Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo's Path to Legitimacy in Solo, 2005
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! Creating Legitimacy in Decentralized Indonesia: Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo’s Path to Legitimacy in Solo, 2005 - 2012 Wawan Mas’udi Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2017 Faculty of Arts, Asia Institute The University of Melbourne ! ! Abstract This dissertation analyses the process of creating political legitimacy in Indonesia’s decentralized transitional democracy. In a transitional context, the authoritarian mode of legitimation was no longer effective, but the way in which new political leaders could create legitimacy based on democratic values had yet to be developed. Many political leaders in fact preferred to embrace patronage. By examining the case of Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo’s emergence in Solo, Indonesia, I argue that one way of creating legitimacy in a transitional context is by developing effective policies and an inclusive style of leadership which both addresses community vulnerabilities and interests in reform as well as facilitating the interests of dominant elite groups. In a democracy, legitimacy is not a political given, but needs to be created as a result of interactions between political leaders and their constituents. Adapting Stillman's compatibility of government’s output with public demands and Rothstein and Theorell's quality of government approach as a starting point for analysis, I found that the effectiveness of Jokowi’s policies on basic public services and urban informality helped him to create legitimacy, in part because they protected the common interests of the people. However, these popular policies did not threaten the interests of dominant elites. On the contrary, these and other policies Jokowi adopted as mayor of Solo facilitated the interests of political and economic elites, with which he identified. Jokowi’s capability to effectively manage competing interests in the city was largely due to his leadership style of intimate consultation and direct communication with various elite actors and the broader community in the process of governing. In addition to the effectiveness of this approach, such a style of leadership was integral to his political legitimacy. In the absence of an established pattern of legitimation in post New Order Indonesia, Jokowi’s path to legitimacy is just one possible approach. However, Jokowi’s approach has had political resonance well beyond the distinctive, but not unique society of Solo. The broader resonance or significance of Jokowi's path to legitimacy is evident in his rise to power in a more complex and plural cultural and political setting by similar means – first as Jakarta governor and then as president – in a way that local patronage politicians have not been able to match. !|!Page! 2! ! ! Declaration This is to certify that: 1.! The thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD except where indicated in the preface, 2.! Due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used, 3.! The thesis is fewer than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies and appendices. Melbourne, 17 February 2017 Wawan Mas’udi !|!Page! 3! ! ! Acronyms ASKESKIN – Asuransi Kesehatan Health Insurance for Poor Family Keluarga Miskin ASKES PNS – Asuransi Kesehatan Health Insurance for the State Employee Pegawai Negeri Sipil Asmindo – Asosiasi Mebel Indonesian Furniture Association Indonesia BEM – Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Student Executive Board BOS – Bantuan Operasional School Operational Subsidy Sekolah BPMKS – Bantuan Pendidikan School Subsidy for People of Surakarta Masyarakat Kota Surakarta DAK – Dana Alokasi Khusus Special Allocation Fund DAU – Dana Alokasi Umum General Allocation Fund DPKS – Dewan Pendidikan Kota Surakarta Education Board Surakarta DPP – Dewan Pimpinan Pusat Central Leadership Board DPR – Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat People Representative Council or Parliament DPRD – Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Local People Representative Council or Local Daerah Parliament FKKBS – Forum Komunikasi Solo Becak riders Communication Forum Keluarga Becak Solo FPIS – Forum Pembela Umat Islam Surakarta Islamic Defender Forum Surakarta GAM – Gerakan Aceh Merdeka Free Aceh Movement Golkar – Golongan Karya Functional Group Golput – Golongan Putih Non-voting Group GRAK – Gerakan Rakyat Anti Anti-Yellowization People Movement Kuningisasi HIEC Hailai International Executive Club HMI – Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam Islamic Student Association HPPK – Himpunan Pedagang Pasar Pasar Klewer Traders Union Klewer IPGI Indonesian Partnership for Governance Initiative JAMKESMAS – Jaminan People Health Insurance Kesehatan Masyarakat Kadin – Kamar Dagang dan Industri Trade and Industry Chamber Kesbanglinmas – Kesatuan Bangsa Office of National Unity and Societal dan Perlindungan Masyarakat Protection KOMPIP – Konsorsium Consortium for Public Institution Pemberdayaan Institusi Publik Empowerment KPK – Komisi Pemberantasan Commission for Corruption Eradication Korupsi KPU – Komisi Pemilihan Umum General Election Commission KSKMB – Komite Solidaritas Committee for Mega-Bintang Victim Korban Mega Bintang Solidarity KTP – Kartu Tanda Penduduk Residence Identity Card !|!Page! 4! ! ! LPTP – Lembaga Pengembangan Institution for Village Technology Application Teknologi Pedesaaan MPR – Majelis Perwakilan Rakyat People Representative Assembly MTA Majelis Tafsir Al-Quran MUI – Majelis Ulama Indonesia Indonesian Ulama Council Musrenbang – Musyawarah Forum for Development Planning Rencana Pembangunan NU Nahdatul Ulama NGO Non Government Organization P3S – Paguyuban Penataan Parkir Surakarta Parking Attendants Association Surakarta P3TN – Paguyuban Pedagang Pasar Nusukan Market Traditional Traders Tradisonal Nusukan Association PAN – Partai Amanat Nasional National Mandate Party Panwaslu – Panitia Pengawas Electoral Supervision Committee Pemilu Papatsuta – Paguyuban Pasar Surakarta Traditional Market Association Tradisional Surakarta Pappan – Paguyuban Pedagang Nusukan Market Traders Association Pasar Nusukan Pasker – Paguyuban Semangat Working Spirit Association Kerja PATTIRO – Pusat Telaah Informasi Center for Regional Information Research Regional PD – Partai Demokrat Democrat Party PDI – Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Indonesian Democratic Party PDIP – Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Indonesian Democratic Party Struggle Perjuangan PDS – Partai Demokrasi Sejahtera Democratic Welfare Party Perda – Peraturan Daerah Local Regulation Perwali – Peraturan Walikota Mayor Regulation PGTTI – Persatuan Guru Tidak Indonesian Casual Teacher Union Tetap Indonesia Pilkada – Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Local Leader Election PKI – Partai Komunis Indonesia Indonesian Communist Party PKL – Pedagang Kaki Lima Street Vendors PKMS – Perlindungan Kesehatan Surakarta Society Health Protection Masyarakat Surakarta PKS – Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Justice and Welfare Party PMS – Paguyuban Masyarakat Surakarta Society Association Surakarta PPBI – Pusat Perjuangan Buruh Central for Indonesian Worker Struggle Indonesia PPMS – Paguyuban Partai Politik Surakarta Political Party Association Masyarakat Surakarta PPP – Partai Persatuan United Development Party Pembangunan PRD – Partai Rakyat Demokrasi People's Democratic Party PUSKESMAS – Pusat Kesehatan Community Health Centre Masyarakat !|!Page! 5! ! ! RUTRK – Rencana Umum Tata General Planning for Land and Territorial Use Ruang dan Kawasan Spek-HAM – Solidaritas Women's Solidarity for Humanity and Human Perempuan untuk Kemanusiaan dan Rights HAM Satpol PP – Satuan Polisi Pamong The Civil Service Police Unit Praja SD – Sekolah Dasar Primary School SDI – Sarekat Dagang Islam Islamic Traders Association SI – Sarekat Islam Islamic Association SKK – Solo Kota Kita Solo Our City SK Walikota – Surat Keputusan Mayoral Decision Walikota SMID – Solidaritas Mahasiswa Indonesian Student Solidarity for Democracy Indonesia Untuk Demokasi SOMPIS – Solidaritas Masyarakat Surakarta Marginal Community Solidarity Pinggiran Surakarta TAF The Asia Foundation TPKD – Tim Penanggulangan Team for Local Poverty Eradication Kemiskinan Daerah UNS – Universitas Negeri Surakarta Surakarta Public University UPT – Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Integrated Service Unit VOC – Vereenigde Oost-Indische Dutch East India Company Compagnie WKRI – Wanita Katolik Republik Indonesian Catholic Women Indonesia !|!Page! 6! ! ! Acknowledgements Completing this dissertation is one of the most important milestones in my journey as a student of political science. Nonetheless, I owe much to many generous individuals and institutions during this painstaking, but ultimately worthwhile process of research and writing up this manuscript. My greatest intellectual debt is to three dedicated scholars who have enthusiastically guided me through the PhD experience. Dr. Richard Chauvel has been keen to be my supervisor since I started my PhD at Victoria University, Melbourne, in August 2011. He knew very little about me at that time, but his willingness to be my supervisor had already shown a big-heartedness of a senior scholar to help the young researcher like me in progressing his academic career. Richard has not only been my mentor in preparing the proposal, conducting the research, and drafting thesis chapters, but also a tireless supporter when I faced complicated administrative circumstances including my transfer to the Asia Institute at The University of Melbourne. He was more than an academic supervisor, but also a compassionate personality, from whom I found inspiration for being a better lecturer and scholar upon my return to my home university in Jogjakarta. Dr.