DOCSLIB.ORG

Transport in Vedic Times

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transport in Vedic Times IJSART - Volume 3 Issue 2 – FEBRUARY 2017 ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052 Transport in Vedic Times Taranpreet Kaur Walia Assistant Professor, Dept of Economics B.L.M. Girls College NSR Abstract- Transport occupies a very important place in an Asv.SS.III.9; KSS.XIC.2.31. Katyayana describes that four economy. It connects village with village and town with town. horses were employed in drawing a chariot. KSS.XIC.3.11 As today Vedic Aryans invented means of transportation and Bullocks were also yoked to a chariot. Gobh.G.S.III.4.30; that is why India was known as a big trading centre. The Sometimes cows were also employed for drawing the chariots Vedic Aryans were primarily a pastro-agriculturist people. by some people. But in course of time barter gave place to sale and purchase. As movement from place to place developed various means Roads and Protection measures – Road-making is also transport were developed. described in the Vedic Texts. The extent of road indicates the development of a nation. AV mention well made cart roads on The Vedic Period’s Means transportation may be a higher level. AV.XIV.1.63;.2.6;.8. We also find references categorized into three parts – Land Transport, Water to improve road conditions during Vedic times. The highway Transport and Air Transport. between two villages was known as mahapatha AB.IV.17.8; The existence of bridges can also not be ruled out RV.IX.41.2. I. LAND TRANSPORTATION Road ways Engineering – The word pathi-krt denoting path People carried the load on their heads and back on maker (the roadways engineer) frequently occurs in the Vedic inconvenient roads and hill areas. The vendors and small literature RV.II.23.6; VI.21.12;. These roads were so traders carrying commodities in baskets or bundles moved constructed that the cart could ply on them without any from village to village for disposing them off. obstruction.AV.XIV.1.34. Animals played a vital role in the transport of the Water transport – So far as water transport is concerned we traders. Horses, camel, asses, elephants, oxen were used as find frequent references in the Vedic Texts.RV.1.46.7; vahana in this age. In the Vedic literature the chariot and cart 97.7;.X.44.6;108.1.Although land transport was the chief are mentioned as means of transport. Aryans used two kinds of means of transport at that time yet water transport was also carts namely anas and sakata. Carts appear to have been given due importance by the Aryans.A mantra in the RV widely in use. Bulls were used for drawing cart. Chariots were indicates that Aryans had clear knowledge about the great used only in war and racing competition. It was mentioned in depth of the sea.RV.VII.33.8 Similarly a mention of four seas the Vedic literature that anas had a wooded floor which was in the RV also throws light on Aryans knowledge of attached to the axle. seaRV.IX.33.6. According to Vedic literature on account of its utility The word nau is repeatedly mentioned in the Vedic the cart was considered as a symbol of social status and it literature. It indicates boat or ship for river crossing carried the loads of wood, some plant and grain. RV.I.46.7.97.7. It can be considered as property. Sakata mentions Beside simple river boats, Aryans also manufactured frequently in post Vedic times that Sakata used to carry heavy big ship like boats to cross ocean and sea. A big boat is loads and moved slowly. It was driven by two animals, described as large as sky (Divasprthu).RV.I.46.8 .The hundred sometimes by one which is called as sthuri. Apart from anas – oared ship of ohujyu (a trade leader) is mentioned in the and the ratha (chariot) and Sakata there was another vehicle RV.I.II.6.5 called the vipatha a rough vehicle for uneven roads and bad paths . The cities in most cases located on the banks of navigable rivers which were connected with main trade routes The Chariot was commonly used for carrying loads because of smooth water transport facilities.As mentioned in from one place to another. It was drawn by animals. A big cart Atharvaveda that the maritime trade was in vogue during later (mahanasa) was employed for carrying heavy loads Vedic age. The land of Sindhu’s been referred to as an Page | 461 www.ijsart.com IJSART - Volume 3 Issue 2 – FEBRUARY 2017 ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052 emporium of sea borne trade. Sambi denoted as sailor or heaven and earth and the path of the firmament. Similarly in boatman is used for the first time in Atharvaveda. The Rig- RV.(III.58.8) Asvins chariot is described as quickly traverses Veda refers to kinds of boats those which were used in sea for earth and heaven. YV. mentions an aero plane (vimana) which crossing the river and others were used on the sea. A kingdom flies between the earth and sky RV. I.47.2; III.43.6; IV.36.1. facing ruin had been compared with a broken ship which is sinking. It appears that boat and ship were common in the age REFERENCES and that era was acquainted with navigation. [1] Das, S.K., The Economic History of Ancient India. There is hardly any doubt that in the Vedic age [2] Viswanatha, S.V.S., Routes of traffic in Ancient India. travelers undertook long journey with the purpose of earning [3] Panchmukhi A.R, Socio-economic life in Ancient India wealth. Investment of capital was made and export of goods to Literature, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi 1998. distant countries for profit was done. Unmindful of troubles [4] Dvivedi Dr. K.D., A Cultural Study of Atharvaveda, and travels of long journeys the merchant of Vedic period Vishvabharati Research Institute, Gyanpur, 1999. using land and sea routes carried on the internal and external [5] Aiyangar RangaswamiK.V., Ancient Economic Thought trade of India. The Panis were wealthy merchants of their Banares, 1934. period. Perhaps because of their miserliness they had become [6] Dube Sita Ram (Editor),Vedic Culture and its Continuity, inimical to the Brahamanas and therefore in the Vedic hymns Pratibha Prakashan, Delhi,2006. they have been addressed in derogatory terms. In some hyms the gods are invoked to destroy the Panis. At times the poor Panis because of their tight fistedness had to lose their life and they have also been considered as the opponents of Vedic Yajnas. Among the Panis the Briber was an important person. In a hymn he is remembered as charging very high rate of interest (bekatiata). In a second place he is treated as energy in the third place he is remembered as a capitalist (grathin, gatha in westeren Hindi stand for capital). At times he is also addressed as a slave. Panis didn’t believe in the Vedic religions and therefore the Aryans hated them. According to Yajnavalkya Samhita (11.3.38) Aryans were in the habit of making adventurous sea-voyages in pursuit of gain. It is to be stated that Aryans had a sound knowledge of navigation. II. AIR TRANSPORT Today mostly people think that the aeroplanes are a most recent achievement of the modern scientific world. But the position is entirely different. References indicate that Aryans of Vedic India had good knowledge of aeronautics. In RV. (I.25.7)190 it is described that Varuna knows the routes of the birds. Birds would rather correspond with fishes than with boats. It is evident that there were boats which could move in the sky as well as over the surface of water. In another mantra a chariot is described as traversing the three worlds RV. I.34.12. It is obvious that the chariot which moved to the three worlds, was no less than an aero plane. Again in the RV some references occur which throw light on the chariot which moves swiftly in the sky. RV. I.47.2; III.43.6; IV.36.1.In RV.(VI.66.7) Maruts chariot is described as without driver ,without horses ,without provender, without traces, scattering water and accomplishing (desire),traverses Page | 462 www.ijsart.com .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R
    THE PALGRAVE MACMILLAN ANIMAL ETHICS SERIES Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R. Valpey The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series Series Editors Andrew Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford, UK Priscilla N. Cohn Pennsylvania State University Villanova, PA, USA Associate Editor Clair Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford, UK In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the ethics of our treatment of animals. Philosophers have led the way, and now a range of other scholars have followed from historians to social scientists. From being a marginal issue, animals have become an emerging issue in ethics and in multidisciplinary inquiry. Tis series will explore the challenges that Animal Ethics poses, both conceptually and practically, to traditional understandings of human-animal relations. Specifcally, the Series will: • provide a range of key introductory and advanced texts that map out ethical positions on animals • publish pioneering work written by new, as well as accomplished, scholars; • produce texts from a variety of disciplines that are multidisciplinary in character or have multidisciplinary relevance. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14421 Kenneth R. Valpey Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R. Valpey Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Oxford, UK Te Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ISBN 978-3-030-28407-7 ISBN 978-3-030-28408-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28408-4 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2020. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • The COVID-19 Pandemic and Religious Travel: Present and Future Trends
    International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8 Issue 7 The Impact of COVID-19 on Religious Article 17 Tourism and Pilgrimage 2020 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Religious Travel: Present and Future Trends Daniel H. Olsen Brigham Young University, [email protected] Dallen Timothy Arizona State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp Part of the Behavioral Economics Commons, Cardiovascular Diseases Commons, Human Geography Commons, and the Tourism and Travel Commons Recommended Citation Olsen, Daniel H. and Timothy, Dallen (2020) "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Religious Travel: Present and Future Trends," International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol. 8: Iss. 7, Article 17. doi:https://doi.org/10.21427/8d5e-kn04 Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss7/17 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. © International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/ Volume 8(vii) 2020 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Religious Travel: Present and Future Trends Daniel H. Olsen Brigham Young University [email protected] Dallen J. Timothy Arizona State University / University of Johannesburg [email protected] The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 has had dramatic effects on both the health and economic stability of countries around the world. While several scholars and media commentators have suggested that the pandemic would be a good time to reset an unsustainable tourism system, left out of these discussions has been the impacts on religion and religious travel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Puzzle of Muslim Advantage in Child Survival in India
    The Puzzle of Muslim Advantage in Child Survival in India Sonia Bhalotra (University of Bristol, UK) Christine Valente (University of Nottingham, UK) Arthur van Soest (Tilburg University, the Netherlands) Abstract The socio-economic status of Indian Muslims is, on average, considerably lower than that of upper caste Hindus. Muslims nevertheless exhibit substantially higher child survival rates, and have done for decades. This paper analyses this seeming puzzle. A decomposition of the survival differential confirms that some compositional effects favour Muslims but that, overall, differences in characteristics and especially the Muslim deficit in parental education predict a Muslim disadvantage. The results of this study contribute to a recent literature that debates the importance of socioeconomic status (SES) in determining health and survival. They augment a growing literature on the role of religion or culture as encapsulating important unobservable behaviours or endowments that influence health, indeed, enough to reverse the SES gradient that is commonly observed. Keywords: religion, caste, gender, child survival, anthropometrics, Hindu, Muslim, India JEL codes: O12, I12, J15, J16, J18 Contact: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Acknowledgements: Sonia Bhalotra acknowledges funding from ESRC and DFID under research grant RES-167-25-0236 held at the CMPO in Bristol. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at a DFID and CMPO funded workshop on Child Health in Developing Countries in Bristol in June 2005 and at the European Society of Population Economics Conference in Seville in June 2009. The authors would like to thank Timothy Besley and Robin Burgess for sharing their state-level data.
    [Show full text]
  • The Atharvaveda and Its Paippalādaśākhā Arlo Griffiths, Annette Schmiedchen
    The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā Arlo Griffiths, Annette Schmiedchen To cite this version: Arlo Griffiths, Annette Schmiedchen. The Atharvaveda and its Paippalādaśākhā: Historical and philological papers on a Vedic tradition. Arlo Griffiths; Annette Schmiedchen. 11, Shaker, 2007, Indologica Halensis, 978-3-8322-6255-6. halshs-01929253 HAL Id: halshs-01929253 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01929253 Submitted on 5 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Griffiths, Arlo, and Annette Schmiedchen, eds. 2007. The Atharvaveda and Its Paippalādaśākhā: Historical and Philological Papers on a Vedic Tradition. Indologica Halensis 11. Aachen: Shaker. Contents Arlo Griffiths Prefatory Remarks . III Philipp Kubisch The Metrical and Prosodical Structures of Books I–VII of the Vulgate Atharvavedasam. hita¯ .....................................................1 Alexander Lubotsky PS 8.15. Offense against a Brahmin . 23 Werner Knobl Zwei Studien zum Wortschatz der Paippalada-Sam¯ . hita¯ ..................35 Yasuhiro Tsuchiyama On the meaning of the word r¯as..tr´a: PS 10.4 . 71 Timothy Lubin The N¯ılarudropanis.ad and the Paippal¯adasam. hit¯a: A Critical Edition with Trans- lation of the Upanis.ad and Nar¯ ayan¯ . a’s D¯ıpik¯a ............................81 Arlo Griffiths The Ancillary Literature of the Paippalada¯ School: A Preliminary Survey with an Edition of the Caran.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL of INDIAN HISTORY and CULTURE
    Journal of Indian History and Culture JOURNAL OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE December 2015 Twenty First Issue C.P. RAMASWAMI AIYAR INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGICAL RESEARCH (affiliated to the University of Madras) The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road, Chennai 600 018, INDIA December 2015, Twenty First Issue 1 Journal of Indian History and Culture Editor : Dr.G.J. Sudhakar Board of Editors Dr. K.V.Raman Dr. Nanditha Krishna Referees Dr. A. Chandrsekharan Dr. V. Balambal Dr. S. Vasanthi Dr. Chitra Madhavan Dr. G. Chandhrika Published by Dr. Nanditha Krishna C.P.Ramaswami Aiyar Institute of Indological Research The C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation 1 Eldams Road Chennai 600 018 Tel : 2434 1778 / 2435 9366 Fax : 91-44-24351022 E-Mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Website: www.cprfoundation.org Sub editing by : Mr. Rudra Krishna & Mr. Narayan Onkar Layout Design : Mrs.T. PichuLakshmi Subscription Rs. 150/- (for 1 issue) Rs. 290/- (for 2 issues) 2 December 2015, Twenty First Issue Journal of Indian History and Culture CONTENTS 1 The Conflict Between Vedic Aryans And Iranians 09 by Dr. Koenraad Elst 2 Some Kushana Images of Karttikeya from Mathura 39 by Dr. V. Sandhiyalakshmi 3 Para Vasudeva Narayana 43 by Dr. G. Balaji 4 Pallava-Kadamba Interlude in Kerala: An Epigraphical Study 50 by Dhiraj, M.S. 5 Temple Managerial Groups in Early Keralam 69 by Anna Varghese 6 Irrigation and Water Supply During the Kakatiya Period 86 by Dr. D. Mercy Ratna Rani 7 Traditional Health Care in Ancient India with Reference to Karnataka 101 by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Services Delivery
    Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY SERIES Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC SERVICES DELIVERY Edited by ANWAR SHAH Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PUBLIC SERVICES DELIVERY Introduction to the Public Sector Governance and Accountability Series Anwar Shah, Series Editor A well-functioning public sector that delivers quality public services consistent with citizen preferences and that fosters private market-led growth while managing fiscal resources pru- dently is considered critical to the World Bank’s mission of poverty alleviation and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals. This important new series aims to advance those objectives by disseminating conceptual guidance and lessons from practices and by facilitating learning from each others’ experiences on ideas and practices that promote responsive (by matching public services with citizens’ preferences), responsible (through effi- ciency and equity in service provision without undue fiscal and social risk), and accountable (to citizens for all actions) public governance in developing countries. This series represents a response to several independent evaluations in recent years that have argued that development practitioners and policy makers dealing with public sector reforms in developing countries and, indeed, anyone with a concern for effective public gov- ernance could benefit from a synthesis of newer perspectives on public sector reforms. This series distills current wisdom and presents tools of analysis for
    [Show full text]
  • Datta Cult for the Reason That I Had My Deep Interest in Datta Studies Which Was Underling in Me from My Early Childhood
    TEMBESVĀMĪ’S DVISĀHASRĪ – A Study The Thesis Submitted to The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Sanskrit) By UPADHYAY MIHIRKUMAR SUDHIRBHAI Guided by Prof. Dr. Jaydev A. Jani Department of Sanskrit, Pali & Prakrit, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, VADODARA 390 002 Gujarat INDIA September 2012 TEMBESVĀMĪ’S DVISĀHASRĪ – A Study The Thesis Submitted to The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Sanskrit) By UPADHYAY MIHIRKUMAR SUDHIRBHAI Guided by Head Prof. Dr. Jaydev A. Jani Dr. R. K. Panda Department of Sanskrit, Pali & Prakrit, Faculty of Arts, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, VADODARA 390 002 Gujarat INDIA September 2012 Acknowledgement At the outset I thank my guiding teacher Prof. Dr. Jaydev Jani whose able and sincere guidance has given the shape to the present thesis. The text of Dvisāhasrī (the topic of the present thesis) was out of print and was and later on published in 1999 AD by Avdhuta Sahitya Prakashan Trust, Nareshwar. Shri Kamalbhai Vaidya (Eru, Navasari) who as soon as came to know about my topic of research, presented me the book. I thank him heartily. Yogānanda Sarasvatī’s Śrīgurumurticaritra (original Marathi) translated in Gujarati by late Dr. Arunoday N Jani, The books Origin and Development of Dattātreya Worship in India by Dr. Joshi Hariprasad S, the book Dvisāhasrī gurucaritam translated by Dr Joshi Hariprasad S & Dr. Dave Jayendrabhai. And Śrī Vāsudevananda Sarasvatī viracita Dvisāhasrī (Gurucaritam): Ek Adhyayana by Dr. Shruti Trivedi are available to me on my desk.
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba's Monthly Magazine January 2021
    IASBABA'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE JANUARY 2021 Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute Economic Survey 2020-21 Climate Change and India in 2021 COVID-19 Vaccination drive WWW.IASBABA.COM [email protected] P a g e | 1 PREFACE With the present shift in examination pattern of UPSC Civil Services Examination, ‘General Studies – II and General Studies III’ can safely be replaced with ‘Current Affairs’. Moreover, following the recent trend of UPSC, almost all the questions are issue-based rather than news- based. Therefore, the right approach to preparation is to prepare issues, rather than just reading news. Taking this into account, our website www.iasbaba.com will cover current affairs focusing more on ‘issues’ on a daily basis. This will help you pick up relevant news items of the day from various national dailies such as The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, LiveMint, Business Line and other important Online sources. Over time, some of these news items will become important issues. UPSC has the knack of picking such issues and asking general opinion based questions. Answering such questions will require general awareness and an overall understanding of the issue. Therefore, we intend to create the right understanding among aspirants – ‘How to cover these issues? This is the 68th edition of IASbaba’s Monthly Magazine. This edition covers all important issues that were in news in the month of JANUARY 2021 which can be accessed from https://iasbaba.com/current-affairs-for-ias-upsc-exams/ VALUE ADDITIONS FROM IASBABA Must Read and Connecting the dots. Also, we have introduced Prelim and mains focused snippets and Test Your Knowledge (Prelims MCQs based on daily current affairs) which shall guide you for better revision.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinterpreting Yajña As Vedic Sacrifice
    REINTERPRETING YAJÑA AS VEDIC SACRIFICE “An American scholar of India can hardly escape being a translator – not merely of words, but of the outlooks and ideas that shape all the manifestations of the culture, including its language.” – Philip Lutgendorf (1991: 231) Vedic rituals, yajñas, were one of the most important socio-religious activities in Vedic India. In this article, I endeavor to problematize the term “sacrifice,” which is often used to translate the word yajña in Indological writings. Although Monier-Williams (MW) dictionary defines yajñas as - “worship, devotion, prayer, praise; act of worship or devotion, offering, oblation, sacrifice (the former meanings prevailing in Veda, the latter in post-Vedic literature)”, some of the primary meanings of the word yajña seem to have been sidelined with the scholarly emphasis on “sacrifice” as the chief interpretation. Several Vedicists have already expressed their disapprovals with equating yajña with sacrifice. For instance, according to Timothy Lubin (from his April 5, 2007 message on a scholarly discussion group RISA-L): “yajña and yāga are synonyms = 'worship' in the specifically Vedic sense of a worship service of offerings placed in Agni, the sacred fire. The common translation 'sacrifice' is a bit misleading, since it implies a theory of sacrifice based on Judaic and Greco-Roman practices and ideas. Moreover, the verb yaj is used with an accusative of the god worshiped and the particular offering/ rite expressed by the instrumental of means: agni.s.tomena devān yajati = He worships the gods with the Agni.s.toma rite. Homa designates a libation in the fire, i.e., the pouring or strewing of an offering material, usually ājya (ghee) but also milk, rice or barley, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymns to the Mystic Fire
    16 Hymns to the Mystic Fire VOLUME 16 THE COMPLETE WORKS OF SRI AUROBINDO © Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust 2013 Published by Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department Printed at Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, Pondicherry PRINTED IN INDIA Hymns To The Mystic Fire Publisher’s Note The present volume comprises Sri Aurobindo’s translations of and commentaries on hymns to Agni in the Rig Veda. It is divided into three parts: Hymns to the Mystic Fire: The entire contents of a book of this name that was published by Sri Aurobindo in 1946, consisting of selected hymns to Agni with a Fore- word and extracts from the essay “The Doctrine of the Mystics”. Other Hymns to Agni: Translations of hymns to Agni that Sri Aurobindo did not include in the edition of Hymns to the Mystic Fire published during his lifetime. An appendix to this part contains his complete transla- tions of the first hymn of the Rig Veda, showing how his approach to translating the Veda changed over the years. Commentaries and Annotated Translations: Pieces from Sri Aurobindo’s manuscripts in which he commented on hymns to Agni or provided annotated translations of them. Some translations of hymns addressed to Agni are included in The Secret of the Veda, volume 15 of THE COMPLETE WORKS OF SRI AUROBINDO. That volume consists of all Sri Aurobindo’s essays on and translations of Vedic hymns that appeared first in the monthly review Arya between 1914 and 1920. His writings on the Veda that do not deal primarily with Agni and that were not published in the Arya are collected in Vedic and Philological Studies, volume 14 of THE COMPLETE WORKS.
    [Show full text]
  • From Rig-Veda to Upanishads
    McMASTER UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE AMERICAN LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS. I. Buddhism.—The History and Literature of Bud dhism. By T. W. Rhys-Davids, LL.D., Ph.D. II. Primitive Religions.—The Religions of Primitive Peoples. By D. G. Brinton, A.M., M.D., LL.D., Sc.D. III. Israel.—Jewish Religions. Life after the Exile. By Rev. T. K. Cheyne, M.A., D.D. IV. Israel.—Religion of Israel to the Exile. By Karl Budde, D.D. V. Ancient Egyptians.—The Religion of the Ancient Egyptians. By G. Steindorff, Ph.D. VI. Religion in Japan.—The Development of Re ligion in Japan. By George W. Knox, D.D. VII. The Veda.—The Religion of the Veda. By Maurice Bloomfdjld, Ph.D., LL.D. In activepreparation : VIII. Islam.—The Religion of Islam. By Iguaz Goldziher, Ph.D., Litt.D. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON AMERICAN LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF RELIGIONS SERIES— SEVENTH 1906-1907 THE RELIGION OFTHE VEDA THE ANCIENT RELIGION OF INDIA (From Rig-Veda to Upanishads) BY MAURICE BLOOMFIELD, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Zbe "ftntcfcerbocher press 1908 Copyright, 1008 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS TEbe lttUcfterbocfter ©re»g, new Jtort PREFACE. THIS volume reproduces with some little ampli fication six lectures on the Religion of the Veda given before various learned institutions of America during the fall and winter of 1906-07. The period of time and the amount of literature embraced in the term Vedic are large ; moreover any discussion of this religion that deserves the name must also include a glance at the prehistoric periods which preceded the religion of the Veda.
    [Show full text]
  • VEDIC HYMNS All Rights Reserved WISDOM of the EAST
    / Division 6 L I I! 5 - Section . A$T45 * Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/vedichymnsOOunse Ufoe TOUs&om of tbe East Scries Edited by L. CRANMER-BYNG Dr. S. A. KAPADIA VEDIC HYMNS All Rights Reserved WISDOM OF THE EAST VEDIC HYMNS TRANSLATED FROM THE RIGVEDA WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY EDWARD J. THOMAS, M.A., D.Litt. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1923 Printed in Or eat Britain by Patell, Watson <t Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction .... 9 I. To Agni (i. 1) . 25 II. To Agni (i. 65) .... 26 III. To Agni and the Maruts (i. 19) 27 IV. To Ushas, the Dawn (vii. 75) . 29 V. To Ushas, the Dawn (i. 113) . 30 VI. To Night (x. 127) ... 33 VII. To the Alvins (i. 157) . 35 VIII. To the Asvins (vii. 68) . 36 IX. To the Asvins (x. 39) . 38 X. To Surya, the Sun (i. 115) . 40 XI. To Vishnu (i. 154) ... 42 XII. To Savitar (vi. 71) . 43 XIII. To Indra (i. 32) . .44 5 6 CONTENTS PAGB XIV. To Indra (ii. 12) 47 XV. Song of Indra (x. 119) . 50 XVI. Sarama and the Panis (x. 108) 51 XVII. To Heaven and Earth (i. 185) 53 XVIII. To Vartjtsta (v. 85) 56 XIX. To Vartjna (vii. 89) 57 XX. To Vartjna (vii. 86) 58 XXI. To Mitra (iii. 59) . 60 XXII. To Mitra and Vartjna (v. 63) 61 XXIII. To Indra and Vartjna (iv. 42) 63 XXIV.
    [Show full text]