97 Malaysia (see Indonesia), 94–97 epics, 113 epics, 113 Indus, 26, 74 al-Mansur, Abu Jafar (see caliph, Abbasid), inshaallah, 178 108, 166 Intifada, First, 143, 155 martyr/martyrs (see narratives), 166 Intifada, Second, 155–56 Christian, 20, 71 Iraq, 26, 47–49, 53, 57, 62, 69, 114, 121, 154, of Najran, 20 168 Paul of Tarsus, 9 Isabel I of Castile, 85 Polycarp, 9–10 Islamic Revolution in Iran, 155 Stephen, 9 Jewish, 5–9, 21 Jafar al-Tayyar, 25–26, 60 Eleazar, 5–6, 9 Jalalabad, 176 Jesus Christ, 8–9 Jami, 104 John the Baptist, 19 Jamil and Buthayna, 99, 101 Muslim, 14, 26–27, 30, 95, 118, 127, 165 jannah, jannat (see paradise), 178 Abu Muslim, 108–09, 166–69 Jesus (Jesus Christ) (see martyr, Jewish), 8–10, al-Balkhi, Shaqiq, 64 19, 23, 49, 50, 58, 68, 73, 114, 126, 130 Bilal, 13–14, 21–22, 25, 87 jihad, ix, 119 Ibrahim b. Adham, 64–66, 113–14, 169 “fi sabil Allah,” 140, 148, 165, 181, 182 Kharijite, 62–63 mujahidin (see fighters), x, 83, 145, 159, Sufi, 63–65: of love (see also martyrs of 177, 178, 181 love), 81–82 poetry, 123 al-Hamadani, Ayn al-Qudat, 69 jizya,x,76 al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din, 69 John the Baptist (see martyr, Jewish), 19 Sumayya bint Khayyat (see woman), 14 Turkish, 83–85 Kabir, 17, 20, 78 sectarian, 27, 44–46 Karbala, 55–57, 61, 132–33, 141 seven categories of martyrs (see jihad), 34–35 Kabul, 107, 177 symbols, 117 Khalili, Masood, viii, 175 types of al-Khariji, Abu Bilal Mirdas b. Udiyya, 63 innocent martyr, 22: Khubayb b. Adi, Kharijites (see martyrs, Kharijite), 62 21–22 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85040-7 - Martyrdom in Islam David Cook Index More information Index 205 fighting martyr, 23, 25, 44, 166: Hamza, Bosnian-Herzegovinan, 160 147 17, 24–25, 114; Jafar al-Tayyar, Chechen, 176 25–26, 60 Kashmiri, 180–82 martyrs of love (see Sufism), 98–99, 115, Palestinian, 174 147: Majnun and Layla, 99–100 martyrs by torture, 135, 173 Olandar, Shah, 81 philosopher martyr, 166 Operation Miracle, 178 scientific martyr, 166 Osama bin Laden (see also al-Qaida), martyrdom, 1–7, 174 175 audience, 1–4, 129 Christian, 8–11, 117 pain, 1, 4, 32, 71, 127, 177, 180 defiance, 2, 30, 121 Palestinian, 144 death, 1–2, 6–11, 17, 23, 25 al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, the, 145 enemy, 1–3, 36, 41, 57 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Jewish, 117 143 poetry, 121, 161–62 pantheism, 80, 94 narrative, 1–4, 8–10, 22, 125 paradise (see houris; reward/punishment), suffering, 1–4, 12, 14 9, 17, 19, 23, 32, 33, 37, 46, 56, 65, witness, 1–3, 16–17, 20, 147 87, 91, 112, 114, 118–23, 126, 157, martyrology, 11, 29, 30,79, 84, 92, 94, 98, 118, 160 155, 158, 180 Penitents, the, 61, 129 Quranic, 18, 20 al-Tawwabun,61 martyrologies Peshawar, 145, 177 Buddhist, 170 plague, 28 Christian, 114, 129 of Emmaus, 28 Muslim/Islamic, 92, 98, 144–45, 161, Black, of Egypt, 29 170 martyrs of, 34 remembrance, 130–31 poison, 106, 177 Shiite, 52–61: Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Polycarp (see martyr, Christian), 9, 10 52 Pontius Pilate, 8 masjid, 96, 178 prayer, ix, x, 10, 16, 22, 28, 29, 35, 50, 54, Masud, Salar, 77 130, 181 al-Mawdudi, Abu al-Ala, 138 prison, 51, 67, 71, 139, 179 Mecca, 1, 13–16, 21–22 propaganda, 53, 108, 109, 136 Medina, 14–16, 24, 26, 46 Massoud, Ahmad (Ahmed) Shah, 175, 176 missionary, 1, 5, 23, 73, 136, 166 missions, 23, 166 qafqaz.com, 177 monk, 172–73 al-Qaida (see
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  • Revisiting the Canon Through the Ghazal in English

    Revisiting the Canon Through the Ghazal in English

    Revisiting the Canon through the Ghazal in English Chandrani Chatterjee Milind Malshe Abstract At the dawn of English education in India the popularity of certain genres led to the adaptation, transformation and assimilation of these forms in the Indian languages. However, in this East-West encounter, not only were the European forms appropriated by the Indian writers, one of the Eastern forms, viz. the ghazal, was taken up by writers in English. This paper traces the origin of the ghazal as a distinct form, its development in the poetry of Mir (c 1723-82) and Ghalib (1797-1869) before discussing how this genre was adapted and experimented with, by some writers in English. In this process we try to address some issues like translation, adaptation and transformation and also what factors affect the composition and institution of a canon. I Ghazal as a form is supposed to have originated in Arabia in the late seventh century. 1 It is said to have developed from the nasib , which itself was an amorous prelude to the qasida (an ode). Qasida was a panegyric to the emperor or his noblemen. It has been observed that because of its comparative brevity and concentration, its thematic variety and rich suggestiveness, the ghazal soon eclipsed the qasida and became the most popular form to be introduced in India from the Persian and Arabic literary traditions: “Ghazal means literally conversation, most often between lovers. It has a strict form Translation Today Vol. 3 Nos. 1 & 2, 2006 © CIIL 2006 Chandrani Chatterjee 184 Milind Malshe bound by rules, containing from a minimum of five to a maximum of seventeen couplets.
  • Esoteric Keys of Mīrzā ʿabd Al-Qādir Bīdel

    Esoteric Keys of Mīrzā ʿabd Al-Qādir Bīdel

    ESOTERIC KEYS OF MĪRZĀ ʿABD AL-QĀDIR BĪDEL by NASIM FEKRAT (Under the Direction of Kenneth Lee Honerkamp) ABSTRACT Bīdel is considered the most difficult poet in Persian poetry. This study explores the complexity of his language through three key words: incapacity, mirror, and bewilderment. I argue that these are umbrella terms, which cover a range of concepts, images, metaphors, and symbols, and through understanding them, we find the keys to unlock the mysteries of Bīdel’s thinking; not knowing them, the inner subtlety and significance of his works cannot be understood. The goal of this examination is to see how Bīdel’s own ontological exploration yields a description of human relationship with the Divine. INDEX WORDS: Mīrzā ʿAbd al-Qadir Bīdel, Sabk-i Hindi, Sufism, Persian Poetry, Incapacity, Mirror, Bewilderment, Imagination, Theosophy ESOTERIC KEYS OF MĪRZĀ ʿABD AL-QĀDIR BĪDEL by NASIM FEKRAT BA, Dickinson College, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2018 © 2018 Nasim Fekrat All Rights Reserved ESOTERIC KEYS OF MĪRZĀ ʿABD AL-QĀDIR BĪDEL by NASIM FEKRAT Major Professor: Kenneth Lee Honerkamp Committee: Alan Godlas Carolyn Jones Medine Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2018 DEDICATION To my mother, Hawa, who suffered throughout her life. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the culmination and final product of people who gave me the tools and knowledge. Foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr.
  • Out of the Closet: Queer Love in Arabic Literature and Islamic Society

    Out of the Closet: Queer Love in Arabic Literature and Islamic Society

    International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 SJIF (2019): 7.583 Out of the Closet: Queer Love in Arabic Literature and Islamic Society Hadeel Safa Hadi Al-Bayati Istanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, English Language and Literature Department Abstract: When same-sex desire is brought to literature it gives it a new shape. This kind of literature is crucial, urgent, and relevant to today’s world and it has a lasting impact on the human sexual experience. Nevertheless, this type of literature in itself is rarely the focus of research, thus it remains undefined and under-explained. Since there are no serious studies on homosexuality in Arabic literature, I find it necessary to address this scholarly gap by shedding light on such an argumentative subject especially in today’s world. Depending on this consideration, this study focuses on the interplay between homosexuality and Islamic culture. By so doing, it explores the manifestation of twin flame relationships in Arabic literature, in light of its epistemic closure in Arabic cultural societies. Accordingly, the study is equipped with specific references to famous Arabic poets, novelists, and short fiction writers, who are qualified to depict the constructions of queer desire and sexual customs of Arabic Muslims. Therefore, the study provides a vehicle for conveying multiple portrayals of homoeroticism in Arabic literature and Islamic society that values religion above all. Looking at the representations of queer social relations, we hope to find both echoes of the Arabic Muslims’ views on queer relationships and indications of the ways in which the conceptual state of bisexuality is evolving in both Arabic literature and its culture.