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Social and Cultural Constructions of Communities in South Yorkshire Colliery Settlements: the Mining Households

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Social and Cultural Constructions of Communities in South Yorkshire Colliery Settlements: the Mining Households Social and Cultural Constructions of Communities in South Yorkshire Colliery Sett.lement.s: Thce! Min~Households of the Darfield and Wombwell Dist.rict, c.18S1 - 1900 Andrew Guyon Walker This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for English Cultural Tradition and Language, Department of English Language and Linguistics. Submitted in December 1993 IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl,uk BEST COpy AVAILABLE. VARIABLE PRINT QUALITY Acknowledgements I would like to record my thanks to my supervisors, Professor David Hey and Professor John Widdowson, for their invaluable advice and encouragement. The study owes much to the expertise and enthusiasm of staff at the local studies and archi ves sections of a number of libraries. I am indebted particularly to the staff at Barnsley Archives, Barnsley Local Studies Library and Sheffield Archives. I also wish to express my gratitude to the generous financial support granted me by the University of Sheffield Hossein Farmy Scholarship which has made my pursui t of a doctOl-ate possible. Social and Cultural Constructions of Communities in South Yorkshire Colliery Settlements: The Mining Households of the Darfield and Wombwell District, c.185l - 1900 Andrew Walker Much of the literature relating to the history of miners has been written from a union orientated perspective. In this study a broader understanding of the lives of miners and their families is sought. Notions of community and communal belonging are central throughout the investigation. The extent of migrat ion is considered. Clear evidence of residential clustering of migrants is uncovered. This had a significant impact upon community development within the settlements. The study acknowledges the centrality of the workplace in mining communities. Primary evidence suggests, though, that the mining workplace was not a cohesive social unit. Divisions within the workplace were as significant as those bet ween capi tal and labour. Longstand ing, rigid d i visions between grades of mining employees were uncovered which impacted upon their lives outside work. An examination of women's lives within the settlements questions the general assertion that they played an economically passive role within mining settlements. Women participated actively in the public life of the settlements through their involvement in mining disputes and other communal expressions of approbation, such as rough music. ReI igious and leisure act i vi ties revealed much about how indi viduals sought to construct their own ident it ies and those of their settlements. Both boundaries of belonging and the triumph of custom over capitalist relations were affirmed through events such as the annual feast celebrations. The study reveals the composite nature of community belonging. Individuals engaged in a multiplicity of communities ranging from the micro-community of the family to the macro-community of the nation. The nature of individuals' communal part icipat ion was determined by factors such as their: age; gender; workplace position; and marital status. Communal belonging was fluid. Particular aspects of communal identity fluctuated in significance depending upon circumstance. -----Contpnts Page no. 1. List of Tables. 2. Map of the Study Area 3. Preface. i 4. Chapter One Introduction. 1 Footnotes to Chapter One. 34 5. Chapter Two. The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry, c.1840 - 1900. 38 Footnotes to Chapter Two. 69 6. Chapter Three. Migration into the Darfield and Wombwell District, 1861 - 1891. 73 Footnotes to Chapter Three. 104 7. Chapter Four. Mining Employees and Their Workplace: Social Relations and Culture at the Pit. 106 1. - The Work Process Debate. 110 2. - The Mining Work Process in Darfield and Wombwell. 116 a. Changes in the system of coal-working. 119 b. Changes in work-time patterns. 125 3. - The Culture and Custom of the Mine. 133 4. - Workplace Relations. 149 a. Work relations under­ ground. 150 b. Work relations above ground. 164 5. - Communal Perceptions at the Mining Workplace: Fission and Fusion. 181 Footnotes to Chapter Four. 198 8. Chapter Five. Women in the Nineteenth Century South Yorkshire Coalmining Settle­ ments of the Darfield and Wombwell District. 210 1. - Women and the Mines Act, 1842. 211 2. - Women's Reproduction of Labour in the Home. 224 3. - Model Miners' Wives? 239 a. Women's employment. 239 b. Women's marital status. 261 4. - The Public Life of Women and its Representation. 273 Footnotes to Chapter Five. 282 9. Chapter Six. Religious Observance and Belief in the Darfield and Wombwell District, c.1850 - 1900. 294 A. Observance. 296 1. - The Anglicans. 312 2. - The Nonconformists. 328 a. Primitive Methodists. 330 b. Wesleyan Methodists. 346 c. Congregationalists. 355 B. Belief. 368 Footnotes to Chapter Six. 396 10. Chapter Seven. Public Life and Leisure: Popular Culture in the Darfield and Wombwell District, c.1850 - 1900. 407 1. - Public, Communal Leisure Activities. 426 a. Whitsun. 428 b. The feasts. 441 c. Darfield and Wombwell Horticultural Shows. 460 2. Sport. 468 3. Hobbies. 484 Footnotes to Chapter Seven. 506 11. Chapter Eight. Conclusion. 518 Footnotes to Chapter Eight. 544 12. Appendices. A. Population Figures of Various South Yorkshire Settlements, 1851 - 1901. 547 B. Approximate Numbers Employed in Coal mines in the Darfield and Wombwell District. 548 C. Ownership of Collieries in the Darfield and Wombwell District. 549 D. Hoyland and Wombwell Primitive Methodist Circuit Membership Figures 550a E. Wesleyan Methodist Class Mem­ bership Totals for Darfield and Darfield Main 550b 13. Bibliography. 551 List of Tables Chapter Table No. Page no. Three 3.1 Birthplaces of Inhabitants of Various Settlements Ex­ pressed as a Percentage of Total Population, 1861 - 1891. 81 3.2 Birthplaces of Male Residents Broken Down by Age as Discerned From Census Enumerators' Books, 1861 - 1891. 88 Four 4.1 Depths of Working and Dates of First Extraction: The Collieries of the Darfield and Wombwell Dis­ trict. 117 4.2a. Causes of Deaths Amongst Colliery Workers, 1854 - 1914. 136 4.2b. Annual Death Rates at Collieries in the Darfield and Wombwell Dis­ trict, 1854 - 1914. 136 4.3 The Incidence of Familial Employ- ment at a Number of Collieries in the Darfield and Wombwell District as Discerned from Census Enumer- ators' Books, 1871 - 1891. 158 4.4 The Propensity of Households Headed by Underground Colliery Employees to Contain Surface Colliery Workers, Discerned from Census Enumerators' Books. 167 4.5 The Propensity of Households Headed by Colliery Surface Work­ ers to Contain Other Colliery Surface workers, Discerned from Census Enumerators' Books. 168 4.6 Occupational Links Involving Underground Colliery Workers, Dis­ cerned from the Marriage Registers of Darfield and Wombwell Parish Churches, 1850 - 1885. 170 4.7 Occupational Links Involving Surface Colliery Workers, Dis­ cerned from the Marriage Registers of Darfield and Wombwell Parish Churches, 1850 - 1885. 172 4.8 Age Distribution of Surface Work- ers as Revealed in Mitchell Main Colliery's Signing-On Books, 1888. 173 4.9 Surface workers at Mitchell Main Colliery who Signed-On in 1888. 176 4.10 Membership Figures of a Number of South Yorkshire Miners' Association Lodges for the Years 1874 and 1878. 185 Five 5.1 The Average Number of Children in Households of Mining and Non-Mining Families, Categorised by Age of Mother, 1861 - 1891. 227 5.2 Households with Heads and Other Co­ resident Kinsmen Occupied in the Coal Industry in Low Valley, Snape Hill and Wombwell Main. 229 5.3 Darfield Marriages and Brides' Occupations, 1874 - 1880. 240 5.4 Population Changes Amongst Young People in a Number of Coalmining Settlements, 1871 - 1881. 245 5.5 The Proportion of Females Over the Age of Thirteen Occupied in a Number of Settlements. 246 5.6 The Proportion of Women Working in a Number of Age Categories, 1861 - 1891. 247 5.7 Distribution of Households with Lodgers According to Dependency Index. 254 5.8 Incidence of Landladies Categor­ ised by Age Group, 1861 - 1881. 257 5.9 Women's Age at Marriage and Con- ception of First Surviving Child. 264 5.10 Women's Age at Marriage and Con­ ception of First Surviving Child Where their Partners Were Engaged in the Mining Industry. 265 Six 6.1 An Index of Anglican Church Attend- ance. 317 6.2 An Index of Anglican Sunday School Attendance. 324 6.3 An Index of Primitive Methodist Strength in a Number of Settle­ ments Situated in the Hoyland and Wombwell Circuit. 342 6.4 Number of Fatal Accidents in Local Collieries, 1868 - 1874. 383 A Map Indicating the Location of Settlements Referred to in the Study Gt. Houghton BARNSLEY • Ardsley Little Thurnscoe• • Houghton Worsbrough • • Billingley Dale • 'Darfield • • • , Snape Hi 11 , Low Valley Worsbrough Wombwell Bridge • • Broomhi 11 • Wombwell , Blacker Main Brampton Hill • West • Birdwell. • • Mel ton Platts Jump Heming­ Common field • Wath-upon­ Dearne , , , Hoyland Hoyland Elsecar Common Nether • Swinton Scale: 2 miles Preface 1. The Area of the Study. At the outset it must be emphasised that, although the thesis considers the inhabitants of a circumscribed area, nevertheless one of its primary intentions is to suggest that communal affiliation is determined to a significant extent by individuals' involvement in multifarious relationships outside this bounded geographical area. The thesis focusses principally upon the sett lements of Darfield village, Snape Hill, Low Valley, Wombwell and Wombwell Main, all of which are situated in the South . Yorkshire coalfield in the 'old' parish of Darfield whose centre is located some four mi les to the south-east of Barnsley and nine miles west of Doncaster.1 The area of the study comprises: a number of new settlements which grew up in the second half of the nineteenth century to accommodate the employees of local collieries and their families, namely Wombwell Main, Low Valley and Snape Hi 11; a sett lement that grew rap1dly in size to serve the needs of this economically burgeoning area, Wombwell itself; and the long-established settlement of Darfield village, with its church partly of Norman origin.
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